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236 AP World History MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The encomienda system most resembled Russian serfdom in that (A) both used laborers to work agricultur- ally and on other projects. (B) both legally enslaved their labor force. (C) both were imposed by foreign conquerors. (D) both drew their labor force from pris- oners of war. 2. Which of the following is MOST true of eighteenth-century European society? (A) A majority of the population moved into the relatively new middle class. (B) The majority of people continued to live in the countryside and work as peasants. (C) The rate of population growth fell off sharply. (D) The cause of women's suffrage gained great momentum in western Europe. 3. The tendency of the Muslim gunpowder empires to innovate technologically in the 1500s and 1600s, and then stagnate, is best illustrated by (A) a decline in the quality of goods man- ufactured in Safavid Persia after the mid-160<k' - (B) the transformation of the janissaries into a pampered but obsolete muske- teer corps. (C) the Ottoman Empire's failure in the 1700s to create a steamship navy. (D) Mughal India's decision to abandon railway construction projects begun around 1750. 4. This commodity played the chief role in motivating French exploration of Canada and Russian exploration of Siberia: (A) coffee (B) gold (C) fur (D) tobacco 5. Which of the following negatively affected economic life in Ming China during the early 1600s? (A) a decrease in the supply of precious metals, especially silver (B) a failure of its economic productivity to keep up with population growth (C) a decline in productivity caused by the addiction of Chinese workers to opIUm (D) a series of wars with Russia on the Siberian frontier 6. Which of the following can be considered true of Japanese geishas and the women of the Ottoman harem? (A) In both cases, they were not expected to display musical or artistic talents. (B) In both cases, their services could be purchased by members of any social class. (C) In both cases, they often advised rulers and served as regents. (D) In neither case was their exclusive role to provide sexual pleasure.

Transcript of 236 AP World History - lancasterschools.org · 240 AP World History 13. (B) Like many...

236 AP World History

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS1. The encomienda system most resembled

Russian serfdom in that

(A) both used laborers to work agricultur-ally and on other projects.

(B) both legally enslaved their labor force.(C) both were imposed by foreign

conquerors.(D) both drew their labor force from pris-

oners of war.

2. Which of the following is MOST true ofeighteenth-century European society?

(A) A majority of the population movedinto the relatively new middle class.

(B) The majority of people continued tolive in the countryside and work aspeasants.

(C) The rate of population growth fell offsharply.

(D) The cause of women's suffrage gainedgreat momentum in western Europe.

3. The tendency of the Muslim gunpowderempires to innovate technologically in the1500s and 1600s, and then stagnate, is bestillustrated by

(A) a decline in the quality of goods man-ufactured in Safavid Persia after themid-160<k' -

(B) the transformation of the janissariesinto a pampered but obsolete muske-teer corps.

(C) the Ottoman Empire's failure in the1700s to create a steamship navy.

(D) Mughal India's decision to abandonrailway construction projects begunaround 1750.

4. This commodity played the chief role inmotivating French exploration of Canadaand Russian exploration of Siberia:

(A) coffee(B) gold(C) fur(D) tobacco

5. Which of the following negatively affectedeconomic life in Ming China during theearly 1600s?

(A) a decrease in the supply of preciousmetals, especially silver

(B) a failure of its economic productivityto keep up with population growth

(C) a decline in productivity caused bythe addiction of Chinese workers toopIUm

(D) a series of wars with Russia on theSiberian frontier

6. Which of the following can be consideredtrue of Japanese geishas and the women ofthe Ottoman harem?

(A) In both cases, they were not expectedto display musical or artistic talents.

(B) In both cases, their services could bepurchased by members of any socialclass.

(C) In both cases, they often advisedrulers and served as regents.

(D) In neither case was their exclusive roleto provide sexual pleasure.

7. What resulted from Portuguese explorationof West Africa in the 1400s?

(A) The Portuguese gained control overtrade in gold and ivory.

(B) The Portuguese destroyed existingstates like the Asante kingdom.

(C) The Portuguese used the region as abase from which ro conquer Egypt.

(D) The Portuguese expelled nearly all theMuslims living in the region.

8. Which is an example of the changes broughtabout by the Columbian Exchange?

(A) the importation of coffee to Africafrom South America

(B) the European encounter with thehorse in the plains of North America

(C) the introduction of corn and potaroesto Europe from the Americas

(D) the spread of smallpox from NorthAmerica to Europe

9. What did Europe's Scientific Revolutionaccomplish?

(A) It successfully promoted the geocen-tric theory.

(B) It reconfirmed the teachings of Galenand Aristotle.

(C) It put into practice Descartes's andBacon's revival of the scientificmethod.

(D) It immediately swept away theCatholic Church's authority overintellectual affairs.

Unit Four: Review Questions 237

10. The map on page 204 (without looking atthe caption) relates to

(A) patterns of large-scale migration fromSpain and Portugal to other parts ofthe world.

(B) the Papal Lines of Demarcation thatassigned claims to new lands to Spainand Portugal.

(C) Spanish and Portuguese shipments oftobacco and silver from Africa to Asiaand the Americas.

(D) epidemiological vectors showing howNew World diseases affected Spainand Po~tugal.

11. This New World region imported thelargest percentage of African slaves:

(A) the Carolinas(B) Haiti(C) Brazil(D) Cuba

12. Forced migration in the form of "transporta-tion"-a punishment often handed down byBritish courts in the 1700s and 1800s-wasthe primary cause of population growth inwhich colony?

(A) Barbados(B) India(C) Australia(D) Jamaica

238 AP World History

13. How is the religious policy of the Ottomansultans best described?

(A) They expelled Catholics andProtestants, but not OrthodoxChristians.

(B) They allowed a degree of tolerationbut taxed religious minorities.

(C) They gave full equality to all worship-pers, regardless of faith.

(D) They ruthlessly suppressed Jews andChristians.

14. What was a major consequence of planta-tion monoculture?

(A) It created fewer incentives to rely onslave labor.

(B) It tended to enrich the lower andmiddle classes.

(C) It encouraged the harvesting of alarger variety of crops.

(D) It led to severe environmentaldegradation.

15. Which art forms were most prominent insub-Saharan Africa before 1750?

(A) sculpture and basketry(B) written literature and painting(C) basketry and written literature(D) sculpture and orchestral music

16. In what way did Qing China's social policiesresemble those of the Tokugawa Shogunate?

(A) Both relied on systems of rigid socialstratification.

(B) Both wished their populations to havegreater exposure to foreign goods andideas.

(C) Both boosted the rights and privilegesof the growing merchant class.

(D) Both persecuted ethnic and religiousrrunoriues.

17. How does capitalism differ frommercantilism?

(A) Capitalism emphasizes state-con-trolled accumulation of wealth,whereas mercantilism gives greatercommercial power to merchants.

(B) Capitalism shows greater sympathy tosocialist ideals than mercantilismdoes.

(C) Capitalism places a premium on freetrade and market forces, whereasmercantilism favors state control overeconomic activity.

(D) Capitalism is more concerned withland-based economic activity, whereasmercantilism is more associated withmaritime trade.

18. What effect did the Portuguese presencehave on the kingdom of Kongo between thelate 1400s and early 1600s?

(A) The Portuguese forced Kongo's rulersto convert to Catholicism.

(B) The Portuguese persuaded the peopleof Kongo to stop enslaving theirneighbors.

(C) The Portuguese protected Kongofrom Dutch encroachment.

(D) The Portuguese enslaved most ofKongo's population by 1600.

19. Russia's colonization of the Aleutian Islandsand Spain's conquest of its American territo-ries are similar in that

(A) large armies were required in bothcases to outnumber huge nativeforces.

(B) both nations were motivated princi-pally by the desire to convert thenatives to Christianity.

(C) the economic commodity mostsought in both cases was gold.

(D) a large percentage of both native pop-ulations died because of exposure tonew diseases.

O. The Mughal Empire grew wealthy in the1600s and 1700s because of a boom in theglobal demand for this commodity:

(A) nutmeg(B) cotton(C) coffee(D) wool

~NSWERS1. (A) Answers Band C are true of the

encomienda system, but not of Russian serf-dom. D is true of neither. Although mostfamously associated with farming, Russia's serfswere put to work in many ways.

2. (B) Answers A and D apply to the nineteenthcentury, not the eighteenth. Answer C is exactlyopposite to the truth; population grew steadilyin the 1700s. Not until well into the 1800s didthe majority in any European nation leave agri-cultural work behind.

3. (B) Industrial efforts like the ones described inC and D were not feasible until the 1800s. Thejanissaries began as one of the world's mosteffective gunpowder forces, but became cor-rupt and disobedient over time.

4. (C) Each of these commodities motivatedsome sort of colonial effort. Expansion intoCanada and Siberia, however, was driven aboveall by Europe's ever-growing appetite for fur.

5. (B) Like many parts of the world, Ming Chinasuffered a glut, not a shortage, of silver duringthis time, because of Spanish exploitation of

ew World precious metals. Defense costswere a heavy burden during these years, andChina was wary of Russia, but it was not themain foe compared with nomads, warlords,and bandits. Opium was not introduced untilthe 1700s. Several times over, the pressures ofpopulation gtowth strained China's economy.

