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General Impact Factor (GIF): 0.875Scientific Journal Impact Factor: 1.205
International Journal of Applied And Pure Science and
@IJAPSA-2015, All rights Reserved
An ecological survey & ethnobot
of Hooghly district
Mrinmoy Ghosh1 ,2
Department of Botany, Visva
An ecological survey & ethnobotanical study of four epiphytic Pterid
district in Westbengal has been ma
Epiphytic ferns grow naturally in a totally soilless co
typical water and nutrient storage of soil.
have some important aspect. The
Now a day they are also used for interior decoration. The epiphytic
species are used as source of herbal medicine for primary healthcare.
family name, vernacular name, habit,
their ethno medicinal uses are
calculated by using field data.
Key word: Epiphytic pteridophytes
decoration, West Bengal.
Present study deals with the
part of Lower Gangatic Plain. Early civilizations in India are grown at the plain of Ganges.
area is predominantly an agricultural region and highly rich in herbs, shrubs and trees.
Pteridophytes species are significant element occurring quite frequently in the shady floor of the
mango and bamboo garden and besides small water bodies like canal, pond
The average annual rainfall is normally above 2,000 mm per year. Temperatures vary
considerably with the season, latitude, and elevation. The monthly average maximum and
minimum daily temperatures are from 22°C to 35°C. The day tempe
40°C on sunny days, whereas at night and early morning, the temperatures may drop to 18°C.
The lowest temperatures are usually recorded in January and February, while the highest
temperatures occur between March and April.
Medicinal plants constitute the base of health care systems in many societies. The recovery
of the knowledge and practices associated with these plant resources are part of an important
strategy linked to the conservation
anthropology that deals with the study of traditional medicines.
are not well known about the uses of Pteridophytes, since it is not easily available like flowering
plants. Pteridophytes have an important role
values of higher plants have been investigated thoroughly, unfortunately Pteridophytes have been
ignored. There is not much information
and exploitation except a few. Our survey has revealed that these plant species have some
important aspect. They are used as ethno
General Impact Factor (GIF): 0.875 Scientific Journal Impact Factor: 1.205
International Journal of Applied And Pure Science and
Agriculture
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2015, All rights Reserved
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p- ISSN:
thnobotanical study of four epiphytic P
Hooghly district in West Bengal
Mrinmoy Ghosh1, Soma Sukul nee Chunari
2
Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan-731235
Abstract
ecological survey & ethnobotanical study of four epiphytic Pteridophytes of Hooghly
estbengal has been made based on field-observations throughout the year
Epiphytic ferns grow naturally in a totally soilless condition.these ferns grow with
typical water and nutrient storage of soil. Our survey has revealed that these plant species
aspect. They are used as ethno-medicine as well as different other uses.
Now a day they are also used for interior decoration. The epiphytic Leaf parts of
species are used as source of herbal medicine for primary healthcare. The botanical name,
vernacular name, habit, frequency, density, dominance, importance value
uses are provided in this study. Importance value and use value are
pteridophytes, Ethno-medicine, important value index, use
I. INTRODUCTION
Present study deals with the epiphytic pteridophytes of Hooghly district in West Bengal, a
part of Lower Gangatic Plain. Early civilizations in India are grown at the plain of Ganges.
is predominantly an agricultural region and highly rich in herbs, shrubs and trees.
Pteridophytes species are significant element occurring quite frequently in the shady floor of the
mango and bamboo garden and besides small water bodies like canal, pond etc. and tree trunks.
The average annual rainfall is normally above 2,000 mm per year. Temperatures vary
considerably with the season, latitude, and elevation. The monthly average maximum and
minimum daily temperatures are from 22°C to 35°C. The day temperatures can reach nearly
40°C on sunny days, whereas at night and early morning, the temperatures may drop to 18°C.
