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Photo:NancyAdamson

NancyLeeAdamsonPollinatorConserva:onSpecialist

XercesSocietyforInvertebrateConserva:on&USDA-NRCSEastNa:onalTechnology

SupportCenter,Greensboro,NC

BroadBenefitsofPollinatorHabitatImprovingCropPollina:on&PestManagementwithHabitat

Photo:NancyAdamson

meadownearCarthage,NC

XercesSociety&NRCSpartneringforconserva@on

Xerces-NRCSpartnerbiologistssupportpollinatorhabitatcrea@onandmanagement,whichbenefitsotherbeneficialinsectsandwildlife

Since1971,theXercesSocietyhasworkedtoprotectwildlifethroughtheconserva:onofinvertebratesandtheirhabitat.

XercesbluebuSerfly(Glaucopsychexerces),thefirstU.S.buSerflytogoex:nctduetohumanac:vi:es.www.xerces.org

Photo:NancyAdamson

2008&2014FarmBillPollinatorHabitatProvisions

• PollinatorsapriorityforallUSDAlandmanagers&conserva@onists• EncouraginginclusionofpollinatorsinallUSDAconserva@onprograms--addingdiversitytoplantmixes&promo7ngIPMatNRCS

sweatbee,Agapostemonsp.onannualsunflower,Helianthusannuus

TalkOutline

Photo:NancyAdamson

•  PollinatorsmaSer!•  Basicbee&otherbeneficialinsectbiology(forprovidinghabitat)

•  Habitattobenefitagriculture

•  Bee-friendlyfarming•  FarmBillsupportforpollinators

•  Addi:onalresources

bumblebeeonblazingstar,Liatrisspicata

TheImportanceofPollinators

Photo:NancyAdamson

greensweatbeeonblueberry

Foodthatdependsoninsectpollina@on• 35%ofcropproduc:on,worldwide• Over$18to$27billionvalueofcropsinU.S.($217billionworldwide)

• Oneinthreemouthfulsoffoodanddrinkweconsume

Pollina@onandHumanNutri@on

Photo:USDA-ARS/PeggyGreb

MorseRA,CalderoneNW.2000.ThevalueofhoneybeesaspollinatorsofU.S.cropsin2000.BeeCulture128:1–15.Kleinetal.2007.Importanceofpollinatorsinchanginglandscapesforworldcrops.Proc.R.Soc.B274:303-313.

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Alfalfaseed&forage=>$7billionApple=Over$1.5billionAlmond=Over$1.1billionBerries=Over$2.5billionCanola,soybean,coSon=???

Photo:NancyAdamson

AnnualValuesofInsectPollinatedCrops

bumblebeeonapple

ImportanceofPollinators:NCAgriculture*

Photo:NancyAdamson

*2013NASS

Highvaluecropspollinatedbybees•  Blueberries$66mill.•  Strawberries$16mill.•  Apples$25mill.• Melons$34mill.•  Cucumbers$16mill.•  Peaches$6mill.•  Squash$4mill.

long-hornedbeeMelissodesbimaculata

oncucumber

Improvedyield**withcross-pollina@on•  Soybeans$483mill.•  Tomatoes$53mill.•  CoSon$467mill.•  Bellpeppers$30mill.•  CoSonseed$29mill.•  Snapbeans$11mill.

ImportanceofPollinators:NCAgriculture*

Photo:NancyAdamson

*2011NASS**10-15%increasedyieldforsoybeansandcoSon

bumblebeeonpinkeyepurplehullpea

Dependonalfalfaorcloverseeds• CaSle$373mill.• Dairyprod.$205mill.• Alfalfahay~$5mill.

Photo:NancyAdamson

Winterlosses

• Pre-CCD(1995-2006):15%-22%

• Post-CCD(2006-today):22%-36%

Annuallosses(2012-2015):34%-45%

HoneyBees*:ColonyCollapseDisorder

*Non-na:ves,EuropeanhoneybeesarrivedinNorthAmericainthe1600s.

NorthAmerica’sBumbleBees

•  1-in-4atriskofex:nc:ontoday

•  2014IUCN&XercesSocietyStatusReview

OtherBeesinDecline

52

5

128

5Cri:callyEndangered

Endangered

Vulnerable

NearThreatened

LeastConcern

DataDeficient

Yellowbanded

Photos:©LeifRichardson(yellowbanded),©JenKnutson(rustypatched)

Rustypatched

Massbeekillsin2013&2014:• BumblebeesinOregon--othersreportedsubsequently• HoneybeesinCanada• HoneybeesinCAalmondorchards

CurrentStateofBeeHealth

Honeybeesphoto:DanGunderson,MNPublicRadio.Bumblebeephotos:RichHasield(XercesSociety);TheOregonian

Graph:Steinhaueretal2015.hSp://beeinformed.org/

Despiteincreasedawarenesssince2006,someofthehighestlosseseverin2013&2014

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MonarchBu]erflyDecline

Inthe1990s,100sofmillionsofmonarchsmadetheepicflighteachfallfromthenorthernplainsoftheU.S.andCanadatositesintheoyamelfirforestsnorthofMexicoCity.In2013,only33millionmadethattrip.

