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F E A T U R E

PARTICLE DEPOSITIONIN THE PRESENT AND HOLOCENE BL AC K SE A

A b o u t000-7000years ago the BlackSea was a f resh waterlake.

B y B e r n w a r d H a y a n d S u s u m u H o n jo

T H E B L A C K S E A r ep r es e nt s a f a sc i n at i ng e n v i-r o n m e n t f o r d e ta i le d p a r t i c l e d e p o s i t io n s tu d ie s . T h eb a s in i s c o m p a r a t iv e ly s ma l l , y e t o v e r 2 , 0 0 0 m d e e p .I t i s n e a rl y c o m p l e t e l y e n c l o s e d a n d o n l y c o n n e c t e dt h r o u g h t h e s h a l lo w B o s p o r u s t o t h e w o r l d ' s o c e a n s .T h e h y d r o g r a p h y a n d t h e s e d i m e n t i n p u t p a ra m e t e r sf r o m th e s u r r o u n d in g r iv e r s a r e c o mp a r a t iv e ly we l lk n o wn . T h e s e a s o n a l c h a n g e s in s e d ime n ta t io n a r ep r e s e r v e d in th e b o t to m s e d ime n t s in th e f o r m o fl a min a te d s e q u e n c e s , s in c e th e a b s e n c e o f o x y g e n inth e d e e p wa te r in t e r f a c e p ro h ib i t s b io tu r b a t io n . O n c ed e p o s i t e d , th e s e d ime n t s in th e a b y s s a l B la c k S e ar e ma in in p la c e : r e d i s t r ib u t io n p r o c e s s e s o n th e b a s inf lo o r a r e c o mp a r a t iv e ly in s ig n i f i c a n t .

T h e c u r r e n t b i o g e o c h e m i c a l c o n d i t i o n s o f t heB la c k S e a , h o we v e r , a r e n o t st a b le . Ab o u t 5 0 0 0 - 7 0 0 0y e a r s a g o th e B la c k S e a wa s a f r e s h wa te r l a k e . W i thth e in f lo w o f s a l in e Me d i t e r r a n e a n wa te r th r o u g h th eBo s p o r u s , t h e s a l in i ty g r a d u a l ly in c r e a s e d u n t i l r e a c h -in g i ts p r e s e n t v a lu e o f a b o u t 1 8 p p t in th e s u r f a c ewa te r s . T h e c o n s ta n t c h a n g e in s a l in i ty f o r c e d c o n -s t a n t r e a d ju s tme n t o f th e p la n k to n ic a s s e mb la g e s inth e s t r u g g le f o r th e a d a p ta t io n a l e d g e , T h e s a l in i tyma y n o t h a v e r i s e n l in e a r ly . Du e to th e d e l i c a teb a la n c e b e twe e n r iv e r in e f r e s h wa te r a n d Me d i t e r r a -n e a n s a l in e w a te r in f lo w a s a f u n c t io n o f s ea l e v e l a n dc l ima te v a r i a b i l i ty , t h e r e ma y h a v e b e e n a s ig n i f i c a n ts e c o n d - o r d e r c o mp o n e n t in th e s a l in i ty in c r e a s e .T e mp o r a l c h a n g e s in p r e c ip i t a t io n a n d r a in f a l l p a t -t e r n s mo s t l i k e ly l e f t t h e i r ma r k in th e a c c u m u la t io nr a te s o f t e r r ig e n o u s m a t t e r in th e b o t to m s e d ime n t s(e .g . , Hay , 1988) ,

T h e l a m i n a t e d s e d i m e n t s i n th e a b y s sa l B l a c k S e awe r e d i s c o v e r e d d u r in g o n e o f th e f i rs t s c i e n t i fi cc r u i s e s in th e B la c k S e a a b o u t 1 0 0 y e a r s a g o ( An -d r u s o v , 1 8 90 ). T h e h ig h c o n c e n t r a t io n o f th e c o c -c o l i th o p h o r id s p e c ie s E m i l i a n i a h u x l e y i in the whitel a min a e wa s n o t r e c o g n iz e d , h o we v e r , u n t i l t h e f i r s tin t e r n a t io n a l l a n d ma r k c r u i s e w i th th e R /V A t l a n t i s/ / i n 1 9 6 9 ( e . g . De g e n s a n d Ro s s , 1 9 7 4 ) . T h e u p p e r -m o s t s e d i m e n t s e q u e n c e s w e r e t h e n g r o u p e d i n t os e d ime n t u n i t s I ( c o c c o l i th o o z e ) a n d I I ( s a p r o p e l )( Ro s s a n d De g e n s , 1 9 7 4 ) . T h e R] V A t l a n t i s H c r u i s ew a s s u c c e e d e d b y a s h o r t e r R / V C h a i n cru ise in1 9 7 5 , w h e n a n u m b e r o f u n d i s t u rb e d l a m i n a t e d c o r e sBernward Hay and Susumu Honjo; W oods Hole OceanographicInstitution. Wood s Hole, MA 02543.

we r e t a k e n w i th a s p e c ia l ly e n g in e e r e d g r a v i ty c o r e rf o r v a r v e c h r o n o lo g ic a l s tu d ie s ( De g e n s e t a l . , 1 980) .I n th e s a me y e a r , t h e R /V G l o m a r C h a l l e n g e r L e g4 2 B a l s o c o n t r ib u te d f u r th e r in u n d e r s t a n d in g th eg e o lo g ic a l e v o lu t io n o f th e B la c k S e a in r e l a t io n tot h e h i s t o ry o f t h e E u r o - R u s s i a n M a s s i f ( R o s s a n dN e p r o c h n o v e t a l . , 1978) .

