2.2 Carbon Compounds.doc

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound G ESTER

Learning outcomes:You should be able to:

state the general formula of esters identify the functional group of esters List the names and molecular formulae of simple esters. Draw structural formulae of simple esters and name them using the IUPAC nomenclature, Describe the preparation of ester in the laboratory, State the physical properties of ethyl ethanoate. Predict the ester produced from the esterification reaction. Write equations for the esterification reactions, state the natural sources of ester, state the uses of ester in everyday life.

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Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

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Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound Activity 15 (a) Name the following esters and give the alcohols and carboxylic acids required to synthesise

the esters name.

Formula Name Carboxylic acid Alcohol

Example :HCOOC2H5 Ethyl methanoate Methanoic acid Ethanol

a) CH3 COOCH3

b) CH3 COOC3H7

c) C2H5 COOCH3

d) C3 H7COOC3H7

b) Draw the structural formula for the compound form in the reaction between alchol and carboxylic acid below.

(i) methanol and propanoic acid

(ii) ethanol + butanoic acid

(iii) propan-1-ol + ethanoic acid

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ESTERS

Ester is a ………………….. organic compound

contain ………………, ………………… and …………………………….

The general formula is

……………………………

the functional group is –COO- or ……………. group

the name of an ester consists of two words. The first word originates from……………., the second is from the …………………….. All of them end with ‘ ………..’

product of an …………. reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

The ……………of flowers and fruits is due to the presence of esters

uses of ester,a) …………………………..b) …………………………..c) ……………………………d) ……………………………

Physical properties1………………………………2……………………………….3……………………………….4……………………….5……………………………….

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound Activity 16

(a) Complete the diagram below

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Butan-1-olC4H9OH Compound P

Porcelain chips

II

III Hydrogen chloride

Compound Q

IAcidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution

Compound R

ethanol

Compound SIV

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound Order in homologous series

Learning outcomes:You should be able to :

describe the systematic approach in naming members of homologous series. describe the order in the physical and chemical properties in homologous series.

Activity 17

a) Name the homologous series for

(i) Butan-1-ol : …………………………………..

(ii) Compound P : ………………………………….

(iii) Compound R : …………………………………

(iv) Compound S : ………………………………..

b) Write the molecular formula of

(i) compound P : …………………………………..

(ii) compound Q : ……………………………………

(iii) compound R : …………………………………..

(iv) compound S : …………………………………….

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Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound H FATS

Learning outcomes:You should be able to:

State what oils are State what fats are State the importance of oils and fats for body processes State the sources of oils and fats List the uses of oils and fats State the differences between oils and fats Identify structural formulae for fat molecules of certain fatty acids State what saturated fats are State what unsaturated fats are Compare and contrast between saturated and unsaturated fats Describe the effects of eating food high in fats on health Describe the industrial extraction of palm oil Justify the use of palm oil in the food production

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Activity 18

(I) Fill in the blank by choosing the correct answer from the table below. ester solid heart

attackhydrogenation harden stroke carbon high blood

pressuremargerine

saturated,

ester link

lipid trigleycerides Chlorofom liquid glycerol energy fatty acid

a) Fats , oils and waxes are from a large family of organic compound called ………………...

b) They are natural ……………………..

c) They are product of the reaction between …………………. and ……………………

d) Fats are usually found in animal and they are ………………….while oil is fat from plant

and also from animal but they are ………………………… at room condition.

e) Fatty acids are long straight-chain containing between 12 to 18 ……………… atoms per

molecule.

f) A molecule of glycerol may combine with one, two or three fatty acid to form a monoester, diester

or trimester. A Molecule of water is eliminated when a fatty acid joins to the glycerol molecule

and the resulting bond formed is called an …………………(-COO-).

g) Most fats and oils are …………………….

h) As a group, oil and fats tend to dissolve in organic solvents such as ………………….

i) Fats are an important source of ……………………… for our body.

j) ……………… fats may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood vessels and making them

……………….. . This can lead to ………………………, ……………………….and

……………………………..

k) Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated fats by a process called ………………….

l) …………………… is made by hydrogenating some of the carbon-carbon double bond in

vegetable oil.