6. (D) A great deal of myth surrounds the popu-lar understanding of harems and geishas.Harems were complex sub-societies, many of

Unit Four: Review Questions 239

whose members had nothing to do with theruler's sexual pleasure, and geishas were enter-tainers and culturally sophisticated companionsmore than they were courtesans. A key differ-ence is that the harem existed solely for the ben-efit of the royal family.

7. (A) The Portuguese did none of the thingsdescribed in B through D. They also began thepractice of enslaving Africans, a fact nottouched on by this question.

8. (C) Corn and potatoes, with their high-calorieyields, changed the diets of people around theworld forever. The other answers were allinvolved in the -Columbian Exchange, but thedirection in which they exerted their influenceis reversed or mistaken.

9. (C) Answers A and B involve ideas done awaywith or modified by the Scientific Revolution.

ot only did the Scientific Revolution lastmany years, but Catholicism's influence overinrellectual life never disappeared altogether, soD is false as well. Descartes and Bacon resur-rected the logic behind scientific problem-solv-ing that Aristotle had spoken of long ago, butthat had tended to be ignored by the medievalEuropeans who accepted his often flawedempirical observations as fact.

10. (B) The names of explorers and the map's dis-cussion of spheres of influence should beenough to exclude the false clues, even withoutmuch historical knowledge of the expeditionsdepicted by the map.

11. (C) Although African slaves were first used inlarge numbers in the Caribbean, and althoughthe slaveholding experience in the U.S. Southis the one most familiar to American readers,the largest proportion of slaves brought to theNew World went to Brazil-which was also thelast country in the hemisphere to ban slavery.

12. (C) Until the American Revolution, many ofthose sentenced to "transportation" were sentto North America.

••••

,

240 AP World History

13. (B) Like many empires-Rome's, Alexander's,and Akbar the Great's, for example-theOttoman state found it useful to show somerespect for religious minorities. It made subjectpeoples easier to govern, and if one taxed themif they refused to convert (as the Ottomansdid), the practice was profitable as well. Peopleof the same religion were grouped into socialunits called millets, an institution worth com-paring with the Indian caste system.

14. (D) Lack of variety makes areas under cultiva-tion more susceptible to having all their cropswiped out by one plant disease. Plantationmonoculture favors rich landowners and notthe middle or lower classes, and it lends itselfreadily to unfair labor practices, slaveryincluded. It tends to wear out soil and causemassive deforestation.

15. (A) Oral traditions tended to be stronger thanwritten ones in sub-Saharan Africa. Paintingwas not unknown, but textiles, basketry, carv-ing, and sculpture were much more common.The abstract nature of many of these works wasdiscovered and eagerly appropriated by Westernartists in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

16. (A) Although Japan's social system. wasarguably more stratified than China's, bothwere extremely hierarchal-with Confucianismproviding j~stific~tion, especially in China.

Merchant classes grew in importance, but werenot particularly respected by either state. .

17. (C) Capitalism emerged after (and partly as areaction against) mercantilism. Socialism, inturn, is largely a reaction against capitalism.Capitalism favors free trade above state control.

18. (A) During these years, Kongo was a puppetstate under Portugal's control, adoptingCatholicism, accepting weapons and new tech-nology from Portugal, and taking prisonersfrom neighboring tribes for the Portuguese touse as slaves.

19. (D) European conquerors tended to havemuch smaller armies than those they defeated.Although military violence and other forms ofabuse led to many native deaths at the hands ofEuropean imperialists, disease did the mostdamage by far. Most scholars estimate that 25to 50 percent of the pre-Columbian popula-tion of the Americas died, mainly because ofdisease-but some argue that the percentagewas much higher still. The Russians were prin-cipally interested in territorial acquisition andseal pelts.

20. (B) India, Central Asia, Egypt, and the u.s.South were among the world's great producersof cotton. Great Britain especially desired tocontrol India (and, later, Egypt) in order tosupply its rapidly growing textile industry.

204 AP World History

QUICK REVIEW

1. Which of the following best describes thegeneral European sentiment toward religiousaffairs just before the 1500s?

(A) Most people felt a devout, unquestioningallegiance to the Catholic Church.

(B) Many people were turning towardCalvinist forms of worship.

(C) Most people had become altogetherapathetic about religion.

(D) Many people doubted the CatholicChurch's ability to provide spiritualleadership.

(E) Most people were turning toward theteachings of Martin Luther.

2. Which of the following is NOT part ofLutheran doctrine?

(A) Good works are sufficient as a means ofachieving salvation.

(B) Clergy should be allowed to marry.(C) Rituals and sacraments are less important

than one's relationship with God.(D) A good believer should read the Bible

diligently.(E) Salvation can be attained only by the

grace of God.

3. What European country-below did NOTdevelop an absolute form of monarchyduring the 1600s and 1700s?

(A) the Austrian Empire(B) the Netherlands(C) Spain(D) France(E) Russia

4. Which of the following is most likely to be afeature of parliamentary systems ofmonarchy?

(A) higher levels of political repression(B) greater degree of religious intolerance(C) rigid class structures(D) elimination of poverty(E) flexible social systems

5. Europe's so-called Scientific Revolutionaccomplished which of the following? .

(A) led to the triumph of the geocentrictheory

(B) promoted the scientific theories ofAristotle and Galen

(C) built on Descartes's and Bacon's revivalof the scientific method

(D) immediately swept away Catholicism'sauthority over intellectual affairs

(E) provided universal education for thepopulation of Europe

6. What grand and dynamic artistic and musicalmovement was largely associated with theCatholic Counter-Reformation?

(A) the Renaissance(B) the baroque(C) rococo(D) romanticism(E) surrealism

7. Which of the following is NOT true aboutthe emergence of capitalism in Europe?

(A) One of the earliest advocates of capital-ism was Adam Smith.

(B) The rise of capitalism paralleled the rapidgrowth of Europe's middle class.

(C) Capitalism operated according to theprinciple of economic competition.

(D) Capitalist theory favored the lessening ofgovernmental control over economicactivity.

(E) Capitalism involved greater governmentalcontrol over economic activity.

8. Which of the following applies to the earlydevelopment of industrialization in Europe?

(A) A period of proto-industrializationduring the 1600s and 1700s precededthe Industrial Revolution.

(B) The steam engine fueled industrialdevelopment during the late 1600s.

(C) There was almost no industrial orproto-industrial activity in Europe beforethe end of the 1700s.

(D) European industrialization was hinderedby the rise of capitalism.

(E) Initiative on the part of the aristocracywas chiefly responsible for Europe's earlyindustrialization.

9. Enlightenment thought is best characterizedby which of the following?

(A) a complete rejection of religious faith(B) a conviction that logic and reason were

capable of solving social and politicalproblems

(C) active advocacy of the rights of womento vote

(D) support of the established political order(E) a deep faith in religious principles

10.Who among the following was associatedwith Enlightenment philosophy?

(A) Shakespeare(B) Voltaire(C) Erasmus(D) all of the above(E) none of the above

Answers1. (D) A growing number of Europeans began

to believe that popes and priests were moreconcerned with wealth and power than spiri-tualleadership. This disillusionment with theCatholic Church paved the way toward theProtestant Reformation.

2. (A) The Lutheran doctrine does not recognizethat an individual's completing good workswould ensure one's place in heaven. Instead, abeliever must trust in God that he or she willbe saved. The other answers are examples of

. other aspects of Lutheran doctrine.. .,

3. (B) The Netherlands became a parliamentarydemocracy. Its inhabitants enjoyed a relativelyhigh amount of religious freedom, and a widervariety of intellectual and cultural practiceswere tolerated than in many other parts ofEurope at the time.

4. (E) More flexible social systems emerged fromparliamentary systems of monarchy becausegovernments had less power to interfere withdiverse cultural and social practices, and socialmobility was more feasible than in absolutemonarchies.

5. (C) Although the Scientific Revolution didnot bring about universal education for allEuropeans, or quickly overturn religiousdogma in science, it ushered in a renewedinterest in the ancient concept of the scientificmethod as opposed to blind acceptance ofthe ancients' often mistaken scientific teach-ings. Doing away with the geometric theorywas one of the Scientific Revolution's signalaccom plishments.

6. (B) Baroque art and architecture were sup-ported by the Catholic Church to increase itsappeal to average worshippers in its competi-tion with Protestant churches for souls. TheBaroque style of religious art and architecturewas very ornate and moved many people withits splendor and powerful presentation.

206 AP World History

7. (E) Capitalism, unlike mercantilism, advo-cates a smaller role for government in eco-nomic affairs. All the other answers accuratelydescribe capitalism.

8. (A) Proto-industrialization wa a part of Euro-pean economic life as early as the 1600s. Thesteam engine did not appear until the 1700s;the middle class, not the aristocracy, did themost to encourage industrialization; and capi-talism helped, not hindered, the process ofindustrialization.

9. (B) Enlightenment thinkers chose to rely onhuman reason and logic to solve problems,rather than superstitions and religious doc-trine. On other issues, their opinions oftenvaried.

10. (B) Voltaire (1694-1778) was a writer andphilosopher who criticized religious fanaticismand championed toleration. His plays, such asCandide, were witry and sarcastic. They oftenattacked religious intolerance.