I n th e p a s t , c o n t in u o u s in f o r ma t io n o n th e s e a -s o n a l v a r i a b i l ity in b io g e n ic p a r t i c le f lu x w a s s k e tc h y ,p o s s i b l y b e c a u s e o f " t h e p r e f er e n c e o f p l a n k t o n o l o -g i s ts o f t a k in g s a mp le s l a r g e ly d u r in g th e g o o d w e a th e rs e a s o n " ( S o r o k in , 1 9 8 3 , p . 2 6 9 ) , i . e . s u mme r / f a l l .T h e p r o c e s s o f f o rm a t i o n o f t h e b l a c k a n d w h i tel a m i n a e , h o w e v e r , v e r y s t r o n g l y d e p e n d s o n t h es e a s o n a l v a r i a b i l i ty in p a r t ic l e g e n e r a t io n a n d t r a n s -p o r t p r o c e s s e s . W h i te l a min a e a r e a lmo s t e x c lu s iv e lyc o m p o s e d o f E . h u x l e y i , wh i le b la c k l a min a e c o n s i s tl a r g e ly o f t e r r ig e n o u s ma t t e r . T h u s , u n d e r s t a n d in gth e s e a s o n a l p a r t i c l e f lu x in th e B la c k S e a i s c r it i c a lf o r e s ta b l i s h in g th e l in k b e twe e n p a r t i c l e s o u r c e s ,w a t e r c o l u m n p r o c e s s es , a n d t h e l a m i n a t e d s e d i m e n tr e c o r d . Un d e r s t a n d in g th e s e r e c e n t p r o c e s s e s i sn e c e s s a r y to mo r e p r e c i s e ly r e c o n s t r u c t s o u r c e s a n dp r o c e s s e s f r o m th e s e d ime n t r e c o r d o v e r th e l a s ts e v e r a l th o u s a n d y e a r s .

Re c e n t ly , we in v e s t ig a te d th e s e a s o n a l p a r t i c l ef lu x in th e wa te r c o lu m n in a f e a sib i l i t y s tu d y in th es o u th we s te r n B la c k S e a w i th t ime - s e r i e s s e d ime n tt r ap s f r o m 1 9 8 2 - 1 9 88 i n c o l l a b o ra t i o n w i t h D o k u zE y l t i l On iv e r s i ty in iz mi r , T u r k e y , th e Un iv e r s i ty o fH a m b u r g , a n d W o o d s H o l e O c e a n o g r a p h i c I n s t i t u -t i on . S e d i m e n t t r a p s w e r e m o o r e d c o n s e c u t i v e l y a ttwo s i t e s ( s it e s BS a n d B S C) a t a wa te r d e p th o f 2 5 0 ma n d 1 2 0 0 m ( F ig , 1 , p . 2 8 ). Co n c lu s io n s f r o m th e s ef i r st s e d im e n t t r a p s tu d ie s , i n t e g r a te d in th e d i s c u s -s io n b e lo w, p r o v id e d n e w in s ig h t s in to th e p a r t i c l ed e p o s i t io n p r o c e s s e s in th a t r e g io n o f th e B la c k S e a(e .g . H o n j o e t a l . , 1 9 8 7 ; i z d a r e t a l . , 1 9 8 7 ; De g e n s , e ta l . , 1984) .T h e R / V K n o r r C r u i s e

T h e in te r d i s c ip l in a r y R /V K n o r r c r u i s e in th es p r i n g o f 1 9 88 p r o v i d e d a n e x c e l l e n t o p p o r t u n i t y t ot e st t h e p r e l i m i n a r y c o n c l u s i o n s a n d h y p o t h e s e s o nth e p a r t i c l e d e p o s i t io n in th e c e n t r a l r e g io n s o f th eB l a c k S e a a s w e ll . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e f o c u s o f L e g 1wa s th e b io g e o c h e mic a l v a r i a b i l i ty in p a r t i c l e d e p o -s i t io n in th e p r e s e n t a n d p a s t f r o m s o u r c e to b u r i a l ,

