22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE

7/27/2019 22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE

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22. The Struggle for Hegemony inFourth-Century Greece (nastavak)

Introduction to Ancient Greek History (CLCV 205)

In this lecture, Professor Kagan examines the continuation of Spartan tyranny over

the Greek poleis and the response of the Greek world. According to Professor Kagan,

it became clear that the Greek poleis needed to do something to check the power of

Sparta. So, Thebes, Argos, Corinth, and Athens along with some of the smaller

poleis joined together to fight Sparta in the Corinthian War. The war ended in a

stalemate, but now the Persians were afraid of the growth of Athenian naval power.

So, the king made an alliance with Sparta to bring about the King's Peace, which

emphasized Greek autonomy and which had the effect of breaking up all alliances,

except the Peloponnesian League. After this fact, Sparta continued in its tyrannical

behavior.

00:00 - Chapter 1. The Greek Mercenary Army and the March of the 10,000

08:46 - Chapter 2. Further Hostilities

21:32 - Chapter 3. The Corinthian War

40:12 - Chapter 4. Iphicrates's Light-Armed Troops; Conon's Fleet

51:06 - Chapter 5. The War Comes to an End

Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website:

http://open.yale.edu/courses

This course was recorded in Fall 2007.


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Professor Donald Kagan: In the year 401 the

prince of Persia, Cyrus, who was a younger

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son

and had

recently succeeded the King of Persia,

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Artaxerxes, his older brother, was in power.

Cyrus had always been ambitious for achieving

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the job of Shah in

Persia and his mother had worked on his behalf,

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but it hadn't paid off. He was not prepared

to accept


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the verdict and so he set out in the year

401 to launch a scheme

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that would bring him to the throne of Persia,

and his scheme was to hire a good sized army

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of Greek

mercenaries and to trick them into becoming

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the army that

would defeat the army of his brother Artaxerxes,

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and make him king. As it turned out,

one of the men who joined up on that expedition


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was an Athenian

cavalryman by the name of Xenophon,

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and he left an account of that experience

in a work that is

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called in Greek, the Anabasis,

which means "the march back." But it's the

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story of how

this body of roughly 10,000 Greek hoplite

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mercenaries,

marched into the heart of the Persian Empire,

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defeated the army of the great king--but in

the process Prince

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Cyrus himself was killed and since the whole

point of the

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expedition was to make him king there wasn't

any point any

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longer. The great question--I've told

you about this earlier in the semester, what

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should these

10,000 Greeks do? They end up,

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after their generals are put to death by treachery,

to elect new generals and to fight their way

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out of the

empire back to the Black Sea, which was the

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easiest way for

them to get home, and then to do whatever

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it was

they would do.

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It was a very important event because--and

I think

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Xenophon's account of it was very,


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very important because it planted in the minds

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of many

Greeks a new notion that the vast,

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powerful, wealthy empire of the Persians was

remarkably

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vulnerable, and that it was possible,

and many thought highly desirable, for the

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Greeks to

turn the tables on the Persians, to invade

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Persia,

and to take from it, to subdue it,


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and to take from it the vast wealth that the

Persians had,

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and we shall see down through the years of

the fourth century

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different speakers will come out and speak

or write urging that

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the Greeks do exactly this. Isocrates, the

Athenian teacher

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of rhetoric, was the foremost figure who kept

seeking somebody


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who would undertake this chore. One of the

reasons that he

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gave for it more than once was that Greece

was suffering,

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and, of course, had been for some time,

from poverty produced by war and most particularly

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by civil

wars between democrats and oligarchs that

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became more and

more common in the fourth century,

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and his solution was if you need money, steal

it.

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So, take it from the Persians and that would

put an end to the

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troubles. Well, of course,

none of the Greek city states was capable

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of establishing

leadership in Greece during the period we're

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studying now,

so that it could carry out Isocrates' wishes.

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So, he turned to a man that the rest of the

Greeks regarded as,

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or many of the Greeks regarded as a barbarian,

the King of Macedon Philip, and urged him

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to take on that

course, and apparently whether it was Isocrates

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or simply the

idea itself, Philip himself did intend to

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do

exactly that, to conquer the Persian Empire,

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but he was killed before he could do it and


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the job was left

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to his quite young son, Alexander, who in

fact

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accomplished it; but we're looking down the

road.

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Let's go back to 401 and there we see this

expedition of

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10,000 Greeks accomplishing what I mentioned

to you.

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That there could be 10,000 Greek hoplites

available for


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such a purpose I think is a consequence of

the Peloponnesian

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War. It shows us how much that war

had helped to uproot people and to impoverish

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many of them,

so that the idea of becoming a mercenary soldier

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for a Persian

prince was attractive enough to take them

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away from home,

something that would have been less likely


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in the prosperous

years before the Peloponnesian War.

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Well, of course, that aside, that is a kind

of a

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side show, it doesn't very much affect what

is happening to the

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Greek cities on the coast of Asia Minor who

remain the issue

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as to what will happen. You remember,

these were under Athenian control during the

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Peloponnesian

War, and when the war was over they

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were taken over in many cases by Lysander.

What was to happen to them ultimately still

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had to be

decided, because the King of Persia claimed

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that territory

still for his own. The Spartans had really

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agreed

to that in the treaties they made with the

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great king during

the Peloponnesian War, but now Lysander didn't

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see any

reason for carrying out those promises and

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so there was at the

very least conflict. Of course, what the cities

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would have liked best of all was to achieve

autonomy for

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themselves and they claimed that and regarded

the rule either by

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Persian or by Spartan as improper and something


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to be

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resisted. Well, Tissaphernes the

satrap of the region of Lydia and to the west,

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the ones that included the Greek cities,

attacked those cities, which he claimed for

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the great

king but which cities were holding out.

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Those cities in turn, because the great menace

to

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them for the moment was Persian, turned to

Sparta the great


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victorious power, and asked the Spartans to

help.

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In the year 400 and 399 the Spartans sent

an army under a

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general by the name of Thibron, who recruited

about 6,000 of

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those 10,000 men who had marched into the

Persian Empire and who

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still sought service as mercenaries rather

than go home


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to poverty, plus about 5,000 or so

Peloponnesians. All of the overseas activities

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of the Spartans in these years include practically

no Spartans.

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They are just too short of troops to be risking

them in

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overseas ventures. So, they use their

Peloponnesian allies, they sometimes use mercenaries,

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and they also use some of these folks I told

you about the last

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time who were neither this nor that.

The ones that they used on these campaigns

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are the ones

that we are calling neodamodes,

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people who had been helots, but who were liberated

and

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permitted to fight for the Spartans,

and the notion of sending neodamodes overseas

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to

fight was very attractive to the Spartans,

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because it got them out of Laconia, for one

thing,

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and provided them with soldiers as well.

