22-3 More Carbonyl CompoundsCarboxylic Acids

•Carboxylic acids use the •carbonyl functional group, •but have a –COOH structure •Carboxylic acids are polar and reactive.•Some CAs have 2 or more CA groups…they are called dicarboxylic acids (w/2 CA) •Amino acids are the monomer that make up proteins..(a polymer, or large compound made up of repeating links [monomers] in a chain)

Alanine is a typical amino acid.

Amino group Carboxylic acid group

Esters

• Esters are derived from carboxylic acids.• Esters have a CA group wherethe hydrogen has been replacedby a hydrocarbon.• Esters are made from CAs and Alcohols.

ESTERS (cont’d)

• Esters are responsible for the aroma and tastes in many fruit. (See p 799 mh text.)

• Practice naming esters….

Amides

• Amides are CA compounds where the –OH is replaced by nitrogen or amino group.

• The amide group looks like this

• …or possibly like this

Amides (cont’d)

• Urea is an important amide….and end product of the breakdown of protein in mammals.

• Ammonia, in the system is converted to non-toxic urea for removal from the bodies.

• Because of its high nitrogen content, urea is used as a fertilizer or a supplement in food for animals.

• Structure of urea.

Naming Amides• Amides are named, based upon the 2 or 3

carbon chains attached.• Amides (R-CO-NH2) take the suffix "-amide", or "-

carboxamide" if the carbon in the amide group cannot be included in the main chain. The prefix form is both "carbamoyl-" and "amido-".

• Amides that have additional substituents on the nitrogen are treated similarly to the case of amines: they are ordered alphabetically with the location prefix N: HCON(CH3)2 is

• N,N-dimethylmethanamide.

Naming Amines Revisited

Condensation Reactions• Condensation reactions occur when two smaller

molecules combine to form a larger one…like the building of proteins from amino acids.

• Water is often a product.