2.2 Integumentary System -...
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2.2 – Integumentary System
Chapter 5
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Skin Disorder Mini-Project
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Written Response #12
• In your notebook, complete the following items:1. Drawing of a cross section of skin that includes the
layers of the skin labeled (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis)
2. Drawings of the four types of membranes and their function.
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Types of Membranes
• Serous Membranes: line body cavities that lack opening to the outside.• Parietal Pleura
• Parietal Peritoneum
• Visceral Pleura
• Visceral Peritoneum
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Types of Membranes
• Mucous Membranes: line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body.• Nasal cavities
• Tubes of the digestive system
• Respiratory
• Urinary
• Reproductive Systems
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Types of Membranes
• Synovial membranes: form the inner linings of the joint cavities between the ends of bones at freely moving joints (“synovial joints”).• Elbow
• Wrist
• Ankle
• Knee
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Types of Membranes
• Cutaneous Membrane: skin.
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Blank Skin Diagram - Handout
• Complete diagram, glue in notebook, and begin studying the structure of skin.
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The Integumentary System
• Composed of the skin, sweat and oil glands, hair, and nails.
• Varies in thickness from 1.5 to 4.0 mm.
• Composed of three distinct layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (superficial fascia)
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Functions of Skin
• Protection• Cushions and insulates and is waterproof
• Protects from chemicals, heat, cold, bacteria
• Screens UV
• Synthesizes vitamin D with UV
• Regulates body heat
• Prevents unnecessary water loss
• Sensory reception (nerve endings)
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Epidermis
• Outermost layer.
• Composed mostly of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
• Contains four distinct cell types and four to five distinct layers.
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Written Response #13: Draw and complete the following chart in your notebook.
Skin Cell Type FunctionLocation within the
skinDrawing of cell/Cell
Location
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans' Cell
Merkel Cells
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Cell Types of the Epidermis
• Keratinocytes – produce keratin, a fibrous protein that give the epidermis its protective properties. • These cells are tightly connected by desmosomes.
• Arise from the stratum basale are pushed upward and continuously become more keratinized.
• Undergo continuous mitosis.
• Those on the surface of the skin are dead. • Millions rub off per day.
• Friction may lead to a thickening of the cells known as a callus.
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Cell Types of the Epidermis
• Melanocytes – synthesize melanin.• Located at the deepest layer of the epidermis (stratum
basal).
• The melanin is transferred to the keratocytes.
• Protects against UV damage.
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Cell Types of the Epidermis
• Langerhans’ cells - arise from the bone marrow.• Act as macrophages that activate the immune system.
• Merkel cells - present at the junction of the epidermis and dermis. • Associated with sensory receptors.
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Written Response #14
1. Explain how the epidermis is formed.
2. Distinguish between the stratum basale and the stratum corneum.
3. What is the function of melanin?
4. What factors influence skin color?
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Layers of the Epidermis
• Thick skin• Has 5 strata.
• Found on palms, fingertips, soles
• Thin skin• Has only 4 strata.
• Layers are visibly thinner.
• The stratum lucidum is absent
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Poster – Layers of the Epidermis
• Posters should be as detailed as possible with color• Draw a picture that compares thick Skin and thin Skin.
• In the picture, label each layer of skin, and give a description of the various layers.
• If layers are different between the two types of cells indicate this with the description of each layer in a different color.
• In both pictures include the dermis and the hypodermis.
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Layers of the Epidermis
• Stratum Basale: deepest layer. • Attached to the dermis.
• Sometimes called the stratum germinativum because of the constant mitosis that occurs there.
• Made of a single row of keratinocytes.
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Layers of the Epidermis
• Stratum Spinosum: several layers thick. • Contain many intermediate filaments.
• Consist mainly of keratin like filaments.
• Resist tension.
• Melanin granules and Langerhan’s cells are abundant in this layer.
• Stratum Granulosum: 3-5 cell layers thick.• Keratinocytes become more flattened and the cells contain
more keratin and lamellated granules (prevent water loss).
• Stratum Lucidum—thin layer of dead keratinocytes. • Present only in thick skin. (Due to friction in the skin.)