2 6 OCEANOGRAPHY APRIL. 1989

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F i g . 2 : C o a s t a l Z o n e C o l o r S c a n n e r ( C Z C S ) s a t e ll it ei m a g e f r o m t h e B l a c k S e a f r o m O c t o b e r 7 , 1 9 8 0 . T h et o p i m a g e r e p r e s e n t s t h e a t m o s p h e r i c a l ly c o r r e c t e dc h a n n e l 3 ( 5 52 n m ) ; t h e b o t t o m i m a g e r e p r e s e n t s t h ec a l c u l a t e d p i g m e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( i n m g m - Z) in t h eB l a c k S e a ( f o r t e c h n i c a l d e t a i l s o f th e p r o c e s s i n g , s e eM i i l l e r - Ka r g e r et al . , 1 9 8 9 ) . T h e h i g h p ig m e n t c o n -c e n t r a t i o n i n th e n o r t h w e s t e r n B l a c k S e a mo s t l i k e l yr e p r e s e n t s a n E. h u x le y i b l o o m; i n c o n t r a s t t o mo s tp h y t o p l a n k t o n i c o r g a n i s m s , E. h u x le y i i s c h a r a c t e r -i z e d b y h i g h s p e c t r a l r e f l e c ta n c e i n a l l CZ CS c h a n -n e l s i n t h e v i s i b l e l i g h t s p e c t r u m ( Ho l l i g a n et al . ,1 9 8 3 ) . Th e r e f o r e , t h e h i g h p i g m e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n i nt h e s o u t h e a s t e r n B l a c k S e a i s r e l a t e d t o d i f f e r e n tp l a n k t o n i c o r g a n i s m s . T h e h i g h p a r t i c le c o n c e n tr a -t io n a l o n g t h e s o u t h e r n B l a c k S e a c o a s t in c h a n n e l 3( to p ) i s c a u s e d b y t e r r i g e n o u s s e d i m e n t i n p u t f r o mt h e a d j a c e n t An a t o l i a n r iv e rs .( C Z C S i m a g e p r o c e s s e d b y F r a n k M i i l l e r - K a r g e r ,Un i ve r si ty o f S o u t h F l o r i d a )wi th h ig h t e m p o ra l a n d sp a t i a l re so lu t io n . Pa r t i c l esf r o m t h e w a t e r c o l u m n w e r e c o l l e ct e d a n d m o n i t o r e db y a l a rg e a r r a y o f i n s t ru m e n t s , i n c lu d in g a f l u xc a m e ra , m in i - ro v e r , p a r t i c l e p u m p , a n d a t r a n sm is -so m e te r . T im e -se r i e s se d im e n t t r a p s we re d e p lo y e dfo r o n e y e a r a n d t h re e m o n th s i n t h e c e n t r al r e g io n sof the Black S ea (s i tes BS K 1-3 ; Fig . 1 , p . 28) . Thir tyl a rg e (5 0 c m ) 3b o x c o re s we re c o l l e c t e d , m a n y w i thth e p re se rv e d se d im e n t /wa te r i n t e r f a c e ( f l u f f l a y e r) .Th e d e e p e r se d im e n t s we re c o l l e c t e d i n 5 3 g i a n t

g ra v i ty c o re s wi th a m a x im u m l e n g th o f 6 m . Se d i -m e n t c o re m a te r i a l h a s b e e n s to re d c o n s ta n t ly u n d e rre f r i g e ra t e d c o n d i ti o n s a t 8 -9 C, t h e a m b ie n t b o t to mwa te r t e m p e ra tu re o f t h e Bla c k Se a . Lo g i s t i c a l d e -t a i ls a n d sc i e n ti f i c o b se rv a t i o n s o f Le g 1 a re p u b -l i sh e d in Ho n jo a n d H a y e t a l . (1988) .D i s c u s s ed b e l o w i s a b r i e f s u m m a r y o f o u r c u r r e n tk n o w le d g e o f t h e p a r ti c l e d e p o s i t io n f ro m so u rc e t ob u r i a l i n t he p re se n t a n d p a s t B la c k Se a . Th i s d i sc u s -s ion inc ludes resu l ts f rom ear l ie r feasib i l i ty s tud iesa s we l l a s n e w in i t i a l r e su l t s f ro m th e R/V K n o r rcru ise .P a r t i c l e S o u r c e s

Do m in a n t p a r t i c le so u rc e s a re t h e r i v e r s a n d b io -lo g i c a l p ro d u c t io n i n t h e su r fa c e wa te r s . Th e e o l i a np a r t i c le su p p ly i s c o m p a ra t i v e ly sm a l l (Le b e d e v aa n d Vo s to k o v , 1 9 84 ). Ab o u t 5 5 % o f t h e t e r r ig e n o u sm a t t e r i s su p p l i ed b y t h e D a n u b e a lo n e ; a b o u t 2 5 % i ssu p p l i e d b y r i v e r s i n t h e so u th e a s t e rn Bla c k Se a(Sh im k u s a n d Tr im o n i s , 1 9 74 ). A su b s t a n t ia l c o n t r i-b u t io n o f t h e o rg a n i c m a t t e r b u r ie d i n t h e se d im e n t sis of te rr igenous or ig in (e .g . Deuser , 1972) . Thet e r r i g e n o u s m a t t e r d e p o s i t i o n i s h ig h e s t c lo se r t osh o re . Th i s o b se rv a t i o n wa s a l so m a d e wi th t h ese d im e n t t r a p s in t h e so u th we s t e rn Bla c k Se a . A t t h en e a r sh o re t r a p s i t e , BS , l i t h o g e n ic m a t t e r c o m p o se da b o u t 3 4 % o f t h e t o t a l an n u a l p a r t i c l e f l ux b u t o n lya b o u t 1 8 % a t t h e o f f sh o re s i t e , BSC. Th e a b y ssa lf l o o r se d im e n t s c o n t a in o n ly a b o u t o n e - th i rd t e r -r i g e n o u s m a t t e r (Ha y , 1 9 88 ).