Age of Discovery, Age of Imperialism: The Western Campaign of Exploration and Colonization 213

QUICK REVIEW

1. Which European nation first began asustained campaign of exploration?

(A) France(B) Portugal(C) the Netherlands(D) England(E) Austria

2. What made Christopher Columbus'sproposed voyage in 1492 unusual was

(A) his new theory that the world was round.(B) that his recent invention, the compass,

would shorten sailing times across theAtlantic.

(C) his idea that the world was small enoughfor a ship to sail west from Europe to Asia.

(D) his hope that an undiscovered continentlay to the west of Europe.

(E) his intention to circumnavigate the globe.

3. Which of the following helped encourage theEuropeans to explore the wider world?

(A) Marco Polo's reports of the riches foundin China

(B) exposure to Middle Eastern trade duringthe Crusades

(C) a desire for foodstuffs, especially spices,not available in Europe

(D) all of the above(E) none of the above

4. What was Portugal's principal colony in LatinAmerica?

(A) Chile(B) Ecuador(C) Mexico(D) Belize(E) Brazil

5. Whose authority arbitrated Spain's andPortugal's rival claims in the New World?

(A) the pope(B) the Holy Roman Emperor(C) the Prince of Portugal(D) the United Nations(E) the King of Spain

6. Which parts of the New World did theFrench colonize during the 1500s and 1600s?

(A) Mexico and Brazil(B) Massachusetts and New York(C) Canada and the Mississippi Valley(D) the mid-Atlantic coast(E) Canada.and Cuba. -

7. Primarily from which country did the Dutchseize colonies in Southeast Asia?

(A) Spain(B) Portugal(C) England(D) France(E) none of the above

8. Which Spanish conquistador conquered theAztecs and took Mexico for Spain?

(A) Cortes(B) Pizarro(C) Coronado(D) Ponce de Leon(E) Cabeza da Vaca

9. Which of the following became England'sfirst successful colony in North America?

(A) Plymouth Rock(B) Charleston(C) Pennsylvania(D) Jamestown(E) New York

214 AP World History

10. Early on, what factor played the greatest rolein determining where France, England, andthe Netherlands were able to explore andcolonize?

(A) their climatic preference for coolerenvironments

(B) their relative technological backwardnessin comparison to Spain and Portugal

(C) their peace treaties with Spain andPortugal

(D) the authority of the pope(E) Spain's and Portugal's temporary

monopolies on navigational knowledge

Answers1. (B) Portugal was geographically well posi-

tioned to embark on exploration by sea, as it islocated on the Atlantic and is not far fromAfrica. Portugal also explored the Mediter-ranean, in pursuit of trade and in naval battlesagainst the Ottoman Turks.

2. (C) The Spanish desired their own sea routeto the Far East. Columbus assumed that hisexpedition could sail from Spain to India orChina without running out of supplies orgetting lost at sea.

3. (D) The Europeans wanted to explore newlands for various reasons, and all three of thoselisted here are correct.

4. (E) In the early 1500s, Portugal began colo-nizing Brazil. Like the Spanish, the Portuguesewanted to increase their country's wealth andpower by exploiting the natural resources ofSouth America.

5. (A) The pope acted as arbiter because bothcountries were predominantly Roman Catholicand the church still had political influence overthem at the time.

6. (C) Owing to Jacques Cartier's early explo-ration of the St. Lawrence River, the Frenchbegan to gain a foothold in Canada in the1500s. By the 1600s, the French had estab-lished cities in what is now Nova Scotia andQuebec. In the late 1600s, French explorersdiscovered the Mississippi River. The Frenchlater managed to wrest control of some partsof the Mississippi basin from the Spanish.

7. (B) The colonies the Dutch seized from thePortuguese from the late 1500s to. the mid-1600s included the Spice Islands, Malacca, SriLanka, colonies in west Africa, and someCaribbean islands.

8. (A) From 1519 to 1521, Cortes conqueredthe Aztecs in Mexico by using brutal methods.The Spanish renamed the Aztecs' capitalMexico City and called the area New Spain.

9. (D) First settled in 1607, Jamestown inpresent-day Virginia was England's first per-manent colony in North America. Jamestown'seconomic success was due to the fact that thearea's main crop was tobacco, which theEnglish exported and sold to Europeans forhigh profits.

10. (E) For several decades, the Spanish and Por-tuguese successfully guarded their knowledgeof geography and navigational technology.Spain and Portugal wanted to ensure their mil-itary power, wealth, and religious rivalry, butby the 1500s the other European powers alsobegan to gain ground in the New World.

t

Islamic Empires in the Middle East and North Africa 219

Militarily, the early Safavids were innovative and well organized. Like OttomanTurkey and Mughal India, Safavid Persia was one of the Islamic world's gunpowderempires. Abbas I the Great 0587-1628) added gunpowder infantry (similar to theOttoman janissaries) to his army.

Like the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Persia declined in the late 1600s and 1700s.The dynasty fell in 1723.

QUICK REVIEW

1. What group rose to dominate the MiddleEast during the 1400s and afterward?

(A) the Safavid Persians(B) the Egyptian Mamluks(C) the Berbers(D) the Ottoman Turks(E) the Kurds

2. What was the greatest military triumph of theOttoman Empire during the 1400s?

(A) the invasion of Albania(B) the capture of Constantinople(C) the siege of Vienna(D) the battle of Mohacs(E) the annexation of Moldavia

3. The janissaries were

(A) elite gunpowder troops recruited fromChristian communities.

(B) aristocratic cavalry units from theEgyptian provinces.

(C) mercenary crossbowmen from East Asia.(D) artillery specialists.(E) skilled naval commanders.

4. Which of the following applies to Suleiman I?

(A) He was known as the Magnificent.(B) He led a highly successful campaign of

conquest in southeastern Europe.(C) He was a wise and skilled domestic

ruler.(D) all of the above(E) none of the above

5. What best describes the religious policy ofthe Ottoman rulers?

(A) ruthless suppression of non-Islamic faiths(B) relative tolerance of religious minorities(C) complete acceptance of non-Islamic

faiths . _.(D) expulsion of non-Islamic minorities(E) gradual conversion from Islam to

Christianity

6. The basic unit of religious categorization inthe Ottoman Empire was

(A) the exarchy.(B) the parish.(C) the umma.(D) the caste.(E) the millet.

7. What was one of the ways the sultanslegitimated Ottoman rule?

(A) by asserting the religious authority of thecaliphs

(B) by claiming the Mandate of Heaven(C) by means of the theory of divine right(D) by instituting democratic reforms(E) by stirring up tensions between Muslims

and Christians

8. What moment marked the high point-andthe end-of the Ottoman advance intoEurope?

(A) the 1476 capture of Wallachia(B) the 1521 seizure of Belgrade(C) the 1526 siege of Mohacs(D) the 168"3siege of Vienna(E) the 1718 treaty of Passarowitz

220 AP World History

9. Which of the following is true of theOttoman harem?

(A) It existed solely for the sultan's pleasure.(B) Except for the sultan and young boys,

no males were involved in harem life.(C) Concubines and the queen mother

exerted a substantial degree of informalinfluence.

(D) all of the above(E) none of the above

10. Which of the following characterizes theOttoman Empire during the 1700s?

(A) healthy economic growth(B) steady political decline(C) successful military expansion(D) innovative semi democratic reform(E) modernization within the Islamic

establishment

Answers1. (D) The Ottoman Empire was the most

influential, largest, and longest-lasting Islamicstate in world history. In the late 1400s andearly 1500s, the Ottomans conquered parts ofthe Middle East and held control of these ter-ritories until the Paris Peace Conference,which ended World War I, stripped them oftheir Middle Eastern possessions.

2. (B) The Muslim Ottomans conquered Con-stantinople in 1453, destroying" the ChristianByzantine Empire in the process. Constan-tinople soon was renamed Istanbul, whichbecame the new capital of the OttomanEmpire.

3. (A) The Ottoman sultans recruited the janis-saries to supplement the traditional, outdatedcavalry. The janissaries were converted toIslam and raised to be loyal to the sultans.They helped maintain the Ottomans' militarydomination.

4. (D) Suleiman I is the most famous Ottomansultan largely because of the three reasonslisted here. During his reign, the Ottomansconquered lands of Eastern Europe. He was aneffective lawgiver at home.

5. (B) The sultans practiced religious toleranceless out of humanity but for political and eco-nomic reasons. The Ottomans governed largeterritories filled with populations from diversereligious and social backgrounds and neededtheir cooperation.

6. (E) The word millet can be translated as"nation." Each religious group had its ownadministrative unit, which the Ottomanscreated largely for tax purposes and to keeptrack of different populations.

7. (A) By giving themselves status equal to theearlier caliphs, sultans claimed both religiousand political authority over their territories.

8. (D) In 1683, the Ottomans besieged Vienna.However, they were not destined to controlthe city. The Austrians waged a successfulcounteroffensive, and the Europeans soonpushed the Ottomans back east.

9. (C) The queen mother was the mother of thesultan's heir. Concubines exerted informalinfluence by raising future male rulers andtraining them to respect their advice. Males,generally eunuchs, took part in harem life.

10. (B) By the 1700s, the Ottoman Empire beganits steady decline in political influence and hadlost much of its territory in eastern Europe. Inthe 1800s, the Ottoman Empire was consid-ered by many to be the "sick man of Europe."