So, that kind of army is the one that Thibron

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is now using to

fight against the Persians, who just a few

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years ago had

been the allies of the Spartans for control

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of the Greek cities

of Asia Minor. Now, meanwhile we have to

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turn our attention to the sea, and especially


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to the island of

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Cyprus. It's a Persian possession,

but on that island there are some cities that

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have a degree

of autonomy. One of them has as its king a

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man called Evagoras, and he is very ambitious

for

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himself and for the Cypriotes, and so he is

eager to fight

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against the Spartans, presumably on behalf

of the


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great king, although his motives are not

made clear by our sources. Reasonable guess

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is that he may

have hoped by achieving something great for

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the great

king he might receive back thanks from the

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great king in

whatever form you can imagine. It might be

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allowing him to

rule over Cyprus, it might mean to give him


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wealth, who knows, but also on the

island of Cyprus where he had taken refuge

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was the Athenian

Admiral Conon, who had been one of the

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admirals at the final defeat at Aegospotomi.

He had escaped from that battle and had not

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gone home to

Athens; he felt that the air there

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would not be healthy for somebody who lost

the entire

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fleet at Aegospotomi and so he went to Evagoras,

who it took good care of Conon and he was

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a great sailor.

One of the very most distinguished admirals

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in Greek

history, and he too now continued his feeling

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that

Sparta was the enemy. So, he joined Evagoras

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in

urging the great king to build a navy, which

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would then defeat

the Spartan navy, which would by itself rid

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Asia

of the menace of Sparta and be a great thing

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for the Persians.

Conon, I suspect, had some other hopes out

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of

this activity, which in fact will come to

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fruition and I'll tell you about them in due

course.

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Well, the Spartans have their fleet out there


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and the king

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agrees and he starts building a fleet of his

own,

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which will ultimately be a very large one

indeed--some 300

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ships, and the king puts Conon in charge of

that fleet,

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which is smart in a way because Conon is a

great admiral.

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Maybe not so smart if you look at what Conon

is really up to.


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In the face of these activities, the Spartans

decided

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to raise the ante and they sent an expedition

into Asia Minor.

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Thibron had not done very well and after about

a year the

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Spartans replaced him with another general

by the name of

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Dercyllidas, who does better,

but there's no decisive victory out there.


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The war is dragging on and so they choose

to send the new King

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Agesilaus, who is the son of Aegis,

whose characteristics are among other things,

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that he was born lame; he probably would not

have been

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allowed to live had he not come from the royal

family,

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but he did and he grew to be an ambitious,

aggressive Spartan

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King, who I suspect--I mean, a cheap psychology

when you

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have a handicap like that in a society which

values physical

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valor and strength, and military success so

highly

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as the Spartans did, you're twice as aggressive,

and twice as ambitious as an ordinary Spartan.

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In any case, that was the way Agesilaus

turned out to be. Another interesting thing

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about

Agesilaus is that he had been the tent mate

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of Lysander and

it's hard to believe that Lysander could ever

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have

achieved the eminence that he did,

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the command that was given to him, had he

not been a friend of

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the young man that people looked to as the

next king,

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or possibly the next king. But as yet, Agesilaus,


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being a much younger man than Lysander, he

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seemed to be

deferential and everything was okay and so

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he was very keen on

doing what the Spartans did, which was to

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send Agesilaus out

with a new expedition to win the war against

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the Persians out

there. Agesilaus, it is plain,

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had extremely lofty plans for himself and

for this expedition.


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The way the expedition worked, Agesilaus chose

to leave with

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his fleet from the town of Aulis, which is

located in

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Boeotia. Does anybody recognize the name

and think why Agesilaus should have wanted

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to leave from Aulis?

Tell us about it.Student:

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[inaudible]Professor Donald Kagan: That's

right.


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Agamemnon took off for the Trojan War at Aulis,

and you remember how the legend goes.

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The winds were against the Greeks, they wouldn't

let the

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ships get away, and they asked a holy man

to

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tell them what the gods were up to and the

gods said,

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well you can't go until you sacrifice your

daughter,

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your little daughter Iphigenia to the god

for that purpose.

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So Agamemnon did and the winds relented, and

Agamemnon would

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pay the price when he got back from Troy.

But it is precisely that the Greek fleet against

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the

barbarian, against the non-Greeks,

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the most important ones in all of their legends,

namely the Trojans, it was at all Aulis that

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they

left and Agesilaus wanted to bring that to

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the mind.

He was the new Agamemnon and he was not leading

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a Spartan fleet

against the Persians, he was the spokesman

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for the

Greeks. He was the leader of the Greeks

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revenging that original offense, whatever

that might be.

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He was trying to make the case for a panhellenic


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motive for

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what was absolutely a strictly Spartan one

and raising himself

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to a legendary level practically.

Well, that turned out to be a mistake, because

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the Thebans

happened at that moment to be, as far as we

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can tell,

led by a faction that was very hostile to

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the Spartans.

So, as Agesilaus' people were setting up the


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altars for

sacrifices before they took off, along the

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road came a Theban

army, knocked over all of the altars, and

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asked them who the

hell invited him into Boeotia in the first

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place,

to get the hell out of there, grossly insulting

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Agesilaus and

forcing him to skulk out of Aulis,


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not in the grand way that he had imagined.

This turned out to be very significant.

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Agesilaus took it personally. He didn't like

that,

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and I suppose--well, never mind I was about

to make

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a bad joke, let it go. It had an enormous

impact

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on him because for the rest of his life Agesilaus

will be

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00:16:46,250 --> 00:16:53,250

hostile to Thebes, and when he could he would

promote a policy of attacking Thebes, of trying

199

00:16:54,450 --> 00:16:59,130

to defeat it,

to subject it to Sparta, and a whole piece

200

00:16:59,130 --> 00:17:02,529

of Spartan

foreign policy, which was to be very costly

201

00:17:02,529 --> 00:17:07,919

and

damaging to Sparta was the result of Agesilaus'

202

00:17:07,919 --> 00:17:12,069

attempt at

vendetta against the Thebans.

203

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Well, he goes to Asia and begins to encounter

the

204

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Persians. He does pretty well,

as always, Greek hoplites if they can get

205

00:17:21,459 --> 00:17:24,549

the Persians to

fight them in a nice flat field will beat

206

00:17:24,549 --> 00:17:28,030

them,

and he did that on several occasions, but

207

00:17:28,030 --> 00:17:33,260

he was never able

to bring a large force of Persians to battle,

208

00:17:33,260 --> 00:17:37,570

so that he could really destroy a good chunk


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of Persian power in

209

00:17:37,570 --> 00:17:41,390

the region so that the victories were not

decisive.

210

00:17:41,390 --> 00:17:44,730

They could not win the war, he could win the

battles,

211

00:17:44,730 --> 00:17:48,200

but you couldn't win the war, at least he

didn't.