The lowest temperatures are usually recorded in January and February, while the highest
temperatures occur between March and April.
l plants constitute the base of health care systems in many societies. The recovery
of the knowledge and practices associated with these plant resources are part of an important
strategy linked to the conservation of biodiversity. Ethno-medicine is a sub-
anthropology that deals with the study of traditional medicines. Most of the indigenous people
are not well known about the uses of Pteridophytes, since it is not easily available like flowering
plants. Pteridophytes have an important role in the earth’s biodiversity. Economic and medicinal
values of higher plants have been investigated thoroughly, unfortunately Pteridophytes have been
here is not much information available on the literature about the medicinal properties
. Our survey has revealed that these plant species have some
important aspect. They are used as ethno-medicine as well as horticulture and as
International Journal of Applied And Pure Science and
51
ISSN: 2394-5532
ISSN: 2394-823X
anical study of four epiphytic Pteridophytes
ophytes of Hooghly
throughout the year.
ndition.these ferns grow without the
ed that these plant species
different other uses.
Leaf parts of the plant
he botanical name,
frequency, density, dominance, importance value and
Importance value and use value are
important value index, use value
istrict in West Bengal, a
part of Lower Gangatic Plain. Early civilizations in India are grown at the plain of Ganges. These
is predominantly an agricultural region and highly rich in herbs, shrubs and trees.
Pteridophytes species are significant element occurring quite frequently in the shady floor of the
etc. and tree trunks.
The average annual rainfall is normally above 2,000 mm per year. Temperatures vary
considerably with the season, latitude, and elevation. The monthly average maximum and
ratures can reach nearly
40°C on sunny days, whereas at night and early morning, the temperatures may drop to 18°C.
The lowest temperatures are usually recorded in January and February, while the highest
l plants constitute the base of health care systems in many societies. The recovery
of the knowledge and practices associated with these plant resources are part of an important
-field of medical
Most of the indigenous people
are not well known about the uses of Pteridophytes, since it is not easily available like flowering
in the earth’s biodiversity. Economic and medicinal
values of higher plants have been investigated thoroughly, unfortunately Pteridophytes have been
iterature about the medicinal properties
. Our survey has revealed that these plant species have some
horticulture and as fodder. Our
International Journal of Applied and
Volume 01, Issue
@IJAPSA-2015, All rights Reserved
present ecological survey was
district, West Bengal.
Ecological survey was carried out throughout the Hooghly district (N 22
30’15” – N 23 0
01’ 20”, E 88
different epiphytic pteridophyte species and their
collected for further laboratory work. Photograph of each species were taken properly.
For the study of the vertical distribution of the epiphytic pteridophytes, the host trees were
vertically divided into three height zones
and 50ft - above.
Importance value index, frequency, density and abundance were determined as per Curtis
and McIntosh (1950). The relative abundance of different species
Simpson’s Index of Diversity (D),
organisms of all species and n = the total number of organisms of a particular species
Simpson’s Diversity Index, 1 – D
Ethnobotanical importance of the studied plant materials were surveyed b
interviews with local inhabitants, herbalists and practitioners. Specific questions focused on the
different ethnobotanical uses that are traditionally practiced in the area (e.g. food, medicine,
gardening, fuel wood, fodder…etc.) were asked to the interviewees.
For quantitative analysis of the ethnobotanical importance of the p
importance (RI) was calculated according to Bennett and Prance
NCS (number of body system) = the number of body systems treated by a given species (NCSS)
divided by the total number of body systems treated by
(NSCSV). Then NCS = NCSS / NSCSV. NP (The number of properties) is obtained by the
relationship between the number of properties attributed to a species (NPS) divided by the total
number of properties attributed to
Phytochemical screening tests for
tannins, flavonoids and anthroquinone
Hooghly
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Volume 01, Issue 12, [December - 2015] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p
2015, All rights Reserved
about the four epiphytic pteridophytes available in
II. METHODS
was carried out throughout the Hooghly district (N 22
01’ 20”, E 88 0
30’20”) in different seasons to make a complete record of
teridophyte species and their occurrence during the year.
collected for further laboratory work. Photograph of each species were taken properly.
For the study of the vertical distribution of the epiphytic pteridophytes, the host trees were
into three height zones from the soil surface to 25ft i.e. 0 –
requency, density and abundance were determined as per Curtis
he relative abundance of different species were calculate
Simpson’s Index of Diversity (D), D = Σn(n - 1)/ N(N-1) where N = the total number of
organisms of all species and n = the total number of organisms of a particular species
D is also calculated.
