24 CDMA Antenna System
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Transcript of 24 CDMA Antenna System
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CDMA RF Planning Unit 4
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¾BTS Antenna SystemStructure
BTS Antenna Specificationand Meanings
Antenna Types and Trends
Main Content
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Cabinet
Antenna
7/16 Din Connector
7/8“ Cable
Grounding
1/2“ Jumper
EMPGrounding clip
Grounding bar
1/2 Clamp
Tower TopAmplifier
7/8“ Cable
Machine house
1/2“ Jumper
BTS Antenna System Structure
If very short, can be elidedIf >50metersUse 5/4 “ Cable
Only for long
Distance coverageapplication
Z1
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幻灯片 3
Z1 ZJT, 2006-2-20
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BTS Antenna SystemStructure
¾BTS Antenna Specificationand Meanings
Antenna Types and Trends
Main Content
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What Is The Antenna?
Blah blah
blahblah
• An antenna is just a passive conductor carrying RF current:– RF power causes current to flow in the antenna
– current flowing radiates electromagnetic fields
– electromagnetic fields cause current in receiving antennas
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Electrical properties¾ HalfwaveDiopleAntenna¾
Operation Frequency Band¾ Antenna Gain¾ Radiation Pattern¾ Horizontal/Vertical beamwidth
Radiation Pattern¾ Downtilt¾ Front/Back Ratio¾ SidelobeSuppression and Null
Filling¾ Input Impedance¾ VSWR¾ Polarization¾ Isolation
Mechanical properties¾ Size¾
Weight¾ Radomematerial¾ Appearance and color¾ Working temperature
¾ Storage termperature¾ Windload¾ Connector types¾ Package Size
¾ Lightening
Antenna Specification and Meaning
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Electrical Properties
Antenna should be testedStrictly in lab before selling.We make the choice according
To our requirement。
Antenna should be testedStrictly in lab before selling.
We make the choice according To our requirement。
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Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
Dipole
1900MHz :157mm
800MHz :375mm
Antenna Foundation---halfwavedipole
Halfwavedipole is a classical and very popular antenna. It can be usedindependently , and also multiple dipoles can be combined to a antennamatrix, to be used together.
Halfwavedipole has two symmetrical arms, one is ¼ wave length of the
Radio signal. All together, they are half wave.
Halfwavedipole is a classical and very popular antenna. It can be usedindependently , and also multiple dipoles can be combined to a antennamatrix, to be used together.
Halfwavedipole has two symmetrical arms, one is ¼ wave length of theRadio signal. All together, they are half wave.
AntennaFoundation
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Antenna Foundation---halfwavedipole
TX RX
Width of banddenotes current
magnitude
Zero currentat each end
Maximum current
at the middleCurrent induced inreceiving antennais vector sum of
contribution of every
tiny搒 lice?of radiating antenna
each tinyimaginary搒 lice
of the antennadoes its share
of radiatingUsingadvancedmathematics,
the radiationpattern of dipole can bedrawed.
Usingadvancedmathematics,
the radiationpattern of dipole can bedrawed.
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1个 dipole(received power):1mW
Multiple dipole matrixReceived power:4 mW
GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd
HalfwaveDipole Radiation Pattern
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Antenna Work Frequency Range
• CDMA(CELLULA) 800 MHz: 824-894MHz• CDMA(PCS) 1900 MHz: 1850-1990MHz
Both transmitting and receiving antenna can only work
in a specific frequency range.
Antenna frequency range is defined:
The frequency bandwidth, in which the antenna gain
drop less than 3 dB and VSWR should be ≤ 1.5 .
Generally inside this band, the antenna performance indifferent frequency is a little different, but it’s
acceptable.
Both transmitting and receiving antenna can only work
in a specific frequency range.
Antenna frequency range is defined:The frequency bandwidth, in which the antenna gain
drop less than 3 dB and VSWR should be ≤ 1.5 .
Generally inside this band, the antenna performance indifferent frequency is a little different, but it’s
acceptable.