Photo:WorldWildlifeFund

Areaofforestoccupiedbycoloniesofhiberna:ngmonarchsinMexico.(GraphcourtesyoftheMonarchJointVenture).

MonarchBu]erflyDecline

North American monarchs are at an all time low.

InsectPollinatorsAreEcologicalKeystones

Morethan85%offloweringplantsrequireananimal,mostlyinsects,tomovepollen.

Photo:EricMader

Ollerton,J.,R.Winfree,andS.Tarrant.2011.Howmanyfloweringplantsarepollinatedbyanimals?Oikos120:321-326.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18644.x.PoSs,S.G.,J.C.Biesmeijer,C.Kremen,P.Neumann,O.Schweiger,andW.E.Kunin.2010.Globalpollinatordelines:trends,impactsanddrivers.TrendsinEcologyandEvolun:on.25(6):345-353.

BenefitstoOtherWildlife:•  Pollinator-producedfruitsandseedscomprise25%oftheglobalbirdandmammaldiets

•  Pollinatorsarefoodforotherwildlife

•  Pollinatorhabitatisdirectlycompa:blewiththeneedsofotherwildlife,suchassongbirds

BugsDrivetheSystem

Mace Vaughan

Bearphoto:©SierraVisionStock.Otherphotos:NancyAdamson

Fruitsandseedsareamajorpartofthedietofmanyinsects,about25%ofbirds,andmanymammals

Photos:MarieReed,USDAARS

Mul@plebenefitsofpollinatorhabitat

Pollinatorsandotherinsectsarefoodforwildlife,including89%ofbirds

Mul@plebenefitsofpollinatorhabitat

Photo:JeffVanuga,NRCSPhoto:TerrySpivey,USFS

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Photos:MaceVaughan,PaulJepson,MarioAmbrosino

Conserva@onBiologicalControlFloweringplantsthatsupportpollinatorsalsosupportpredatoryandparasi:cinsects

Syrphidflydrinkingraspberrynectar

Soldierbeetle

Parasitoidwasp

Ladybirdbeetle

Mul@plebenefitsofpollinatorhabitat

MeetthePollinators:Bu]erflies

monarchonironweed,

Vernonianoveboracensis

Photo:JudyS:erand,NCNa:vePlantSociety

MeetthePollinators:Moths

Photo:NancyAdamson

hummingbirdmothonironweed,Vernonianoveboracens

MeetthePollinators:Flies

Photo:NancyAdamson

syrphidflyonspiderwort,

Tradescan7asp.

great golden digger wasp on dogbane

Photo:NancyAdamson

MeetthePollinators:Wasps

greatgoldendiggerwasponwingstem,Verbesinaalternifolia

MeetthePollinators:Beetles

deltaflowerscarabandother:nybeetleonmountainmint,Pycnanthemumsp.

Photo:NancyAdamson

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Bees:TheMostImportantPollinators

Beesarethemostagriculturallyimportantpollinators•  Beesac:velycollectandtransportpollen•  Beesexhibitflowerconstancy•  Beesforageinareaaroundnest

bumblebees&honeybeescollec:ngsquashnectar

Photo:NancyAdamson

Na@veBeesVitalforAgriculture

Photo:SamDroege,USGS,BeeInventoryandMonitoringLab,www.flickr.com/usgsbiml

southeasternblueberrybeeHabropodalaboriosa

4,000na:vebeespeciesinNorthAmerica—mostaresolitaryspecies,notcolonial~700na:vebeespeciesintheeasternUS~400-500inNC

Specialistbeeseatpollenonlyfromonegenusorfamily,butmaycollectnectarfromotherplants.

Example:BlueOrchardBee

• 250to750females/acrecomparedto1to2.5hives(25-50k)ofhoneybees

• Makecontactwithantherands:gmaonalmosteveryvisit

• Ac:veatlowlightlevelsandlowtemperatures• 33+hoursforagingin5days• 15+hoursbyhoneybees

Photos:EricMader,MaceVaughan

Bosch,J.andW.Kemp.2001.HowtoManagetheBlueOrchardBeeasanOrchardPollinator.SustainableAgricultureNetwork.Beltsville,MD.88pp.

