2.4 Cell Membrane And Transport
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Transcript of 2.4 Cell Membrane And Transport
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Cell Membrane Structure and Function
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Cell Membrane• Every cell is encircled by a membrane and most
cells contain an extensive intracellular membrane system.
• Membranes fence off the cell's interior from its surroundings.
• Membranes let in water, certain ions and substrates and they excrete waste substances.
• Without a membrane the cell contents would diffuse into the surroundings, information containing molecules would be lost and many metabolic pathways would cease to work.
The cell would die!
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Membrane StructureThe cell is highly organized with many
functional units or organelles inside. Most of these units are limited by one or more membranes.
To perform the functions of an organelle, the membrane is specialized in that it contains specific proteins and lipid components that enable it to perform its unique roles.
In essence membranes are essential for the integrity and function of the cell.
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The Cell Membrane
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Cell membranes
What is their structure?
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We don’t know currently
There are a number of hypotheses and we will consider the one which is
currently accepted........
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Structure - The Cell Membrane
The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure
• The membrane is a mosaic (mixture) of different protein molecules floating in a bilayer (double layer) of phospholipids
• Each phospholipid has a hydrophilic (water-loving) head & hydrophobic (water-hating) tails
• Because of this feature of phospholipids, the lipid bilayers assemble themselves spontaneously
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The fluid mosaic model
Lipids arranged in bi-layer with proteins embedded or associated with them.
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Phospholipid Molecule Model
glycerol
fatty acids (hydrophobic) – hate water
phosphate (hydrophilic) – like water
Draw This
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Membrane Lipidsform a Bi-layer
Outside layer
Inside Layer
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The fluid mosaic model
• This proposes that the cell membrane is made up of 2 main layers – lipids and proteins.
• The lipids form themselves into a bi-layer with the water seeking ends (hydrophilic) facing out & the water hating ends (hydrophobic) facing in.
• The proteins are embedded in this layer but can move around or flip over.
• Special carrier molecules take in important elements, like ions, at the cell membrane, using energy supplied by the cell and use the proteins that are embedded in the lipid layer.
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Membrane Function
• Sometimes the elements bind to the proteins, which flip over, thus transporting the element into the cell.
• Some proteins form a ‘pore’ through which the element can pass from the outside to the inside of the cell membrane.
• The movement of the phospholipid and protein components through the plasma membrane permits the membrane to change shape—this is known as fluidity.
• This flexibility is crucial to many different types of cells.
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The cell membrance is a complex 3d circular structure
The cell membrane is a complex 3 d structureThe cell membrane is a complex 3 d structure.
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Structure
• Fluid-like composition…like soap bubbles
• Composed of:– Lipids in a bi-layer – what is this?– Proteins embedded in lipid layer (called
trans-membrane proteins)– Proteins floating within the lipid sea (called
integral proteins)– Proteins associated outside the lipid bi-
layer (peripheral proteins).
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The fluid mosaic model
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Composition of the cell membrane
Phospholipids
Peripheral Proteins
DRAW T
HIS
Integral Proteins
Trans – membrane proteins
CellMembrane
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Phospholipids
• Make up 75% of cell surface membrane• Amphipathic – hydrophilic head (water-
loving and polar) and hydrophobic tail (water-hating and non-polar)
• Phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in aqueous environment eg. extra-cellular fluid and cytosol
• Selectively permeable – small molecules and lipid soluble molecules pass through easily. Hydrophilic substances cannot diffuse and rely on membrane pore/channels to pass
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Cholesterol
• A steroid which makes up 20% of animal membranes (but rarely found in plants) (in humans cholesterol is present in almost same proportion as phospholipids)
• Also amphipathic – fit between phospholipids• Important because it makes cell membrane more rigid
and prevents membrane being too fluid & breaking up (37degrees = relatively high temp) = mechanical stability
• Hydrophobic regions prevent ions & polar molecules passing through – especially important in neurons
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Glycolipids
• 5% of membrane lipids have short carbohydrate chains attached
• Occur on external surface of membrane
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Proteins
• Variety of functions:– Transport proteins for ions and polar
molecules– Enzymes: eg ATPase in mitochondrial
membrane, chloroplast membrane, intestinal wall cells (for hydrolysis of disaccharides)
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Glycoproteins
• Most proteins in plasma membrane have short carbohydrate molecules attached
• H-bond with water to help stabilise membrane structure
• May act as receptor for hormones, neurotransmitters
• Antigens = glycoproteins that help cells recognise each other. Each cell has it’s own antigen
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Proteins - Glycoproteins• transmembrane proteins span the entire
membrane & are usually glycoproteins:
• Four main functions– Act as channels: Na+/K+ Pump to maintain ion
concentrations either side of the membrane– Transporters: some proteins identify & attach to
specific substances eg. nutrients, neurotransmitters
– Receptors: recognise & bind to target molecules such as hormones
– Enzymes eg. ATPase
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Functions of membranes within cells (organelle membranes)
• Intracellular membranes have a structure very similar to that of cell surface membranes
• However, proportions of molecular components differs considerably eg. chloroplast membrane contains very little carbohydrate
• Almost all cellular process involves intracellular membranes:
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Transport across the cell membrane
• Passive transport does NOT require energy– Diffusion – small uncharged molecules– Osmosis - water– Facilitated diffusion - glucose
• Active transport REQUIRES ENERGY– Ion pumps– Endocytosis– Exocytosis
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Active and Passive Transport Summary
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What does the membrane do?