226 AP World History

QUICK REVIEW

1. Who was Francis Xavier?

(A) a Portuguese warlord who conqueredMacao

(B) a Jesuit missionary who traveled widelyin Asia

(C) a Spanish colonial administrator inCanton

(D) a Dominican priest who advocated equalrights for all Asians

(E) an Italian composer influenced by Asianmusic

2. Which of the following adversely affectedMing economics during the first half of the1600s?

(A) inflation caused by the glut of silvercoming from Spanish and Portuguesecolonies in the New World

(B) the financial strain caused by the needto defend China's long frontiers

(C) the decline of agricultural yields anddisturbances in the countryside

(D) all of the above(E) none of the above

3. Which of the following is true about theQing Dynasty?

I. The Qing rulers were ethnically distinctfrom most of China's inhabitants.

II. The Qing came to power in China bypeaceful means.

III. The Qing forced ordinary male citizensto wear their hair in queues.

IV. The early Qing rulers were militarilyactive.

(A) I and II only(B) I and III only(C) I, III, and IV(D) II, III, and IV(E) all of the above

4. Upon what belief system did Qing rulers relyto strengthen their imperial authority inChina?

(A) Confucianism(B) Daoism(C) Pure Land Buddhism(D) Hinduism(E) shamanism

5. How is Kangxi's rule over Qing China bestcharacterized?

(A) He is famous for military resistance toEuropean colonizers.

(B) He used forced labor to rebuild theGreat Wall.

(C) He sponsored the arts and solidifiedcentral authority.

(D) He launched naval expeditions intothe Indian Ocean.

(E) He wrested much Siberian territoryfrom Russia.

6. How would one best characterize Japan'spolitical situation during the 1400s and1500s?

(A) a condition of peace and prosperity(B) a state of disunity and civil war(C) a time of tight political cohesion(D) a division of the country between two

warring factions(E) a dominance of politics by religious

authorities

7. Which of the following is NOT true ofJapan's samurai class?

(A) The samurai class evolved into a militaryaristocracy.

(B) Samurai followed a rigid code ofbehavior called Bushido.

(C) Samurai were philosophically attractedto the simplicity of Zen Buddhism.

(D) Samurai without masters to serve wereknown as ronin.

(E) Samurai favored an open society andgreater mobility for all classes.

8. Which of the following is true of Japan'srelations with the outside world in the 1600s?

(A) Japanese merchants persuaded theshoguns to allow free trade withEuropeans.

(B) When foreign trade was permitted, itwas generally restricted to the port ofNagasaki.

(C) Christianity never gained a followingamong the Japanese.

(0) Foreign traders and missionaries showedvery little interest in Japan.

(E) The Tokugawa shoguns encouraged theactivities of Christian missionaries.

9. What characterized the politics of theTokugawa Shogunate?

(A) rigid social stratification backed by adictatorial government

(B) a gradual opening of Japanese economicand intellectual life to the outside world

(C) ruthless extermination of politicalenemies and racial minorities

(0) a high degree of social mobility(E) a move toward limited forms of

participatory democracy

10. Which social class began to gain a substantialamount of new social and economic influencein seventeenth-century Japan?

(A) the peasantry(B) the industrial working class(C) the merchant class(0) the urban poor(E) artisans and craftspeople

China, Japan, and East Asia 227

Answers1. (B) One of the first members of the Jesuit

order founded by Ignatius Loyola, FrancisXavier traveled to Southeast Asia in the 1540s.He spent the rest of his life in Asia as a mis-sionary and teacher, ensuring that Catholicismgained a permanent foothold in South andEast Asia. He visited most of Southeast Asiaand Japan, then died while trying to gain per-mission to enter China.

2. (D) All these reasons contributed to thedecline of the Ming dynasty, which collapsedin the 1640s. A huge peasant revolt lastingeight years was the immediate reason for itsdownfall. .'

3. (C) The Qing, an empire founded by theManchus, came to power shortly after theManchus invaded northern China in 1644.The Qing forced Chinese men to wear theirhair in long braids and to shave their fore-heads.

4. (A) Confucianism emphasizes respect forauthority not only inside the family unit butalso within the state. Qing emperors patron-ized Confucianism to fortify authority inChina, and the Tokugawa shoguns used it tojustify social stratification.

5. (C) Kangxi was successful because he was astrong centralizer, as well as a talented general,a just lawgiver, and a patron of culture andscholarship. He did not fight the Europeans orinvade Siberia. Construction of the Great Walland the launching of naval expeditions tookplace under other dynasties.

6. (B) Beginning in the late BOOs and early1400s, Japan broke down into a patchwork ofindependent or semi-independent feudalstates. Japan was not reunified until 1615,when a powerful commander, TokugawaIeyasu, captured Osaka.

228 AP World History

7. (E) Japan's samurai class, a traditional warriorelite that guarded its social and military privi-leges carefully, was not concerned with civilrights and increased social mobility. The otheranswers on this list are accurate.

8. (B) Japan's rulers distrusted foreigners and sowere isolationists. Therefore, they kept tightreins over trade, especially restricting Euro-peans' access to the country. Christianity,despite obstacles raised by the shoguns, madeinroads into Japanese society.

9. (A) As already mentioned above, the Toku-gawa Shogunate maintained its rule and peacein Japan through authoritarian control andsocial stratification. It did not open to theoutside world willingly.

10. (C) The merchant class grew wealthier andmore influential in Japan in the 1700s, asJapan grew to produce such desirable goods aslacquerware, pottery, steel, and weapons.

QUICK REVIEW

1. In sixteenth-century India, the DelhiSultanate gave way to which government?

(A) the Gupta Empire(B) the Srivijayan Kingdom(C) French rule(D) the Mughal Empire(E) British rule

2. The founder of the Mughal Empire was

(A) Aurangzeb.(B) Babur.(C) Akbar.(D) Jahan.(E) Nanak.

3. What major faiths were most prominent inSouth Asia's religious landscape during thesixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

(A) Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism(B) Christianity and Buddhism(C) animism, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism(D) animism, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism(E) Islam, Christianity, and animism

4. A boom in what commodity led to increasedprosperity in the Mughal Empire during the1600s and 1700s?

(A) nutmeg(B) coffee(C) cotton(D) wool(E) cloves

5. The most famous architectural legacy of theMughal Empire is

(A) the Red Fortress of Gwalior.(B) the temple of Borobudur.(C) the Great Gate of Mumbai.(0) the Taj Mahal.(E) Gandhi's Tomb.

South and Southeast Asia 233

. 6. Which of the following is true of Akbar'sreign in India?

I. He completed the Mughal conquestof India.

II. He improved India's tax code and legalsystem.

III. He pursued a policy of religioustolerance.

IV He married a Hindu princess.

(A) I, II, and III(B) II, III, and N(C) I and IV only(D) II and III only(E) all of the above

7. The most striking aspect of Aurangzeb'sreIgn was

(A) his continuation of Akbar's policy ofreligious tolerance.

(B) his ruthless suppression of Muslimbeliefs.

(C) his ruthless suppression of non-Muslimbeliefs.

(D) his democratization of the politicalsystem.

(E) his abolition of the caste system.

8. How did the Mughal Empire come toan end?

(A) It was subdued by the British, whoretained some Mughal rulers in place forpolitical purposes.

(B) It collapsed owing to a global shift in thecotton trade during the 1700s.

(C) It was completely eradicated by Frenchcolonists.

(D) Outside invaders from the Himalayassacked the capital and destroyed theempue.

(E) none of the above

234 AP World History

9. The majority religion in Indonesia is

(A) Christianity.(B) Islam.(C) Hinduism.(D) Buddhism.(E) Sikhism.

10. Australia's colonial population was made uplargely of what group during the 1700s andearly 1800s?

(A) religious dissidents(B) gold miners(C) Scottish refugees(D) convicts(E) Irish peasants

Answers1. (D) The Mughal Empire ruled India for over

two centuries. The Mughals were Muslimswho used military force and gunpowdertechnology to maintain power.

2. (B) Babur was a Mongol warlord whoinvaded India from the north beginningaround 1520. He ruled parts of India for tenyears, and his heirs moved southward toconquer much of the rest of India.

3. (A) Buddhism and Hinduism were thedominant religions ;!mong the populations ofSouth Asia. However, Islam grew in popularityin this region.

4. (C) The Indian economy thrived under theMughals owing mainly to a boom in thecotton trade during this period. When theEuropeans arrived in India in the 1600s, theygained control over the cotton industry,trading for spices from the East Indies.

5. (D) The Taj Mahal was built in 1648 in Agraas a memorial to the wife of Shah Jahan. It isstill one of India's foremost landmarks.

6. (E) Akbar used heavy artillery to amasscontrol over nearly the entire subcontinent ofIndia by the early 1600s. He also ensured thatthe government bureaucracy ran efficiently.He was extremely tolerant.

7. (C) Aurangzeb abandoned earlier policies oftoleration. He forced thousands of his subjectsto convert to Islam, causing much strife.

8. (A) By the 1750s, the British had expelledtheir French rivals from most of India. TheMughal rulers who remained in place after theBritish took over more of India acted as theirpuppets.

9. (B) Indonesia is now the world's largestMuslim country by population.

