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Contents of the Presentation

What is Human Development?What is a Theory?What is a Developmental Theory?

Sigmund Freuds Psychoanalytic TheoryJean Piagets Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentErik Eriksons Psychosocial Theory of Development

Lawrence Kohlbergs Stages of Moral DevelopmentLev Vgotskys Socio-Cultural TheoryUrie Bronfenbrenners Ecological Theory

Human Development

Theory

Developmental Theory

Developmental TheoryDevelopmental theories provide a set of guiding principles and concepts that describe and explainhuman development. Some developmental theories focus on the formation of a specific quality. Other developmental theories focus on growth that happens throughout the lifespan.

Developmental theories provide a set of guiding principles and concepts that describe and explainhuman development. Some developmental theories focus on the formation of a specific quality, such asKohlberg's theory of moral development. Other developmental theories focus on growth that happens throughout the lifespan, such as Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.*

Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentJean William Fritz Piagets

1896-1980 Switzerland University of Neauchatel ; University of Zurich Biology and Philosophy Mollusks Swiss Developmental Psychologist

Grange-Aux-Belles Street School for Boys, Paris French Versions of Quesations to English Intelligence Test Binet Intelligence Test

Children consistently made mistakes that older ones did not. Children think differently."So simple, only a genius could have thought of it." Albert Einstein

First Psychologist to make a systematic study of Cognitive Development Influenced by watching his 13 month old nephew Study his own daughter.

SENSORIMOTOR STAGEStage 1

Infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects.

Intelligence is demonstrated through motor activity without the use of symbols.

Knowledge of the world is limited (but developing) because its based on physical interactions / experiences.

Object Permanence is acquired.

Differentiate self from objects.

Children are able to begin to attach names and words to objects.

Babies are unable to consider anyone else's needs, wants or interests, and are therefore considered to be 'ego centric'.

PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGEStage 2

Intelligence is demonstrated through the use of symbols.

Language matures.

Memory and imagination are developed.

Thinking is done in a nonlogical, nonreversable manner.

Thinking is still egocentric: has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others.

Classifies objects by a single feature.

'Animism' is also a characteristic of the Pre-operational stage.

CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGEStage 3

Intelligence is demonstarted through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects.

Egocentric thought diminishes.

During this stage, the thought process becomes more rational, mature and 'adult like', or more 'operational'.

Children begin to think about how other people might think and feel.

FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGEStage 4

Intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts.

Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems.

Adolescent speculates about all possible solutions before trying them out in the real world.

Psychosocial Theory of DevelopmentErik Eriksons

"Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidence is wounded, trust impaired."--Erik Erikson

Born June 15, 1902Best-known for hisfamous theory of psychosocial developmentand the concept of the identity crisis.Died May 12, 1994

TRUST VS. MISTRUSTPsychosocial Stage 1

This stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life.

AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBTPsychosocial Stage 2

This stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control.

INITIATIVE VS. GUILTPsychosocial Stage 3

This stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development takes place during the preschool years. Wherein children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions.

INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITYPsychosocial Stage 4

This stage covers the early school years from approximately age 5 to 11. Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.

IDENTITY VS. CONFUSIONPsychosocial Stage 5

During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self.

INTIMACY VS. ISOLATIONPsychosocial Stage 6

This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships.

GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATIONPsychosocial Stage 7

During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and family.

INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIRPsychosocial Stage 8

This phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life.

The Strengths Of Erikson's Theory

It provides a broad framework from which to view development throughout the entire lifespan.

It allows us to emphasize the social nature of human beings and the important influence that social relationships have on development

Limitations of Psychosocial Theory

The theory fails to detail exactly what type of experiences are necessary at each stage in order to successfully resolve the conflicts and move to the next stage.

Stages of Moral DevelopmentLawrence Kohlbergs

Born on October 25, 1927 inBronxville, New York, United States. Best known for histheory of stages of moral development.

He started as an assistant professor at Yale University.His contribution to the field of psychology took him in the league of the most renowned psychologists in the 20thcentury.

Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral developmentconstitute an adaptation of a psychological theory originally conceived by the Swiss psychologistJean Piaget.

The theory holds that moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six developmental stages. The six stages of moral development are grouped into three levels: pre-conventional morality, conventional morality, and post-conventional morality.

PRE-CONVENTIONAL MORALITYLevel One

Obedience and Punishment OrientationStage 1

Make moral decisions strictly on the basis of interests. Disobey rules if can do so without getting caught.

Self-Interest OrientationStage 2

Recognize that others have needs, but make satisfaction of own needs a higher priority.

CONVENTIONAL MORALITYLevel Two

Interpersonal Accord and ConformityStage 3

Make decision on the basis of what will please others. Concerned on maintaining interpersonal relations.

Authority and Social-Order Maintaining OrientationStage 4

Look to society as a whole for guidelines about behavior. Think of rules as inflexible, unchangeable.

POST-CONVENTIONAL MORALITYLevel Three

Social Contract OrientationStage 5

Recognize that rules are social agreements that can be changed when necessary.

Universal Ethical PrinciplesStage 6

Adhere to a small number of abstract principle that transcend specific and concrete rules. Answer to an inner conscience.

Socio-Cultural TheoryLev Semyonovich Vygotskys

Lev Vygotsky was born on November 17, 1896 in the town ofOrsha, Belarus in a non-religious middle classRussian Jewishfamily.

He graduated Law in 1917 in Moscow State University.He studied a range of topics including sociology, linguistics, psychology and philosophy.

The Zone Of Proximal Development

DefinitionThe distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.

EcologicalTheoryUrie Bronfenbrenners

Born in Moscow on April 29, 1917Graduated with a bachelors in psychology and music in Cornell University in 1938

Human Ecology Theory states that human development is influenced by the different types of environmental systems.

THE MICRO SYSTEMThe Five Environmental Systems

The micro system is the setting in which we have direct social interactions with different social agents.

The MesosystemThe Five Environmental Systems

The mesosytem involves the relationships between the microsystems in one's life.

The ExosystemThe Five Environmental Systems

The exosystem is the setting in which there is a link between the context where in the person does not have any active role, and the context where in is actively participating.

The MacrosystemThe Five Environmental Systems

The macrosystem setting is the actual culture of an individual.

The ChronosystemThe Five Environmental Systems

The chronosystem includes the transitions and shifts in one's lifespan. This may also involve the socio-historical contexts that may influence a person.

*Developmental theories provide a set of guiding principles and concepts that describe and explainhuman development. Some developmental theories focus on the formation of a specific quality, such asKohlberg's theory of moral development. Other developmental theories focus on growth that happens throughout the lifespan, such as Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.*