264 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN .... RPA1516264015.pdf · 266 | P a g e...
Transcript of 264 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN .... RPA1516264015.pdf · 266 | P a g e...
264 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 4(6): November-December 2015
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL
PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 2.093***
ICV 5.13***
Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE …………!!!
“ NUTRACEUTICALS: A REVIEW ”
Sheetal B. Gondkar1 Nikhil P. Mahalpure*
1 R.B.Saudagar
2
1Department of pharmaceutics, R.G.Sapkal college of Pharmacy Anjaneri, Nashik,
Maharashtra,India.
2Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, R.G.Sapkal college of Pharmacy Anjaneri, Nashik,
Maharashtra, India.
KEYWORDS:
Nutrition, Disease and
Treatment, bio-active
constituents, food.
For Correspondence:
Nikhil P. Mahalpure *
Address:
Department of
pharmaceutics,
R.G.Sapkal college of
Pharmacy Anjaneri,
Nashik,
Maharashtra,India.
ABSTRACT
Nutraceutical is regarded as the bio-active substance and the constituent
are either of known therapeutic activity or are chemically defined
substance generally accepted to contribute substantially to the therapeutic
activity of the drug. The word nutraceutical was coined to present
substance found in food and herbs that are not technically considered
nutrients such as vitamins or minerals but which may have profoundly
beneficial impact on the health of the body. Nutraceutical appear to be of
benefit in both the treatment and prevention of disease. The entire world is
fighting diseases characteristics of the modern age such as obesity,
osteoporosis, cancer, diabetes, allergies and dental problems. With the
global increase in the prevalence of obesity, both nutrition and exercise
play key roles in its prevention and treatment. Nutrients, herbals and
dietary supplements are major constituents of nutraceuticals which make
them instrumental in maintaining health, act against various disease
conditions and thus promote the quality of life.
265 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
INTRODUCTION:
About 2000 years ago, Hippocrates correctly emphasized “Let food be your medicine and medicine be
your food.” Currently there is an increased global interest due to the recognition that nutraceuticals
play a major role in health enhancement. The term nutraceutical was coined by combining the terms
“Nutrition” and “Pharmaceutical” in 1989 by Dr.StefenDefelice, Chairman of the Foundation for
Innovation in Medicine.1The term nutraceutical is a food or food products that provides health and
medical benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease. Such product may range from
isolated nutrients, dietary supplements and specific diets to genetically engineered foods herbal
products and processed foods such as cereals,soups and beverages.2
Plants are one of the most important resources of human foods and medicines. Rapidly increasing
knowledge on nutrition, medicine, and plant biotechnology has dramatically changed the concepts
about food, health and agriculture, and brought in a revolution on them. With recent advances in
medical and nutrition sciences, natural products and health promoting foods have received extensive
attention from health professionals and public.
Foods and nutrients play a vital role in normal functioning of the body. They are helpful in
maintaining the health of the individual and in reducing the risk of various diseases. Nutraceuticals are
medicinal foods that play a role in maintaining well being, enhancing health, modulating immunity
and thereby preventing as well as treating specific diseases. Nutraceuticals are medicinal foods that
play a role in maintaining well being, enhancing health, modulating immunity and thereby preventing
as well as treating specific diseases. Thus the field of nutraceuticals can be envisioned as one of the
missing blocks in the health benefit of an individual. It has been scientifically proved and supported
by various research articles that nutraceutical are efficacious to treat and prevent various disease
conditions.3
CONCEPT OF NUTRACEUTICAL:4
In the pharmaceutical development process, it is a requirement to have clinical test results from
animal tests and studies, for verification of their therapeutic effects. But in the case of nutrition, there
was no verification method for foods in preventing diseases in the past. In recent years however, as
food composition has been scientifically proven cause life style related diseases, and has become a
social issue.
The nutraceutical products are recognized and produce health benefits like like alleviating the risk of
cancer and heart disease and also to prevent or treat hypertension, high cholesterol, excessive weight,
osteoporosis, diabetes, arthritis, macular degeneration (leading to irreversible blindness), cataracts,
menopausal symptoms, insomnia, diminished memory and concentration, digestive upsets and
266 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
constipation, not to mention headaches, other products are touted as cures for thinning hair, lack of
confidence, poor complexion, varicose veins, alcoholism, depression, and lethargy.
The concept of nutraceuticals has been started to be acknowledged as one of the measures for
preventing such diseases.