10. (D) The British transported convicts toAustralia as punishment. The other Britishgroups who emigrated there included soldiersand government officials.

QUICK REVIEW

1. Which of the following is NOT true of theSonghai state?

(A) It had a strong merchant class that tradedsalt for goods like gold.

(B) Its rulers converted to Catholicism underpressure from arriving Europeans.

(C) It had previously been a state within thepowerful Mali Empire.

(D) Its rulers centralized the state and createda complex bureaucracy.

(E) Islam remained the dominant faith there.

2. What goods did European traders primarilyseek in West Africa?

(A) gold and ivory(B) bananas and mahogany(C) oranges and ivory(D) coffee and gemstones(E) ivory and gemstones

3. Which of the following best characterizesAfrica's relations with Europe between 1450and 1700?

(A) European powers controlled the entirecontinent.

(B) The European impact on Africaremained minimal during these years.

(C) The effects of the Atlantic slave tradewere felt only in West Africa.

(D) The Europeans' direct influence was feltmainly on the coasts, while the Africaninterior remained largely free.

(E) Only North Africa fell under Europeaninfluence.

Sub-Saharan Africa 241

4. What effect did the Portuguese presence haveon the kingdom of Kongo?

(A) The Portuguese persuaded Kongo to stopenslaving its neighbors.

(B) The Portuguese conquered Kongo out-right during the 1500s.

(C) The Portuguese compelled Kongo's rulersto convert to Catholicism.

(D) The Portuguese protected Kongo fromDutch encroachment.

(E) The Portuguese enslaved most of theKongo population by 1700.

5. The Asante kingdom grew strong by which ofthe following means?

(A) cooperating with Europeans engaged inthe Atlantic slave trade

(B) purchasing and using gunpowderweapons

(C) increased involvement in the WestAfrican gold trade

(D) all of the above(E) none of the above

6. Which European power first colonized partsof East Africa?

(A) Portugal(B) Spain(C) England(D) France(E) the Netherlands

7. What art forms were most prominent insub-Saharan Africa?

(A) painting and composed music(B) sculpture and textiles(C) written literature and painting(D) textiles and written literature(E) sculpture and composed music

242 AP World History

8. Which of the following is true of the Boers?

(A) They were English settlers in SouthAfrica.

(B) They were Arab merchants in East Africa.(C) They were Dutch settlers in South Africa,(D) They were French settlers in East Africa.(E) They were Spanish colonists in North

Africa.

9. Besides the Europeans, which other group rana major slave trade in Mrica?

(A) the Turks(B) the Persians(C) the Sri Lankans(D) the Syrians(E) the Arabs

10. The New World country that imported thelargest percentage of African slaves was

(A) Brazil.(B) Virginia.(C) Canada.(D) Cuba.(E) Haiti.

Answers1. (B) The Songhai state remained Muslim. It

grew out of the Mali Empire arid became agreat power in West Africa,

2. (A) Parts of West Africa were known as the"gold coast" and "ivory coast" because of theeconomic importance of commodities there.

3. (D) Initially, the Europeans did not venturevery far inland because they were able roextract valuable resources, including mineralsand slaves, nearer to the coast. They built per-manent outposts on the coast and traded thereas well.

4. (C) The Portuguese did not take over Kongountil the late 1800s. Over the course of a longand complex relationship, they "persuaded"Kongo's rulers to convert to Christianity andpressured Kongo to enslave other Africans andsell them to Portugal.

5. (D) The Asante kingdom grew strong largelybecause of their contacts with Europeans. Allthree of these answers are correct. The Asantebenefited as well from living in a region thathad an abundance of minerals and agriculturalresources.

6. (A) The Portuguese first colonized the areabecause they wanted to use it as a stopping-offpoint on the way to the Indies. Later, however,they found that they could gain better controlover the Indian Ocean basin by setting up per-manent bases there.

7. (B) In sub-Saharan Africa, sculpture and tex-tiles were of particularly high quality. So wereivory and wood carving. Artistic abstractionwas very common here and, in later centuries,influenced Western Art.

8. (C) The Boers came to sub-Saharan Africa inthe 1650s to farm and trade with ships sailingaround Africa. The Boers possessed a verystrong sense of racial superiority and enslavedthe Xhosa people. Later, the area came underBritish control, but the Boers remained there.

9. (E) Even before the Europeans arrived in sub-Saharan Africa, Arab traders had created aslave trade there and in the Saharan region aswell.

10. (A) During the 1500s, the Portuguese beganimporting African slaves to Brazil because theyneeded the labor in sugar cultivation, one ofthe country's major industries. Also, Europeancolonizers found that Native Americans werenot well suited as slaves, so they sought outslaves in Africa.

QUICK REVIEW

1. Spain's principal reason for colonization inthe New World was

(A) economic profit.(B) conversion of Native Americans to

Catholicism.(C) scientific curiosity.(D) strategic advantage.(E) the desire of the Spanish to settle

elsewhere.

2. The main accomplishment of Bartolome delas Casas was

(A) to develop a new method of silver mining.(B) to discover the fabled Fountain of Youth.(C) to help end the harsh treatment of

Indians by Spanish conquistadores.(D) to revolutionize agricultural technique

in the New World.(E) to conquer the Incas.

3. The precious metal most sought by theSpanish and Portuguese in the Americas was

(A) gold.(B) copper.(C) tin.(D) silver.(E) nickel.

4. Which of the following best describes theSpanish and Portuguese approach toagriculture in the Americas?

(A) The Spanish and Portuguese encourageda balanced cultivation of a variety of crops.

(B) The Spanish and Portuguese relied onlarge-scale plantation monoculture.

(C) The Spanish and Portuguese experi-mented with a variety of agriculturalmethods.

(D) The Spanish and Portuguese were mainlyunconcerned with agriculture.

(E) The Spanish and Portuguese madeagriculture their highest priority in theAmericas.

The Americas as "New World" 249

5. Which is an example of changes broughtabout by the Columbian Exchange?

(A) the exportation of the horse fromNorth America to Europe

(B) the extraction of silver from SouthAmerica by the Spanish

(C) the importation of coffee to the Americasfrom Europe

(D) the spread of smallpox to Europe fromNorth America

(E) the arrival of corn and potatoes from theAmericas to Europe

6. Native American victims of the Spanishconquest perished primarily by what means?

(A) gunpowder weapons-(B) starvation and famine(C) diseases such as smallpox and measles(D) mass execution by hanging(E) mass execution by burning

7. Peter Stuyvesant was the leader of whichcolony?

(A) Hudson Bay(B) New Amsterdam(C) Pennsylvania(D) Quebec(E) Roanoke

8. Which European nation was most concernedwith long-term settlement of large numbersof people in the New World?

(A) England(B) Portugal(C) France(D) the Netherlands(E) Spain

9. What commodity were the French mostinterested in finding or harvesting in theNew World?

(A) coffee(B) tobacco(C) sugar(D) fur(E) rum

250 AP World History

10. What European power colonized Alaska andthe Aleutian Islands?

(A) Great Britain(B) Russia(C) Spain(D) Portugal(E) Belgium

Answers1. (A) The Spanish explored and colonized

North and South America largely for reasonsof profit. They were motivated to extractnatural resources of this region, although con-verting Native Americans to Catholicism wasalso a goal.

2. (C) De las Casas wrote a book that protestedthe inhumane treatment of Native Americansby the Spanish. This book helped sway theopinion of Spanish authorities, who changedlabor regulations in 1542.

3. (D) Precious metals were the most importantnatural resource that the Spanish extractedfrom the Americas. Although the Spanishmined gold, they mined more silver than anyother precious metal and exported it to Europeand the rest of the world. A resulting silverglut affected the glob;li ec~nomy ~n.the 1600s.

4. (B) Such a system allowed the Spanish andPortuguese to grow large quantities of a singlecrop cheaply. Labor in the plantation systemwas cheap because the Europeans paid NativeAmericans little or used slaves. Unfortunately,monoculture eventually harms the environmentand fails to diversify a country's resource base.

5. (E) Corn and potatoes had a major impact onEuropean diets because they provide a highcalorie yield per acre grown. This situationmeant more food for less work and thereforemore profits.

6. (C) Native Americans had never been exposedto these illnesses. Therefore, they did not havethe time to work an immunity to them anddied in significantly high numbers. The highpopulation loss also weakened the ability ofNative Americans to resist the Spanish.

7. (B) Under Stuyvesant's leadership, the Dutchcolony of New Amsterdam prospered andenlarged. However, after the English defeatedthe Dutch in 1664, the English took controlof the colony and renamed it New York.

8. (A) The English saw their colonies as morethan areas from which to extract valuablenatural resources. Instead, they built perma-nent settlements, which developed strongsystems of local government. By the 1700s,this trend led colonists to feel a growing senseof independence from England.

9. (D) Initially, like the Spanish, the Frenchwere mainly interested in economic extraction,as opposed to establishing permanent settle-ments as the English had. Most Frenchcolonists in North America were hunters andtrappers who harvested skins and pelts for theEuropean market.

10. (B) The Russians began to settle Alaska andthe Aleutian Islands in the 1700s. A growingnumber of Russian hunters and soldiers sooninhabited the Aleutian Islands and then settledin Alaska.

252 AP World History

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is NOT a reasonEuropeans joined Protestant churches duringthe Reformation?