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Work Frequency Range( BANDWIDTH )= 896 - 824 = 72MHz
(Decided by antenna manufacturer and Test)
Work Frequency Range( BANDWIDTH )= 896 - 824 = 72MHz(Decided by antenna manufacturer and Test)
Optimum 1/2 wavelength
for dipole at 860MHz
at
896
MHz
Antenna
Dipole
at
824
MHz
Antenna Work Frequency Range
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Antenna Radiation Pattern
The first basic function of antenna is to radiateenergy to outer space.
The second basic function is to radiate most of
energy to the desired direction.
But in fact, the practical radiation is very
complex, it is called: “radiation pattern”
The first basic function of antenna is to radiate
energy to outer space.
The second basic function is to radiate most of
energy to the desired direction.
But in fact, the practical radiation is verycomplex, it is called: “radiation pattern”
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Antenna Gain
Attention: Antennas are passive devices; they doNOT amplify RF energy
Attention: Antennas are passive devices; they doNOT amplify RF energy
What is gain:
On the condition of same input power and same
position of space , the ratio between the power
radiated from the practical antenna and from ideal
isotropic antenna.
What is gain:
On the condition of same input power and same
position of space , the ratio between the power
radiated from the practical antenna and from ideal
isotropic antenna.Same amount of
energy, focussed in a
particular direction
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Halfwave dipole
Ideal Isotropic antenna
eg: 0dBd = 2.15dBi
Gain’s Calculation: dBd and dBi
2.15dB
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Gain’s Calculation: dBd and dBi
• Isotropic vs. dipole
PLAN VIEW
isotropic
dipole
dB Gain
ref Dipole (dBD)
dB Gain
ref isotropic (dBi)
0dBi
(ref)
0dBD(ref)
Directional
Antenna
Azimuth Pattern
G(θ、φ)=s1(θ、φ)/s0 unit:dBi
G’ (θ、φ)== s1(θ、φ)/ GA0 unit:dBd
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ERP and EIRP
• Effective Radiated Power (ERP and EIRP)
– apparentpower in a particular direction. It isequal to actual transmitter power timesantenna gain in that direction.
– Radiated power = Input power xantenna gain
or in dB’ = dBm + dB(i or d)
eg: 50dBm + 4.4 dBi
EIRP = 54.4 dBm (right picture)
• ERP is expressed in comparison to a standardradiator
– ERP: compared with dipole antenna
– EIRP: compared with isotropic antenna
AB
EIRP B A (ref)
100w275w
ReferenceAntenna
TX100 W
A
DirectionalAntenna
TX100 W
B
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Antenna Gain Example
BaseStation
Transmitter
(20 watts)
Convert to dBm
10Log(20) + 30 = +43 dBm
jumper
Heliax
Cable
jumper
-0.5dB
-0.5dB
-3dB
Antenna Gain
= + 18 dBi
Ant Input
Power = + 39dBm
EiRP = +39 + 18 = +57 dBm
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Beamwidth
60° (eg) Peak
Peak - 3dB
Peak - 3dB
3dB Beamwidth
In the radiation pattern there are several lobes, the
strongest is main lobe, the others are side lobe.
Beside the peak of main lobe,the radiation will become
weaker and weaker. The angel between two positionwhich is 3 dB below, is called :beamwidth or halfpower
angel 。
The narrower of beamwidth, the better of concentration
radiation and the higher of the gain。
In the radiation pattern there are several lobes, the
strongest is main lobe, the others are side lobe.
Beside the peak of main lobe,the radiation will become
weaker and weaker. The angel between two positionwhich is 3 dB below, is called :beamwidth or halfpower
angel 。
The narrower of beamwidth, the better of concentration
radiation and the higher of the gain。
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Horizontal 3dB Beamwidth
Directional Antenna:65°/90°/105°/120° Omni:360°Directional Antenna:
65°
/90°
/105°
/120°
Omni:
360°
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20°、30° beamwidth antennas only be used in narrow area or
highway;65°s are usually used in city area,90°s are more
used in suburb and courtyside.