MostNa@veBeesareSolitary(vsColonial)

SquashBees

• Ground-nes:ngdirectlyatthebaseofsquashplants

• Ac:veinearlymorninghours(beforesunrise)

• Pollinateflowersbeforehoneybeesbeginforaging1

• 67%of87sitesstudiedacrosstheU.S.hadallpollina:onneedsmetbysquashbees2

Na@veBeeCropSpecialists

1. Tepedino,V.J.1981.Thepollina:onefficiencyofthesquashbee(Peponapispruinosa)andthehoneybee(Apismellifera)onsummersquash(Cucurbitapepo).JournaloftheKansasEntomologicalSociety54:359-377.

2. JimCane(USDAARSLoganBeeLab).2011.Personalcommunica:on

Photo:NancyAdamson

andrenidbeeshoneybee

WildPollinators:Be]erQualityPollina@on

BeJerqualitypollina7onrelatestocross-pollina7on,theabilitytobuzzpollinate,andotherwaysbeesinteractwithflowers.

Garibaldi, L. A. et al.. 2013. Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science 339 (6127) : 1608-1611.

2013researchhighlightsimportanceofna@vebees:Wildbeesimprovedfruitsettwiceasmuchashoneybees.

Weneedhoneybeessincewecanmanagethemandmovethemtocropswhenneeded--be]erprotec@ngna@vebeesbenefitsallbees…

Photos:NancyAdamson

BuzzPollina@onbyNa@veBees

Greenleaf,S.S.,andC.Kremen.2006.Wildbeespeciesincreasetomatoproduc:onandresponddifferentlytosurroundinglanduseinNorthernCalifornia.BiologicalConserva:on133:81-87.

Example:CherrytomatoesWhenna:vebeeswerepresent,Sungoldcherrytomatoproduc:onalmosttripled.Videoonlinehighlightsbuzzpollina:on:hSps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_etyEdu9fQ

Sungoldtomatosphoto:AnneBerblinger.Beephotos:NancyAdamson

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Video online highlights buzz pollination: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_etyEdu9fQ

SWVAStudy2008–9:Threequartersofflowervisitorswerena:vebees

Na@ve(Wild)BeeAbundanceinCrops

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The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the

Adamson,N.L.,T.H.Roulston,R.D.Fell,D.E.Mullins.2012.FromApriltoAugust—wildbeespollina:ngcropsthroughthegrowingseasoninVirginia,USA.EnvironmentalEntomology41(4):813–821.

Photos:NancyAdamson

Howcanwebe]ersupportpollinators?

Strengthenhabitatandpes:cideprotec:ontosupportdiversepollinators—

• Plant&conservena:veplants(orcovercrops)

• Reducepes:cideuse

Photos:NancyAdamson

Photo:MaShewShepherd,XercesSociety

BiologicalFarming:Mul@pleBenefitsofDiversity

Greaterplantdiversity• Increasedforage• Lessherbicideuse• Greaterinsectdiversity

Lowerpes@cideuse• Morebeneficialinsects• BeSercroppollina:on• Fewerpestoutbreaksondiversifiedfarms

Nes@ng&refugefromharvest&pes@cides•  Patchworkhabitat•  Patchworkdisturbance

Photo:NancyAdamson

Nes@ngNeeds greensweatbee,Augochlorapura,onbuSerflymilkweed,Asclepiastuberosa

Na@veBeeNes@ng–3BroadGroups

Photos:ElaineEvans,SteveJavorek,EricMader

bumblebees(social)ground-nes:ngbees(solitary)

polyesterbee,Colletesinaequlis

Bombusimpa7ens

orchardmasonbee,Osmialignaria

cavity-nes:ngbees(solitary)

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Lifecycleofabumblebeecolony

Winter: Hibernating queen

Spring: Nest establishment and egg laying

Summer: Colony peak Fall: Old queen dies

Fall: New queens leave the nest and mate

Fall: Mated queens seek overwintering sites

Illustra:on:DavidWysotski

Bumblebees,Bombusspp.

Bumblebeenestphotos:ElaineEvans.Bumblebeeoncloverphoto:NancyAdamson

•  45speciesinU.S.,~26inEast,~17inNC•  Socialcoloniesfoundedbysinglequeen•  Annualcolonies--lastonlyoneseason•  Nestmaycontain25-400workers•  Nestsinabandonedrodentburrowsorunderlodgedgrasses

Conservebrushpiles,un-mowedareas

Bombus vagans on clover

Photos:MaceVaughan,MaShewShepherd,BonnieCarruthers,NancyAdamson

Conserveundisturbedorunmowedareas;protectpossibleoverwinteringsitesforqueens•  Cavi:essuchasoldrodentholes•  Underbrushpiles&overgrownareas•  UnderbunchgrassesExcellenthabitatforgroundnes<ngbirds,too!

ShelterforBumbleBees

liSlebluestemAr:ficialnestsineffec:ve(butmousepeehelps!)