(A) Many felt that the Catholic Church wastoo concerned with wealth and power.

(B) Roman Catholic priests stoppedperforming rituals.

(C) Many people saw the Catholic Churchas hypocritical and corrupt.

(D) Many people saw the Catholic Churchas too bureaucratic.

(E) none of the above

2. What was the purpose of the Counter-Reformation?

(A) to reorganize and reform the CatholicChurch and increase its public appeal

(B) to avoid reforming the Catholic Church(C) to force individuals to adopt Catholicism(D) to colonize Africa(E) to outlaw abortion

3. One effect of the Protestant Reformation onwomen in Europe was

(A) to allow them to become pastors.(B) to forbid them from working in

businesses or shops.(C) to urge them to assert their ..equality

with men.(D) to make it more difficult for them to

arrange marrIages.(E) to encourage them to read the Bible

and thereby raise their literacy.

4. Why did an increasing number of countriesin Europe function more like nation-statesbeginning in the 1600s?

(A) Feudalism became more widespread.(B) Politics began to decentralize.(C) State institutions, especially bureaucracies,

central banks, and armed forces,strengthened.

(D) Populations became more heterogeneous.(E) none of the above

5. How did Peter the Great change Russia'sgeopolitical orientation?

(A) by focusing its foreign affairs more onEurope than on Asia

(B) by focusing its foreign affairs more onAsia than on Europe

(C) by making it a democracy(D) by creating a parliament with control

over the direction of foreign policy(E) by colonizing parts of Africa

6. Which of the following is true of eighteenth-century European society?

(A) Most Europeans were merchants orinvolved in global trade in some way.

(B) The aristocracy grew in numbers.(C) The majority of Europeans were

peasants.(D) The population began to shrink.(E) The feminist movement gained

momentum in France.

7. How is capitalism different from mercantilism?

(A) Capitalism focuses on state-controlledwealth accumulation, while mercantilismgives all commercial power to themerchants.

(B) Capitalism arose earlier than mercantilism.(C) Capitalism is a socialist theory, whereas

mercantilism is not.(D) Capitalism focuses on free trade and the

market forces of supply and demand,while mercantilism features state-controlled economic activity.

(E) Capitalism involves trade on land,whereas mercantilism involvesmaritime trade.

8. How did Ottoman leaders rule their empireduring the 1500s?

(A) They were religiously intolerant andfailed to gain bureaucratic control overtheir subjects.

(B) They were fairly religiously tolerant andefficient in governing their territory.

(C) They allowed local people to vote fortheir own leaders, as long as they did notoppose Ottoman dominance.

(D) They carried out a policy to exterminatenon-Muslims.

(E) The Ottoman Empire did not exist inthe 1500s.

9. Why did China become more open to foreigninfluence after the end of the 1700s?

(A) Irs national wealth had declined, and itslipped backward in technologicalinnovation and scientific advancement.

(B) Its leaders encouraged more imports.(C) England promised the Chinese military

support.(D) The Chinese economy was booming, and

China's leaders wanted to increase tradewith the West.

(E) China welcomed Christian missionariesas modernizers.

10. How was Japan reunified by 1615?

(A) The emperor reasserted his power.(B) The threat posed by European invaders

compelled it to unify.(C) Irs politicians settled their disputes for

largely economic reasons.(D) Three politician-warlords used force and

diplomacy to reunite the country.(E) none of the above

Unit Four: Review Questions 253

11. The Mughal rulers

I. were Muslims.II. ruled Thailand.

III. used military force and advancedweapons technology to maintain power.

IV harmed the economy with their corruption.

(A) I, II, and III(B) II, III, and IV(C) I and III only(D) II and IV only(E) all of the above

12. In the early 1400s, what was the main resultof Portuguese exploration of West andEquatorial Africa?- ,(A) The Portuguese gained control over the

gold and ivory trade networks.(B) The Portuguese found a route to the

West Indies.(C) The Portuguese established a position

from which to conquer Egypt.(D) The Portuguese gained control over the

iron trade.(E) none of the above

13. Which country did the Boers come from, andin which African region did they settle?

(A) Tunisia and Central Africa(B) the Netherlands and South Africa(C) Scotland and Kenya(D) France and Algeria(E) none of the above

14. Which of the following describes trade in theIndian Ocean during the 1400s?

(A) Trade and development were in decline.(B) The Indian Ocean swarmed with pirates,

who prevented trade from taking place.(C) There was no trading system in this area

at the time.(D) The area was a vibrant and cosmopolitan

system of economic and cultural exchange.(E) East African cities were under the control

of Spanish colonists.

254 AP World History

15. What increased the European demand forAfrican slaves from the 1500s onward?

(A) Sugar cultivation in Brazil and theCaribbean became an increasingly impor-tant part of the Europeans' colonialeconorrues.

(B) European settlers in the New Worldbecame convinced that Native Americanswere not suited for slavery.

(C) Slaveswere central to the triangular tradesystem in the 1600s and 1700s.

(D) The encomienda system was abolishedsoon after the Spanish established theirrule over most of the New World.

(E) all of the above

16. Which of the following was NOT a part ofthe triangular trade system?

(A) the so-called Middle Passage that broughtslaves to the Americas

(B) colonial raw materials that went to Africa(C) European manufactured goods that went

to Africa(D) slaves traded for raw materials in the

Americas(E) raw materials sent back to Europe from

the Americas

17. Why were the Spanish able to conquer largeand powerful Native ,Ame~ican societies soquickly and decisively? "

I. The Spanish had more sophisticated mil-itary technology.

II, Native Americans tended to be pacifistsand did not put up a fight.

III. The Native Americans died in greatnumbers from European diseases.

IV The Spanish used effective divide-and-conquer tactics.

(A) I, II, and III(B) II, III, and IV(C) I, III, and IV(D) I and III only(E) II and IV only

18. According to the two maps on page 248

(A) the size of Russia had contracted greatlybetween the 1450s and the early 1700s.

(B) the Incas still controlled the west coast ofSouth America even in the 1700s.

(C) Great Zimbabwe still existed by 1700.(D) the same dynasty led China in the early

1700s as in the 1450s.(E) both the Holy Roman and the Ottoman

Empires existed in some form betweenthe years 1453 and 1700.

19. What was a major consequence of plantationmono culture?

(A) Slaveswere underused.(B) It yielded low profits.(C) Many different crops were harvested on

the same plot of land.(D) It led to environmental degradation.(E) Farmers became more susceptible to

disease.

20. Which of the following INCORRECTLYmatches a European power with one of itsmajor colonies?

(A) England-Louisiana(B) Russia-Alaska(C) Spain-Mexico(D) Porrugal-e-Brazil(E) the Netherlands-Indonesia

Answers1. (B) Early Protestants believed that less

emphasis should be placed on rituals andsacraments than was the case in the CatholicChurch. For example, they opposed theCatholic veneration of saints because theythought that such a practice interfered with apure and sincere relationship with God.

2. (A) The Counter-Reformation occurred duringthe mid-to-late 1500s in response to thegrowth of Protestantism in Europe. TheCatholic Church wanted to regain worship-pers by increasing its appeal through suchstrategies as the creation of impressive art andarchitecture. Also, the Catholic Church stiff-ened religious discipline and revived the HolyInquisition. The Jesuits order was formed andcame to play an active role in European life.

3. (E) Protestant leaders were not interested inadvocating gender equality. However, they didoften encourage women to read the Bible. Inthe process, more women learned how to readand write.

4. (C) During the 1600s, centralization contin-ued in European nation-states, and their gov-ernments became more bureaucratic. Theycollected taxes from their subjects; the taxespaid for bigger governments and more power-ful armies.

5. (A) In attempting to westernize Russia, Peterthe Great chose to focus Russia's foreign affairsmore on Europe than Asia. By his death in1725, Russia had become a key member of theEuropean state system and a military power.

6. (C) In Europe at this time, the populationgrew thanks to the Agricultural Revolution,and there was greater social diversification.Still, most people remained peasants.

7. (D) Mercantilism is an economic system thatbenefits the state first and foremost. Forexample, trade is structured so that the statereaps the greatest amount of profits. Conversely,

Unit Four: Review Questions 255

capitalism is an economic system that finan-cially benefits individual owners of the means ofproduction and capital, and the state is lesslikely to interfere in economic transactions.

8. (B) During the 1500s, the Ottomans contin-ued their military conquests into easternEurope. They ruled over a diverse number ofpeople and felt that they could best administerthese regions if they allowed a semblance ofreligious tolerance.

9. (A) At the end of the 1700s, China's popula-tion was growing more steadily than itseconomy. As a result, poverty increased andthe country declined in terms of technologicaland scientific advancements and its geopoliti-cal influence.

10. (D) For years, Japan was in political turmoil.Anarchy reigned. Three Japanese rulers usedforce and diplomacy to unify the countrybetween 1560 and 1615. The ultimate unifierof Japan was Tokugawa Ieyasu.

11. (C) The Mughals ruled India, not Thailand.Particularly under the reign of Akbar the Great,from 1556 to 1605, the Mughals governed thecountry efficiently. They maintained power aswell through military force and advancedweaponry. However, in the 1700s, the Mughalstate declined owing to unrest in the provincesand growing European advances.