212

00:17:48,200 --> 00:17:55,200

Meanwhile, things turned around against

the Spartans from the side that you might

213

00:17:56,200 --> 00:18:01,020

expect,

that is to say, from the sea.


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214

00:18:01,020 --> 00:18:05,960

Conon, with the Persian fleet, sailed against

the very

215

00:18:05,960 --> 00:18:11,210

important Island of Rhodes and captured it

and brought it back

216

00:18:11,210 --> 00:18:15,650

to--took it away from the Spartans in any

case.

217

00:18:15,650 --> 00:18:20,160

Where the Spartans went, you will remember,

they establish oligarchic governments,

218

00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:26,520

and in this case the victorious Athenian admiral

removed the


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219

00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:29,820

oligarchic government and in its place there

rose up a democracy.

220

00:18:29,820 --> 00:18:32,900

I'm sure the great king didn't care what kind

of regime it was

221

00:18:32,900 --> 00:18:35,010

for the moment, he just wanted to get rid

of

222

00:18:35,010 --> 00:18:42,010

the Spartans, which he did.

But it was, of course, on the Greek scene,

223

00:18:42,160 --> 00:18:45,049

it was a great defeat for the Spartans and

it was a challenge

224


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00:18:45,049 --> 00:18:50,559

to the Spartans. It was obvious that Conon,

at least, and who knew what might happen on

225

00:18:50,559 --> 00:18:53,870

the part of

other Greeks, were going to resist Spartan

226

00:18:53,870 --> 00:18:58,750

power and Spartan aggressiveness,

and that if he wanted to come back,

227

00:18:58,750 --> 00:19:04,919

then he would have to have a navy.

The Spartans set out to increase their navy

228

00:19:04,919 --> 00:19:08,700

to meet this

challenge and just to look ahead a few years,

229

00:19:08,700 --> 00:19:13,750


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as I think we need to at this moment, it was

that Spartan

230

00:19:13,750 --> 00:19:19,320

fleet that Conon defeated thoroughly and decisively

a few

231

00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:26,320

years later in 394 at the Battle of Cnidus,

which really puts an end for considerable

232

00:19:29,900 --> 00:19:34,910

time the whole idea

of Sparta fighting at sea entirely.

233

00:19:34,910 --> 00:19:39,260

It really means that that approach--remember

we were

234

00:19:39,260 --> 00:19:43,220

talking last time about the three different


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possibilities

235

00:19:43,220 --> 00:19:48,650

that the Spartans had to choose among,

and they chose for a while this thoroughly

236

00:19:48,650 --> 00:19:51,890

aggressive one

overseas, that's out now. If you had been

237

00:19:51,890 --> 00:19:54,110

defeated at

sea, you don't have a navy that can challenge

238

00:19:54,110 --> 00:19:57,620

your opponents,

you can't do it. As a matter of fact it will

239

00:19:57,620 --> 00:20:01,700

not

be very much longer when events in Greece


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240

00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:05,770

compel them to

withdraw their army under Agesilaus and bring

241

00:20:05,770 --> 00:20:09,830

him back

home and no Spartan army ever goes back to

242

00:20:09,830 --> 00:20:14,500

Asia again.

We're looking ahead but the action that caused

243

00:20:14,500 --> 00:20:19,730

that was the

victory at Cnidus.

244

00:20:19,730 --> 00:20:26,730

Now, of course, with the Spartans being

defeated in that part of the world, the Greek


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245

00:20:27,450 --> 00:20:30,570

cities that

have been under Spartan rule now typically

246

00:20:30,570 --> 00:20:34,419

rebel against the

Spartan rule, and we must imagine that for

247

00:20:34,419 --> 00:20:37,789

a

few years there are really quite confused

248

00:20:37,789 --> 00:20:44,640

conditions in Asiatic

Greece. Some places may have continued

249

00:20:44,640 --> 00:20:48,010

to be under Spartan rule, some may have continued

to be

250


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00:20:48,010 --> 00:20:53,440

under Persian rule, no doubt about it,

some of them became autonomous. We just don't

251

00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:57,059

know what the

numbers were and there could have been mixtures

252

00:20:57,059 --> 00:21:01,220

of things

going on too. I make that point because when,

253

00:21:01,220 --> 00:21:08,220

later on, a final settlement is produced there,

it is imposed upon a condition of confusion

254

00:21:10,010 --> 00:21:15,789

rather than simply

overthrowing a single thing that was characteristic

255

00:21:15,789 --> 00:21:20,280


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across the

board. Still, many of those towns as I

256

00:21:20,280 --> 00:21:27,280

say did return to Persian rule as well.

That's the situation which leads us to the

257

00:21:28,830 --> 00:21:32,710

next great event

in Hellenic history across the board.

258

00:21:32,710 --> 00:21:39,710

The Corinthian War, as it is called,

which breaks out in 395 and runs down to 387-386,

259

00:21:41,210 --> 00:21:46,090

so called because the bulk of the fighting

on land was around

260

00:21:46,090 --> 00:21:53,090

the city of Corinth. But it was a war that


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engaged

261

00:21:53,120 --> 00:21:59,059

all of the major cities of Greece right around

its core and

262

00:21:59,059 --> 00:22:06,059

its center. I think a fair way to see it is

the cause of that war was, in its most fundamental

263

00:22:08,750 --> 00:22:14,090

sense,

Sparta's tyrannical behavior towards the other

264

00:22:14,090 --> 00:22:19,600

Greek cities

which produces a variety of reactions.

265

00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:21,850

Let me remind you of some and tell you about

some others that


53/177

266

00:22:21,850 --> 00:22:24,590

we haven't talked about. Remember there were

these

267

00:22:24,590 --> 00:22:29,299

grievances that lingered from the end of the

Peloponnesian War

268

00:22:29,299 --> 00:22:34,039

when Spartan allies like Corinth and Thebes

had been very

269

00:22:34,039 --> 00:22:38,880

dissatisfied with the way the booty had been

shared that came

270

00:22:38,880 --> 00:22:43,460

from the defeat of the Athenians,

and you remember those two cities were aggrieved


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271

00:22:43,460 --> 00:22:46,549

also

because the Spartans ignored their wishes

272

00:22:46,549 --> 00:22:50,720

as to what should

happen to Athens and went their own way there

273

00:22:50,720 --> 00:22:54,400

too.

I think I mentioned as well that in all contacts

274

00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:57,450

with

non-Spartans in this period, the Spartans

275

00:22:57,450 --> 00:23:01,320

seemed to be very

arrogant, very hard to get along with, and

276


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00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:07,929

they certainly inspire

considerable unhappiness and discontent.