Th e se a so n a l p r im a ry p ro d u c t io n p a t t e rn i n t h eBla c k Se a i s b im o d a l . Dia to m s p re d o m in a n t ly b lo o min spr ing , whi le E. h u x l e y i , a n d to a l e s se r d e g re ed i n o f l a g e l l a t e s , p r e d o m i n a n t l y b l o o m i n s u m m e rand fa i l . The seasona l and spa t ia l va r iab i l i ty in b io-lo g i c a l p ro d u c t io n i n t h e B la c k Se a , e sp e c i a l l y in t h ec e n t r a l r e g io n s , i s n o t we l l u n d e r s to o d , h o we v e r .P r im a ry p ro d u c t io n i s b e l i e v e d to b e h ig h e s t o v e r t heDa n u b e sh e l f a n d a lo n g th e Ca u c a su s m a rg in(F in e n k o , 1 9 6 7 ) . Th i s c o n c lu s io n i s su p p o r t e d b yCo a s t a l Z o n e Co lo r Sc a n n e r (CZ CS) sa t e l l i t e im -a g e ry (F ig . 2 ) . B io lo g i c a l p ro d u c t io n i s a l so h ig h e rc lo se r t o sh o re a t t h e d i f f e re n t se d im e n t t r a p s i t e s.

Th e l i k e ly c a u se fo r sp a t i a l v a r i a b i l i ty i n p ro d u c -t iv i ty i s d i f fe ren ces in nut r ien t ava i lab i l i ty . Nutr ien tsa re m a in ly su p p l i e d t o t h e su r fa c e w a te r b y u p we l l i n go f t h e n u t r i e n t - r i c h d e e p e r wa te r a n d b y r i v e r in en u t r i e n t su p p ly (G le n n a n d Ar th u r , 1 9 85 ) . S t ro n g e s tu p w e l l i n g o c c u r s a lo n g th e m a rg in o f th e c lo c k wiseBla c k S e a g y re , wh e re c u r re n t v e lo c i ti e s a re h ig h e s t(Gra ssh o f f , 1 9 7 5 ). N e a r sh o re u p w e l l i n g m a y c a u se ah ig h e r su p p ly o f n u t r i en t s , w h ic h e x p la in s t h e l o n g e rp l a n k to n b lo o m p e r io d s o b se rv e d a t t r a p s i t e BS (Ha ye t a l . , m a n u sc r ip t i n r e v i e w) . In c o n t r a s t, a t s i t e BSC ,p l a n k to n b lo o m s o c c u r d u r in g sh o r t sp o ra d i c b u r s t s ,l a s t i n g l e s s t h a n a m o n th b u t d e p o s i t i n g m o re t h a nh a l f o f t h e a n n u a l p a r t i c le f l u x .

O n e s u c h p l an k t o n b u r s t m a y b e s e e n o n t h e C Z C Sim a g e in t h e we s t e rn Bla c k Se a f ro m O c to b e r 7 , 1 9 8 0(F ig . 2 ) . Th e p l a n k to n b lo o m p o ss ib ly r e p re se n t s al a rg e E . h u x l e y i b l o o m ( H o l l ig a n , p e r so n a l c o m m u -

Unders tand ing theseasonal particle fluxin the Black Sea iscritical for establishingthe link betweenparticle sources, watercolumn processes, andthe laminated sedimentrecord.

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Fig. 1: Cruise track of Leg 1 of the R/V K n o r r 134-8 to the Black Sea, spring 1988. Along the cruise track about80 sediment cores were collected. Sites BS and BSC are time-series sediment trap sites studied between 1982and 1988. Sites BSK1-3 are trap sites currently being studied, Station numbers and positions are listed in detailin Honjo and Hay, et a l . (1988).n ica t i on ) . I n t e r e s t i ng ly , t he s im u l t aneous h igh p ig -m e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n B l a c k S e aa p p e a r s t o b e r e l a te d t o o t h e r p l a n k to n i c o r g a n i s m s(F ig . 2 ) . The s ea sona l a nd r eg iona l va r i ab i l i t y i n b io -l og i ca l p roduc t i on i n t he cen t r a l B l ack Sea i s n o tunde r s to od a t p r e sen t . Th i s ques t i on , how eve r , i s in -t r i g u i n g , g i v e n t h e C Z C S - o b s e r v e d v a r i a b i l i t y i np roduc t i on i n su r f ace w a t e r s , on one hand , ye t t heh igh deg ree o f l a t e r a l con t i nu i t y o f t he l am ina t eds e d i m e n t s i n m o s t o f t h e a b y s s a l r e g i o n s o f t h e B l a c kSea on t he o the r hand . Th i s ques t i on i s now be ing ad -d re s sed w i th t he cu r r en t l y dep loyed s ed im en t t r apm o or ing a r r ays a t s i t e s B SK 1-3 (F ig . 1 ) w h ich a r eschedu l ed t o be r ecove red t h i s f a l l by t he Turk i shR/V Koca Piri Reis of t he D o kuz Ey l i i l U n ive r s i t y ,I zm i r .P a r t i c l e T r a n s p o r tO n e o f t he s t r i k in g o b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g t h e R / VKnorr c r u i s e w a s t h e b a s i n w i d e c o r r e l a ti o n o f t h er e c e n t l a m i n a te d s e d i m e n t s e q u e n c e s , e x t e n d i n g o v e rn e a r l y 1 0 0 0 k m ( H o n j o a n d H a y et al., 1988) . In theupp e rm os t U n i t I , depos i t ed ove r the l a s t 1000 yea r s ,t h e b l a c k a n d w h i t e l a m i n a e c o n s i s t d o m i n a n t l y o ft e r r i genous m a t t e r and cocco l i t h ooze , r e spec t i ve ly .C ons ide r ing t ha t t e r r i genous pa r t i c l e s o r i g ina t e f romp o i n t s o u r c e s ( r i v e r m o u t h s ) , a n d b i o l o g i c a l p r o d u c -t i on appea r s t o occu r r eg iona l l y i n a spo rad i c m ann e r

