26 ms 9 ms. Low High Predictability 7-9 Low High Predictability 4-6 Low High Predictability 1-3...

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• Apparent additive effect of Freq & Pred in reading is comprised of opposing interactive effects.

• Possible explanations:– Frequency first– Floors and ceilings

• Launch site important

Conclusions

• Possible explanations

Conclusions


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…grabbed a bottle of waterwater from a… 1-37-9 4-6

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Target-1 fixation frequency n.s. n.s. marg. predictability n.s. n.s. **

Target fixation frequency predictability

process current word(s)Identify fixation target form

process current word(s)Identify fixation target meaning

process current word(s)Identify fixation target meaning

FFD: Freq x Pred X Launch

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GD: Freq x Pred X Launch

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• “Parafoveal-on-foveal” effects (oh no!):– When the ease or difficulty in processing a parafoveal

target initially manifests itself on the current, pre-target fixation.

Effects Before the Target?

…grabbed a bottle of waterwater from a…

location of current,pre-target fixation

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Parafoveal Processing InfluencesWord Frequency & Predictability Effects

on Eye Movements during Reading

Christopher Sébastien Patrick Sara Hand Miellet O’Donnell Sereno

University of Glasgow(est. 1451)

GlasgowLanguageProcessing

Parafoveal Processing InfluencesWord Frequency & Predictability

Effects on Eye Movementsduring Reading

GULPGULP

GlasgowUniversityLanguageProcessing University of Glasgow

(est. 1451)




GULPGULP

GlasgowUniversityLanguageProcessing






GlasgowLanguageProcessing

Method

• Participants: 64– native English speaking; normal vision; not dyslexic– mean age = 22.2 (range: 18-41); #F=47, #M=17

• Apparatus: Dual-Purkinje Eyetracker (Gen 5.5)

• Materials & Design:Conditions: Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP)

Targets: HF & LF targets matched pair-wise on word length (mean=5.84 letters; range: 5-8 letters)

WOW!

Materials & Design

• Participants: 64

• Apparatus: Dual-Purkinje Eyetracker (Gen 5.5.)

• Materials & Design:Conditions: Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP)

Targets: HF & LF targets matched pairwise on word length (5-8 letters; avg = xx)

=== HF === === LF === HP LP HP LP

Frequency (BNC, per million) 145 145 4 4Predictability (1-7) 6.19 4.07 6.11 3.69Cloze probability 0.57 0.02 0.50 0.01

Freq X Pred: Eye MovementsAltarriba, Kroll, Sholl, & Rayner (1996)Lavinge, Vitu, & d’Ydewalle (2000)Rayner, Binder, Ashby, & Pollatsek (2001)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Rayner, Ashby, Pollatsek, & Reichle (2004)Miellet, Sparrow, & Sereno (in press)

Inhoff (1984)

conducteden

français

Rayner et al. (2004)

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Inhoff (1984)

conducted

in French

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Rayner et al. (2004)

Limitations Remedies

Items per condition:8

Length of context (# pre-target words):7.7 words

Target embedded in:single sentence

22

15.5

2nd of 2sentences


Inhoff (1984)

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Method

• Participants: 64 (mean age = 22; #F=47)

• Apparatus: Dual-Purkinje Eyetracker (Gen 5.5)

• Materials & Design:Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP)

HF & LF targets matched pair-wise on word length (mean = 5.84 letters; range: 5-8 letters)

WOW!

HF LF

HP LP HP LPFrequency (BNC, per million) 145 145 4 4Predictability (1-7) 6.19 4.07 6.11 3.69Cloze probability 0.57 0.02 0.50 0.01

Method

• Materials & Design:Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP)

HF & LF targets matched pair-wise on word length (mean = 5.84 letters; range: 5-8 letters)

HF LF

HP LP HP LP

Frequency (BNC, per million) 145 145 4 4

Predictability (1-7) 6.19 4.07 6.11 3.69Cloze probability .57 .02 .50 .01

# of items 22 22 22 22

Results: Fixation Time Measures

• Early– First fixation duration (FFD)– Single fixation duration (SFD)– Gaze duration (GD)– Probability of skipping (skip) = [1 – prob(fixation)]

• Later– Next forward-going fixation (next)– Total Fixation Time (TT)– # regressions into target, # regressions out of target1 fix 2+ fix skip reject63% 12% 21% 4%

Parafoveal Pre-processing

In reading, words are processed parafoveallyBefore they are foveated.

Reading involves foveal processing andParafoveal processing before the

time

TI

ME

• In fact, the EM condition most resembling RT presentation (i.e., no parafoveal preview), only shows a frequency effect in early measures.

•However, different patterns emerge when fixation time is

McConkie’s N ?

Fixation Before Target: Launch Dist.

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26 ms 9 ms. Low High Predictability 7-9 Low High Predictability 4-6 Low High Predictability 1-3...

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Transcript of 26 ms 9 ms. Low High Predictability 7-9 Low High Predictability 4-6 Low High Predictability 1-3...