• allows for different conditions
between inside and outside of cell
• subdivides cell into compartments
with different internal conditions
• allows release of substances from
cell via vesicle fusion with outer
membrane:
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Membrane Permeability
• Biological membranes are physical barriers, but which allow small uncharged molecules to pass…
• They are described as semi-permeable
Because;• Lipid soluble molecules and small molecules
pass through• Big molecules and charged ones do NOT
pass through
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Membrane Semi-permeability
1) lipid soluble solutes go through faster
1) smaller molecules go faster
1) uncharged & weakly charged go
faster
2) Channels or pores may also exist in
membrane to allow transport of
larger molecules 12
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Its about concentration
The concentration of the solution, with respect to other solutions is
important
Isotonic --- when both solutions have the same concentration of dissolved substances
Hypertonic --- a solution with a higher concentration of dissolved substances
Hypotonic --- a solution with a lower concentration of dissolved substances
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Animal cells
Plant cells
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Two types of transport
Passive and Active
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Passive Transport
• Involves concentration gradients ONLY.
• NO CELL ENERGY is used—this is why it is called “passive”
KNOW T
HIS
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Passive Transport3 types
• Diffusion- simple movement from regions of high concentration to low concentration.
• Osmosis- specifically the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
• Facilitated diffusion - protein transporters which assist in diffusion.
KNOW T
HESE
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Diffusion
Smell Particles & Air Particles
Solution
Smell Particles diffused evenly into the Air Particles
Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from a high concentration of particles to a
lower concentration until they are spread out evenly
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Diffusion
• Movement generated by random motion of particles.
• Movement always from region of high concentration to regions of low concentration.
• Increased water pressure is caused by water moving to decrease a concentration gradient or concentration difference between two areas.
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Solutions
• A solution is made up of two parts: the solute and the solvent.
• The solute dissolves in the solvent
• Before a gas can diffuse across a membrane it must dissolve into a liquid.
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Diffusion & Gas Exchange
• Animal cells use oxygen, so oxygen is less concentrated inside the cell than outside. This causes oxygen to diffuse into the cell
• Carbon dioxide is produced in an animal cell, so it is more concentrated inside than outside – so it diffuses out of the cell
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Diffusion for Photosynthesis
• Diffusion of gases also happens in leaves:
• For photosynthesis to happen Carbon Dioxide has to get inside the leaves. It diffuses in through stomata
• Water vapour and oxygen diffuse out of the leaf at the same time
Water + Carbon Dioxide → Oxygen and Glucose (& a little water)
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Diffusion & Photosynthesis
CO2 O2
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Rate of Diffusion
• The rate of diffusion depends on:
• Size of the particles: smaller = faster
• Temperature (eg. kinetic energy): hotter = faster
• The concentration gradient: the higher it is = faster the rate.
• State of the particles: gas > liquid > solid
• Distance - thickness of the exchange surface: thinner = faster
• Surface area available: larger = faster
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Facilitated Diffusion
• Transport proteins carry specific molecules across the cell membrane
• Movement is along a concentration gradient (i.e. From higher to lower)
• Each type of transport protein will carry only one type of molecule.
• This is how glucose is moved.
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Facilitated Diffusion
GlucoseTransport protein
Concentrationgradient
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Transport Proteins• Move solutes faster across
membrane
• Highly specific to specific
solutes
• Can be inhibited by drugs
• Also involved in ACTIVE
transport
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Glucose
Cell membrane
Transport protein
Glucose binds to thetransport protein
The transport protein turns over and releases glucoseonto the inside of the cell, along the concentration gradient
Concentrationgradient
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Types of Protein Transporters: Ion Channels
• Work by facilitated diffusion No E!