(F ig . 2 ) , pa r t i c l e d i s t r i bu t i on and t r anspor t a t i onm e c h a n i s m s m u s t p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n o r d e r t oexp l a in t he exce l l en t ba s inw ide c o r r e l a t i on o f thel a m i n a t e d s e q u e n c e s .

T h e p r e s e n t h y p o t h e s i s i s b a s e d l a r g e l y o n s e d i -m en t t r ap r e su l t s f r om the f ea s ib i l i t y s t udy i n t hes o u t h w e s t e r n B l a c k S e a . A t s e d i m e n t t r a p s i te B S C ,t h e r e m o v a l o f t e r r ig e n o u s m a t t e r o c c u r r e d d o m i -nan t l y du r ing t he i n t ense p l ank ton bu r s t s i n sp r i ngand sum m er / f a l l , w i th f eca l pe l l e t s and "m ar ines n o w " a g g r e g a t e s a s t h e m a i n t r a n s p o r t i n g a g e n t s .S i m i l a r o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e m a d e d u r i n g t h e b r i e fs u m m e r d e p l o y m e n t a t s i t e B S K 2 ( F i g . 3 , p . 2 9 ) .T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s s u g g e s t t h a t f i n e - g r a i n e d t e r -r i g e n o u s m a t t e r m a y r e m a i n i n s u s p e n s i o n i n t h es u r f a c e w a t e r f o r s e v e r a l m o n t h s . T h i s m a y b e s u f f i-c i e n t t im e f o r t r a n s p o rt o f t h e s u s p e n d e d m a t t e rac ros s t he bas in be fo re i t i s r em oved by s e t t l i ngb i o g e n i c p a r t i c l e a g g r e g a t e s d u r i n g s p o r a d i c p l a n k -t o n b l o o m s .

Th i s hypo thes i s i s a l so suppor t ed f rom the s ed i -m e n t t r a p s a m p l e s o f t he s u m m e r d e p l o y m e n t a t s it eB SK 2. T he t o t a l pa r t i c l e f l ux a t t h i s s i te r anges f ro m2 to 71 mg m -2 d -~ (Fig . 3) . T he sam pl in g in terval was5 . 75 days . H ow eve r , de sp i t e t he l a rge r ange i n t o t a lf l ux , the concen t r a t i on o f te r r i genous m a t t e r r e -m a i n e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e i n al l sa m p l e s , s u g -

28 OCEANOGRAPHY,APRILo 1989

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Fi g . 3 : S e d i m e n t t r a p r e s u l t s r o m s i t e BS K 2 (42 58 "N ,3 4 0 0 ' E ) . S i te B S K 2 w a s t h e s i t e f o r a 2 1 / 2 m o n t hl o n g s u m m e r d e p l o y m e n t b e t w e e n L e g I a n d L e g 5 o ft h e R / V K n o r r c r u i s e .g e s t in g r e mo v a l o f t e r r ig e n o u s p a r t i c l e s b y a g g r e g a -t io n in to ma r in e s n o w p a r t i c l es .

L a te r a l t r a n s p o r t d e e p e r in th e wa te r c o lu mn ma ya l s o p la y a n imp o r ta n t r o le f o r s e d ime n ta t io n in th eB la c k S e a . F in e - g r a in e d tu r b id i te s ty p ic a l ly u p to 2 0c m th ic k a r e in t e r b e d d e d in th e l a min a te d s e d ime n t .

