2/14/2005 - Slide 1 FCC Laboratory FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY BPL...
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Transcript of 2/14/2005 - Slide 1 FCC Laboratory FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY BPL...
2/14/2005 - Slide 1
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
BPL Emission TestsIn Briarcliff Manor, NY
August 17 - 19, 2004
Steve Martin & Andy Leimer – FCC Laboratory
On site support provided by Ambient during emission testing
2/14/2005 - Slide 2
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Outline
• Introduction
• Compliance with Emission Limits
• BPL Notching
• Interference Potential to Mobile Radio in Un-Notched Bands
2/14/2005 - Slide 3
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Purpose
These tests were initiated in response to written complaints from a local radio amateur who operated a mobile radio in 20-meter band, but the tests were also intended to provide data on BPL emission issues in support of the FCC rule-making process.
2/14/2005 - Slide 4
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Frequency Allocations of the BPL System
• The tested BPL system can occupy as many as five bands. One of those bands was “notched” to protect the 20-meter amateur band, used by the complainant
0 10 20 30 40
AMATEURBANDS
UnnotchedMobile Test
ComplainantBand
BPLBPLBPL BPL BPL BPL
FREQUENCY (MHZ)
Notched Band
2/14/2005 - Slide 5
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Briarcliff Manor BPL Deployment
9 overhead BPL devices
3 “customers” + 1 traffic camera:
• 2 ConEd employee residences
• 1 Police station computer
Backhaul
Trafficcamera
Relevant BPL device bands
14.4 – 16.3 MHz
19 – 22.8 MHz
1 mile(1.6 km)
2/14/2005 - Slide 6
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Compliance withEmission Limits
2/14/2005 - Slide 7
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Test Descriptionfor Compliance Measurements
• Calibration– The combination of all cables & filters was calibrated, as a function of frequency, using the spectrum analyzer’s tracking
generator
• Measurement locations– Antenna height: 1 meter– Horizontal offset from the power line on which the BPL signals were injected: 10-meters– Distance down line (south) from BPL coupler: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, & 1 wavelength at 15.3 MHz center frequency– Two antenna orientations used at each location: (1) Plane of loop vertical & parallel to power line, (2) plane of loop
vertical & perpendicular to power line
• Procedure– A broad sweep, band-power measurement was used to ensure that ambient emissions were within the linear range of
the analyzer input– Power average spectra were measured at each antenna location & orientation. Antenna was returned to the two
locations/orientations exhibiting the highest field strengths and the power average spectra were repeated. CISPR quasi-peak measurement was performed in limited band around frequency of maximum emission
• Distance extrapolation to 30-meter distance, at which emission limit is specified– 40 log of slant range from antenna to power line, based on photographically-measured power line height of 10.6 m and
horizontal distance of 10 m– Extrapolation was applied to the emission limit rather than to the measured data, so that the plots indicate actual field
strength observed at the antenna location
1.8 MHzHigh-Pass Filter
44 MHzLow-Pass Filter
SpectrumAnalyzer
Passive Filters
Agilent E7405AS/N US41160309
Sierra Electronic CorpModel 18444
Dunestar 400HPF
Active loop antennaETS LindgrenModel 6507S/N 1500
2/14/2005 - Slide 8
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Compliance with Emission Limits
• Device selection– BPL medium voltage coupler on
Dalmeny Rd was selected for measurement based on complainant’s statement that interference problem was greatest along Dalmeny and Pleasantville Roads and on the fact that the Dalmeny road site provided safe access for testing
• Results– Maximum measured quasi-peak
emission was 3.3 dB over limit—an amount within measurement uncertainty
BPL COUPLER
LOOP ANTENNA
2/14/2005 - Slide 9
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Compliance with Emission Limits
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5
Frequency (MHz)
Mea
sure
d F
ield
Str
eng
th (
dB
uV
/m)
Extrapolated Emission Limit
QP
Average
QP
QP
2/14/2005 - Slide 10
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Compliance with Emission Limits
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5
Frequency (MHz)
Me
as
ure
d F
ield
Str
en
gth
(d
Bu
V/m
)
Max Pk Hold
Extrapolated Emission Limit
QP
Average
2/14/2005 - Slide 11
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
BPL Notching
2/14/2005 - Slide 12
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Equipment Setupfor Notch Measurements
• Calibration– The combination of all cables and filters was calibrated, as a function of