Ethnobotanical importance of the studied plant materials were surveyed b
interviews with local inhabitants, herbalists and practitioners. Specific questions focused on the
anical uses that are traditionally practiced in the area (e.g. food, medicine,
gardening, fuel wood, fodder…etc.) were asked to the interviewees.
For quantitative analysis of the ethnobotanical importance of the p
was calculated according to Bennett and Prance (2000), RI = NCS + NP
umber of body system) = the number of body systems treated by a given species (NCSS)
divided by the total number of body systems treated by the most focused on the versatile species
(NSCSV). Then NCS = NCSS / NSCSV. NP (The number of properties) is obtained by the
relationship between the number of properties attributed to a species (NPS) divided by the total
number of properties attributed to the most versatile species (NPSV) i. e. NP = NPS / NPSV.
Phytochemical screening tests for alkaloids, saponins, steroids, cardiac glycosides,
, flavonoids and anthroquinones were done following the standard laboratory methods
I. STUDY AREA
Hooghly
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52
available in Hooghly
was carried out throughout the Hooghly district (N 22 0
39’32”, E 87 0
30’20”) in different seasons to make a complete record of
Specimens were
collected for further laboratory work. Photograph of each species were taken properly.
For the study of the vertical distribution of the epiphytic pteridophytes, the host trees were
25 ft, 25ft - 50ft
requency, density and abundance were determined as per Curtis
calculated following the
1) where N = the total number of
organisms of all species and n = the total number of organisms of a particular species. Later on
Ethnobotanical importance of the studied plant materials were surveyed by conducting
interviews with local inhabitants, herbalists and practitioners. Specific questions focused on the
anical uses that are traditionally practiced in the area (e.g. food, medicine,
gardening, fuel wood, fodder…etc.) were asked to the interviewees.
For quantitative analysis of the ethnobotanical importance of the plants, relative
RI = NCS + NP. Where
umber of body system) = the number of body systems treated by a given species (NCSS)
the most focused on the versatile species
(NSCSV). Then NCS = NCSS / NSCSV. NP (The number of properties) is obtained by the
relationship between the number of properties attributed to a species (NPS) divided by the total
NP = NPS / NPSV.
, cardiac glycosides,
were done following the standard laboratory methods.
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
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@IJAPSA-2015, All rights Reserved 53
III. OBSERVATIONS
A. ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS:
Throughout the district there are four epiphytic pteridophytes were reported, they are,
Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel.; Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm.;Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.)
Farw. and Vittaria elongata Sw.The host plant is mainly Mangifera indica. Some times Ficus
bengalensis, Phoenix dactylifera & Albizia sp. are also found as host plant. Mangifera indica
trunks were found to support the greatest numbers of epiphytic pteridophytes. The epiphytes
grow harmlessly upon the plant barks, and derive its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain,
and sometimes from debris accumulating around it. Any direct effect by the epiphytes on their
phorophytes has not been noticed (Ruinen 1953). Mostly the epiphytic pteridophytes are present
within 25ft from ground level and some are present within 25-50 ft. but above 50ft. they are
totally absent. The ecological survey found that the Importance Value Index (IVI) is high for
Microsorium punctatum(87.932) and low for Vittaria elongate (8.514).
Table: 1. Ecological analysis of epiphytic pteridophytes present in Hooghly, West Bengal.
Name of the epiphytic
pteridophytes
Relative
frequency (RF)
Relative Density
(RD)
Relative
Abundance
(RA)
Important
Value Index
(IVI)
Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel 47 40.74 0.192 87.932
Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. 31.9 30.16 0.208 62.268
Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw 18.09 24.328 0.295 42.713
Vittaria elongata Sw. 3.44 4.777 0.304 8.514
Table: 2. Vertical distribution of the epiphytic pteridophytes.
Name of the epiphytic
pteridophytes
Height of the host plant
Upto 25 ft from
ground lavel
25ft – 50ft
50ft above
Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel Very common common Extremely rare
Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Very common common Extremely rare
Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw Very common common Extremely rare
Vittaria elongata Sw. common Rare Absent
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B. ETHNOBOTANICINAL ANALYSIS:
In this study we are found that four epiphytic pteridophytes having some importance.
Mainly Microsorium punctatum, Drynaria quercifolia
Importance(RI) is very high than two others
Table: 3.