T h e s e tu r b id i t e s a r e lo c a l ly c o n f in e d ; th e y ty p ic a l lywe r e n o t t r a c e d o v e r lo n g d i s t a n c e s d e s p i t e th e e x te n -s iv e c o r in g e f f o r t . S u r p r i s in g ly , t h e r e wa s a l a c k o fn o t i c e a b le e r o s io n o f th e u n d e r ly in g l a m in a te d s e d i -me n t s . I t i s c o n c e iv a b le th a t s u c h l a r g e v o lu me s o fs e d ime n t we r e t r a n s p o r t e d l a t e r a l ly a s a p a r t i c l ec lo u d in th e d e e p wa te r c o lu mn b e f o r e s e t t l i n g o u t .S y s t e m a t i c i n v e s t i g a ti o n s o f t h e n e w R / V K n o r rc o r e s w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y , h o we v e r , t o f u l ly c o mp r e -h e n d th e r o le o f l a t e r a l t r a n s p o r t d u r in g tu r b id i t ed e p o s i t io n .P a r t i c l e B u r i a l

Af te r s e t t l i n g to th e b a s in f lo o r , p a r t i c l e s f i r s tb e c o me p a r t o f a f lo c c u le n t l a y e r o n th e b a s in f lo o r( f lu f f l a y er ) . T h i s l a y e r i s s e v e r a l c e n t ime te r s th i c k .M o s t o f th e b i o g e o c h e m i c a l t r a n s fo r m a t i o n s o c c u rwi th in th i s l a y e r , wh ic h wa s s a m p le d f o r th e f i rs t t imein th e B la c k S e a . I n th is l a y e r th e o r g a n ic c a r b o n i sd e c o m p o s e d a n a e r o b i c a l ly f r o m o v e r 1 4 % m e a s u r e din s e d ime n t t r a p s a n n u a l ly ( s e e a l s o F ig . 3 ) to a b o u t4 % in the r e c e n t s e d im e n t s ( Un i t I ; F ig . 4 ) . Po s s ib ly ,th e t r a n s i t io n f r o m th e ty p ic a l ly g r a y i s h - b r o wn p a r -t i c l e f lu x to d i s tin c t b l a c k a n d w h i t e l a min a te d s e d i -me n t o c c u r s w i th in th i s t r a n s i t io n z o n e ( Ho n jo a n dH a y e t a l . , 1988) .

S i n c e t he d e v e l o p m e n t o f p e r m a n e n t a n o x i c c o n -d i t io n s in th e B la c k S e a 5 0 0 0 - 7 0 0 0 y e a r s b e f o r ep r e s e n t ( B . P . ) , p a r t i c l e d e p o s i t io n c h a n g e d c o n s id -e r a b ly . P r e v io u s s tu d ie s s u g g e s te d th a t p r ima r y p r o -d u c t io n f r o m a b o u t 3 0 0 0 - 5 0 0 0 y e a r s B . P . wa s a t ap e a k ( e . g . G le n n a n d Ar th u r , 1 9 8 5 ; Ha y , 1 9 8 8 ) . T h i si s in d ic a te d b y h ig h e r o r g a n ic c a r b o n a c c u mu la t io nra tes , and ~ '3C va lues c loser to mar ine va lu es (Deuser ,1 9 7 2; Ca lv e r t a n d F o n tu g n e , 1 9 8 7 ). T h e s e a l e v e l inth e B la c k S e a ma y h a v e b e e n s e v e r a l me te r s h ig h e rth a n to d a y ( F e d o r o v , 1 9 7 8 ) .

Part ic le d ist r ibut ionand transportat ionmechanisms mustplay an important rolein order to explain theexcel lent basinwidecorrelat ion of thelaminated sequences.

Depth in core;0 cm 20 cm 10 cm

E st imated ages ( yea rs B .P . ) (pen d ing ver i fi ca t ion by chrono logy s tud ies )f l I n o n 1 . ' ~ ; t~ 1 7 ~ n, U n i t I ] ~ U n i t I I

Peak Peak Peak T r a n s i t i o n F i r s tb l o o m b l o o m b l o o m s a p r o p a l i n v a s i o np e r i o d p e r i o d p e r i o d o f E, huxleyi

F i g . 4 : B o x c o r e c o l l e c t e d a t s i t e B S K 3 , i d e n t i c a l to s i t e 1 4 7 4 o f t h e R / V A t l a n t i s I I c r u i s e i n 1 9 6 9 ( D e g e n s a n dR o s s , 1 9 7 4) . ( T h e m a r k e r s i n t h e s e d i m e n t r e p r e s e n t s e d i m e n t s u b s a m p l i n g m a r k e r s . ) T h e f i r s t i n v a s i o n o f E .h u x le y i ( a t s a m p l e 4 3 ) o c c u r r e d w i t h i n U n i t I I. A f t e r s e v e r a l d e c a d e s o f c o c c o l it h o o z e d e p o s i t i o n , s a p r o p e ld e p o s i t i o n r e t u r n e d ( a t a b o u t s a m p l e 4 1 ) f o r s e v e r a l c e n t u r i e s . W i t h i n U n i t I t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l t im e p e r i o d so f m o r e i n te n s e E . h u x le y i d e p o s i t i o n , l a s t i n g u p t o 2 0 0 y e a r s e a c h . T h e c u r r e n t a g e a s s i g n m e n t i s a n e s t i m a t eb a s e d o n v a r v e c o u n t in g b y D e g e n s et al. (1 9 8 0 ) .O C E A N O G R A P H Y - A P R I L - 1 9 8 9 29

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T h e f ir s t i n vas io nof E . h u x l ey i occur redabout 1500 years B.P. ,but only lasted forabout 50 years . . .E . h u x l ey i i nvaded theB lack Sea fo r a secondand f i na l time about300-400 years later .