277

00:23:07,929 --> 00:23:14,500

Those things you know about. Now in 402, the

Spartans

278

00:23:14,500 --> 00:23:18,710

launched a war against the polis of Elis located

up

279

00:23:18,710 --> 00:23:25,320

in the northwestern corner of the Peloponnesus.

Olympia is included in that area, just to

280

00:23:25,320 --> 00:23:31,380

help you fix it in

your mind. Now, the Spartans called upon

281

00:23:31,380 --> 00:23:38,380


56/177

their allies to join them in this expedition,

as is their right, according to the traditional

282

00:23:39,120 --> 00:23:46,120

rules of the game in the Peloponnesian League.

Thebes and Corinth refuse to send their contingents.

283

00:23:47,549 --> 00:23:54,059

That is practically an act of rebellion against

the Spartans.

284

00:23:54,059 --> 00:23:58,039

It's a violation of their treaty agreements

and it shows

285

00:23:58,039 --> 00:24:03,789

you how much irritation there existed between

them.

286

00:24:03,789 --> 00:24:06,530

The whole campaign seemed to these states


57/177

very annoying

287

00:24:06,530 --> 00:24:12,240

because why were the Spartans attacking Elis,

partly because they had a continuing debate,

288

00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:18,929

a conflict with them about a border town,

the old stuff. But also I think as an act

289

00:24:18,929 --> 00:24:23,780

of revenge, because the Elians had been disloyal

during the

290

00:24:23,780 --> 00:24:30,780

Peloponnesian War, during the Peace of Nicias

after 421, Aulis was one of the four democracies

291

00:24:31,559 --> 00:24:36,299

that joined up

in this new separate league that ended up


58/177

292

00:24:36,299 --> 00:24:39,720

fighting against the

Spartans for a period of time. At the great

293

00:24:39,720 --> 00:24:43,240

Battle of

Mantinea, in which the very existence of Sparta

294

00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:47,600

was at

issue, Elis was on the side of the enemies

295

00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:51,799

of Sparta.

So, that was why the Spartans suddenly decided

296

00:24:51,799 --> 00:24:54,669

to attack them

and the allies didn't think that was right,


59/177

297

00:24:54,669 --> 00:24:59,870

the ones who were

discontented in any case. So, that's in the

298

00:24:59,870 --> 00:25:04,270

background, and all these other irritations

that I have

299

00:25:04,270 --> 00:25:09,070

mentioned, but it wasn't enough because

even if you were as mad as you could be at

300

00:25:09,070 --> 00:25:13,730

the Spartans and

determined to try to undo their effort at

301

00:25:13,730 --> 00:25:18,780

hegemony over the

Greeks, there was no easy way to think

302


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00:25:18,780 --> 00:25:22,880

of fighting them successfully. All of these

states that were

303

00:25:22,880 --> 00:25:27,490

discontented Thebes, Corinth, and as we will

quickly

304

00:25:27,490 --> 00:25:31,820

see, Athens as well, were isolated from each

other.

305

00:25:31,820 --> 00:25:35,809

They didn't belong to any common activity

and they all

306

00:25:35,809 --> 00:25:42,520

were not strong enough, individually,

to take on the Spartans. Moreover, there was

307

00:25:42,520 --> 00:25:45,400


61/177

the problem

if you wanted to fight these people, it would

308

00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:50,929

require money,

and all of them were short of funds for that

309

00:25:50,929 --> 00:25:56,730

purpose.

So the critical element necessary to create

310

00:25:56,730 --> 00:26:01,850

a coalition

that could undertake a war against Sparta--that

311

00:26:01,850 --> 00:26:06,460

decision

was made by the Persians. The King of Persia

312

00:26:06,460 --> 00:26:11,620

presumably, although it very much looks like


62/177

the new

313

00:26:11,620 --> 00:26:16,740

satrap in that region--there were two

satraps in the western part of the Persian

314

00:26:16,740 --> 00:26:19,020

Empire

remember; the one whose capital is at

315

00:26:19,020 --> 00:26:25,809

Sardis in Lydia, and the one whose capital,

or whose territory is along the Hellespont

316

00:26:25,809 --> 00:26:28,059

and the straits in

general, Pharnabazus,

317

00:26:28,059 --> 00:26:31,480

our old friend Pharnabazus from the Peloponnesian

War,


63/177

318

00:26:31,480 --> 00:26:38,480

and a new sIatrap in Sardis, both want this

to happen and so

319

00:26:39,730 --> 00:26:46,520

they find a Rhodian Greek and give him a batch

of money and

320

00:26:46,520 --> 00:26:52,970

send him to the Greek cities seeking out those

factional

321

00:26:52,970 --> 00:26:58,570

leaders who were known to be hostile to Sparta

and offering

322

00:26:58,570 --> 00:27:02,169

to give them some of the money that he was

carrying,


64/177

323

00:27:02,169 --> 00:27:05,030

which was not in itself a vast amount and

certainly not enough

324

00:27:05,030 --> 00:27:08,120

to fight in any war, but was obviously a sign

of

325

00:27:08,120 --> 00:27:13,350

good faith saying the King of Persia and his

satraps in

326

00:27:13,350 --> 00:27:17,669

this region are against the Spartans and would

like for you

327

00:27:17,669 --> 00:27:20,940

to put an end to the things you don't like

that are happening in

328


65/177

00:27:20,940 --> 00:27:26,070

the Greek world and he will support you with

his money.

329

00:27:26,070 --> 00:27:32,419

That, I think, turned out to be an absolutely

critical act. He went to a town I have

330

00:27:32,419 --> 00:27:37,820

not mentioned that belongs in the company

of the anti-Spartan

331

00:27:37,820 --> 00:27:42,840

people at this point, of course is Argos,

the traditional enemy of Sparta running back

332

00:27:42,840 --> 00:27:47,909

at least into the

eighth century and perhaps further than that,

333

00:27:47,909 --> 00:27:50,740


66/177

who seem to find themselves in a war with

the Spartans at least

334

00:27:50,740 --> 00:27:54,159

once a century and it looks like this is the

time in the fourth

335

00:27:54,159 --> 00:28:01,159

century for them. Argos is a democracy too,

and as you know that is a relevant fact.

336

00:28:02,690 --> 00:28:06,350

Corinth is not a democracy, but they are so

angry they want

337

00:28:06,350 --> 00:28:12,770

to play too and they join up. Thebes, again,

it's hard to tell what the government is.

338

00:28:12,770 --> 00:28:16,690

It looks throughout this entire period as


67/177

oligarchy and

339

00:28:16,690 --> 00:28:20,130

democracy may well have been very close to

one another,

340

00:28:20,130 --> 00:28:23,299

so that at any time one faction or the other

may have the upper

341

00:28:23,299 --> 00:28:27,870

hand. And, of course,

Athens, which is a democracy again.