12. (A) The Portuguese aimed to control thesenetworks, which existed throughout West andEquatorial Africa. During the 1500s, theyconquered the Shona people's Mwene Metapadynasty as a way to dominate the gold tradealong the upper Zambezi River.

13. (B) The Boers are of Dutch ancestry. Theyalso are called Afrikaners. They first settled inSouth Africa in 1652 in order to farm the landand establish trade along the coast.

14. (D) The Indian Ocean trading system thrivedat this time. The Portuguese in particularestablished permanent bases in East Africa,

256 AP World History

not only for use as a launching pad to Indiabut also to gain tighter control over trade inthe region.

15. (E) Several factors increased the Europeandemand for African slaves from the 1500sonward.

16. (B) Under the triangular trade system, Africabecame a major source of raw materials andslaves. Manufactured goods were produced inEurope and then brought to Africa andexchanged for gold, ivory, timber, and slaves.

17. (C) Native Americans, with no immunity tonew diseases brought by the Spanish, died invery high numbers. Native Americans couldnot compete with the Spanish in military tech-nology, and divide-and-conquer tactics weak-ened possibilities for effective alliances amonggroups.

18. (E) The Holy Roman Empire was later referredto as the Austrian Empire. It collapsed in 1918as a result of World War 1. The OttomanEmpire, already in decline in the 1800s, alsocollapsed because of World War 1.

19. (D) Monoculture damaged the environmentbecause of the emphasis it places on cultivat-ing one crop. The other choices are factuallywrong, as slaves were used widely, profits werehigh in the sugar industry, and farmers did notbecome more susceptible to disease as a result.

20. (A) The French first settled Louisiana, aftertraveling across the Great Lakes and down theMississippi River. The Louisiana Territorybecame the property of the French crown in1663. In 1803, the American governmentpurchased this land from the French forapproximately $15 million.

· Part Three: APWorld History Review I 1571450 to 1750

REVIEW QUESTIONS 5. Merchants were at the bottom of the Confuciansocial hierarchy because

l. The Manchu Qing dynasty adopted many Chinese(A) they had too much power in the imperial

customs from the Ming dynasty such ascourt.

(A) granting higher status to the merchant class. (B) they did not produce anything.(B) the examination system for choosing (C) artisans were jealous of their wealth.

government officials.(D) the emperors were often indebted to them

(C) wearing elaborate hairpieces at festivals. for loans.(D) refusing to eat pork. (E) they were always intriguing against the(E) banning the Daoist religion. Mandarin class.

,

2. An ideal Renaissance man is one who 6. The Aztec and Incan civilizations were unable to

(A) is knowledgeable in many fields anddefend themselves against the aggression and

proficient in the arts.weaponry of the

(B) paints like Leonardo. (A) Portuguese military

(C) knows the arts of war. (B) Spanish conquistadores

(D) is a patron of the guilds. (C)Dutch mariners

(E) studies the Byzantine classics. (D) English diplomats

(E) French couriers3. Central to the thinking of 17th century scientists in

Europe was 7. After 1603, the Tokugawa Shogunate disallowed

(A) a central focus on the Christian belief in (A) merchant families from trading outside theiroriginal sin. home domain.

(B) a mechanistic view of the human body and (B) any Japanese from traveling outside the homethe world at large. islands.

(C) a defense of Ptolemy's geocentric theory. (C) the daimyo from collecting taxes.

(D) a belief in the expanding universe. (D) the making of sake in the rural domains.

(E) a focus on women's rights. (E) all trade with foreigners.

4. The late Mughals created discontent among their 8. Renaissance interest in the Greek and Roman textspeople by was due in large part to

(A) easing the tax burdens of the wealthy.

(B) forfeiting territory to the Marathas.(C) making secret treaties with the Europeans.

(D) allowing too much autonomy in theprovinces.

(E) discriminating against Hindus andpromoting Islamic law.

(A) the continued focus on these textsthroughout Europe since the fall of Rome.

(B) the reintroduction of these texts from theMuslim world.

(C) the discovery of these texts during thevoyages to the New World.

(D) the rejection of outside influence and focuson values of the Middle Ages.

(E) encouragement by the Roman Catholicauthorities to reexamine the past.

158Part Three: AP World History ReviewChapter 5

9. The African slave trade delivered the majority ofslaves to

(A) New France

(B) The Caribbean islands and Brazil

(C) British America

(D) Mexico

(E) The Gold Coast

10. Renaissance paintings were characterized by all thefollowing EXCEPT

(A) Use of perspective

(B) Large frescoes on walls

(C) Realism

(D) An emphasis on light striking the subject

(E) Epic romantic scenes from nature

11. In the late Middle Ages one of the causes of thedecline of papal authority was

(A) a long famine in Central Europe.

(B) the decline of the monastic orders.

(C) Islamic conquering of Europe.

(D) the massive mortality rate during the BlackDeath.

(E) the ongoing war between England and Spain.

12. Enlightenment philosophy was a threat toEuropean monarchies because it

(A) supported the authority of the Pope.

(B) supported state-run education.

(C) suggested the idea of individual liberty andrights.

(D) pushed for the overthrow of the capitalistsystem.

(E) was so popular with the peasant class.

13. The Qing rulers of China segregated themselvesfrom their subjects by doing all of the followingEXCEPT

(A) Forcing Chinese men to wear their hair in along braid

(B) Forbidding Chinese to travel to Manchuria

(C) Disallowing marriage between Manchu andChinese

(D) Not using the traditional examination systemto choose government officials

(E) Not allowing Chinese to learn the Manchulanguage

14. Magellan's voyage around the world in 1519resulted in

(A) the further spreading of Protestantism.

(B) Spanish claims in the Pacific.

(C) a visit to the Forbidden City.

(D) a knighthood for Magellan upon his return.

(E) the decline of capitalism in theMediterranean.

15. Which of the following was NOT a global impact'of silver?

(A) It strengthened and integrated the worldeconomy.

(B) It increased outside interest in the Americas.

(C) It increased the power of the Spanish crown.

(D) It bypassed the need for China in globaltrade.

(E) It led to the exploitation of indigenous laborin the Americas.

16. Which of the following was NOT an importantfeature of Peter the Great's efforts to westernizeRussia?

(A) Modernizing the army and navy

(B) Instituting a parliamentary style government

(C) Encouraging western-style dress

(D) Traveling abroad to study technology(E) Increasing trading relations with Western

Europe

17. Which of the following rulers was the mostreligiously tolerant?

(A) Louis XIV of France

(B) Henry VIII of England

(C) Akbar the Great of the Mughals

(D) Aurangzeb of the Mughals

(E) Philip II of Spain

18. A significant effect of the Colombian Exchangewas that

(A) European power slowly declined

(B) American diseases spread to Europe

(C) World population declined

(D) The Atlantic slave trade declined

(E) American foods were introduced toEuropean diets

Part Three: AP World History Review I 1S91450 to 1750

19. Which of the following statements accuratelyreflects a major difference between slavery in theAmericas and Russian serfdom?

(A) Russian serfs were the local peasantpopulation, while slaves in the Americascame from Africa.

(B) Slaves in the Americas performed primarilyagricultural work, while serfs in Russiadid not.

(C) Serfdom was a permanent institution,while slavery in the Americas was alwaystemporary. - ,

(D) Serfs were bound to their owner, while slaveswere bound to the land.

(E) Slaves in the Americas were subject to brutalworking conditions, while serfs in Russiawere not.

20. Sugar and tobacco are important examples of

(A) African products

(B) Cash crops(C) Crops requiring cooler climates

(D) Products originating in Asia

(E) European products

21. Which of the following is true of both Spanishand Portuguese colonies in the Americas from1450 to 1750?

(A) They both outlawed slave labor by 1750.

(B) Little to no intermarriage occurred with theindigenous populations.

(C) As the plantation system gFew, so did the useof slave labor.

(D) The Catholic Church was not successful inconverting natives in the regions.

(E) The colonies had gained their independenceby the end of the time period.

160Part Three: AP World History ReviewChapter 5

22. After Columbus's encounter with the Americas,

(A) the Ming dynasty stopped its voyages.

(B) the Byzantine Empire was conquered by theOttoman Empire.

(C) slavery was introduced to Africa.(D) Native American population drastically

declined.

(E) the Crusaders began to conquer theHoly Land.

23. The statements below refer to which empire?

• Originally were semi-nomadic Turks• Had an elite fighting force of slave troops made

of Christian boys •• Islamic religious scholars served administrative

functions

(A) Mughal Empire

(B) Ottoman Empire

(C) Songhai Empire

(D) Qing Empire

(E) Safavid Empire

24. What distinguishes the time period 1450 to 1750from earlier time periods?

(A) Inclusion of the Americas in global trade

(B) The introduction of the institution of slavery

(C) The first use of ships in Indian Ocean trade(D) The removal of China from any involvement

in world trade

(E) The end of the Ottoman empire

25. The Manchus and the Mongols were both

(A) defeated by the Ottomans.

(B) involved in the Atlantic Ocean trade.

(C) rulers of Japan.

(D) uninterested in empire building.

