22 June 1973Volume 180, No. 4092

NEWS AND

RESEAI

BOOI

S - j - - - - ~ ~ ~

LETTERS Support for Big Thicket: R. W. Yarborough; Galapagos Graffiti: B. Grzimliek;Artifact or Artefact?: A. E. Newkirk; G. L. Trigg; ERTS Imagery:J. H. Anderson; Implementation of Technology: K. N. Lee; A. Etzioni;Modeling the World: P. E. Damon; R. J. Rahn; R. Boyd ... ............. 1232

EDITORIAL The Two Worlds of Higher Education: R. W. Lyman .... .................. 1241

ARTICLES Macroscopic Quantum Phenomena from Pairing in Superconductors: J. R. Schrieffer 1243

Lake Erie's Fish Community: 150 Years of Cultural Stresses: H. A. Regier andW. L. Hartman ............................................. 1248

The Committee on National Statistics: W. Kruskal ...... .................. 1256

COMMENT NIH Director Stone: Another Manager on Nixon's Health Team .1258

Laird Return Could Aid Research .1259

Mexico (IL): Growing Pains for Science Policy Agency ..................... 1261

RCH NEWS Ocean Temperature Gradients: Solar Power from the Sea .................... 1266

REVIEWS Bell, reviewed by T. P. Hughes; The Milky Way, R. Berendzen; Fish Nutrition,R. M. Love; The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis and Its Regulation andControl Mechanisms and Protein Synthesis, H. R. Mahler; Books Received 1268

REPORTS Polonium Radiohalos: An Alternate Interpretation: C. Moazed, R. M. Spector,R. F. Ward ............................................... 1272

Water Content in Convective Storm Clouds: T. G. Kyle and W. R. Sand ......... 1274

BOARD OP DIRECTORS GLENN T. SEABORG LEONARD M. RIESER ROGER REVELLE RICHARD H. BOLT BARRY COMMONERRetiring President. Chairman President President-Elect LEWIS M. BRANSCOMB EMILIO Q. DADDARIC

CHAIRMEN AND MATHEMATICS (A) PHYSICS (B) CHEMISTRY (C) ASTRONOMY (D)Lipman Bers Edwin M. McMillan Thomas E. Taylor Frank D. Drake

SECRETARIES OF F. A. Ficken Rolf M. Sinclair Leo Schubert Arlo U. LandoltAAAS SECTIONS

PSYCHOLOGY (J) SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES (K) HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCECarl P. Duncan Robert K. Merton Ernest NagelWilliam D. Garvey Harvey SapoIsky Dudley Shapere

INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE (P) EDUCATION (Q) DENTISTRY (R) PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCESJacob E. Goldman Gordon Swanson Martin Cattoni William HellerJordan D. Lewis Phillip R. Fordyce Sholom Pearlman John Autian

DIVISIONS ALASKA DIVISION PACIFIC DIVISION SOUTHWESTERN AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIVISIOGunter E. Weller Irma Duncan John D. Isaacs Robert T. Orr Gordon L. Bender Max P. DunfordPresident Executive Secretary President Secretary-Treasurer President Exe^utive Secretarv-Tr

SCIENCE is published weekly, except the last week in December, but with an extra issue on the fourth Tuesday in November, by the American AociaStion for the AdvancementScience, 1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. Now combined with The Scislfnie *etlWo. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. Copyright 0 1973the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Member rates on request. Annual subscription $30; foreign postage: Americas $4, overses $6, air lift to Europe $11Single copies $1 (back issues, $2) except Guide to Scientifi Inftruents which is $4. School year subscriptions: 9 months $22.50; 10 months $25. Provide 4 weks notice fchange of address, giving new and old address and zip codes. Send a recent address label. Sciec Is Indexed In Urn Readers GUI* to PerIodIcal 1t1rtue

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION rOR THE ADVANCMEMNT OF SCIENCE

Ionic Conductivity of Yttrium Fluoride and Lutetium Fluoride: M. O'Keefe .. .... 1276