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E s t i m a t e d a g e s " ( y e a r s B . P . ( p e n d i n g v e r if ic a t i o n b y c h r o n o l o g y s t u d ie s )1000 1350

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. . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . ~ . . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . r . . . . i 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5S a m p l e n u m b e r ( d o w n c o r e - -- ~ )

F i g . 5 : C a / A I r a ti o o f c o r e s r o m t il e e a s te r n a n d w e s t e r n B l a c k S ea . T h e C a / A I r a ti o e s s e n t i a ll y r e p r e s e n t s t h er a t io b e t w e e n t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f E . h u x le v i a n d t e r r i g e n o u s m a t t e r ; t e r r i g e n o u s c a r b o n a t e a c c u m u l a t io n i sc o m p a r a t i v e l y l o w a n d i s in a l m o s t c o n s t a n t p r o p o r t io n w i th i n t h e t e r r i g e n o u s m a t t e r a s s e e n b y t h e C a / A l r a t i oi n t h e c o c c o l i t h - fr e e U n i t I1 . O t h e r d a t a , s u c h a s the C o r g /A l r a t i o ( A u t h u r et al . , 1 9 8 8 ; N e f f e t al., 1 9 8 8 ) a s w e l la s t h e o v e r 1 0 % h i g h e r t h i c k n e s s o f U n i t 1 a t s it e B S K 1 s u g g e s t t h a t E. huxleyi p r o d u c t i o n w a s c o n s i s t e n tl yh i g h e r i n t h e e a s t e r n t h a n i n th e w e s t e r n B l a c k S e a . T h e p a r a l l e l p a t t e r n o f bo t h c u r v e s i s a r e f l e c t io n o f th en e a r - p e r f e c t co r r e s p o n d e n c e o f th e l a m i n a t e d s e q u e n c e t h r o u g h o u t t h e a b y s s a l B l a c k Se a .

Abo ut 1000-3000 years B.P. the te rr igenous mat te ra c c u m u la t i o n r a t e s i n c re a se d , su g g e s t i n g h ig h e rprec ip i ta t ion in the dra inage a rea of the r ivers sur-rounding the Black Sea (Hay, 1988) . Bio logica lp ro d u c t iv i t y i n t he su r fa c e w a te r s o f t h e Bla c k Se ad u r in g t h i s p e r io d m a y h a v e d e c re a se d , a s r e f l e c te db y th e l o we r c a rb o n a c c u m u la t i o n r a t e s . Th e l o we rc a rb o n a c c u m u la t i o n r a te s we re n o t c a u se d b y l o we rte rr igenous ca rbon input , s ince the 0 ~3C va lues o f th ist im e p e r io d a re c lo se r to t e r r i g e n o u s v a lu e s (De u se r ,1972: Ca lver t and Fontugne , 1987) .

Th e g ra d u a l c h a n g e i n sa l i n i t y f ro m f re sh (o v e r5 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o ) t o b ra c k i sh p re se n t ly l e d t o c o n s t a n tc h a n g e s i n t h e p l a n k to n i c a s se m b la g e s . Th e m o s tv i s ib l e c h a n g e i n t h e p l a n k to n i c a s se m b la g e o c -c u r re d wi th t h e i n v a s io n o f E . h u x l e y i , which in-c re a se d t h e se d im e n ta t i o n r a t e i n t h e Bla c k Se a b y afa c to r o f t h re e . Th e f i r s t i n v a s io n o f E . h u x l e y io c c u r re d a b o u t 1 5 00 y e a r s B .P . , b u t o n ly l a s t ed fo ra b o u t 5 0 y e a r s ( a g e s p e n d in g d e t a i l e d c h ro n o lo g i c a ls tudy) . E. h t~r l ey i i n v a d e d th e Bla c k Se a fo r a se c o n da n d f i n a l t im e a b o u t 3 0 0 -4 0 0 y e a r s l a te r . (Th e se c o n da n d f i n a l i n v a s io n m a rk s t h e s t r a ti g ra p h ic b o u n d a ryb e twe e n Un i t I an d U n i t I I (Ro ss a n d D e g e n s , 1 9 74 ). )Ca u se s fo r th e t e m p o ra ry d i sa p p e a ra n c e o f E . h u x l e y i

a re c u r re n t ly n o t u n d e r s to o d . A l i k e ly r e a so n c o u ldbe a chang e in sa l in i ty as a resu l t o f h igher prec ip i ta -t i o n. T h e l o w e s t sa l i n it y a t wh ic h E . h u x l e y i i s foundis about 11 ppt in the Sea of A zov. I t i s conce iv abletha t the f i rs t invasion w as t r iggered by sa l in i ty leve lsju s t t o l e ra b l e fo r E . h u x l e y i . A sm a l l r e d u c t io n o f t h i ssa l in i ty leve l due to increased f reshwate r input (orr e d u c e d sa l i n e Me d i t e r r a n e a n i n f lo w wa te r ) c o u ldh a v e l e d t o a t e m p o ra ry l o ss o f t h e j u s t p re v io u s lyg a in e d a d a p t a t i o n a l e d g e o f E . h u x l e y i .