Fig 1: Concepts of Nutraceuticals
CLASSIFICATION OF NUTRACEUTICALS: ( Table 1)6,7,8
Chemical constituent Source Potential benefit
1.Carotenoids (Isoprenoids)
a.Lycopene Tomatoes, pink grapefruit,
guava papaya, watermelon
Antioxidant activity, protects
against formation of cancer
mainly prostate, bladder
cervical, leukemia.
b.Lutin Corn, avocado, eggyolk,
spinach
Anticancer activity (colon),
cataracts, protects the eyes
against development of age
related muscular
degeneration.
c.β-Carotene
d.α-Carotene
e.α-Cryptoxanthin
g.Zeaxanthin
Carrots, various fruits and
vegetables
Carrots
Oranges, Tangerines
Corn, Avocado
Anticancer activity which
neutralizes free radical,
protect cornea against uvlight
.
2.Dietory fibres
267 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
a.Soluble fibres Legumes, oats, barely, some
fruits
Anticancer, helpful in
maintaining the digestive
tract
b.Insoluble fibres Whole grain foods
Wheat and Corn bran, nuts
Anticancer (colon), helpful in
maintaining in the digestive
tract
3.Polyphenolic compounds
a.flavonones Citrus fruits Antioxidants, Anticancer
b.flavones Fruits, vegetables, soyabean Antioxidants, Anticancer
c.flavonols Onions, Apples, tea, broccoli Antioxidants
d.Anthocyanins Blueberries, blackberries,
black raspberries
Anti-oxidants, counteracts
inflammation in the body,
lower blood sugarlevel in
people with diabetes.
e.phenolic acids Berries and legumes Phenolic acids ,reduce
oxidation of LDL
cholesterol, reduce formation
of cancer
f.resveratrol Dark grapes, raisins, berries,
peanuts
Lowers total serum
cholesterol increasing HDL.
g.curcumin Turmeric root Strongly anti-inflammatory
and strongly anti oxidant
effective anti clotting agent.
4.fatty acids
a.omega 3 fatty
acids(polyunsaturated fatty
acids)
Salmon, flax seed Potent controllers of the
inflammatory processes,
maintenance of brain
function, Reduce cholesterol
disposition.
b.Monosaturated fatty acids Tree nuts Reduce risk of coronary heart
disease
5.Isothiocynates
a.sulporaphane
Cauliflower, broccoli,
cabbage, kale, Horseradish
May enhance detoxification
of undesirable compounds
and bolster cellular anti
268 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
oxidentdefenceses
6.phenols
a.Caffeic acid,
b.Ferulic acid
Apples, pears, citrus fruits,
some vegetables
May bolster cellular
antioxidant defences; may
contribute to maintenance of
vision and heart health
7.PlantStanols/Sterols
a.Stanol/sterol esters
Fortified table spreads stanol
ester dietary supplements
May reduce risk of coronary
heart disease
8.Tocotrienol
(Isoprenoids)
Grains Palm oil Anticancer (breast cancer),
Promotes cardiovascular
health
9.Saponins Chickpeas and soyabeans Lowers cholesterol level,
Anticancer activity(colon)
10. Probiotics/Prebiotics
Lactobacilli, bifidobacteria
Yogurt, other dairy and non
dairy Applications
May improve gastrointestinal
health and systematic
Immunity
11.Minerals
Calcium, selenium,
potassium, zinc, copper
Food Important constituent of
balance diet
12.Polyols
Sugar alcohols
(xylitol, sorbital)
Fruits Reduces risk of dental caries
13.Sulfides/Thiols
Dithiothiones
Cruciferous vegetables May contribute to
maintenance of healthy
immune function
14.Gulcosinolates Cruciferous vegetables,
Cauliflower
Anticancer (bladder cancer)
15.Phytoestrogens
a.Isoflavanes
(genistein, daidzein)
Soya beans, legumes Lower LDL cholesterol
antioxidant,
anticancer(prostate, breast)
b.Liganans Flaxseed, rye, vegetables Inhibit the development of
breast cancer and colon
269 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
cancer
16.Alkaloids
a.Quinine Cinchona Antimalarial
b.Tropane alkaloids Solanaceous members:
Deadly night shade, Datura
In treatment of heart ailments
c.Morphine Opium poppy Antidepressant, pain killer
d.Ergot alkaloids Fungus: Clavicepspurpurea Abortifacients
e.Vincristine Periwinkle Antineoplastic
f.Vinblastine Periwinkle Antineoplastic
g.Coumarin Fenugreek Hypoglycaemic
h.Scopoletin Fenugreek Hypoglycaemic
i.Fenugreekine Fenugreek Hypoglycaemic
j.Trigonelliine Fenugreek Hypoglycaemic
17.Non carotenoid terpenoids
a.Perillyl alcohol Cherries and mints Anticancer
b.Saponins Legumes (chicks, peas,
fenugreek, all pulse crops)
Reduce cholesterol levels in
blood
c.Turpenol Carrots Anticancer
d.Turpenelimonoids Peels and membranes of
citrus fruits
Anticarcinogenic
18.Anthraquinones
a.Senna Legumes and pulses Purgatives
b.Barbaloin Aloe Laxatives, anti-helminthic
c.Hypericin St. John’s Wort Analgesic
d.Capsaicin Capsicum (hot papers) Anti-cancer, anti-
inflammatory, anti-apoptopic