Ground-nes@ngSolitaryBees

Undergroundnest&larvaphotos:JimCane,DennisBriggs.Anthophoridbeesphoto:FlorrieFunk.Miningbeephotos:NancyAdamson

miningbeeAndrenabarbara

Roughly70%ofbeespeciesbuildnestsunderground

(oTenaggregatenests)

Provideforage,scoutfornests,conservesandysoil&bareground

anthophoridbeeAnthophoraabrupta

Treesnagphoto:MaShewShepherd.Larva&adultphoto:©EdwardRoss.Adultinblackberry:NancyAdamson

smallcarpenterbees↑↓

CavityorTunnel-nes@ngSolitaryBees

Roughly30%nestinhollowplantstems,oroldbeetleborerholes

Provideforage,conservesnags,brushpiles&pithy-stemmedplants.Leavedeadplantmaterialoverwinter.

Photos:DennisBriggs,NancyAdamson

Lifecycleofasolitarybee

Miningbee(Andrenasp.):ayearinitsundergroundnestasegg,larva,andpupabeforeemergingtospendafewweeksasanadult.

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Cavityortunnelnes@ngbees

Hollowstemexample:

Silkcocoonswithdormantbeesinside Mudcapclosure

Larva Pupa Adult

Pollenmass Egg Mudwall

Cross-sec:onofsilkcocoons

Shelterforcavity-nes@ngbees

Bambooandotherplantscanbecut--backendsolidandfrontopen--toprovidenestsforcavity-nes:ngsolitarybees(&solitarywasps)

masonbees,Osmiacornifrons(introducedfromJapan)

Introducedspeciesu:lizethesenestsmorethanna:vespecies

pupaeinbamboo(splitopen)

Providingnaturalnes:ngopportuni:es—snags,hedgerowswithpithy-stemmedplants,woodpiles,woods—isbesttosupportna:vespecies.

Photos:NancyAdamson

Othercavity-nesters&parasitoids

Photos:NancyAdamson

Summernes:ngleafcuSerbee(Osmiasp.)usingthesmallertubes(<3/16”).Providetubes~1/8”to3/8”

Osmiasp.,masonbee/leafcuSerbee

Other cavity-nesters & parasitoids

Leafcutter bees and predatory wasps use the cavities later in the season. Parasitoids may seek prey in the nests.

predatorywasp

parasitoidwasp

Photo:NancyAdamson

Photo:NancyAdamson

ProvidingHabitat

Photos:PaulJepson,BruceNewhouse

TheValueofNaturalAreas

Theamountofnaturalhabitatonorclosetothefarmhasadirectinfluenceonpollinatordiversityandabundance.

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Habitatwithin500’ofcropsisideal:InPAapplepollina:onstudy,treesadjacenttonaturalhabitatwerefullypollinatedbyna:vebees.

Recommendhoneybeehivesplacedincenterareas,farthestfromedgehabitat.

Howfarwillpollinatorstravel?

miningbee,Andrenasp.onapple

hSp://extension.psu.edu/ipm/resources/na:ve-pollinators

Photo:NancyAdamson

RestoringPollinatorHabitat

.

Easy

LessEasy

• Protec:ngnaturallydiverseareas(notexactlyeasy…)• Managingforearlysuccessionalhabitat(fallow,mowingtomaintainna:vewildflowers/shrubs/berries,:mberthinning,prescribedfire)• Diversefloweringcovercrops• Establishingna:vehedgerows• Establishingna:vewildflowermeadows

A Spectrum of Approaches

Photo:NancyAdamson

Photo:SudieDavesThomas,SCNRCS

DonahuepineflatwoodinSouthCarolina

Whatisthehistoryofthesite?Wasitpreviouslycul:vated?Ifnot,theexis@ngseedbankmaybethemostappropriateseedsource.

Isseedingappropriatebasedonresourceconcerns?*

*Forhelpdeterminingifplan:ngisappropriate,seeNormanMelvin’s“decisionsequencekeys”inWetlandsRestora<on,Enhancement,andManagementhSp://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs143_010838.pdf

Photo:NancyAdamson

CarolinaBayinNCrestoredwiththinning&burning

Bringinginsunlightbythinning&burningmaybethebestrestora:onstrategy.

“Daylight”theseedbank

AssociatedNRCSprac:ces:•  409PrescribedForestry•  338PrescribedBurning•  528PrescribedGrazing•  643Restora:onandManagement

ofRareandDecliningHabitats•  647EarlySuccessionalHabitat

DevelopmentorManagement•  659WetlandEnhancement•  657WetlandRestora:on•  644WetlandWildlifeHabitat

Management•  381SilvopastureEstablishment

Example:CanolainCanadaIntheabsenceofhoneybees,canolagrowersmakemoremoneyontheirlandif30%isinnaturalhabitat,ratherthanplan:ngitall.

NaturalAreas:FallowCroplandCaseStudy

Photo:MaceVaughan

Morandin,L.,andM.Winston.2006.Pollinatorsprovideeconomicincen:vetopreservenaturallandinagroecosystems.Agriculture,EcosystemsandEnvironment116:289-292.