(II) Compare fats and oils

Comparison Oils Fats

Source

Melting point o C < 20 / lower > 20 / higher

Physical state at room temperatureCholesterol content

Examples Peanut oil, soybean oil Butter , lard

Molecular structure

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Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound (III) Write the Similarities of fats and oils

In terms of Similarities

Molecular formula

Type of compound

Type of bond

Activity 19a) Complete the flow chart below to show the Extraction Process of Palm Oil.

b) State 5 benefits of palm oil compared to other vegetable oils

i) ………………………………………………………………….

ii) ……………………………………………………………………

iii) …………………………………………………………………..

iv) ………………………………………………………………….

v) ………………………………………………………………….

The mixture is filtered to remove solid or coarse fibre and allow to settle in an a large clarification tank. The oil is skimmed off and dried in a vacuum drier.

Breaking down the oil-bearing cells. Crush the palm oil fruits

The fresh fruit bunches are sterilized ia large pressure vessels at 140o C for 60-90 min.The heat from the steam kills fungus and

Pressing

Stripping

Oil palm fruit bunches

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I NATURAL RUBBER

Learning outcomes:You should be able to :

List examples of natural polymers and their monomers, Draw the structural formula of natural rubber, State the properties of natural rubber, State the uses of natural rubber Describe the coagulation process of latex Describe the method used to prevent latex from coagulating, Describe the vulcanization of rubber, Describe how the presence of sulphur atoms changes the properties of vulcanised rubber, Compare and contrast the properties of vulcanised and unvulcanised natural rubber.

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Activity 20

a) Give explanation for every situation below:

i) Latex coagulate slowly when it is exposed to the air.

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Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound ii) When 20 cm3 latex is added with 5cm3 methanoic acid, latex coagulate rapidly.

iii) When 5 cm3 ammonia solution is added to latex, latex does not coagulate.

b) Compare the unvulcanized and vulcanised rubber in the table below.

Aspect Unvulcanised rubber Vulcanised rubber

Structure

Oxidation

Resistance of heat

Strength

Elasticity

ACTIVITY 21

1 Base on the diagram above,

(a) Name the product formed in step I.

………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) (i) State the reagents needed for step II.

…………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in step II. 14

C4H8C2H5COO

H

C4H9OH

C4H10

A B C D

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound …………………………………………………………………………

(c) (i) Name the type of reaction occurring in step III.

………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) A catalyst is needed for the reaction in step III. Name the catalyst.

…………………………………………………………………………

(d) (i) Describe briefly how to carry out the reaction in step IV.

………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) What do you expect to observe when the reaction in step IV is carried out?

……………………………………………………………………………………

(e) Draw the possible structural formulae of C3H7OH formed in step V.

(f) (i) Name the type of reaction occurring in step VI.

………………………………………………………….

(ii) Give one use for ( C3H6)n formed in step VI.

………………………………………………………….

(g) Compare and explain the sootiness of C3H6 and C3H8 when each of these hydrocarbons is burnt in excess air. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12) [4]

2 Diagram below shows the molecular formulae of 4 carbon compounds.

(a) Write the general formula of the homologous series of compound B.

……..………………………………………………………………………………………(b) State the functional group of compound A and compound D

Compound A : …………………………………………………………………………..

Compound D : …………………………………………………………………………..

(c) Compound B shows isomerism. Draw the structural formula of all isomers of compound B.

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(d) Compound D and compound C react in the presence of the concentrated sulphuric acid.(i) Name the product formed from the reaction.

……………………………………………………….……………………………(ii) State one special characteristic of the product formed.

……………………………………………………….……………………………

(e) Compound A burns in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

(i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. .................................................................................................................

(ii) 11.2 g of compound A burns in excess oxygen, calculate number of carbon dioxide molecules formed.[Relative atomic mass C = 12, O = 16 and Avogadro number = 6.02 x 1023]

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2.2 Carbon Compounds.doc

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