e.Piperine Black peppers, jalapeno
pepper
Helps in digestion
270 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
19.Terpenes
a.Menthol (Monoterpene) Plants of mint family Topical pain reliever and
antipyretic
b.Borneol (Monoterpene) Pine oil Disinfectant
c.Santonin (Sesquiterpene) Wormwood Photosensitizer
d.Gossypo l (Sesquiterpene) Cotton Contraceptive
NUTRACEUTICAL AND DISEASES:
Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is name for the group of disorders of the heart and blood
vessels and include hypertension (high blood pressure), coronary heart disease (heart attack),
cerebrovascular disease (stroke), heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, etc.9
Nutraceutical in the form of antioxidants, dietary fibres, omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acids,
vitamins and minerals are recommended together with physical exercise for prevention and
treatment of CVD. It has been demonstrated that the molecules like polyphenols present in
grapes and in wine alter cellular metabolism and signalling, which is consistant with redusing
arterial disease.10
Optimal nutrition, nutraceuticals, vitamins, antioxidants, minerals, weight reduction, exercise,
cessation of smoking, restriction of alcohol and caffeine plus other lifestyle modifications can
prevent, delay the onset, reduce the severity, treat and control hypertension, nutrients and
nutraceuticals with calcium channel blocking activity include α-Lipoic acid, magnesium,
vitamin B6, vitamin C, N-acetyl cysteine, fatty acids etc.11
Diabetes:
Diabetes mellitus is characterised by abnormally high levels of blood glucose, either due to
insufficient insulin production, or due to its ineffectiveness. The most common forms of
diabetes are type 1 diabetes (5%), an autoimmune disorder, and type 2 diabetes (95%), which
is associated with obesity. Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnancy.12
Omega 3 fatty acids have been suggested to reduce glucose tolerance in patients predisposed
to diabetes. For the synthesis of the long chain n-3 fatty acids, insulin is required, thus heart
may thus be particularly susceptible to their depletion in diabetes. Ethyl esters of n-3 fatty
acids may be potentialbeneficial in diabetic patients.13
271 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Lipoic acid is universal antioxidant, now used in Germany for the treatment of diabetic
neuropathy. It is possible that lipoic acid may be more effective as a long term dietary
supplement aimed at the prophylactic protection of diabetes from complications.14
Dietary fibers from psyllium have been used extensively both as pharmacological
supplements, food ingredients, in process food to aid weight reduction, for glucose control in
diabetic patients and to reduce lipid levels in hyperlipidemia.15
Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder that results from nerve damage in certain regions of
the brain causing muscle rigidity, shaking and difficult walking usually occurring in mid to
late adult life. Canadian researchers indicated that vitamin E in food may be protective
against Parkinson’s disease.16
creatin appeared to modify parkinson’s disease features as
measured by a decline in the clinical signs. Researchers have also studied glutathione to
determine its side effect on nerve and its power as an antioxidant. The appropriate long term
dosing, side effects and the most effective method of administration are not yet clear.
Nutritional supplements have shown some promising results in preliminary studies, it is
important to remember that there is not sufficient scientific data to recommend them for
Parkinson’s disease at present. The patients should be cautioned that over –the- counter
medication do have side effects and interactions with other drugs and are also expensive.17
Obesity:
Obesity is a complex condition, with serious social and psychological dimensions, affecting
virtually all ages and socioeconomic groups. The word wide existence of obesity doubled
between 1980 and 2008.18
According to country estimates for 2008, over 50% of both men and women in the WHO
European Region were overweight, and roughly 23% of women and 20% of men were obese.
Given the wordwide increase in obesity and its health consequence, efficient strategies for its
prevention and treatment are important. It has been recommended that weight reduction
programs focus on achieving a modest weight loss of 7-10% of the initial weight.19
Obesity arises from an energy imbalance whereby energy intake exceeds energy expenditure.