20°、30° beamwidth antennas only be used in narrow area or
highway;65°s are usually used in city area,90°s are more
used in suburb and courtyside.
Horizontal 3dB Beamwidth
Typical 90°3dBbeamwidth
sketch map
Typical 90°3dBbeamwidth
sketch map
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Vertical 3dB Beamwidth
Directional : Omni:
48°,33°,15°,8°,are some familiar degrees to
define the vertical 3dB beamwidth。
If vertical beamwidth is small, then we can control
The coverage precisly by adjusting the downtilt.
48°,33°,15°,8°,are some familiar degrees todefine the vertical 3dB beamwidth。
If vertical beamwidth is small, then we can control
The coverage precisly by adjusting the downtilt.
AntennaDo ntilt
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Antenna Downtilt
Mechanical Downtilt(0̊ ---10̊ )Physically tilt the antenna. The pattern in
front goes down, and behind goes uppopular for sectorizationand specialomni applications
Electrical Downtilt
(fixed and ajustable)Incremental phase shift is applied in thefeed networkthe pattern“droops”all around, like an
inverted saucercommon technique when downtiltingomni cells
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Non down tilt Electronic downtilt Mechanical
downtilt
Different DowntiltsEffect
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Downtilt Adjustment
In general, the original downtilt can be calculated:
θ=arctg(h/R)+A/2
θ—antenna downtilth—antenna height
R—cell coverage radius
A---antenna vertical 3dB beamwidth
In this formula, the main lobe of antenna will point to the
edge of cell coverage .Actually ,the downtilt often need adjustment during
Optimization to ensure the real coverage not too far or Too near.
In this formula, the main lobe of antenna will point to the
edge of cell coverage .Actually ,the downtilt often need adjustment during
Optimization to ensure the real coverage not too far or Too near.
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Front to Back Ratio
•Front-to-back ratio
—Antenna front-to-back ratio are measures of how much energy isradiated outside the antenna’s main beam.
F/B = 10 log(FP/BP) typically :18---30dB , the larger the better
Back power Front power
Back Power(interference)
Front Power
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DOWN SIDELOBE(dB)
UP SIDELOBE (dB)
Up and Down SidelobesRestraint
Usually ,the up sidelodeenergy is no useful, so upsideloberestraint: the
higher the better
SidelobeSuppression
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ppand Null Filling
d
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Antenna Input Impedance
Cable
50 ohms
Antenna
50 ohms
• When antenna and cable are connected, the best status is theycompletely match each other. That is: their impedance arecompletely same.
• Usually 4 parameters are used to scale the matching, they are “Reflectance; TravellingWave Coefficient; VSWR; ReturnLoss”.
• In everyday work, we more like to use VSWR and Return Loss.
• When antenna and cable are connected, the best status is theycompletely match each other. That is: their impedance arecompletely same.
• Usually 4 parameters are used to scale the matching, they are “Reflectance; TravellingWave Coefficient; VSWR; ReturnLoss”.
• In everyday work, we more like to use VSWR and Return Loss.
VSWR V l S di W R i
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9.5 W50
ohms50 ohms
Forwarda: 10W
Backward: 0.5W
Return Loss: 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB
VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
VSWR -Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
VSWR Characteristics
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VSWR Characteristics
• Impedance and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)Return Loss
– Input impedance of the antenna must match the characteristicimpedance of the transmission line
– Otherwise, a reflected wave is generated, directed backtowards the energy source.
– The ratio between the maximum and minimum voltage is
defined as the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).
Ant VSWR = 1.5:1Return Loss = 20 Log VSWR +1 = 14dB
VSWR-1+40 dBm
(10 watts)
+26 dBm
0dBi EIRP = +39.8 dBm
(400mW)
AntennaPolarization
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Vertical Horizontal
+ 45degree slant - 45degreeslant
Antenna Polarization
• Polarization
– Polarization describes the orientation of the electric fieldvector.