342

00:28:27,870 --> 00:28:32,039

Now, the Athenians have been very, very reluctant

to do

343

00:28:32,039 --> 00:28:35,919

anything to annoy the Spartans for very good

reasons.


68/177

344

00:28:35,919 --> 00:28:42,860

They have no navy, they have no walls,

and they have no money so to buck the Spartans

345

00:28:42,860 --> 00:28:45,600

would be an

act almost of suicide, because all the Spartans

346

00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:48,059

needed

to do was coming marching into Attica and

347

00:28:48,059 --> 00:28:51,840

they have no defense.

Up to now therefore they've been very, very

348

00:28:51,840 --> 00:28:55,880

careful not to

annoy. In fact in 402 when the Thebans


69/177

349

00:28:55,880 --> 00:29:00,190

and Corinthians refused to go to Elis with

the Spartans,

350

00:29:00,190 --> 00:29:04,960

the Athenians sent their force, as they were

required to do by

351

00:29:04,960 --> 00:29:09,570

their treaty with the Spartans. But the new

situation changed

352

00:29:09,570 --> 00:29:13,980

things in Athens just as it did, perhaps even

more than it did

353

00:29:13,980 --> 00:29:18,669

in other cities. Now the great king--the

Persians were not the enemy, the Persians

354


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00:29:18,669 --> 00:29:22,789

were going to

support the war, if they were ready to launch

355

00:29:22,789 --> 00:29:27,380

it

against the Spartans. There was no war yet

356

00:29:27,380 --> 00:29:29,679

I should

point out when this money is being handed

357

00:29:29,679 --> 00:29:33,600

out.

This is an effort to stir up that kind of

358

00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:36,490

activity.

Of course, the enemies of the policy refer

359

00:29:36,490 --> 00:29:42,559


71/177

to these transfers

of money as bribes and there's nothing in

360

00:29:42,559 --> 00:29:49,240

Greek practice or

Greek tradition to reject the idea that some

361

00:29:49,240 --> 00:29:54,200

of these Persian

coins ended up in the pockets of the men that

362

00:29:54,200 --> 00:29:58,010

they were given to,

but I don't think we really should think of

363

00:29:58,010 --> 00:30:02,929

them as bribes.

Most of the money was used for the purpose

364

00:30:02,929 --> 00:30:07,740

for which it was


72/177

intended, to help these leaders stir up support

365

00:30:07,740 --> 00:30:11,950

for a war

against Sparta. It was something they believed

366

00:30:11,950 --> 00:30:16,950

in anyway, it was a source of their ability

to carry out their

367

00:30:16,950 --> 00:30:20,570

wishes. But as I say,

the Greeks didn't think there was anything

368

00:30:20,570 --> 00:30:27,559

wrong with picking

up a few bucks along the way. Now, a war breaks

369

00:30:27,559 --> 00:30:34,559

out on the

frontier between Phocis and Locris, two towns


73/177

370

00:30:35,039 --> 00:30:39,029

in central

Greece, both of which are quite close

371

00:30:39,029 --> 00:30:46,029

to Boeotia, the land ruled by the Thebes.

The Spartans, and I think this was

372

00:30:47,230 --> 00:30:50,840

probably--well, I'm pretty confident that

it

373

00:30:50,840 --> 00:30:56,820

was what--motivated by the Spartan unhappiness

about

374

00:30:56,820 --> 00:31:03,820

Thebes, the Spartans assist Phocis

against Locris, knowing that Thebes is allied


74/177

375

00:31:05,539 --> 00:31:11,820

to Locris, and that this would be,

they believed and hoped, a pretext for war.

376

00:31:11,820 --> 00:31:14,890

This was their chance to get even with the

Thebans for all

377

00:31:14,890 --> 00:31:18,649

the things that the Thebans had done that

irritated them since

378

00:31:18,649 --> 00:31:25,649

the war. So, Sparta invaded Boeotia;

their strategy to win this war was that they

379

00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:29,760

would invade

Boeotia from two sides. One army coming from

380


75/177


76/177


77/177


78/177

396

00:32:47,210 --> 00:32:51,980

probably didn't

remember to mention that. But they had that

397

00:32:51,980 --> 00:32:53,770

reason,

but more important than that, was what they

398

00:32:53,770 --> 00:32:57,760

were saying,

you have a chance now to escape from your

399

00:32:57,760 --> 00:33:01,770

bondage to the

Spartans, where the Athenians certainly were

400

00:33:01,770 --> 00:33:06,140

and to

re-establish yourself as an autonomous polis


79/177


80/177


81/177

incompetent to fight them now, but with the

Persian support

412

00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:03,799

and with the prospect of forming a coalition

against Sparta,

413

00:34:03,799 --> 00:34:07,419

the strategic situation had changed and Thrasybulus

now came

414

00:34:07,419 --> 00:34:13,200

out a hundred percent for the war.

But unanimous vote in favor of the war, I

415

00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:17,069

can't imagine the

Athenian assembly giving unanimous vote in

416

00:34:17,069 --> 00:34:20,959

favor of


82/177


83/177

422

00:34:37,569 --> 00:34:43,879

that the emotion was so strong at the moment

that once it was

423

00:34:43,879 --> 00:34:49,459

evident that there was a large majority in

favor of the motion,

424

00:34:49,459 --> 00:34:53,219

nobody wanted to be seen as being against

it.

425

00:34:53,219 --> 00:34:57,660

It would had the look of cowardice, of a lack

of

426

00:34:57,660 --> 00:35:03,559

patriotism, and people in these circumstances,

it has been my experience, hate to seem not


84/177

427

00:35:03,559 --> 00:35:07,839

to be going

along when everybody is enthusiastically going

428

00:35:07,839 --> 00:35:12,859

in a

particular direction. So that's how I interpret

429

00:35:12,859 --> 00:35:18,450

Xenophon's remarkable testimony, but whatever

the truth of it,

430

00:35:18,450 --> 00:35:24,719

what is clear is the great enthusiasm, overwhelming

majority, they are prepared to fight for their

431

00:35:24,719 --> 00:35:29,079

true autonomy in

the war to come.

432


85/177

00:35:29,079 --> 00:35:35,739

So, the coalition is finally formed.

Athens, Thebes, Corinth, Argos,

433

00:35:35,739 --> 00:35:38,209

those are the main states on the mainland

and they'll do most

434

00:35:38,209 --> 00:35:44,709

of the fighting, but it's worth pointing out

that there are other places that join too.

435

00:35:44,709 --> 00:35:49,869

Euboea, the island to the east of Attica,

not surprising;

436

00:35:49,869 --> 00:35:54,109

they're so thoroughly influenced by the Athenians.

