SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 1

27 Settembre 2011 SIF 2011 – L’Aquila, località Coppito

La sperimentazione al JLab Evaristo Cisbani / ISS e INFN-Sanità

Introduzione al Jefferson Laboratory e alla collaborazione

italiana

Sperimentazione fisica

• Nucleon Structure (Form Factor and Quark Distribution)

• Parity Violation Experiments

• Meson Spectroscopy

Strumentazione

• RICH/Clas12

• Photon Tagger

• HD Polarized Target

• GEM/SiD Trackers

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Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory

• Newport News / Virginia / USA (3 ore da

Washington DC)

• Finanziamento DOE + Enti Locali (no MOF!)

• Direttore: H. E. Montgomery (ex associate

director for research al Fermilab)

• 2000 Utenti internazionali

• Ricerca fondamentale con acceleratore di

elettroni e 3+1 sale sperimentali

• Ricerca applicata con FEL ed altre facility

• Sito Web: www.jlab.org

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Acceleratore CEBAF oggi

A B

C

Arc

Arc

Iniettore

• Acceleratore lineare

ricircolante e- a cavità

superconduttrici

• Fascio polarizzato

• Alta corrente (200 mA)

• Energia massima 6 GeV

• 100% duty factor

• Rilascio del fascio

simultaneamente alle tre

sale sperimentali A, B e

C

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Hall A Hall B/CLAS Hall C

Two High Momentum

Resolution + one

large angular

acceptance

spectrometers

Dedicated neutron and

gamma detectors

Large acceptance

High multiplicity

reconstruction

Six coils Toroidal

field

Two Asymmetric

spectrometers

High momentum

range and high

resolution

Dedicated detectors

High beam currents

(>100 mA), lumi 1037

cm-2 s-1

Tagged real

photons beam

High beam currents

(>100 mA), lumi 1037

cm-2 s-1

3He T/L Polarized

target, high flexibility

unpol. from H to Pb

NH3/ND3 Polarized

long. target

NH3/ND3 Polarized long.

target, high flexibility

unpol. from H to Pb

Large and flexible

installations

4p coverage Moderately large and

flexible installations

Sale sperimentali complementari, oggi

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Acceleratore CEBAF dal 2013

CHL-2

Upgrade magnets

and power

supplies

add Hall D

(and beam line) 6 GeV CEBAF (< 2013) Max Current: 200 mA Max Energy: 0.8 - 5.7 GeV Long. Polarization: 75-85%

12 GeV CEBAF (>2013)

Max Current: 90 mA

Max Energy Hall A,B,C: 10.9 GeV Max Energy Hall D: 12 GeV Long. Polarization: 75-85%

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Hall A Hall B/CLAS12 Hall C Hall D/GLUEX

+ 1 large angular and

momentum, high

lumi spectrometer

with hadron ID

+ Dedicated

equipment

New beam line

New 4p toroid

detector with

(likely) extended

hadron ID

+ “super high”

momentum

spectrometer

+ dedicated

equipment

Excellent hermetic

coverage,

Solenoid field

High multiplicity

reconstruction

+ lumi 1038 cm-2 s-1 + forward tagger for

real photons

108 linearly

polarized, up to 12

GeV, real

photons/s

+ higher targets

thickness

+ trans. polarized

H/D target

hallaweb.jlab.org www.jlab.org/Hall-B www.jlab.org/Hall-C www.jlab.org/Hall-D

www.gluex.org

Sale sperimentali dopo il 2014

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JLab physics investigations

• Origin of quark and gluon confinement (non-perturbative QCD) (B & D)

– Gluonic excitations - existence and properties of exotic mesons (and baryons)

– Mesons and baryons spectroscopy

• Dynamics of the quarks/gluons in the nucleons (A,B and C)

– Parton Distributions Functions (and Fragmentation Functions)