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Layers of the Epidermis
• Stratum Corneum—Outermost layer. 20-30 cell layers thick. • Cells have thick cell membranes and a great deal of
keratin.• Cells are referred to as cornified.
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Epithelium: layers (on left) and cell types (on right)
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Written Response #15
1. What kinds of tissues make up the dermis?
2. What are the functions of these tissues?
3. What are the functions of the subcutaneous layer?
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Dermis
• Strong, flexible connective tissue: your “hide”
• Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBCs
• Fiber types: collagen, elastic, reticular
• Rich supply of nerves and vessels
• Critical role in temperature regulation (the vessels)
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Layers of the Dermis
• Consists of two layers:• Papillary layer which consists
of:• areolar connective tissue that
is heavily vascularized. • dermal papillae
• In some areas these lie on top of the dermal ridges. Cause the epidermal ridges that cause fingerprints.
• capillary loops• Meissner’s corpuscles.
• Reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue.
• Contains all the cells of connective tissue.
• Flexure lines – layering in the dermis responsible for visible markings on the skin.
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Epidermis or dermis: Which one makes the difference?
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Skin Features
• Finger prints, foot prints, etc.• Dermal papillae lie atop dermal ridges• Elevate the overlying epidermis into
epidermal ridges• Are “sweat films” because of sweat
pores
• Genetically determined (Twins to don’t share finger prints.
• Flexion creases• Deep dermis, from continual folding
• Fibers• Collagen: strength and resilience• Elastic fibers: stretch-recoil
• Striae: stretch marks (Tearing of the dermis.)
• Tension lines (or lines of cleavage)• The direction the bundles of fibers
are directed
The dermis is the receptive
site for the pigment of tattoos
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What determines skin color?
• Skin color is determined by:• Melanin
• Carotene
• Hemoglobin.
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Hypodermis
• “Hypodermis” (Greek) = below the skin
• “Subcutaneous” (Latin) = below the skin
• Also called “superficial fascia”• “fascia” (Latin) =band; in anatomy: sheet of connective
tissue
• Fatty tissue which stores fat and anchors skin (areolar tissue and adipose cells)
• Different patterns of accumulation (male/female)
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Written Response #16
1. Explain how a hair forms
2. What is the function of the sebaceous glands?
3. Distinguish between the eccrine and aprocrine sweat glands.
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Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
• Entire body except palms and soles• Produce sebum by
holocrine secretion
• Oils and lubricates
• Usually secreted into hair follicles.
• Bactericidal
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Sweat Glands
• Entire skin surface except nipples and part of external genitalia• Prevent overheating
• 500 cc to 12 l cc/day! (is mostly water)
• Humans are only mammals that have sweat glands.
• Produced in response to stress as well as heat
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Types of Sweat Glands
• Eccrine or merocrine• Most numerous• True sweat: 99% water, some salts, traces of waste• Open through pores
• Apocrine• Axillary, anal and genital areas only• Ducts open into hair follices• The organic molecules in it decompose with time - odor
• Modified apocrine glands• Ceruminous – secrete earwax• Mammary – secrete milk
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Hair and Hair Follicles: Complex
• Derived from epidermis and dermisEverywhere but palms, soles, nipples, parts of genitalia• “arrector pili” is smooth
muscle
• Hair bulb: epithelial cells surrounding papilla
• Hair papilla is connective tissue
*
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• Functions of hair• Warmth – less in humans than other mammals• Sense light touch of the skin• Protection - scalp
• Parts• Root imbedded in skin• Shaft projecting above skin surface
• Make up of hair – hard keratin• Three concentric layers
• Medulla (core)• Cortex (surrounds medulla)• Cuticle (single layers, overlapping)
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• Types of hair• Vellus: fine, short hairs• Intermediate hairs • Terminal: longer, courser hair
• Hair growth: averages 2 mm/week• Active: growing• Resting phase then shed
• Hair loss• Thinning – age and genetic related.• Male pattern baldness
• Hair color• Amount of melanin for black or brown; distinct form of melanin for red• White: decreased melanin and air bubbles in the medulla• Genetically determined though influenced by hormones and
environment
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Nails Posters
• Draw, label and describe the various parts of a nail. (Two Pictures Top – Side View)
• Include the following pars of the nail:• Nail Bed
• Nail Matrix
• Lunula
• Cuticle
• Free edge
• Body
• Laternal Nail Fold
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Nails
• Modification of the epidermis
• Composed of keratin.