That's not a great surprise but it's interesting

437

00:35:54,109 --> 00:35:57,789


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87/177


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453

00:37:15,660 --> 00:37:21,029

this, but it's the big four that

really matter and they do most of the fighting

454

00:37:21,029 --> 00:37:25,219

in the war.

Well, there's no point in going through the

455

00:37:25,219 --> 00:37:29,539

war in great detail;

just a few highlights, I think, need to be

456

00:37:29,539 --> 00:37:32,349

mentioned.

The largest highlight of all being how in

457

00:37:32,349 --> 00:37:37,390

the world are you

supposed to win this war, what is the strategy

458


90/177


91/177


92/177

of the war in

469

00:38:36,019 --> 00:38:43,019

their favor, and the bottom line is neither

side is able to do it. The bulk of the fighting

470

00:38:45,349 --> 00:38:51,959

throughout the years of that war surround

the city of Corinth,

471

00:38:51,959 --> 00:38:55,200

walls are put up by the Corinthians meant

to keep the

472

00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:57,680

Spartans out, they do so for a great chunk

of

473

00:38:57,680 --> 00:39:02,239

time, Spartans can take part of the

walls but they can't manage to take everything


93/177

474

00:39:02,239 --> 00:39:04,989

and to punch

through, and so for all these years

475

00:39:04,989 --> 00:39:10,170

that's what happens. There are some big battles

that are fought. There's one in 394,

476

00:39:10,170 --> 00:39:17,170

soon after the beginning of the war at Nemea,

which is located to the south of Corinth.

477

00:39:17,579 --> 00:39:24,579

It's a very big tough standard hoplite battle,

both sides having strong armies, both sides

478

00:39:26,979 --> 00:39:31,569

fighting well

and determinedly. The Spartans technically


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95/177

00:39:47,479 --> 00:39:51,660

destroy the other, neither side could now

advance

485

00:39:51,660 --> 00:39:55,789

into the region that they had to get to in

order to make a

486

00:39:55,789 --> 00:40:02,789

difference, so that I think is the major

story of that war. There's another event in

487

00:40:07,299 --> 00:40:09,920

there

that has interesting consequences for future

488

00:40:09,920 --> 00:40:11,660

Greek

warfare that deserves mentioning.

489

00:40:11,660 --> 00:40:18,660


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At a certain point in that war the Athenians,

under an extraordinary general by the name

490

00:40:20,119 --> 00:40:27,119

of Iphicrates,

had put together a force of light-armed troops,

491

00:40:28,959 --> 00:40:35,959

not hoplites, people without hoplite armor

and shields who threw missiles at the other

492

00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:41,569

side,

probably mainly slingers, but they also would

493

00:40:41,569 --> 00:40:46,559

have been

spear throwers, throwers not thrusters,

494

00:40:46,559 --> 00:40:52,569

and bowmen, and these guys could never confront


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the phalanx

495

00:40:52,569 --> 00:40:54,969

in the normal way and they would normally

not even be able to do

496

00:40:54,969 --> 00:41:01,969

much harm in an extraordinary way,

but what was new was that Iphicrates had trained

497

00:41:03,309 --> 00:41:08,529

them as a

professional force, so that they could move

498

00:41:08,529 --> 00:41:13,229

swiftly

and together as a body in such a way as to

499

00:41:13,229 --> 00:41:17,759

be as effective as it

was possible for light-armed troops to be


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99/177


100/177


101/177


102/177


103/177


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for their

power where it is truly an empire where almost

542

00:45:04,029 --> 00:45:08,749

every state

in the league is contributing money,

543

00:45:08,749 --> 00:45:13,589

which allows the Athenians to not only build

but to sustain in

544

00:45:13,589 --> 00:45:18,690

peace time and war time the biggest navy and

the best navy

545

00:45:18,690 --> 00:45:23,049

around. They never get there.

They do become very important as a naval power

546

00:45:23,049 --> 00:45:26,789

again, they are going to be a very significant


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state again,

547

00:45:26,789 --> 00:45:29,420

but even though they are turning in that other

direction

548

00:45:29,420 --> 00:45:31,619

they never get there. But I think we need

to remember

549

00:45:31,619 --> 00:45:34,579

that probably there's a very good chunk of

the Athenians,

550

00:45:34,579 --> 00:45:39,229

who regard those days as the good old days

and as the natural

551

00:45:39,229 --> 00:45:41,279

state of things, and is the place to which

they


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union between the cities of Corinth and Argos.

573

00:47:21,630 --> 00:47:24,979

It was brought about by a special emergency

situation

574

00:47:24,979 --> 00:47:28,619

created by the war in which all the fighting

was around Corinth

575

00:47:28,619 --> 00:47:32,160

in which there was terrible destruction of

Corinthian

576

00:47:32,160 --> 00:47:37,900

property, in which poverty came to be a

problem with Corinth in a way that it had

577

00:47:37,900 --> 00:47:41,299

never been.

There was a topsy-turvy situation.


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578

00:47:41,299 --> 00:47:45,079

It had been throughout the whole fifth century

back into

579

00:47:45,079 --> 00:47:51,529

the sixth century--an oligarchic government,

a broad oligarchic government, one that was

580

00:47:51,529 --> 00:47:55,689

widely thought to

be a good government, and that so far as we

581

00:47:55,689 --> 00:48:00,900

know was

never touched until sometime here in the Corinthian

582

00:48:00,900 --> 00:48:03,219

War when

these extreme conditions produced what looks


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116/177

Assembly you could

do it and vice versa. This is something absolutely

594

00:48:57,579 --> 00:49:04,579

new. The idea of anything but a

polis being by itself or being on top of other

595

00:49:05,099 --> 00:49:11,519

poleis, but the notion of their being a

sharing of a regime interpoleis sharing of

596

00:49:11,519 --> 00:49:18,180

governmental responsibilities is really new,

and it becomes more usual in the course of

597

00:49:18,180 --> 00:49:22,319

the next century

and the century after that. This one hardly

598

00:49:22,319 --> 00:49:25,150

lasts at all;


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it's just a few years as a consequence of

599

00:49:25,150 --> 00:49:28,400

the war,

and it's undone at the end of the war.

600

00:49:28,400 --> 00:49:32,049

But it's an indication of what people might

be thinking about

601

00:49:32,049 --> 00:49:36,189

and we shall see that in the course of this

century there

602

00:49:36,189 --> 00:49:39,519

will grow up federations--that's something

different,

603

00:49:39,519 --> 00:49:45,519

but still it's the same thing in a way.