• Deal with small molecules... ions
• Open pores are “gated”- Can change shape.– How? Do a diagram to show how you think
this might work.
• Important in cell communication
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Carrier molecule
Cell membrane
Transport protein
The carrier molecule binds to the transport protein, whichopens the pore allowing it to move through the cell membrane.The pore closes once the carrier is inside the cell.
Concentrationgradient
It is possible to stop the action of transport protein with drugswhich will block the pore.
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Osmosis
• Osmosis is a special type of diffusion.
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a high
concentration of water to a low concentration of water through
a partially-permeable membrane
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Osmosis
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Osmosis
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Osmosis Experiment
1. Fill the partially permeable membrane with strong sugar solution
2. Tie it to a capillary tube and stand it in a weak sugar solution
3. Use your ideas about osmosis to explain why the liquid rises in the tube
Glass tube Level of sugar solution
Weak sugar solution
Visking Tubing with Strong Sugar solution
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Osmosis and Cells - Notes
• Cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that separates the contents of the cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane has tiny holes in it. This allows small molecules to pass through, but not large ones. The cell membrane is partially-permeable.
• Osmosis occurs when two solutions are separated by a partially permeable membrane
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Class Activity: Correctly Label
Weak Solution
Strong Solution
Solute Molecule
Water Molecule
Partially Permeable Membrane
Which way will the water flow???
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Osmosis
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Osmosis and Animal Cells
haemolysis
Hypotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
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Osmosis & Plant Cells
Turgid Cell Plasmolysed Cell
Hypotonic solution Hypertonic
solution
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Plasmolysis in Elodea
Plasmolysis in Elodea: http://www.mrphome.net/mrp/Membrane_Transport.html
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Active Transport• Cell Energy is used to move substances
across the cell membrane
• The substances are moved against the concentration gradient i.e. from where there is less to where there is more.
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Transport proteins
• Substances are moved molecule by molecule.
• It is similar to facilitated diffusion except that cell energy (ATP) is used in the process.
ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate
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Salt ion
Cell membrane
Transport protein
Ion binds to thetransport protein
The transport protein turns over and releases the iononto the inside of the cell, against the concentration gradient
Concentrationgradient
Energy is used
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Moving many large molecules at once—Endocytosis
• Endocytosis • Transports macromolecules and large particles into
the cell.• Part of the membrane engulfs the particle and folds
inward to “bud off.”• The cell membrane envelopes the material • If material is liquid the process is called
pinocytosis• If material is solid the process is called
phagocytosis
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Pseudopodia extend to engulf food
A food vacuole is formed
Pinocytosis works the same, but with no food, only liquid
How Endocytosis works
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Moving many large molecules at once—Exocytosis
• Material is packaged inside the cell and the package fuses with the cell membrane while the material goes out of the cell.
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How exocytosis works
Vacuole containing particlesis moved closeto the cell membrane
Fuses with the cellmembrane to expelthe particles
•Animation;•YouTube - Endocytosis & Exocytosis
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Exocytosisthe finer detail
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Bulk Transport
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Ion Channels
• Work fast: No conformational changes needed
• Not simple pores in membrane:– specific to different ions (Na, K, Ca...)– gates control opening– Toxins, drugs may affect channels
• saxitoxin, tetrodotoxin• cystic fibrosis
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
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Na-K Pump Model: Part I
• 3 Na+ bind to inner region of protein
• Na+ binding triggers phosphorylation of protein. ATP ADP + Pi
• Phosphorylation causes conformation change and Na+ binding site faces outside
• 3 Na+ released to outside
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Na-K Active Pump: Part II
• 2 K+ ions on outside are able to bind• K+ binding causes de-phosphorylation
and new conformation change• 2K+ ions exposed to inside and released
Cyclic process uses ATP energy to drive Na & K ion transport against conc. Gradient
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Root Hair Cells and Active Transport
• Root hair cells take in minerals using active transport.
• If the concentration of minerals is higher in the root hair than in the soil, then the cell needs to use energy to actively transport the minerals into the cell against the concentration gradient.
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Active Transport and Villi• When there’s lots of nutrients in the gut
they diffuse naturally into the blood. But...
• Sometimes there are less nutrients in the gut than in the blood, so the villi cells of our gut use active transport to absorb these nutrients against their concentration gradient.
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Villi and Glucose Uptake
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Passive vs. Active Transport