– New view of nucleon structure via the Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs)

accessed in Exclusive Reactions

– Form Factors - improve knowledge of charge and current in the nucleons;

constraints on the GPDs

• Dynamics of the nucleons in the nuclei (A, B and C)

– The Quark Structure of Nuclei (resolving the EMC effect)

– The Short-Range Behavior of the N-N Interaction and its QCD Basis

– Quark propagation through Nuclear Matter (hadronization)

• Standard model limits (A and C)

– High Precision Tests of the Standard Model via Parity-Violating Electron

Scattering Experiments

– Measure nuclear properties by weak interaction

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Sezioni INFN partecipanti (BA, CT, GE, FE, ISS, LNF, RM, RM2):

Ricercatori + Tecnologi: 50 (32.3 FTE)

Coordinatori Nazionali: P. Rossi (LNF), E. Cisbani (ISS-Roma)

Intensa attività sperimentale al JLab/6 GeV (prevalentemente in sala A e B)

Forte coinvolgimento negli sviluppi legati al raddoppio di energia del fascio e

aggiornamento degli apparati nelle sale sperimentali

Esperimento INFN formalmente attivo

dal 2009 per 7 anni, nasce dalla

sinergia delle ex sigle AIACE + LEDA

per sfruttare al meglio le opportunità

sperimentali offerte

dall’aggiornamento a 12 GeV

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JLab12

Nucleon (Spin)

Structure (semi inclusive deep inelastic scattering)

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Origin of the nucleon spin / Nucleon structure

Description of the nucleon at leading order

in terms of partons

U,L,T = Unpolarized, Longitudinally,

Transversely Polarized

(relative to a predefined direction)

If transverse momentum is

suppresed, only 3 DFs contributes

Probe the nucleon structure by SIDIS

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(E, k)

(E’, k’) e’

N

e

X

FNAL BNL J-PARC

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Peculiarity of JLab

Access unexplored valence region (high Q2 requires high luminosity)

From M.Contalbrigo

TMD’s latest results at JLab

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From A. Puckett, Jlab 2011

First direct m

easure

ment on n

eutr

on

Collins small, largely compatible to 0; Sivers negative (?) for p+, zero for p-

TMDs @12 GeV

Hall B CLAS12

Hall A SBS

E12-09-018: p+,p-

K+,K-

H2,NH3,D2,ND2,HD-Ice 3He

Adapted from P. Rossi/CSN3-2011

All experiments approved by JLab PAC August 2011 with high rating

All experiments have JLAB12 members as co-spokepersons

Very extensive and exhaustive program

Require new targets (HD) and new detectors (RICH, GEM)

High luminosity 4p acceptance

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The “ultimate” descriptions of the nucleon

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JLab12

Nucleon

Form Factors

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Proton Form Factors

2tan

2

)( e

p

ebeam

l

t

Mp

Ep

M

EE

P

P

G

G mm

Trasferimento di polarizzazione

dalla sonda elettronica al protone

diffuso elasticamente

22

MpEp GGd

d

Separazione Rosenbluth.

Approssimazione di singolo fotone

scambiato nell’urto elastico

Drammatica evidenza dell’inadeguatezza dell’interpretazione degli esperimenti di

diffusione elastica di elettroni

Probabile necessità di considerare termini con scambio di due fotoni

Esperimenti in corso a Novosibirsk, JLab, DESY

e + p → e’ + p’

Test per molti modelli (che includono

differenti contributi di momento

angolare dei quark)

Studio regione di transizione tra la

descrizione non- e perturbativa della

QCD

Vincoli alle distribuzioni generalizzate

H ed E

Electromagnetic Nucleon Form Factors @12GeV E-12-07-109: Polarization transfer E-12-09-016: Double polarization

E-12-09-019: Cross section ratio

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JLab12

PVES (parity violating electron scattering)

0Z

e e

+

2

Esperimenti di Violazione della Parità

• Misura accurata della asimmetria nei processi elastici (e DIS) di elettroni polarizzati longitudinalmente su nucleone/nucleo non polarizzato