A federation is a political union that allows


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604

00:49:45,519 --> 00:49:49,859

for the

maintenance of local powers on the part of

605

00:49:49,859 --> 00:49:54,009

the original

members, but also takes some powers for

606

00:49:54,009 --> 00:50:01,009

a central body, which is made up of more than

one. We Americans of course have

607

00:50:01,329 --> 00:50:07,140

some idea about that, but there was the Arcadian

League that came into being, and the Achaean

608

00:50:07,140 --> 00:50:10,209

League that

came into being, and the Aetolian League which


119/177

609

00:50:10,209 --> 00:50:17,209

came into being, and as a matter of fact our

founding fathers read very carefully about

610

00:50:17,329 --> 00:50:20,910

these

experiments in federal government as they

611

00:50:20,910 --> 00:50:24,469

were writing

the American Constitution, we have hard evidence

612

00:50:24,469 --> 00:50:29,469

about

that. The best evidence for those

613

00:50:29,469 --> 00:50:34,140

confederations does not occur in our period,

it occurs later,

614


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was that the

625

00:51:22,599 --> 00:51:28,479

Athenian control of the sea was rapidly making

Athens stronger

626

00:51:28,479 --> 00:51:34,709

and stronger, and more like that scary thing

which Athens had been to its neighbors and

627

00:51:34,709 --> 00:51:40,459

its opponents in

the fifth century B.C., such that the Persians,

628

00:51:40,459 --> 00:51:47,459

who after all, had started the war by virtue

of encouraging the anti-Spartan factions to

629

00:51:47,599 --> 00:51:51,759

get together and had

been supporting it to some degree during the


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635

00:52:08,499 --> 00:52:11,920

you really can't threaten Persia very much,

at least until

636

00:52:11,920 --> 00:52:16,259

Alexander came along and figured out a way

to do it.

637

00:52:16,259 --> 00:52:20,939

So, all of that gives the Spartans, who really

want to get

638

00:52:20,939 --> 00:52:27,469

out of this war, because it isn't going

anywhere, the hope that they can bring

639

00:52:27,469 --> 00:52:32,640

about a peace and so the Spartans try to make

peace with

640


125/177

00:52:32,640 --> 00:52:39,640

the aid of Persia. There's a Spartan political

figure by the name of Antalcidas who emerges

641

00:52:39,890 --> 00:52:43,109

on this scene,

and we shall see in his life, the few times

642

00:52:43,109 --> 00:52:48,759

we hear about him

he's always engaged in attempting to contain

643

00:52:48,759 --> 00:52:53,499

Sparta's

ambitions, to certainly exclude the

644

00:52:53,499 --> 00:52:57,359

possibility of overseas commitments and I

would argue,

645

00:52:57,359 --> 00:53:01,589


126/177

I think most scholars would agree, even not

to be engaged

646

00:53:01,589 --> 00:53:06,859

outside of the Peloponnesus very far.

He seems to represent a traditionalist point

647

00:53:06,859 --> 00:53:10,900

of view,

which obviously comes to the fore as this

648

00:53:10,900 --> 00:53:14,650

war,

which the Spartans have started really as

649

00:53:14,650 --> 00:53:19,390

part of Agesilaus'

aggressive policy, isn't working.

650

00:53:19,390 --> 00:53:25,079

The Spartans are having to constantly fight,


127/177


128/177


129/177

661

00:54:10,079 --> 00:54:14,519

necessary from the Spartan point of view.

What the Spartans really want is to break

662

00:54:14,519 --> 00:54:20,640

up this coalition

and all anti-Spartan coalitions. That's really

663

00:54:20,640 --> 00:54:23,819

the bottom line

for Sparta. There's no sense making peace,

664

00:54:23,819 --> 00:54:27,049

if you leave these people in tact.

What's to stop the whole thing from happening

665

00:54:27,049 --> 00:54:31,219

again in the

future? That's the bottom line and they

666


130/177

00:54:31,219 --> 00:54:35,459

are unable to persuade the Greeks to make

the concessions

667

00:54:35,459 --> 00:54:39,890

that are necessary. So, the war continues

and

668

00:54:39,890 --> 00:54:46,890

nothing really changes except things get worse.

This time Antalcidas again negotiates a peace

669

00:54:51,939 --> 00:54:56,339

and he really

negotiates it with the great King of Persia.

670

00:54:56,339 --> 00:55:00,729

The King of Persia has changed his mind about

where the

671

00:55:00,729 --> 00:55:04,529


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great threat comes from. Thrasybulus in the

390s,

672

00:55:04,529 --> 00:55:09,299

in the latter part of the 390s, engages in

a series of naval

673

00:55:09,299 --> 00:55:14,789

campaigns all around the Aegean Sea in which

he recovers one

674

00:55:14,789 --> 00:55:19,380

city after another that used to be under Athenian

rule and once

675

00:55:19,380 --> 00:55:23,749

again puts it under Athenian rule.

He even once again starts collecting money

676

00:55:23,749 --> 00:55:27,349

from them.


132/177

He did something also that the Athenians had

677

00:55:27,349 --> 00:55:30,449

done late in the

Peloponnesian War; he establishes a customs

678

00:55:30,449 --> 00:55:34,650

house

in the Hellespont in the Bosporus and every

679

00:55:34,650 --> 00:55:37,630

ship that

goes through pays a tax to the Athenians.

680

00:55:37,630 --> 00:55:43,069

So, there's a real feeling in Persia obviously

that the

681

00:55:43,069 --> 00:55:44,999

Athenians are coming back to rebuild their

empire,


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687

00:56:10,489 --> 00:56:14,839

international organizations should be broken

up.

688

00:56:14,839 --> 00:56:21,839

Obviously, the league of four states that

have conducted the war must stop, but on top

689

00:56:22,199 --> 00:56:27,410

of that,

the union between Argos and Corinth must be

690

00:56:27,410 --> 00:56:31,400

broken up;

that's especially critical to the Spartans.

691

00:56:31,400 --> 00:56:35,119

That's right next door. Argos would be strengthened

by

692


135/177

00:56:35,119 --> 00:56:38,869

its association with Corinth and if it were

allowed to continue,

693

00:56:38,869 --> 00:56:43,400

it would be a problem in the future.

So, it had to be broken up. Thebes, of course,

694

00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:49,339

was a great problem for the Spartans and they

insisted that

695

00:56:49,339 --> 00:56:53,759

before peace was to come, the Thebans had

to give up

696

00:56:53,759 --> 00:56:58,039

their control of Boeotia. They had used the

war as an

697

00:56:58,039 --> 00:57:01,199


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that they couldn't

703

00:57:23,380 --> 00:57:28,239

be challenged in easily -- their control of

the sea and so a

704

00:57:28,239 --> 00:57:31,239

compromise had to be made if a peace was to

be made.

705

00:57:31,239 --> 00:57:35,589

Athens would not join unless it was allowed

to keep Lemnos,

706

00:57:35,589 --> 00:57:42,589

Skyros, Imbros. So, that was permitted.