NaturalAreas:FallowCroplandCaseStudy

GraphiccourtesyofLoraMorandin

2.4

km

2.4 km

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2.4

km

2.4 km

GraphiccourtesyofLoraMorandin

NaturalAreas:FallowCroplandCaseStudy

HoneyBeeHealth:Diversewildflowerdietsenhancehoneybeediseaseresistance

Photos:EricMader,TobyAlexander

Alaux,C.,Ducloz,F.,Crauser,D.andLeConte,Y.,2010.Dieteffectsonhoneybeeimmunocompetence.BiologyLeSers,p.rsbl20090986..

Floraldiversityalsosupportshoneybeehealth

Pollinatorhabitat&IPMsupportotherbeneficialinsects

Predators&parasitoids(naturalenemies)ofcroppestsusethesamehabitat(smallflowersbestfortheirshortertongues)

mason/poSerwaspandsweatbeeongoldenrod

Photo:NancyAdamson

BiologicalControl≠Annihila@on

Slowpestpopula@ongrowthratesIfbothpredator&preyarewipedout,ittakespredatorsmuchlongertorecover

Photo:DebbieRoos

wheelbug(assassinbug)nymphea@ngaColoradopotatobeetle

Nectarsources(milkweed)betweenpeanut&co]onsupportedincreased(5x!)parasi@za@onofsoutherngreens@nkbugs(GlynnTillman,USDAARS,CropProtec:on&ManagementResearchLab,TiÑon,GA)

EggofT.pennipesonfemalesoutherngreens:nkbug

Trichopodafeedingonmilkweed

nectar

Photo:GlynnTillman

Photo:MarvinSmith(WikimediaCommons)

Photo:SusanDay

FloweringCoverCropsSupportParasitoids

Addingmilkweedasanectarsourceforaparasitoidflyledto5Xgreaterparasi@za@onofsoutherngreens@nkbug

Photo:NancyAdason

commonmilkweed,

Asclepiassyriaca

Beneficialinsecthabitat(G.TillmanStudy,GA)

Tillman,P.G.,&Carpenter,J.E.(2014).Milkweed(Gen:anales:Apocynaceae):AFarmscapeResourceforIncreasingParasi:smofS:nkBugs(Hemiptera:Pentatomidae)andProvidingNectartoInsectPollinatorsandMonarchBuSerflies.Environmentalentomology,43(2),370-376.

tachinidfly,Trichopodapennipes

Tachinidflyphoto:MarvinSmith(WikimediaCommons).Milkweedphoto:NancyAdamson

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FloweringCoverCropsSupportParasitoids

Nectarsources(buckwheat)insoybeansupportedincreased(2½@mes)parasi@za@onofbrowns@nkbugs(GlynnTillman,USDAARS,CropProtec:on&ManagementResearchLab,TiÑon,GA,manuscriptinprogress)

Telenomuspodisifemaleparasi:zings:nkbugeggs

adultbrowns:nkbug

Photo:RussOSens

Photo:hSp://zoo.bio.ufpr.br/biocontrol/entomofauna.htmlLaboratoriodeControleIntegradodeInsetos(LCII)

hSp://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?accn_no=420801

ResearchbyDaveBiddinger,PennStateUniversityPhotos:AlexSuricia,JenniferHopwood,ScoSSeigfried

Beneficialinsecthabitat(D.Biddingerstudy,PA)

Pollinatorplan@ngssupportsandwaspswhofeedbrownmarmorateds@nkbugstotheiryoung(researchinprogressatPenn.StateUniversity)

Mountainmint(Pycnanthemumspp.)andspoSedbeebalm(Monardapunctata)asnectarplantsforwasps

Mul@plebenefitsofpollinatorhabitat—eventurfbenefits!

Thisstreamcorridorsupportsscoliidwaspadults,wholaytheireggsingrubsofJapanesebeetles(thateatgrassroots)intheground

RiparianarealeÑunmowntoprotectwaterwayandsupportbeneficialinsectsatSuperSodFarm,MillsRiver,NC

Photo:NancyAdamson

Mul@plebenefitsofpollinatorhabitat

scoliidwaspsonmarestailSuperSodFarm,MillsRiver,NC

ScoliidwaspsreduceJapanesebeetlepopula:ons;adultslaytheireggsingrubsandthewasplarvaeeatthegrubsfromtheinsideout

Photo:NancyAdamson

Habitatthroughthegrowingseason

Photos:ElaineHaugNRCS,MaShewShepherd;MaceVaughan,EricMader,JeffMcMillanNRCS,BerryBotanicGarden,NancyAdamson

maple,Acer

wildindigo,Bap7sia

goldenrod,Solidago,Euthamia,Oligoneuron

willow,Salix

mountainmint,Pycnanthemum

aster,Eurybia.Symphyotrichum,Ionac7s

blazingstar,Liatris

Pollinators,predators,&parasitoidsneedfood(nectar,pollen,orprey)andrefugewhencropsareharvestedorpes:cidesused.