• Accesso alle costanti di accoppiamento deboli elettroni-quark (u/d) delle correnti neutre, ovvero alla corrente debole del protone, ovvero all’angolo di mixing debole

• Pone limiti su esistenza di nuova fisica (PVDIS, QWeak, Möller)

• Ha permesso la misura del contributo dei quark s ai fattori di forma del nucleone (HAPPEX, G0)

• Permette la misura di importanti grandezze nucleari soppressi nei processi elettromagnetici PREX

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Lead (208Pb) Radius Experiment: PREX

Z0 is a clean probe that couples mainly to neutrons

E = 850 MeV, =6° electrons on

lead

Elastic Scattering Parity Violating Asymmetry

Misura in ultima analisi del raggio

della distribuzione dei neutroni nel

Piombo

Importante per vincolare modelli

astrofisici

~ 0.5 ppm

)(0130.0)(0604.0

6571.0

syststat

ppm

Statistics limited (9%)

Systematic error goal achieved ! (2%)

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Standard Model Test and more

http://www.roma1.infn.it/pavi11/

Parity Violation Physics

Argomento centrale at Jlab

3 importanti esperimenti approvati per i 12 GeV

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2

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JLab12

Exotic Mesons Quest

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Origine del confinamento in QCD

I mesoni leggeri sono stati di due quark (q-qbar)

I numeri quantici del mesone sono determinati

dai numeri quantici della coppia q-qbar

I quark in tali mesoni sono sorgenti di un flusso

di carica di colore intrappolato in un tubo

(stringa) che collega i due quark.

La formazione del tubo di flusso è legata alla

auto-interazione dei gluoni attraverso la loro

carica di colore (stati ibridi q-g-qbar)

I numeri quantici del mesone ibrido sono

determinati dai numeri quantici della coppia q-

qbar ed eventuali stati eccitati del tubo di flusso

gluonico

Tra questi, alcuni sono peculiari dei modi di

eccitazione del tubo di flusso

L S

S

1

2

J

VM (JTube=1)

mesoni esotici

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Confinamento: Ricerca di Mesoni Ibridi Esotici

Uso di fotoni polarizzati linearmente (8-9 GeV) che possono fluttuare in mesoni vettori

I mesoni vettori interagiscono con il nucleone

Il mesone diffuso (energie fino a 2.5 GeV) può risultare in un mesone ibrido esotico

Uso di rivelatore a grande accettanza per particelle cariche e neutre

Necessità di alta luminosità e quindi supporto di alta acquisition-rate

Partial-wave analysis dei dati

Programma fondamentale della nuova sala D/GlueX ed in parte

della attuale e futura sala B/CLAS12

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JLab12

12 GeV era

Equipments

(RICH, Forward Tagger,

HD Target,

High Lumi Tracker)

RICH detector for CLAS12

DC R3 R2 R1

E

C

Torus

TOF

PCAL

HTCC

Solenoid INSTITUTIONS

ARGONNE NL

INFN Bari, Ferrara, Genova, Frascati, Roma/ISS

GLASGOW U.

JLAB

U. CONN

UTFSM (Chile)

GeV/

c

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

p/K

p/p

K/p

TOF

HTCC LTCC

TOF

TOF

LTCC HTCC

full pion / kaon / proton separation in 2–8 GeV/c range

p/K separation of 4-5 @ 8 GeV/c for a

rejection factor ~1000

x RICH

Aerogel mandatory to separate hadrons in the 2-8 GeV/c momentum range collection of visible Cherenkov light use of MA-PMTs

Option under investigation: proximity focusing RICH + mirrors (innovative geometry)