Shape and Nature of Small Sedimentary Quartz Particles: D. H. Krinsleyand I. J. Smalley ............................................ 1277

Time Differences in the Formation of Meteorites as Determined from the Ratioof Lead-207 to Lead-206: M. Tatsumoto, R. J. Knight, C. J. Allegre .. ...... 1279

Fossil Parasitic Copepods from a Lower Cretaceous Fish: R. Cressey andC. Patterson ............................................... 1283

Silurian Echiuroids: Possible Feeding Traces in the Thorold Sandstone:M. J. Risk ........................ ........................ 1285

Genetic Abnormality of the Visual Pathways in a "White" Tiger:R. W. Guillery and J. H. Kaas .... ............. ................. 1287

Rejection of Tumor Cells in vitro: I. Berczi, P. Strautsbach, A. H. Sehon ........ 1289

Blood-Feeding Requirements of the Mosquito: Geographical Variation in Aedestaeniorhynchus: G. F. O'Meara and D. G. Evans ......... .. ........... 1291

Dynamics of Number Fluctuations: Motile Microorganisms: D. W. Schaefer ...... 1293Axonal Transport of Dopamine-/3-Hydroxylase by Human Sural Nerves in vitro:

S. Brimijoin, P. Capek, P. J. Dyck ............................... 1295

Heart Muscle Viability following Hypoxia: Protective Effect of Acidosis:0. H. L. Bing, W. W. Brooks, J. V. Messer ........... .. ............. 1297

Technical Conmments: Phytoplankton Algae: Nutrient Concentrations and Growth:P. Holmes; M. G. Kelley and G. M. Hornberger; W. J. O'Brien; ProjectSanguine: A. Scott; J. R. Wait; Nerve Growth Factor versus Insulin: J. S. Weisand P. Weis; W. A. Frazier, R. A. Hogue-Angeletti, R. A. Bradshaw;Odor-Following and Anemotaxis: T. C. Grubb, Jr.; S. R. Farkas and H. H.Shorey ... ......... ....................................... 1298

PRODUCTS AND Statistics Calculator; Automatic Nuclear Counting; Argon Ion Milling;MATER IALS Chemicals for Electrophoresis; Literature ........................... 1303

COVER

EDWARD E. DAVID, JR. CARYL P. HASKINS WILLIAM T. GOLDEN WILLIAM BEVANWARD M. GOODENOUGH PHYLLIS Y. PARKINS Treasurer Executive Officer

GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY (E) BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (G) ANTHROPOLOGY (M)flelmut andsberg DorthBliss RichadN.AdamsRamon E. Bisque Richard J. Goss Anthony;LeesENG-INEERING (M) MEDICAL SCIENCES (N) AGRICULTURE (0)Ranor L. DunCOmbe Rober A. Good W L rC. Towner French F. Douglas Lawrason MiRoy A.FornlINFORMATION AND STATISTICS (U) ATMOSPHERIC AND HYDROSPHERICCOMMUNICATION (1) Frederick Mosteller SCIENCES (W)

Jordan Baruch Ezra Glaser Max A. KohlerScott Adams Louis J. Battan

Rewati, the strabismic "white" tigerat the National Zoological Park,Washington, D.C. An abnormality ofthe central visual pathway occurs inmany albino mammals, can be re-lated to the strabismus, and is presentin the brain of Rewati's brother, Moni.See page 1287. [Smithsonian Institu-tion, Neg. No. 73-1106 IOA]

The Amerin A#wss tion for the Advancement of Science was founded in 1848 and incorported in1874. Its objects are to further the work of scientists, to facilitate cooperation among them, totImpr:v th ei0lves of sciec In the promotion of human welfare, and to increae pulic under-standI and appriatn of the importUnce and promise of the methods of science In human p .