Dealing with obesity by either prevention or treatment requires modification of one or both
components of energy balance. Approaches to weight management (including a functional
food approach) therefore can target multiple aspects of the balance systems: food intake,
energy expenditure, and energy storage. All of these approaches are currently being taken by
pharmaceutical companies; however, developing functional foods designed for weight
272 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
management may be a more attractive approach for dealing with the 61% of the population
that is currently overweight or obese.20
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA), debilitating joint disorder, is the most common form of arthritis in the
United States, where it affects an estimated 21 million people. In 2004, the direct and indirect
health care costs associated with all forms of arthritis were approximately 86 billion dollars.
Joint discomfort from OA and other joint disorders may reduce physical activity in
individuals experiencing this condition, resulting in energy imbalance and weight gain.
Increased weight can exacerbate existing problems, through additional stress on joints
21Glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate are widely used to alleviate symptoms of OA. These
nutraceuticals have both nutrient and pharmaceutical properties and seem to regulate gene
expression and synthesis of NO and PEG2, providing a plausible explanation for their anti-
inflammatory activities.22
Alzheimer’s disease:
Alzheimer’s disease is characterised by progressive dementia with memory loss as the major
clinical manifestation.23
In 1996, approximately 4 million people in the United States were
clinically diagnosed with AD; which is expected to triple in the next 50 years.24
Women are
more affected than men at ratio of almost 2:1 due to in part to the larger population of women
who are over.25
Several lines of evidence strongly suggest that oxidative stress is etiologically
related to a number of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease.
Nutraceutical antioxidant like β-Carotene, curcumin, lutein, lycopene, turmerinetc. may exert
positive effects on specific diseases by neutralizing the negative effects oxidative stress,
mitochondrial dysfunction, and various forms of neural degeneration.26
A great deal of research has pointed to deleterious roles of metal ions in the development of
Alzheimer’s disease by the augmentation of oxidative stress by metal ion. The growing trend
in nutraceutical intake is in part a result of the belief that they postpone the development of
dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease. However, pathogenic events cantered on metal ions
are expected to be aggravated by frequent nutraceutical intake.27
Allergy:
Allergy is a condition in which the body has an exaggerated response to either a drug or food.
Quercetin (QR) belongs to a group of polyphenolic substances known as flavonoids called
flavonols. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom in rinds and barks. Especially rich
sources of quercetin include onion, red wine and green tea. QR is a natural antihistamine and
273 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
opposes the actions of the histamine in the body. Histamines are responsible for allergic and
inflammatory reactions. It can help reduce the inflammation that results from hay fever,
bursitis, gout, arthritis and asthma.28
QR inhibits some inflammatory enzymes, such as lipid
peroxidases and decrease leukotriene formation. QR has anti- inflammatory, antiviral,
immunomodulatory, anticancer and gastro protective activities QR blocks an enzyme that
leads to accumulation of sorbitol, which has been linked to nerve eye, and kidney damage in
those with diabetes.
QR also possesses potent antioxidant properties. It protects LDL cholesterol from becoming
damaged. QR prevents damage to blood vessels by certain forms of cholesterol and other
chemicals produce By the body. LDL cholesterol is an underlying cause of heart disease. QR
also works as an antioxidant by scavenging damaging particles in the body known as free
radicals. People with diabetes are at higher risk of blood vessel damage from free radicals.29
RATIONALE FOR USE OF NUTRACEUTICALS:
Dieatary factors play an important role in premature chronic disease appearance, disease
progression, morbidity and mortality. Approximately 40-50% proportion in cardiovascular
disorder, 30-50% proportion in cancer, and 20% proportion in osteoporosis is attributable to
dietary factors. Use of food as medicine for treatment and prevention of various disorders is
not a recent development. Fortification of table salt with iodine and wheat flour with
iron/folic acid has been used with specific aims of prevention of iodine deficiency
goiterandanemia for long. Similarly, food fortified with vitamin A has been found to be a
feasible and cost-effective approach to reduce vitamin A deficiency.
CONCLUSION:
Nutraceutical are intended to play a significant role in future therapeutic advancement but
their victory will governed by direction of purity, safety, and efficacy without reducing
innovation. Nutraceuticals are available in the form of isolated nutrients, dietary supplements
and specific diets to genetically engineered foods, herbal products and process foods.