TheHabitatAssessmentProcess

AssessingLandforPollinatorValue

•  Asubjec:veprocess• Quan:fycharacteris:cs

§  Landscape-level§  Site-level

•  XercesHabitatAssessmentGuide

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/

Photo:NikkiSiebert

Willprovidinghabitatincreasepestpressure?

Morediverseisbe]er:Naturalenemypopula:onsarehigher&pestpressureislowerincomplexpatchylandscapeswithfallowfields,fieldmargins,and/orwoodedhabitats

Bianchi,F.J.J.A.,C.J.H.Booij,andT.Tscharntke.2011.Sustainablepestregula:oninagriculturallandscapes:areviewonlandscapecomposi:on,biodiversityandnaturalpestcontrol.Proc.R.Soc.B273:1715-1727.Forehand,L.M.,D.B.Orr,andH.M.Linker.2006.Insectcommuni:esassociatedwithbeneficialinsethabitatplantsinNorthCarolina.EnvironmentalEntomology35(6):1541-159.

Pollinatorplan:ngatDirtWorksIncubatorFarm,aprojectofLowcountryLocalFirstatRosebankFarmsnearCharleston,SC

Biggerisbe]erforpollinators,predators,andparasitoids•  Largerwildflowerplan:ngssupportgreaterbiologicalcontrolwithoutincreasingherbivoredensity(Blaauw&Isaacs2012)

•  Farmerscanenhancediversityinmarginalareasandfieldborders,whilealsoincreasingdiversitywithincrops

Blaauw,B.R.andR.Isaacs.2012.Largerwildflowerplan:ngsincreasenaturalenemydensity,diversity,andbiologicalcontrolofsen:nelprey,withoutincreasingherbivoredensity.EcologicalEntomology.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2012.01376.x.

Photo:JenniferHopwood

Howmuchhabitatisneeded?

Examplena@veNorthCarolinawildflowerswithhighpollinatorvaluePenstemon,blackeyedsusan,wildbergamot,mountainmint,wingstem,goldenrod,Joe-pyeweed,milkweed,sunflower,ironweed,aster

WildflowersforPollinators&OtherBeneficialInsects

sunflower,Helianthussp.

Photo:NancyAdamson

FloweringShrubsandHedgerows

Examplena@vefloweringshrubs&treeswithhighpollinatorvalueMaple,willow,holly,redbud,blueberry,sourwood,indigobush,sumac,caneberry,swamprose,elderberry

bumblebeeonredbud,CerciscanadensisPhoto:NancyAdamson

Covercrops• Red,white,crimsonclover• Buckwheat• Austrianwinterpea• Alfalfa• Hairyvetch• Phacelia

Herbs• Basil• Borage• Catmint• Oregano• Sage

Annuals• Annualsunflower• Zinnia• Cosmos• Scarletsage

Photos:NancyAdamson

AFewNon-na@veBeePlants

clover

borage buckwheat

zinnia

sunflower

clover

Cropsnotneedingpollinatorsmaybehabitat

Corn,pecans…

Photo:NancyAdamson

bumblebeeloadinguponcornpollen—manybees,includinghoneybeeswillgatherthepollen

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Pes@cidescausesignificantdamagetopollinatorinsectpopula@ons

• Useac:veingredientswithleastimpactonbees

• Considerformula:on

• Labelguidelinesonlyapplytohoneybees

• Don’tsprayonplantsinbloom

• Sprayatnightandwhendry

ManagingInsec@cides

*

hSp://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/abstract.php?seriesno=PNW+591

Neonico@noidToxicitytoBees• Largedosestoxictobees• Smalldosesreduceforagingability,flightac:vity,&learning

• Alsodetrimentaltobumblebees,solitarybees,andotherbeneficialinsects

• Breakdownchemicalscanbeevenmoredangerousthanoriginalproduct

Protec@onfromPes@cides:Neonico@noids

honeybeeonspiderwort(Tradescan7asp.)

Photo:NancyAdamson

ReducingHarmfromNeonico@noids• Avoidapplyingbeforeorduringbloom• Avoidrepeatannualuse,esp.inperennialcrops(carryover)• NOTE:Recommendedratesonhouseholdvs.agriculturalproductsasmuch100Xrates,solethal• Stop“cosme:c”(vs.agricultural)use(hSp://www.beecityusa.org/)

Protec@onfromPes@cides:Neonico@noids

Photo:NancyAdamson

bumblebeeonblueberry

Cau@onifusingorganic-approvedpes@cides

Evenorganic-approvedpes@cidesaren’talwayssafeforbees&otherbeneficials.• Rotenone=DangerousforBees!• Pyrethrins=DangerousforBees!• Spinosad=DangerousforBees!• Beauveriabassiana=Dangerous!