frequency, using the tracking generator in the spectrum analyzer
• Device under test– Medium voltage coupler on Dalmeny Rd
• Measurement location– Antenna placed directly under power line, on a mast, with the loop
centered 5.3 meters above the ground, 5 meters downline from the coupler, with the antenna axis horizontal and perpendicular to the line
1.8 MHzHigh-Pass Filter
44 MHzLow-Pass Filter
SpectrumAnalyzer
Passive Filters
Agilent E7405AS/N US41160309
Sierra Electronic CorpModel 18444
Dunestar 400HPF
• Active loop antenna:ETS Lindgren Model 6507S/N 1500
2/14/2005 - Slide 13
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Effectiveness of Notchfor 20-meter Amateur Band
• Tests performed at Dalmeny Rd customer site
• Notch performance was inadequate—based on peak spectrum observations and radio listening tests– Problem 1: Notch was partially filled in by an unnotched BPL
device 0.7 miles away• Solution during test: Notch on remote device implemented by manufacturer’s
representative
– Problem 2: Polling communications ignore the notch programming
• An attempt to reduce the problem by increasing polling interval was judged to be inadequate
• Manufacturer’s proposed near-term solution– Shift entire operating band upward
• Manufacturer’s proposed far-term solution– Bug to be fixed in future generation of hardware
• Notch testing was abandoned pending near-term fix
2/14/2005 - Slide 14
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Interference Potentialto Mobile Radio
in Un-Notched Bands
2/14/2005 - Slide 15
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Mobile Radio Testing
• Monitored signal levels on a mobile receiver connected to a mobile amateur whip antenna while driving through a BPL area(Photo shows van parked under power lines to observe notch depth)
Power line height – 10.6 mAntenna center height – 3 m
2/14/2005 - Slide 16
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Test Description for Mobile RadioSignal Strength Measurements
• Signal strength and position logging and mapping for driving tests– Signal strength and GPS coordinates were logged at 2-second intervals to comma-
delimited .CSV files.
• Signal strength– Signal strength was monitored using the serial port of the receiver. Output has a lower bound
of -114 dBm, even when actual signal strength is lower. – Antenna and receiver are uncalibrated. Intent of tests are to show relative signal strengths.
• Receiver mode– AM with 5.5 kHz bandwidth
• Frequency selection– Receiver was tuned while away from the BPL area to a frequency having no active
transmissions– Frequency was selected within the intended downstream injection band of an overhead BPL
coupler
ICOM ReceiverModel R-8500
S/N 1201
15 and 20-meter whip antennas from Iron Horse
IHF-5S HF Mobile Antenna Kit (for 21 and 14.285 MHz
tests). Antenna was magnetically mounted to top
of minivan.
Garmin GPS-VGPR Receiver
GPS antenna magnetically
mounted to top of minivan
Dell Laptop ComputerModel PP02X
running on battery
USB-to-SerialConverter
2/14/2005 - Slide 17
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Mobile Radio Received Signal Strength at 21.2 MHz
Mobile Radio Received Signal Strength at 21.2 MHz (an unnotched amateur band)– Conducted two driving tests while tuned to “dead
air” at 21.2 MHz
– Signal strength is indicated by a color and shape scale from white circles (minimum) to red squares (maximum)
– Triangular icons show the locations of the three BPL devices that occupied the monitored frequency, as well as six out-of-band BPL devices.
– The in-band devices injected BPL signals onto the power line continuously—regardless of the presence of data traffic.
BPLDeployment
BPL devices:In-band (19 – 22.8 MHz)
Out-of-band (14.4 – 16.3 MHz)
Signal Strength(dBm)
3 m
iles
(4.8
km
)
2/14/2005 - Slide 18
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Mobile Radio Received Signal Strength at 21.2 MHz
Mobile Radio Received Signal Strength at 21.2 MHz (an unnotched amateur band)– Expanded version of the driving test
plot
– Locations of the “in-band” BPL devices are clearer.
– Plot also shows BPL Audibility Bounds—explained on the next chart
BPL devices:In-band (19 – 22.8 MHz)
Out-of-band (14.4 – 16.3 MHz)
BPL Audibility Bounds:AM at 21.2 MHz
Signal Strength(dBm) 2
mile
s(3
.2 k
m)
2/14/2005 - Slide 19
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Mobile Radio BPL Audibility at 21.2 MHz
BPL Audibility Bounds on Mobile Radio at 21.2 MHz (an unnotched amateur band)
– BPL emissions in the 19 – 22.8 MHz band produced a distinctive tonal sound under AM detection due to the always-on BPL emissions in this band and the OFDM carrier structure
– During some parts of the driving tests while tuned to “dead air” at 21.2 MHz, coordinates at which BPL signals became inaudible or audible (depending on driving direction) were saved. These are indicated by the black squares on the adjacent map.