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New RICH geometry

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Aerogel

Flat Mirror + Aerogel Active Photon Detector

Adapted from L. Pappalardo Roma 2011

RICH preliminary prototype

10

H8500

8

R8900

Aerogel

MA-PMTs

Electronics

Maroc2 front end electronics developed for nuclear medicine

• preamplifier, adjustable from 1/8 to 4 • ADC, about 80fC per channel

Hit distributions

Ebeam

(GeV)

Aerogel <d>

(cm)

<R(p)>

cm

t (cm) n

10 1 1.05 35.1 11.2

10 2 1.05 34.6 11.1

10 3 1.05 34.1 10.9

10 3 1.03 48.8 12.0

4 1 1.03 49.8 12.2

N.B. 1 and 2 cm means 2 or 3 blocks of 1 cm

1cm 2cm 3cm

aerogel n=1.03

aerogel n=1.05

integrated distributions of hits above

threshold 3cm

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Meson Spectroscopy in CLAS12

The study of the light-quark meson spectrum

and the search for exotic quark-gluon

configurations is crucial to reach a deep

understanding of QCD:

• identify relevant degrees of freedom

• understand the role of gluons and the origin of

confinement

Photo-production is the ideal tool:

• linearly polarized photon beam (NEW!)

• large acceptance detector (CLAS12)

Forward Tagger

E’ 0.5-4.5 GeV

n 7-10.5 GeV

q 2.5-4.55 deg

Q2 0.007 – 0.3 GeV2

W 3.6-4.5 GeV

Photon Flux 5 x 107 /s @ Le=1035

Quasi-real photoproduction with CLAS12

(Low Q2 electron scattering)

e-

γ*

CLAS12

p

e-

Forward

Tagger

Tracker Electron angle

Hodoscope Photon veto

Calorimeter Electron Momentum/Energy Adapted from R. De Vita, Roma/2011

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HD-ice: polarized frozen spin HD target

Polarized target of high dilution factor made of Deuterium Hydride • Longitudinal and Transverse polarization: 75% H and 40 % D polarization • Relaxation time: > 1 year • Data taking: ~ months • Weak holding field (BdL ≤ 0.1 Tm) • Wide acceptance • Polarization procedure: ~ 3 months

Comparison of signal over background ratio: HD versus conventional polarized target

In-beam cryostat

- Dilution refrigerator INFN contribution: - Raman analysis of HD gas - NMR for polarization monitoring

INFN dilution refrigerator

Run with HD-Ice & photon beam starts on Nov 19, 2011 Test of HD-Ice & electron beam scheduled on May, 2012

From P. Rossi

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Uva

JLab

INFN

Rutgers U.

College WM

U. of Glasgow

Norfolk State U.

Carnegie Mellon U.

U. of New Hampshire

SBS Spectrometer in Hall A

SiD

Large luminosity

Moderate acceptance

Forward angles

Reconfigurable detectors

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JLab12 Responsibility:

• Front Tracker (GEM+SiD)

• Readout Electronics

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Different (e,e’h) experimental configurations

Experiments Luminosity

(s·cm2)-1

Tracking Area

(cm2)

Resolution

Angular

(mrad)

Vertex

(mm)

Momentum

(%)

GMn - GEn up to 7·1037 40x150

and 50x200

< 1 <2 0.5%

GEp(5) up to

8·1038

40x120,

50x200 and

80x300

<0.7

~1.5

~ 1 0.5%

SIDIS up to 2·1037

40x120,

40x150 and

50x200

~ 0.5 ~1 <1%

Maximum reusability: same trackers in different setups

High

Rates

Large

Area

Down to ~ 70 mm

spatial resolution

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Choice of the technology

System Requirements Tracking Technology

Drift MPGD Silicon

High Background Rate (up to):

(low energy and e) 1 MHz/cm2 NO MHz/mm2 MHz/mm2

High Resolution (down to):

70 mm Achievable 50 mm 30 mm

Large Area:

from 40×150 to 80×300 cm2 YES Doable

Very

Expensive

… and modular: reuse in

different geometrical

configurations Flexibility in readout geometry

and lower spark rate

GEM mMs

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GEM working principle

Ionization

Multiplication

Readout

Multiplication

Multiplication

Readout independent from ionization and multiplication stages

Recent technology: F. Sauli, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A386(1997)531