Name of the epiphytic
pteridophytes
Alkaloids
Microsorum punctatum
(L.) Copel
-
Drynaria quercifolia
(L.) J. Sm.
-
Pyrrosia lanceolata
(L.) Farw
-
Vittaria elongata Sw. -
‘+’, refers to present and ‘-‘ refers to absent.
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)
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2015, All rights Reserved
ICINAL ANALYSIS:
In this study we are found that four epiphytic pteridophytes having some importance.
Microsorium punctatum, Drynaria quercifolia are used in various aspects. Relative
Importance(RI) is very high than two others Pyrrosia lanceolata and Vittaria elongata
Table: 3. Phytochemical screening test.
Saponin Tannin Steroid Flavonoid
+ + + +
+ - + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
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In this study we are found that four epiphytic pteridophytes having some importance.
are used in various aspects. Relative
Vittaria elongata.
Flavonoid Glycosidase
+
-
+
-
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Figure 2 : RF-Relative Frequency, RD
sp1- Microsorium punctatum, Sp2
Figure 3 : UV
sp1- Microsorium punctatum, Sp2
Table: 4. Ethno-medicinal uses of the epiphytic pteridophytes in Hooghly districts.
Botanical
Name
Family Local
Name
Microsorium
punctatum
(L.)Copel.
Polypodiaceae -
Drynaria
quercifolia
(L.) J.
Sm.
Polypodiaceae Kan
kothari
Pyrrosia
lanceolata
(L.) Farw.
Polypodiaceae loti
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
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2015, All rights Reserved
Frequency, RD- Relative Density, RA-Relative Aboundance, IVI-Important Value Index.
Sp2- Drynaria quercifolia , sp3- Pyrrosia lanceolata sp4- Vittaria
Figure 3 : UV-Use Value, RI- Relative Importance RA.
Sp2- Drynaria quercifolia , sp3- Pyrrosia lanceolata sp4- Vittaria
medicinal uses of the epiphytic pteridophytes in Hooghly districts.
Medicinal Uses
Leaf is grind into juice applied over the affected
places twice a day with hot water to heal wounds.
kothari
Skin removed rhizome is made into a paste and boiled
with pepper, cumin seeds, onion and garlic along with
water. The mixture thus obtained is taken orally to get
relief from body pain, knee pain and joint pain
Leaf is made into paste with pepper and taken
to treat sore throat and itching.
Sp
1
Sp
2
Sp
3
Sp
4
RF
RD
RA
IVI
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
SP1 SP2 SP3 SP4
UV
RI
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Important Value Index.
Vittaria elongate.
Vittaria elongate
medicinal uses of the epiphytic pteridophytes in Hooghly districts.
UV RI
Leaf is grind into juice applied over the affected
places twice a day with hot water to heal wounds.
1.2 1.8
Skin removed rhizome is made into a paste and boiled
onion and garlic along with
water. The mixture thus obtained is taken orally to get
0.8 1.75
Leaf is made into paste with pepper and taken orally 0.95 1.3
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@IJAPSA-2015, All rights Reserved 56
Vittaria
elongata
Sw.
Pteridaceae - The leaf is grind into a paste and applied over the
affected places to get relief from knee pain and
therapeutic pain.
0.35 0.65
IV. DISCUSSION
The quantitative approach is needed in order to address such as threatened species,
pressure over natural resources and impact of the use of plants. Consequently, the popularity of
quantitative ethnobotany appears to be linked to the recognition of its ethical, biological and
social implications. A large numbers of lower group plant species including pteridophytes are
endangered mainly due to indiscriminate collection as well as excessive cutting down of forest.
So there is an urgent need for the conservation of pteridophytes which are important for their
academic, medicinal and ornamental values. The present study provides a base for enhancing
attention towards consideration of ethno-medicinally important Pteridophytes. Ecological study
provides habitat of these four epiphytic pteridophytes as well as their frequency, density,
abundance and their important value index which is helpful for the further consideration of those
plants as medicinal and ornamental. This information may be used in decision making on habitat
conservation and natural resource management and also may help to increase the awareness
among the people.
Acknowledgement:
The authors express their sincere thanks to the HOD, DST-FIST and UGC-SAP (DRS)
sponsored Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati for providing necessary supports.
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