22 June 1973, Volume 180, Number 4092

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Science serves its t-eaders as a foruLm for thepresentation and discussion of important issuesrelated to the advancement of science, includingthe presentation of minority or conflicting pointsof view, rather than by puLblishing only miiaterialon which a consensuLs has been icached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Science-includingeditorials, news and commcnt, and book reviews-are signcd and rcflect the in(dividual viesws of theauthois and not official points of view aclopted bythe AAAS or thc instittutions wsith swhich thlC authorsaire affiliated.

Editorial Board

1973H. S. GUTOASKsAUTHUR D. HASSLERRUDOLF KOMPFNERDANIEL E. KosHLAND), JR.

ALFRED BROW NJAMES F. CROWNSEYMOUR S. Kr i EFRANK PRESS

(G \RDN lR LlNDzErRi\YoNo0ND H. J HOMN1'SONE[) sRDO0. WILSON

'974FRi\NK WV. PLINANIMIAXINE SINGERGORDON WOLM AN

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SCIE:NCE

The Two Worlds of Higher Education

Under pressure of financial difficulties, many private ulliversities areundergoing, amputations of this or that limb. St. ILouis University hasabolished its engineering and dentail schools. The University of Pennsyl-viania hais recently published a report tellinig three of its componentschools that, unless they can balance their budgets within 3 years, theymay face extinction. New York University, one of the largest of allprivate institutions, has had to sell its Bronx camilpuS to the public systemof New York ('ity.

Has this happened becauLsC of any rationtal, explicit, and consciousnaitionial decision that the priviate sector in higher education should shrinkor be phased oLt'? To .ask the questioni is to answer it. Quite the contrary,it has been happenillg aillidst a ClOud of amiable rhetoric about thevirtues of pluralismn and diversity atnd the value of a healthy privatesector.

Yet without a cOnISCiOuS decisioIn to preserve and nourish the privatesector, the phase-out will eventually take place. Without such a decision,private instituLtions will disappear one by onie or beconle subunits of statesystemis. If it reaches the point where Harvard, with its $1.25-billionendownientt, and a harndful of others zare all that remain, it is doubtfulthat even they canl be wholly imamueli. Onie thinks of Oxford anid Cam-hridge, ancient and laden w\ith traditions of indepetndence, but nowrelying heavily UpOIl the state and subject to rationalization as part ofthe g,eneral state-supported system.

Certainly those of us involved with private institItions would notargue that the private sector is of higher quality across the board thanthe public. The great state universities of this counltry are theniselvesunique pheniomiietna of tremlendous imqportance to the continuing vitalityof our society. What we should urge is support for a reasonably com-petitive acadenmic structure. We should not expect the g-overnment tosuIpply all of our needs, for that would mean the end of our independence.Where government, at whatever level, does help, it should do so in waysthat preserve our individduality and foster free choice.

I hope that the states will act to diminish-but not to eliminate-the steadily growing gap between what it costs to attend a public institu-tiotn and what it costs to attend a private college or university. That gapwas, on the average, about $500 in 1957; next year it will be $1800,with ino sign of lesseniing. The process caninot continue indefinitely with-out some counter-effort oni behalf of the private sector, if the privatesector is to survive.

In all of this, 1'n1 not sLtggestilng that anyone has a mlonopoly onwisdom, much less that either private or public institutiolns should or canlive by cutting each other's throats. We at Stanford tend to think thatG,od ainid the citizeniry of California will help those who help themselvesWe're raising, mo0ney by a time-tested appeal to the philanthropic spirit,which, to jlldge froml oLur recetnt expericnce, is far from dead in Anmerica.We're CULttillg our costs, reexamining our progranis, and working tododge those twin evils doing, things becaluse you've always done themthat way, and doillg things merely because you've izever done them thatw.ay. We're convinced thalt higher education Ileed not be turned into avast machine or a soulless burealucracy and that the surest way to preventthis from happening is to encoura.ge healthy conmpetition between thepublic anld private sectors. RIClARD W. LYMAN, President, StanfordU11ihIer.sitv, Stanford, Califo11ii 9430-5