Okaywhennotdirectlyappliedtobees(i.e.non-bloomingcropsoratnight):• Insec:cidalsoap• Hor:culturaloil• Neem

Photo: NRCS/Toby Alexander

WeedControl

ProtectGround-Nes@ngInsects:

•  Reduce:llage•  Plas:cmulch:prosandcons

Photo:USDA-ARS

(2008&)2014USDAFarmBillPollinatorHabitatProvisions

• PollinatorsareapriorityforeveryUSDAlandmanagerandconserva:onist• Encouragesinclusionofpollinatorsinallconserva:onprograms• Iden:fiespollinatorhabitatasapriorityforEQIP• RequiresthatpollinatorsareconsideredinthereviewofPrac:ceStandards

bumblebeeonblueberry

Photo:NancyAdamson

hSp://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/nrcsdocuments.html

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Photo:NancyAdamson

Webinar:ConservingPollinatorsWhileAddressingOtherResourceConcernsatConserva:onWebinars.net

SudieDavesThomas(SCNRCS),KellyGilkerson(ClemsonUniversity),andAngelSams(SCNRCS)

atRosebankFarmsnearCharleston,SC

Severalotherpollinatorwebinars,includingCommonBees&BestBeePlantsoftheEastcanbeviewedinthe"Insects&Pollinators"and"Fish&Wildlife"sec:ons

Mul@plebenefitsofsuppor@ngpollinators(NRCSfocus)

AgriculturalConserva@onEasementProgram(ACEP)

•  2014FarmBill:combinedformerlyseparateeasementprograms--theWetlandReserveProgram(WRP)andGrasslandReserveProgram(GRP)—intoACEP

•  Cancover50%to100%ofthecostofrestora:on,dependinguponthelengthandtypeofeasement

Photo:NRCS

FarmBillImplementa@on:WatershedProtec@on

Photo:NancyAdamson

FarmBillImplementa@on:WatershedProtec@on

•  Protectwatersheds•  Providewildlifehabitat--especiallyspeciesneedingopen,early-successionalhabitat

Plan:ngsaroundsinkholes,withtechnicalsupportprovidedbyRobinMayberry,NRCSAreaBiologistinCookville,TN

NaturalRegenera@on&WatershedProtec@on

Leavingvegeta@onaroundcreekshelpscleanandshadewaterways;midtolatesummerflowersareabundantinriparianareaswhenotherareasaredry

NCMountainResearchSta:on,Waynesville.Visitall18NCResearchSta:onstoseeconserva:ontechniquesandplan:ngstosupportpollinators.

hSp://www.ncagr.gov/research

Photo:NancyAdamson

SavvyBusinessManagement&WatershedProtec@on

$200/monthmowingtransformedintoprotecteddiverseripariancorridor;Formerbarrennowu7lizedregularlybystaffandvisitors

CarolinaMountainLandConservancyhSp://www.carolinamountain.org

Photo:NancyAdamson

FarmBillImplementa@on:Prac@cesforPollinators

CoreProgramsforPollinatorsEQIP,CRP,CSPAgencies:NaturalResourcesConserva:onService(NRCS)FarmServiceAgency(FSA)TechNote78UsingFarmBillProgramsforPollinatorConserva7onPrac@cesforPollinators•  Tree/ShrubEstablishment•  Conserva:onCover•  HedgerowPlan:ng•  FieldBorder•  Restora:onandManagementofRareorDecliningHabitats

•  UplandWildlifeHabitatManagement•  IntegratedPestManagement•  EarlySuccessionalHabitatDevelopment/Management

• manyothers hSp://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/NRCSdocuments.html

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Conserva@onPrac@cesforPollinators

Cover Crop (340) Crops for seasonal cover and other conservation purposes

Photo:BenKnox,NCDepartmentofAgriculture

CrimsoncloverinRowanCounty,NC

PURPOSE• Reduceerosion•  IncreasesoilorganicmaSer• Captureandrecyclenutrients• Promotenitrogenfixa:on• Suppressweeds• Managesoilmoisture• Minimizesoilcompac:on

CONSIDERATIONSFORPOLLINATORS• “Cocktails”mayhavemorebenefitsthansinglespecies•  Ifpossible,allowfloweringbeforetermina:ng• ProvideotherpollenandnectarsourcesaÑertermina:ng

Conserva@onPrac@cesforPollinators

Photos:RussOSens;JenniferHopwood

Telenomuswaspparasi@zings@nkbugeggs

CoverCrop(340)–CovercropsalsosupportpestmanagementFloweringcovercropsnearMississippisoybeans(buckwheat)increasedwaspparasi:smofs:nkbugeggsby2½:mes.