Nutraceutical provide all the essential substances that should be present in a healthy diet for
the human. Nutraceutical has proven their health benefits and disease prevention capability,
which should be taken according to their acceptable recommended intake.
REFERENCES:
1. Brower V. Nutraceuticals: poised for a healthy slice of the heathcare market Nat
Biotechnol. 199; 16: 728-731.
274 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
2. BiesalskiHK. Nutraceuticals: the link between nutrition and medicine. In: Kramer K,
Hoppe PP, Packer L, editors. Nutraceuticals in health and disease prevention. New
York: Marcel Dekker Inc.; 2001: 1-26.
3. Rama CS, Shirode AR, Mundada AS, Kadam VJ, Nutraceuticals an emerging era in
the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Curr pharm Biotechnol 2006;
7 (1): 15-23.
4. www.medicinalfoodnews.com/vol01/is sue2/japan.functional foods in japan, Medical
Food News, May 1997 No.6.
5. Consumer Association of Canada. Available from: http://www. Consumermanitoba.
Ca/resources. html Accessed on date march 8, 2009.
6. Nutraceuticals. About bioscience.org North Carolina Association for Biomedical
Research. 2007. 1-10.
7. BenBest.08August2006.PhytochemicalsasNutraceuticals.
http://www.benbest.com/nutrceut/phytochemicals.html (18 June 2010).
8. Wildman Robert E.C., Kelley Mike. Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. In:
Wildman Robert E.C. Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. Second
Edition. Newyork: CRC Press, 2007; 1-9.
9. Hu FB and Willett WC. Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease.
JAMA. 2002; 288: 2569-2578.
10. German JB and Walzem RL. The health benefits of wine. Annual Review of
Nutrition. 2002;20: 561-593.
11. Houston MC. Nutraceuticals, Vitamins, Antioxidants, and Minerals in the Prevention
and Treatment of Hypertension. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2005; 47: 396-
449.
12. ExpertCommitte on the Diagnosis and classification of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes
Care. Alexandria, Virginia, USA, 2003.
13. Sirtori CR and Galli C Fatty acids and the Omega 3. Biomedicind and
Pharmacotherapy. 2002; 56: 397-406.
14. Coleman MD, Eason RC and Bailey CJ. The therapeutic use of lipoic acid in diabetes:
a current prospective Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology.2001; 10:167-
172.
15. Baljit S. Psyllium as therapeutic and drug delivery agent. Int. J Pharmaceutics.2007;
334; 1-14.
275 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
16. Latif S, Anwar F, Ashraf M and Gilani AH. Moringaoleifera: a food plant with
multiple medicinal uses. Phytother Res.2007; 21: 17-25.
17. Brower V.A nutraceutical a day may keep the doctor away. EMBO reports. 2005, 8,
708-711.
18. World Health Organisation. Global Strategy on diet, Physical Activity and
Health2010. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/.
19. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA: Diagnosis
and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientefic Statement. Circulation 2005; 112:2735-
52.
20. Hil JO, Peters JC: Biomarkers and functional foods for obesity and diabetes . Br J
Nutr 2002;88:213-18.
21. Rice-Evans C Flavonoid antioxidants. Curr Med Chem. 2001.8, 797-807.
22. Kalioraa AC, Dedoussisa GVZ and Schmidtb H. Dietary antioxidants in preventing
atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis. 2006; 187: 1-17.
23. Devising RC Parkinson’s Disease: A Guide For patient and Family. New York:
Raven Press. 1978, 149.
24. Etminan M, Gill SS and Samii A. Intake of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids and
the risk of Parkinson’s disease: a meta analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2005; 4: 362.
25. The NINDS NET-PD Investigators. A randomized, double blind, futility clinical trial
of creatine and minocycline in early Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2006; 66: 664-
671.
26. Glenville M. Nutritional supplements in pregnancy: commercial push or evidence
based. CurrOpinObstet Gynecol. 2006; 18: 642-647.
27. Haider BA and Bhutta ZA. Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during
pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; 18: CD004905.
28. Chidambara Murthy KN, Vanitha A, Rajesha J, MahadevaSwamy M, Sowmya P R
and Ravishankar GA. IN vivo antioxidant activity of carotenoids from
Dunaliellasalina- a green microalga. Life sci. 2005; 76: 1381-1390.
29. Kruger CL, Murphy M, Defreitas Z, Pfannkuch F and Heimbach J. An innovative
approach to the determination of safety for a dietary ingredient derived from a new
source: case study using a crystalline lutein product. Food ChemToxicol. 2002; 40:
1535-1549.