• Composed of a free edge, body, and a root.
• Anatomy of a Nail• Nail Bed - epidermis under the nail.
• Nail Matrix - growth occurs here.
• Lunula – visible portion of the root.
• Cuticle – skin that over laps the nail.
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Functions of the Integument
• Chemical barriers—acid mantle, human defensin
• Biological Barriers—Langerhan’s cells and macrophages.
• Physical barrier• Some substances can cross the skin.
• Lipid soluble substances.
• Oleoresins—poison ivy.
• Organic solvents.
• Salts of heavy metals
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Functions of the Integument
• Temperature Regulation• Sweat glands
• Vasodilation and vasoconstriction
• Metabolic Functions• Vitamin D synthesis
• Blood Reservoir• Shunts more blood into the circulation when needed.
• Excretion
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Tumors of the skin
• Benign, e.g. warts
• Cancer – associated with UV exposure (also skin aging)• Aktinic keratosis - premalignant
• Basal cell - cells of stratum basale
• Squamous cell - keratinocytes
• Melanoma – melanocytes: most dangerous; recognition:• A - Asymmetry
• B - Border irregularity
• C - Colors
• D - Diameter larger than 6 mm
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Skin Cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous
cell
carcinoma
Melanoma
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Disorders of the Integumentary System• Burns
• Threat to life• Catastrophic loss of body fluids
• Dehydration and fatal circulatory shock
• Infection
• Types• First degree – epidermis: redness (e.g. sunburn)
• Second degree – epidermis and upper dermis: blister
• Third degree - full thickness
• Infections
• Skin cancer
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Burns
• First-degree: epidermis only; redness
• Second-degree: epidermis and dermis, with blistering
• Third-degree: full thickness, destroying epidermis, dermis, often part of hypodermis
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Critical burns
• Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns
• 25% of the body has second-degree burns
• Third-degree burns on face, hands, or feet
• Estimate by “rule of 9’s”
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Written Response #17
1. Describe how inflammation helps a wound to heal.
2. Distinguish between the activities necessary to heal a wound in the epidermis from those necessary to heal a wound in the dermis.
3. Explain the role of phagocytic cells in wound healing.
4. Define granulation.
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Wound Healing Poster
• Create a poster that compares Epidermal Wound Healing to Deep wound healing.
• Draw the different steps of wound healing for both situations and describe what is occurring in each step of the healing process.
• Stages of Epidermal Wound Healing
1. Division of Basal Cell Epithelial
2. Thickening of Epidermis
• Stages of Deep Wound Healing
1. Inflammatory phase2. Migratory phase3. Proliferative phase4. Maturation phase
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Epidermal Wound Healing
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Deep Wound Healing
• Injury extends into dermis & hypodermis
• Scar tissue is formed• Some normal function
lost
• Occurs in four phases1. Inflammatory phase
2. Migratory phase
3. Proliferative phase
4. Maturation phase
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Inflammatory Phase
• Blood clot forms loosely uniting wound edges
• Inflammation occurs• Eliminates microbes, foreign material, and dying tissue
• Increases diameter of local blood vessels• Enhancing delivery of nutrients, immune cells, and fibroblasts
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Migratory Phase
• Clot dries into scab
• Epithelial cells migrate beneath scab and bridge wound
• Fibroblasts migrate and lay down collagen fibers and glycoproteins in dermis
• New blood vessels grow
• Tissue called granulation tissue during this phase destined to become scar tissue
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Proliferative Phase
• Extensive growth of epithelium
• Deposition of collagen in random patterns by fibroblasts
• Continued growth of blood vessels
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Maturation Phase
• Scab sloughs off once epidermis restored to normal thickness
• Granulation tissue developing into scar tissue
• Fibroblasts decrease in number
• Blood vessels restored to normal
• Scar tissue formation called fibrosis
• Elevated scars called • Hypertrophic scars
• If contained within sight of original wound
• Keloid scars • If extended beyond original
wound