GEM foil: 50 mm Kapton + few

mm copper on both sides with

70 mm holes, 140 mm pitch

Strong electrostatic

field in the GEM holes

SBS Tracker GEM Chambers configuration

Modules are composed to form larger

chambers with different sizes

Electronics along the borders and

behind the frame (at 90°) – cyan

and blue in drawing

Carbon fiber support frame around

the chamber (cyan in drawing);

dedicated to each chamber

configuration

Front Tracker

Geometry

x6

Back Trackers Geometry

X(4+4)

GEp(5) SBS

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MonteCarlo + Digitazation + Tracking

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High + e background hits

MHz/cm2

(Signal is red)

Bogdan Wojtsekhowski + Ole Hansen

+ Vahe Mamyan et al.

6 GEM chambers with x/y readout

Use multisamples (signal shape)

for background filtering

Assembling the first 40x50 cm2 module

Stretching

Gluing the next

frame with

spacers

Foil Tension: T = 2 kg/cm Spacer Sector: S = 170 cm2 Expected maximum pressure on foil P 10 N/m2

Maximum foil deformation: u 0.0074 * P * S / T = 6.4 mm

Use stretching and spacers to keep foil flat

Stretcher design from LNF / Bencivenni et al.

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Beam test @ DESY / Full Module Size 40x50 cm2

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Electronics Readout (GEM and SiD)

GEM FEC MPD DAQ

2D

Rea

do

ut

75 mm

49

.5 m

m

8 mm

Up to 10m

twisted,

shielded

copper cable

(HDMI)

Passive backplane

(optional)

Main features:

• Use analog readout APV25 chips (analog and time information)

• 2 “active” components: Front-End card and VME64x custom module

• Copper cables between front-end and VME

• Optional backplane (user designed) acting as signal bus, electrical

shielding, GND distributor and mechanical support

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1

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+ Small Silicon Detector

Track

Angular Range

Chamber doublet

Dipole SD

(x/y)

21 Set 2009 / CSN III JLab12 - E. Cisbani 42

5mm

5mm

10mm

10mm

8.5mm 8.5mm 6.5mm

A

A

B

B

C

C

D

D 103500

Disegno custom per JLAB12 da un wafer di 6” (152mm)

SIF

2011 / L

'Aq

uil

a

E. C

isb

an

i / L

a S

peri

men

tazio

ne a

l JL

ab

4

3

30 cm

23 cm

44

fori di fissaggio

SIF

2011 / L

'Aq

uil

a

E. C

isb

an

i / L

a S

peri

men

tazio

ne a

l JL

ab

4

4

Fan Out PCB

SIF

2011 / L

'Aq

uil

a

E. C

isb

an

i / L

a S

peri

men

tazio

ne a

l JL

ab

4

5

Equipment / Physics Matrix @ 12 GeV

Equipment

Physics

HD

Target RICH

Forward

Tagger

GEM

Tracker

Si

Detector

TMDs,

nucleon

spin

structure

X X X X

Meson

Study X

Form

Factors X X

Parity

Violating

Electron

Scattering

X

Intensa attività di sviluppo tecnologico per un esteso programma di fisica

SIF

2011 / L

'Aq

uil

a

E. C

isb

an

i / L

a S

peri

men

tazio

ne a

l JL

ab

4

6

QCD and confinement

Large Distance

Low Energy

Small Distance

High Energy

Perturbative QCD

DIS Scattering

Parton models

Strong QCD

Spectroscopy

Phenomenological Models

~ QED QCD High luminosity

Polarization (initial and final states)

High beam stability

Complementary Equipments

Dedicated, optimized detectors

JLab

offers

www.iss.infn.it/webg3/cebaf