22.1 The Scientific Revolution
-
Upload
arsenio-little -
Category
Documents
-
view
29 -
download
0
description
Transcript of 22.1 The Scientific Revolution
22.1 The Scientific 22.1 The Scientific RevolutionRevolution
In the mid-1500s, scientists begin In the mid-1500s, scientists begin to question accepted beliefs and to question accepted beliefs and
make new theories based on make new theories based on experimentationexperimentation
The Roots of Modern ScienceThe Roots of Modern Science
The Medieval ViewThe Medieval View• Most knowledge in Most knowledge in
the Middle Ages the Middle Ages comes from the comes from the Bible and Bible and Greek/Roman Greek/Roman sources.sources.
• Supports Supports geocentricgeocentric theorytheory—moon, sun, —moon, sun, planets revolve planets revolve around eartharound earth
The Roots of Modern ScienceThe Roots of Modern Science
A New Way of ThinkingA New Way of Thinking• Renaissance prompts new ways of Renaissance prompts new ways of
thinking (1300-1600)thinking (1300-1600)• Scientific Revolution—new way of Scientific Revolution—new way of
viewing the natural world—based on viewing the natural world—based on observation and inquiryobservation and inquiry
• New discoveries, overseas exploration New discoveries, overseas exploration open up thinkingopen up thinking
• Scholars make new developments in Scholars make new developments in astronomy and mathematics.astronomy and mathematics.
A Revolutionary Model of the UniverseA Revolutionary Model of the Universe
The Heliocentric The Heliocentric TheoryTheory• Widely accepted Widely accepted
geocentric theory geocentric theory challenged as challenged as inaccurateinaccurate
• Copernicus develops Copernicus develops the heliocentric theorythe heliocentric theory—planets revolve —planets revolve around the sunaround the sun
• Later scientists Later scientists mathematically prove mathematically prove Copernicus to be Copernicus to be correctcorrect
Nicolaus
Copernicus
A Revolutionary Model of the UniverseA Revolutionary Model of the Universe
Galileo’s DiscoveriesGalileo’s Discoveries• Italian scientist Galileo Italian scientist Galileo
Galilei makes key Galilei makes key advances in astronomy.advances in astronomy.
• He makes discovery He makes discovery about planet surfacesabout planet surfaces
• supports heliocentric supports heliocentric theorytheory
• 4 moons of Jupiter 4 moons of Jupiter (Jupiter has 8 moons)(Jupiter has 8 moons)
• Sun spotsSun spots
Galileo Galilei
Conflict with the Conflict with the ChurchChurch• Church attacks Church attacks
Galileo’s work, fears Galileo’s work, fears it will weaken it will weaken people’s faithpeople’s faith
• Pope forces Galileo Pope forces Galileo to declare his and to declare his and other new findings other new findings are wrongare wrong
Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
A Logical ApproachA Logical Approach• Revolution in thinking leads to development of Revolution in thinking leads to development of
scientific method—a series of steps for forming scientific method—a series of steps for forming and testing scientific theoriesand testing scientific theories
Bacon and DescartesBacon and Descartes• Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create
scientific methodscientific method• Bacon urges scientists to experiment before Bacon urges scientists to experiment before
drawing conclusionsdrawing conclusions• Descartes advocates using logic and math to Descartes advocates using logic and math to
reason out basic truthsreason out basic truths
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) René Descartes (1595-1650)
Newton Explains the Law of GravityNewton Explains the Law of Gravity
Newton’s TheoriesNewton’s Theories• English scientist Isaac English scientist Isaac
Newton develops theory Newton develops theory of motion—states some of motion—states some forces rule motion of forces rule motion of planets, matter in planets, matter in space, and earthspace, and earth
• LAW OF GRAVITYLAW OF GRAVITY
Isaac Newton in 1689
Newton Explains the Law of GravityNewton Explains the Law of Gravity
Newton’s Theories Newton’s Theories (continued)(continued)• Motion in space and Motion in space and
earth linked by the law earth linked by the law of universal gravitationof universal gravitation—holds that every —holds that every object is universe object is universe attracts every other attracts every other objectobject
• Newton views the Newton views the universe as a vast, universe as a vast, perfect mechanical perfect mechanical clockclock
Isaac Newton in 1702
The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads
Scientific Scientific InstrumentsInstruments• Scientists develop Scientists develop
microscope, microscope, barometer, and barometer, and thermometerthermometer
• New instruments New instruments lead to better lead to better observations and observations and new discoveriesnew discoveries
microscope
thermometer
simple mercury barometer
The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads
Medicine and the Medicine and the Human BodyHuman Body• Andreas Vesalius Andreas Vesalius
improves improves knowledge of knowledge of anatomyanatomy
Andreas Vesalius
The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads
Medicine and the Medicine and the Human Body Human Body (continued)(continued)• Edward Jenner Edward Jenner
produces world’s produces world’s first vaccination—first vaccination—for smallpoxfor smallpox
1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout cow like appendages.
The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads
Discoveries in Discoveries in ChemistryChemistry• Robert Boyle argues Robert Boyle argues
that matter is made that matter is made of many different of many different particlesparticles
• Boyle’s law reveals Boyle’s law reveals interaction of interaction of volume, volume, temperature, and temperature, and gas pressure.gas pressure.