– In general, BPL audibility ended quickly when roads departed from the power lines, but the BPL sounds could be heard at a straight line distance up to 1.7 miles (2.7 km) from the nearest in-band BPL device when power lines followed the road
1.7
mi
(2.7
km
)
BPL devices:In-band (19 – 22.8 MHz)
Out-of-band (14.4 – 16.3 MHz)
BPL Audibility Bounds:AM at 21.2 MHz
2/14/2005 - Slide 20
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Mobile Radio Received Signal Strength at 21.2 MHz
Further expanded version of the driving test plot (unnotched amateur band)
BPL devices:In-band (19 – 22.8 MHz)
Out-of-band (14.4 – 16.3 MHz)
BPL Audibility Bounds:AM at 21.2 MHz
Signal Strength(dBm)
POINT A
1 mile(1.6 km)
2/14/2005 - Slide 21
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000
Straight Line Distance From Intersection of N. State & Pleasantville Rds (m)
Sig
na
l S
tre
ng
th (
dB
m i
n 5
.5 k
Hz
ba
nd
wid
th) Run 7 (Selected Portion)
Run 8/17/04b (Selected Portion)
In-Band BPL Device
Road Changes
Pleasantville Rd N State Rd
N S
tate
Rd
Wo
od
sid
e A
v, O
ld S
aw
Mill
Riv
er
Rd
, P
ark
Rd
, S
taff
ord
Rd
Mobile Radio Received Signal Strengthat 21.2 MHz (Unnotched Amateur Band)
POINT A
Straight-Line Distance From Point A (Intersection of N. State & Pleasantville Rds) (m)
2/14/2005 - Slide 22
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Mobile Radio Received Signal Strength at 21.2 MHzVersus Distance from Nearest In-Band BPL Device
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Distance to Closest In-Band BPL Device (meters)
Sig
nal
Str
en
gth
(d
Bm
in
5.5
kH
z b
an
dw
idth
)
Run 8-17-04b
Run 7
Received signal strength is shown as a function of straight line distance to nearest in-band BPL device. Based on aural observations of radio reception, most of the plotted elevated signal levels at distances less than ~1 km are believed to be caused by BPL emissions. Most of those beyond ~1.2 km are believed to originate from other sources.
2/14/2005 - Slide 23
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Mobile Radio Received Signal Strength at 21.2 MHzVersus Distance from Nearest In-Band BPL Device
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Distance to Closest In-Band BPL Device (meters)
Sig
na
l S
tre
ng
th (
dB
m i
n 5
.5 k
Hz
ba
nd
wid
th)
Run 8-17-04b
Run 7
Plot does not separate the effect of distance along the power line, which exhibits a relatively slow dropoff in BPL emissions, and distance away from the power line, which exhibits a rapid dropoff with distance. Variability at a given distance value shown on plot is believed to be caused primarily by differences in distance from the BPL-carrying power line.Some of the highest peaks may be the result of BPL-carrying power lines passing directly over the road.
2/14/2005 - Slide 24
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Test Description for Mobile Radio Reception Tests With AM Input
• Signal Source– A cassette recording of voice, feeding the modulation input of an RF signal generator, produced an
AM modulated signal, which was connected to the receiver input through an attenuator and a directional coupler. An amateur whip antenna was also coupled into the receiver input through the low-loss path of the directional coupler. Generator output level was set to achieve a specified signal level at the receiver input—as monitored by the laptop computer connected to the serial interface on the receiver—with the antenna replaced by a 50-ohm termination.
• Receiver mode– AM with 5.5 kHz bandwidth
• Recording– A video camcorder monitored the view through the windshield and view of the receiver; audio from
the receiver’s speaker was recorded through the built-in microphone of the camcorder– Audio was also recorded by direct connection of an audio cassette recorder to the receiver audio
output.• Frequency selection
– The signal generator and receiver were tuned within an amateur band to a frequency containing no obvious communications. Tests were conducted in an amateur band that was not notched by the BPL system and in one that was notched.
• Signal strength and position logging and mapping for driving tests– As described previously
ICOM ReceiverModel R-8500
S/N 1201
GarminGPS-V
Receiver
GPS antenna magnetically
mounted to top of minivan
Dell Laptop Computer Model
PP02X running on battery
USB-to-SerialConverter
15 or 20-meter whip antenna (from Iron Horse IHF-5S HF
Mobile Antenna Kit)--magnetically mounted to top of minivan. MiniDV Video
Camcorder
(Sony DCR-PC100)Sierra 145,Directional
CouplerS/N 624
Audio CassetteRecorder
w/voice recording
Agilent E4437BSignal
GeneratorS/N
US41311043
50-ohmTerm
6-dBAtten
EI
ER Serial Cable
2/14/2005 - Slide 25
FCC Laboratory
FCC Lab/TRB/S. Martin
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
NON-PUBLIC / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Test Description for Mobile Radio Reception Tests With AM Input
• Results are contained on a video DVD entitled “BPL Interference Test—Briarcliff Manor—August 2004”– Audio for one track of the DVD (as identified in menu screen) was derived
from the audio cassette recording. This allowed improved audio quality, since the audio cassette was recorded by direct cable connection to the radio receiver, whereas the audio from the camcorder was recorded using the camcorder’s built in microphone. Synchronization of the overlayed audio cassette track with the original video was within about two seconds throughout the video track.
– Audio on all other tracks came from the camcorder’s built in microphone.