Pa r t i c le d e p o s i t i o n d u r in g Un i t I wa s m a rk e d b yp e r io d s o f h ig h e r E . h u x l e y i p ro d u c t io n (p e a k b lo o mperiods) . This i s suggested by h igher Ca /A1 ra t ios(F ig . 5 ). Go o d c o r re sp o n d e n c e wi th h ig h e r o rg a n i ccarbo n-to -a lum inum (Corg/A1) ra t ios (Arthur e t a l . ,1988; N e f f e t a l . , 1988) ind ica tes tha t the h igh Ca/A1ra t i o s a re n o t c a u se d b y l o we r t e r r i g e n o u s i n p u t ,s i n c e a c o n s id e ra b l e f r a c t i o n o f t h e b u r i e d o rg a n i cc a rb o n w a s su p p l i e d f ro m l a n d.

Pr im a ry p ro d u c t io n wa s c o n s i s t e n t ly h ig h e r i n t h ee a s t e rn Bla c k Se a t h a n i n t h e we s t e rn Bla c k Se a . Th esam e offs e t has been obse rved in the Co,g/A1 ra t iob e twe e n th e se two b a s in s , a g a in su g g e s t i n g t h a t t h i sd i f fe rence i s due to d i f fe rences in produc t ion , no tte rr igenous input .

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T h e P r e s e n t a s K e y t o t h e P a s tThe resul ts of th e f eas ibi l i ty s tud ie s and the f i r st

resul t s of the R/V Knorr crui se , Leg 1 , alreadydocum e nt t he s i g n i f i cance o f i n t e g r ati ng wat e r co l-um n f lux e s and t he lami nat e d bot t om s e d i me nt s f orunr av e l i ng t he de pos i t i ona l and e nv i r onm e nt a l h i s -t ory o f t he bas in . T h e e x t e ns i v e cor e co l le c t i on andthe t im e-ser ie s s edim ent trap data, as we l l as thes ucce s s f u l co l l e c t i on o f t he s e d i m e nt s ur face ( f l u f fl ay e r) , w i ll e nabl e us now t o e x ami ne t he Hol oce nes e d i me nt ar y h i s t or y i n t he B l ack Se a i n unpr e ce -de nt e d de t a i l . T he b i og e oche mi ca l ana l y s e s o f t hecore and trap sam ples are c lose ly integrated and arecarr ied out on iden t ical samples T hese analysesi nc l ude ~ 1 3 C , 180 and ~SN isotopes (Arthur, Dean);deta i led 14C analy ses with ta ndem accelera tor massspectrometry (Jones); varve chro nolog y (Arthur, N eff ,Hay) ; bu lk chemis t ry and ma jo r , minor , and t racee l e me nt che mi s t r y ( Honj o , Hay , D e an , Ke mpe ,Konuk) ; s u l f ur ( N i cho l s on , A r t hur ) ; mar i ne s now(Asper ) ; f ecal pe l l e t s (P i l skaln) ; pore waters(Liebeze i t ) ; planktonic s tudie s (Dale , Honjo, Hay) ;and poss ibly m olecular s tratigraphy for evaluat ion ofcl imat ic changes (alkenones , s terol s ; Brasse l l ) .

W e an t ic ipate that the f inal synthes es of the datawi l l pr ov i de a comp r e he n s i v e u nde r s t and i ng o f t hedetailed temp oral an d spatial variabil ity in par ticledepos i t ion in the Black Sea, in re lat ion to c l imate ,nut r i e nt s upp l y , and s a l in i t y chang e s .A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t sWe thank Drs . E . i zdar , T . Konuk (Dokuz Eyl t i l 13n ivers i ty ,i zm i r , T u r k ey ) an d t h e T u r k i s h R es ea r ch C o u n c i l a s w e l l a s t h eN a t i o n a l Sc i en ce Fo u n d a t i o n f o r t h e i r t r em en d o u s e f f o r ts t o m ak et h i s c r u i s e p o s s i b l e . T h e r e s ea r ch d i s cu s s ed i n t h i s p ap e r w asf u n d ed b y t h e N a t i o n a l Sc i en ce Fo u n d a t i o n ( Gr an t N o . O C E -8 4 1 7 1 0 6 , O C E - 8 6 1 4 3 6 3 ) an d t h e O f f i ce o f N av a l R es ea r ch( C o n t r ac t N o . N 0 0 0 1 4 - 8 5 - C - 0 0 0 1 ) . M e m b e r s o f th e s c i en t i fi cs h i p b o a r d p a r ty o f R / V Knorr 134-8 , B lack Sea Leg 1 , who al lco n t r i b u t ed s u b s t an t i a l l y t o t h e s u cces s o f t h i s c r u i s e , a r e l i s ted i nt h e a r t i c l e b y M u r r ay an d I zd a r ( t h i s i s s u e ) . T h e m an u s c r i p tm en t i o n ed i n th e t ex t a s " in r ev i ew " i s co - au t h o r ed b y B J . H ay ,S . K em p e , S . H o n j o an d T . K o n u k . T h i s i s W o o d s H o l eO cean o g r ap h i c I n s t i tu t i o n C o n t r i b u t i o n # 6 9 9 7 .R e f e r e n c e sAnd rosov , N. I . 1890: P red var i tye l 'ny i o tchet ob uchas t i i v

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