Tillman,P.G.,&Carpenter,J.E.(2014).Milkweed(Gen:anales:Apocynaceae):AFarmscapeResourceforIncreasingParasi:smofS:nkBugs(Hemiptera:Pentatomidae)andProvidingNectartoInsectPollinatorsandMonarchBuSerflies.Environmentalentomology,43(2),370-376.

Conserva@onPrac@cesforPollinators

NoTill/StripTill/DirectSeed(329)Managingresidueonthesoilsurface,limi:ngsoil-disturbingac:vi:estothosenecessarytoplacenutrients,condi:onresidueandplantcrops.

Photo:DennisBriggs

PURPOSE• Reducesheet/rillerosion• Reducewinderosionandpar:culatemaSerImprovesoilorganicmaSercontent• ReduceCO2lossfromthesoil• Reduceenergyuse• Increaseplant-availablemoisture• ProvidefoodandescapecoverforwildlifeCONSIDERATIONSFORPOLLINATORS• Tillagereduc:onmayprotectground-nes:ngbees

Excavatedcross-sec:onofanundergroundbeenest

Conserva@onPrac@cesforPollinators

Photo:NancyAdamson

Example:No-Cul@va@onSquash•  No-cul:va:onsquashfarmsinVirginiahostedthree:mesmoreground-nes:ngsquashbeesthandidconven:onalfarms

NoTill/StripTill/DirectSeed(329)Squashbeeexample

Shuler,etal.2005.FarmingPrac:cesInfluenceWildPollinatorPopula:onsonSquashandPumpkin.JournalofEconomicEntomology.98(3):790-795

Tree&Shrub(612)orHedgerow(422)Establishment

Plantfloweringshrubsthatbloominsuccession.Designformul:plebenefits,suchaswildlife,IPM,visualscreen,aesthe:cs,anderosioncontrol.

Photo:KatharinaUllmann(XercesSociety)

NRCSConserva@onPrac@ces

Photo:EricMader

NRCSConserva@onPrac@ces

FieldBorderPrac@ceStandard(386):Canincludeadiversemixofna:veandlowcostnon-na:veplants

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FarmBillImplementa@on:CRP

Conserva:onReserveProgramprac:cesthatsupportpollinatorhabitatCP-2Na:veGrassesandWildflowersCP-3AHardwoodTreePlan:ngCP-4BPermanentWildlifeHabitatCP-5AFieldWindbreakCP-16ShelterbeltCP-22RiparianBufferCP-23WetlandRestora:onCP-25RareandDecliningHabitatsCP-30MarginalPastureWetlandBufferCP-31BoSomlandTimberCP-33HabitatBufferforUplandBirdsCP-42PollinatorHabitat

Photo:EricMader

Addi@onalResources

Photo:NancyAdamson

bumblebeevisi:ngsilverbell

State and regional Technical Notes Farming for Pollinators & Pest Management brochures Agroforestry Notes PLANTS Database NRCS Plant Material Centers

USDA-NRCS Resources—Talk with your District Conservationist!

NRCS Partner Biologists: NC Wildlife Resources

FurtherInforma@on:theXercesSocietywww.xerces.org

Photo:MaShewShepherd

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Thankyou,StanlyCountyBeekeepers&Friends!

southeasternblueberrybee,Habropodalaboriosa,onredbud

Photo:NancyAdamson

Remember:• Wildflower-richhabitatssupportbeneficialinsects&otherwildlife• Managefordiverseforage&nes:ngsites,andreducepes:cideuse

www.xerces.org(followlinkstopollinatorprogram)

ThankYouAll!

andrenidbeeonapple

…andmanyexcellentscien:sts,conserva:onists,andfarmers

Financialsupportfrom§  XercesSocietyMembers§  NRCSEastNa:onalTechCenter§  TurnerFounda:on§  DisneyWorldwideConserva:onFund§  C.S.Fund§ WholeFoodsMarket&theirvendors§  OrganicValleyFAFO§  OrganicFarmingResearchFounda:on§  Nat’lIns:tuteofFood&Agric.,USDA§  Cinco§  ClifBarFamilyFounda:on§  AliceC.TylerPerpetualTrust§  SarahK.deCoizartAr:cleTENTHPerpetualCharitableTrust

§  TheEdwardGoreyCharitableTrust§  EarthShare(CFC#18360)§  EndangeredSpeciesChocolate§  TheMetabolicStudio§  TheCeresFounda:on§  &manyothers…

Photo:NancyAdamson

NancyLeeAdamson,PhDTheXercesSociety&NRCSEastNa:onalTechnologySupportCenter

megachilid(leaf-cuSer)beeonsunchoke,Helianthustuberosus

Ques@onsorcomments?

nancy@xerces.orgornancy.adamson@gnb.usda.gov

office336-370-3443mobile336-404-0151

Photo:NancyAdamson