So the peace came and the critical part--Xenophon

707

00:57:45,509 --> 00:57:50,339

reports

the exact language of a message that King


138/177

708

00:57:50,339 --> 00:57:56,549

Artaxerxes sent to the

Greeks that was in effect the instrument that

709

00:57:56,549 --> 00:58:01,759

made the peace.

Here's what it said, "King Artaxerxes thinks

710

00:58:01,759 --> 00:58:05,769

it just

that the cities in Asia, and the islands of

711

00:58:05,769 --> 00:58:12,199

Klazomenai

and Cyprus shall belong to him. Further, that

712

00:58:12,199 --> 00:58:14,979

all the other

Greek cities, small and great,


139/177

713

00:58:14,979 --> 00:58:20,589

shall be autonomous." Listen to that word,

that's critical. This peace is associated

714

00:58:20,589 --> 00:58:23,160

with

the principle of autonomy, there shall be

715

00:58:23,160 --> 00:58:28,679

no breach of

autonomy except, says the king,

716

00:58:28,679 --> 00:58:34,119

"Lemnos, Imbros and Skyros which shall belong

to Athens as

717

00:58:34,119 --> 00:58:41,119

in the past. If any refuse to accept this

peace, I shall make war on them, along with

718


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00:58:43,179 --> 00:58:48,900

those who are of the

same purpose, both by land and sea and with

719

00:58:48,900 --> 00:58:53,170

both ships and money." Ancient writers and

modern

720

00:58:53,170 --> 00:58:57,709

writers have disagreed as to what is the name

of this peace,

721

00:58:57,709 --> 00:59:03,779

some of them speak of the Peace of Antalcidas,

more of them I think speak, and I think they're

722

00:59:03,779 --> 00:59:09,979

right in

this decision, as the King's Peace.

723

00:59:09,979 --> 00:59:12,569


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142/177


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734

01:00:00,449 --> 01:00:04,329

Peloponnesian League, that doesn't count as

any kind

735

01:00:04,329 --> 01:00:09,829

of a violation of autonomy and so that's the

nature of the

736

01:00:09,829 --> 01:00:16,829

peace, whether among the results are

that the Asiatic Greeks are abandoned by the

737

01:00:18,709 --> 01:00:21,109

Greek states

once and for all, and of course that means

738

01:00:21,109 --> 01:00:25,829

Sparta

mainly, until finally Alexander will impose


144/177

739

01:00:25,829 --> 01:00:29,859

his rule when he

conquers the Persian Empire. The Boeotian

740

01:00:29,859 --> 01:00:33,299

League is

dissolved, Argos and Corinth are split, and

741

01:00:33,299 --> 01:00:38,559

Athens loses all that

has been gained except for those three islands

742

01:00:38,559 --> 01:00:44,140

that are

mentioned. Sparta regains,

743

01:00:44,140 --> 01:00:47,890

and in a certain sense, gets greater control

of the

744


145/177

01:00:47,890 --> 01:00:52,150

mainland Greek situation. It is the hegemon

of

745

01:00:52,150 --> 01:00:56,469

Greece now as a kind of a partner of the great

king,

746

01:00:56,469 --> 01:00:59,429

and the great king leaves Greece essentially

to the

747

01:00:59,429 --> 01:01:03,039

Spartans without any interference.

How did he do that? In the same way that they

748

01:01:03,039 --> 01:01:06,089

did

it to win the Peloponnesian War. An enemy

749

01:01:06,089 --> 01:01:11,489


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of the Spartans would

say because they were Medizers, they had done

750

01:01:11,489 --> 01:01:15,089

the work of the

Persians; they had collaborated with the

751

01:01:15,089 --> 01:01:18,170

Persians against the Greeks. That's now how

the Spartans saw

752

01:01:18,170 --> 01:01:22,650

it of course; they would have something

like--I guess there's a crack in Plutarch

753

01:01:22,650 --> 01:01:27,410

somewhere,

it says, we have not Medized; it's the Persians

754

01:01:27,410 --> 01:01:31,539

who have


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148/177


149/177


150/177


151/177


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warfare from this

781

01:03:42,869 --> 01:03:45,650

event and he concludes his account of this

by saying,

782

01:03:45,650 --> 01:03:49,279

well, that shows you that you should not build

your city

783

01:03:49,279 --> 01:03:56,279

around the river. So, if any of you are planning,

keep that in mind.

784

01:03:58,279 --> 01:04:02,929

Then soon afterwards, the Spartans turn on

another

785

01:04:02,929 --> 01:04:09,929

city in the Peloponnesus, the city of Phlyus,

which is to the southwest of Corinth, not


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155/177


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812

01:06:20,009 --> 01:06:27,009

lasted from 382 to 379, they defeated Olynthos,

dissolved the confederacy, and destroyed again

813

01:06:29,559 --> 01:06:36,009

any notion

of a league other than the Spartan League.

814

01:06:36,009 --> 01:06:39,589

There was an event that was connected with

that movement up

815

01:06:39,589 --> 01:06:46,309

towards the northeast, up to the Chalcidice,

which was the most famous, I think--there's

816

01:06:46,309 --> 01:06:48,749

a small

competition for a couple of events,


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817

01:06:48,749 --> 01:06:51,539

but one of the most famous anyway in this

period

818

01:06:51,539 --> 01:06:56,859

illustrating the arrogance and power of the

Spartan hegemony,

819

01:06:56,859 --> 01:07:02,089

a Spartan force was sent off ostensibly to

reinforce their

820

01:07:02,089 --> 01:07:09,089

Spartan army up there in the Chalcidice.

It was led by a general named Phoebidas.

821

01:07:09,859 --> 01:07:12,869

As he was moving north on a route that would

not have been

822


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161/177

which is called the Cadmea.

They did so on a sacred day, a holiday was

828

01:07:45,779 --> 01:07:49,749

being celebrated,

everybody was in the same shape people are

829

01:07:49,749 --> 01:07:56,749

on a holiday.

Nobody was ready, they took the city;

830

01:07:57,009 --> 01:08:00,439

the enemies of the dominant party that had

invited the

831

01:08:00,439 --> 01:08:05,269

Spartans in were put to death, if they could

not flee

832

01:08:05,269 --> 01:08:12,269

successfully. The Spartans left a


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838

01:08:41,099 --> 01:08:45,520

against Sparta of course throughout the Greek

world.

839

01:08:45,520 --> 01:08:50,299

There was no real case for him, but surprisingly

enough,

840

01:08:50,299 --> 01:08:53,389

even though he was not a member of Agesilaus'

faction.

841

01:08:53,389 --> 01:09:00,349

Agesilaus got up at the trial and simply said,

you guys are all talking about the wrong thing.

842

01:09:00,349 --> 01:09:03,880

There's only one question that should be asked

about the


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of what happened

in the time of the Thirty Tyrants in Athens.

859

22 the Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth Century GRE

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