• Polarization
– Polarization describes the orientation of the electric fieldvector.
Dual Polarization Antenna
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V/H (Vertical/Horizontal) Slant (+/- 45°)
Dual Polarization Antenna
Polarization Discrimination
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Polarization Discrimination
Power Transfer Between Antenna A
and Antenna B
A B
A
B
Co-Polarized
Cross-Polarized
Polarization
DiscriminationFree-Space
Environment
Severe MultipathEnvironment
Maximum energy transfer between Txand Rx antennas takes placewhen the antennas have the samepolarization and spatial orientation.
Maximum energy transfer between Txand Rx antennas takes placewhen the antennas have the samepolarization and spatial orientation.
Diversity Techniquesin Antenn
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Diversity Techniques in Antenn
• Space diversity and polarization diversity
Signal received
by Antenna 1or Polarization1
Signal received
by Antenna 2 or Polarization2
Improved Combined Signal
Typical AntennaConfigurations
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Typical Antenna Configurations
Typical Space DiversitySeparation
10--20λ
RX RX
Duplexer
TX
Duplex Antenna System Configuration
In engineering: d≥ 10~20λ. The diversity distance of the 1900M carrier should be more than 1.5m
while that of the 800M carrier should be more than 3.5m.
In engineering: d≥ 10~20λ. The diversity distance of the 1900M carrier should be more than 1.5m
while that of the 800M carrier should be more than 3.5m.
Dual Polarization Antenna
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1000mW ( 1W)1mW
10log(1000mW/1mW) =30dB
Port IsolationIn dual polarization antenna, complete port isolation is impossible.
If one port is input energy, some interference must be found in another port.
In this example, the isolation is 30dB, the higher the better.
In dual polarization antenna, complete port isolation is impossible.
If one port is input energy, some interference must be found in another port.
In this example, the isolation is 30dB, the higher the better.
Antenna Mechanical Properties
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Antenna Mechanical Properties
Antenna Dimensions
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Antenna Dimensions
L×W×HLength:connected with vertical bandwidth and gainWidth:connected with horizontal bandwidthHeight:connected with techniques adopted
Antenna Weight
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Antenna Weight
Affecting transmission and deploy
RadomeMaterial
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Radome Material
PVC, FiberglassAnti-temperature、water-proof ,anti-aging,weatherresistant
AppearanceColor
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Appearance Color
Good-looking, environment-protecting
Protected Antenna
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Protected Antenna
Protected Antenna
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Protected Antenna
Physical Parameters
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Operating Temperature Range
Typical range:-40°C — +70°C
Physical Parameters
Storage Temperature Range
Typically:-40°C — +70°C
Connector Type
7/16”DIN,N,SMA
female
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Mast
Mast diameter 45-90mm
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Lightening Protection
Direct Ground
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MAIN FEEDER
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J UMP CABLE
Connectors
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7/16”DIN-F CONNECTOR
7/16”DIN-M and N-M CONNECTOR
Feeder Installation Annex
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Trimming Tool or Hand Tool K itClampEarthingKitWall GlandsUniversal Ground Bar
Main Content
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BTS Antenna SystemStructure
BTS Antenna Specificationand Meanings
¾Antenna Types and Trends
Antenna Types and Trends
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Wide Band
Multiple Functions
Intelligent
Wide Band
Multiple Functions
Intelligent
“Intelligent” antennas…Introduction
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Introduction
– Two types: switched beam and adaptive.– By combining signals in various phase
relationships, any pattern of nulls or
reinforcements can be created.– On the transmit side, energy is focused in a tight,
specific direction to avoid interference to others.
– On the receive side, a tight beam is formed that issensitive to signals coming from one direction,but not from others.
– The switched beam method combines signals in afixed number of ways in order to find the best fitat a particular moment.
– Adaptive antennas synthesize beam patternsrather than choose from predetermined patterns.
Intelligent antennas
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Example calculation – beam tracing
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