(E) nomadic people who conquered China.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS1. B

The Qings adopted many Neo-Confucian customs, such as the civilservice system of choosing able men for government service.Merchants were looked down upon in the Confucian socialhierarchy. During the Qing dynasty, ethnic Chinese were forbiddento wear Manchu clothes or speak the Manchu language. Chinesemen had to wear a distinctive braid of hair down their backs. Pork isa standard part of the Chinese diet. Daoism was in no way forbiddenduring the Qing period.

2. A

In celebrating the individual, Renaissance ideals suggested that aneducated person should be versed in many disciplines. Men weretaught how to be literate, socially adept, and well-spoken. They wereexpected to be knowledgeable in music, science, and military affairs.Though the guilds existed during this time period, patronizing themwas not a mark of learning or accomplishment. The focus during theRenaissance was on the study of ancient texts from Greece, not onthose written during the post-ancient Byzantine period.

3. B

Part of the post-Renaissance view of the world involved looking intosystems that one could observe; if the human heart is a pump, thenthe body is a kind of machine. Our earth was part of a "system" ofother planets. The geocentric theory was already discredited by thistime, and while some women made names for themselves duringthe Renaissance, feminism is a more recent consciousness. Thechurch had great influence in the 17th century, but scientists werenot limited by orthodox beliefs such as original sin.

4. E

The later Mughal rulers became increasingly orthodox in theirMuslim faith and discriminated against the Hindu majority. Thishelped bring about their downfall, as rival Hindu kingdoms ate awayat their territories. The Mughals overlapped with the arrival of theEuropeans, but they did not make treaties with them. Taxation uponthe wealthy was not a cause of instability as the Mughal reigndeclined.

5. B

Merchants were not part of the scholar elite in traditional China andthey were not valued. They were seen as nonproductive membersof society. They had no influence in the imperial court and they didnot interact with the Mandarin elite. Artisans had a higher statusbecause they made things of value for the population, unlike themerchants, who bought and sold goods.

Part Three: APWorld History Review I1450 to 1750 167

·6. B

After initial successes by Spanish explorers, the crown sent outmilitary adventurers in search of riches. These conquistadores werethe first white men to encounter the Aztec and Inca peoples.Accompanying them were missionary priests, not diplomats. TheFrench explored further to the north. Likewise, the Dutch exploredthe eastern coast of North America and South Africa. ThePortuguese were given dominion over Brazil in eastern SouthAmerica, so they did not have contact with the Aztecs or Incas,whowere located in other regions of the Americas.

7. BAfter 1603, Tokugawa leyasu disallowed any Japanese from travelingbeyond the home islands. This edict held sway for over twocenturies, though there were some who defied the law and sailed toother lands. ve~ limited trade wa~ allowed with the Dutch, and thedaimyo certainly needed to continue collecting taxes from thepeasantry. Merchants tended to work in their own provinces, but asthe Tokugawa era progressed more widespread commercedeveloped. Sake was never prohibited in Japanese history.

8. B

The Islamic world had preserved, developed, and studied theancient texts of the Greek and the Romans. The increase in trade inEurope after the Crusades led to the reintroduction of these textsafter they had been translated into Arabic. .

9. B

As the New World economy evolved, the slave trade expanded tomeet its demands. The Spanish and Portuguese set up largeplantations in Central and South America to grow sugar and otherproducts. Most of these plantations were in Brazil and the islands ofthe Caribbean. The slaves came primarily from the Gold Coast ofAfrica, and relatively few were sent to British America to work thefarms there. Very few slaves were transported to New France on the.St. Lawrence seaway, as the commerce there focused on the furbusiness. The Spanish were involved in the slave trade, but only asmall percentage of slaves were used in Mexico, since largeplantations were not common.

10. E

Epic scenes of nature were common during the Romantic period inthe 19th century-not during the Renaissance. Painters during theRenaissance pioneered the use of perspective and light whencreating their works. Raphael's wall frescoes are some of the mostfamous works of Renaissance art. A new lifelike realism was also ahallmark of the period's art.

168Part Three: AP World History ReviewChapter 5

11. DThe huge mortality rate of the Black Death in medieval times had agreat impact on Europe. One effect was a spiritual malaise thatcaused disenchantment with the Church and its leaders. The prayersto save loved ones from the scourge often went unanswered, andthis produced a crisis of faith. There was no famine in Europe of anysignificance and the monastic orders were a tiny part of the greaterpopulation. The Popes used the Crusades against Islam as a meansto rally support for the Church. Wars between various kingdomswere not the direct provenance of the Church in the Middle Ages.

12. C

Enlightenment philosophy produced work that both supported andchallenged the kings and dynasties of the day. Voltaire and Rousseausuggested that humans have innate dignity and should enjoy theright to freedom and happiness. These thoughts framed the politicalrevolutions in America, France, and many other locales later on.Philosophers of the time period were anti-clerical, and by extensioncritical of the Church and its influence. The Church-run schools werealso criticized by the philosophers as they advocated a nationalsystem of education that would not be influenced by the Catholics.Enlightenment emphasis on rights would later influence the .abolition movement, but this was not connected to monarchy. Atthis time, most of the peasants were illiterate so they did not haveaccess to the intellectual influences of Voltaire and others.

13. D

The Qing separated themselves from the Chinese in terms of dressand mandating hairstyles, and limiting travel within the empire.However, they did borrow the Confucian tradition of using the classicexaminations to select promising young scholars for civil service.Manchu and Chinese were not allowed to marry each other.Likewise, the use of the Manchu language was forbidden for theChinese.

14. B

Sailingwest for the Spanish, Magellan beat the other Europeannations to the Pacific.On that voyage, he was able to claim Guamand the Philippines before he was killed by the natives. One boatsurvived, however, and retumed to Spain to record the new claims.Guam and Manila became new outposts for Spain until the 19thcentury. This furthered the spread of Catholicism as the empires ofEurope grew around the world. Magellan was killed in thePhilippines and did not land in northem China. Del Cano was theone to continue the voyage after Magellan's death, and it was hewho was honored back in Spain. The voyages of both Columbusand Magellan established Spain as the new maritime power inwestem Europe. As the riches flowed in from the New World in theform of gold and silver, Spain became a major consumer of goodsfrom the rest of Europe.

15. D

China was the integral player in the silver trade, since it was thedemand for silver in China and the demand for Chinese goods thatdrove the trade. As a result of the silver trade, the world economystrengthened, interest in America's silver mines increased, Spaingained wealth and power, and Native American labor was exploitedin silver mines such as Potosi.

16. B

Peter the Great was interested in westemizing and modernizingRussia,but he was not interested in liberalizing the government. Hewanted to the modemize the army, navy, dress, technology andtrade, but he also wanted to maintain absolute power.

17. C

Akbar the Great, the Mughal emperor, was a Muslim but wasreligiously tolerant of Hindus in his empire that ruled India. Heabolished the non-Muslim tax and gave Hindus positions in thegovernment. Aurangzeb ruled the Mughals toward the end of theempire, reinstated the non-Muslim tax, and persecuted Hindus. Theother three rulers listed were Europeans known for being religiouslyintolerant: Louis XIV (France), Henry VIII (England), and Philip II(Spain).

18. E

American foods such as potato, corn, and tomatoes were introducedto European diets and influenced the cultural traditions of that area.European power increased not declined during this period.European diseases such as smallpox spread to the Americas, not theother way around. World population increased overall, not declined,because of the healthier diets. And the Atlantic slave-trade increasedbecause of the increased demand for slave labor on Americanplantations.

19. A

Serfdom in Russia developed as a way to control the peasantpopulation and satisfy the noble class. Slaves in the Americas wereimported from Africa through the Atlantic slave trade. Both serfs andslaves performed agricultural work, such as working on plantations.Both insti'tutions were permanent: serfs were bound to the land,while slaves were bound to their owner. Both systems of forcedlabor could be brutal.

20. B

Both sugar and tobacco were cash crops that were grown in theAmericas and Caribbean on large plantations. The growth ofproducts like these led to an increase in demand for African slavelabor, and in turn, the. slave trade.

21. C

In both colonies, the plantation system grew throughout the period,and with that came the demand for slave labor. Slave labor was notoutlawed until the next period. Intermarriage with indigenous peopledid occur and created a class of mestizos. The Catholic Church waspowerful and influential in both areas. The colonies did not gain theirindependence until the early 19th century.

22. 0

Due to the introduction of diseases such as smallpox, the NativeAmerican populations drastically declined. Their lack of immunity tothese diseases led to devastating consequences. The Ming voyageswere halted 60 years before Columbus set sail. The ByzantineEmpire was conquered by the Ottomans in 1453. Slavery had beenan institution in Africa. The Crusades attempted to conquer the HolyLand in the 11th and 12th centuries.

23. B

.The Ottoman Empire was founded by a group that was originallysemi-nomadic Turkswho settled in Anatolia, the elite force of slavetroops was known as janissaries, and the Islamic scholars served asadministrators in the empire.

Part Three: AP World History Review I 1691450 to 1750

24. A

The encounter with the Americas in 1492 set the stage for trulyglobal trade. Slavery had been an institution throughout history.Ships had been used in Indian Ocean trade for centuries. Chinaremained involved in world trade, in particular the silver trade. TheOttoman Empire lasted until 1918.

25. E

Both the Manchus, who established the Qing dynasty, and theMongols, who established the Yuan dynasty, were nomads whoconquered and ruled China.