2/13/2014 1 Engineering & Technology Management Group The Delta Forum 2004 Designing & Integrating...

04/10/23 1Engineering & Technology Management Group

The Delta Forum 2004Designing & Integrating

21st Century Systems

Sponsored by the

AIAA Engineering & Technology Management Group

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Technology

ManagementTracking the Constant of Change

SystemsEngineering

ManagementHistory

Society Legal Aspects

Economics

LogisticsSupply Chain

Risk

TechnicalInformation

MultidisciplineDesign

ProductDevelopment


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Introduction – What is the Delta Forum

• Our Group’s TCs examine the issues affecting the aerospace industry in the areas of Engineering and Technology Management

• The Delta Forum looks at a single topic of interest to the industry, from the various perspectives of our TCs

– Aeronautics R&D Funding

– Aerospace in the New Economy

– The Risk-Averse Aerospace Industry

• Our panel will take your questions at the end of the session

Economics

History

Legal Aspects

Logistics

Management

Multidisciplinary Design Optimization

Product Development

Risk Management

Societal Aspects

Supply Chain Management

Systems Engineering

Technical Information

Economics

History

Legal Aspects

Logistics

Management

Multidisciplinary Design Optimization

Product Development

Risk Management

Societal Aspects

Supply Chain Management

Systems Engineering

Technical Information


Society as a SystemWhat are the Needs?

Tim Howard

AIAA Society & Aerospace Technology TC


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Overview

• Is Society a System?– Historical perspectives– General System Theory– Society as an individual need

• What does a social system need?– Maslow & the needs of Society

• What does this mean for Aerospace?– Aerospace & Society’s needs– Aerospace & individual needs


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Greek View of Systems

Water Wind or Air

Fire Earth


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Greek Perspective

• Separate elements postulated by separate people over time• Together, the elements compose the Earth system• Aristotle pulled them together, as elements, not integrated

– Set the stage for 1500 years of “conventional” science• Atomos theory – grew out of element theory

– Lost for centuries (Aristotle disagreed and tried to suppress it); resurfaced in 1890s

• Relationship and interaction is

the key concept


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Chinese View of Systems

• Tao Te Ching (Way of Integrity)

– 300-500 BC

– Tao = the system; Te = the members

– About how things, including man and nature, should be

– Differentiation & integration (Yin and Yang)

– Process continues indefinitely

The Tao begot one,One begot two,Two begot three.The three begot the ten thousand things.The ten thousand things embrace Yin and express Yang.Harmony is achieved by combining these forces.

The Tao begot one,One begot two,Two begot three.The three begot the ten thousand things.The ten thousand things embrace Yin and express Yang.Harmony is achieved by combining these forces.


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General System Theory

• Ludwig von Bertalanffy, German biologist

– Frustrated by separation of science disciplines that resulted from Aristotle’s presentation of the elements

– Looking for general way to describe organized complexity of living organisms

– Proposed General System Theory in the 1940s

• General Systems Theory– A system is composed

of “elements in standing relationship”

– The relationship between the elements is a component of the system

• GST evolved into Complex System Theory


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General System Theory & Society

• Talcott Parsons, U.S. Sociologist• Attempted to integrate sociology theories• Believed Society had 4 functional imperatives

– Adaptation – society adapts to physical and political environment

– Attainment – society defines primary goals and enlists individuals to accept and strive for these goals

– Integration – society is coordinated into cohesive whole– Latentcy – maintain and revitalized individuals to meet

social expectations


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• Niklas Luhman, sociologist, studied under Parsons & then broke from Parsons

• Applies System theory to society as a living organism

• Concept of autopoeisis – self creation

– Comes from biology – refers to dynamics of non-equilibrium structures

– The living system will create what it needs from within itself, while maintaining its structure – the biological cell

– In contrast, an allopoietic system, such as a car factory, uses raw materials (components) to generate a car (an organised structure) which is something other than itself (a factory)

• The Society creates itself through its communications; individuals are part of the system environment


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• Jurgen Habermas, German sociologist• Sought to construct social theory that is also non-

oppressive and inclusive universalist moral framework – critical theory

• Incorporates just about everyone, from Kant to Marx• Conflict with Luhmann over role of individual in society;

closer to Parsons• All speech acts – communications – have an inherent goal

of mutual understanding• Human beings possess communicative competence to

bring about such understanding


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Characteristics of Complex Systems

• Emergence – behaviors and patterns emerge from the relationship patterns• Relationships are short-range – information exchanged between near

neighbors• Relationships are non-linear – small stimulus may have no, small, or large

effect• Relationships contain feedback loops – supports constant adaptation;

effects of an agent’s actions can change future behavior (learn from error)• Complex systems are open – appear stable, but in constant change;

energy and information move across system boundaries• The parts cannot contain the whole – elements can not know what is

happening in the entire system• Complex systems have a history – small changes in circumstances can

lead to large deviations• Complex systems are nested – components are complex systems

themselves• Boundaries are difficult to determine – based on observer needs and

prejudices vice intrinsic property of the system


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Society as an Individual Need

• Abraham Maslow, U.S. psychologist• Proposed Hierarchy of Needs in 1960s

– Applied to individuals in an organization– We operate across all levels as

we mature to next level• Relationship is the need that drives

us to form societies– Individuals form communities– Communities form societies

• Self-actualization is why we work• Transcendence is ultimate goal

SurvivalSurvivalSafetySafety

RelationshipRelationship

PrestigePrestige

SelfSelfActualizationActualization

Knowledge & Knowledge & AestheticsAesthetics

Trans-Trans-cendencecendence

SecuritySecurity


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Characteristics of the Society System

• Society is a system of individual people at various points in the hierarchy at any given time

• Complex system integrated with its environment

• Individuals within Society exist in relationship to each other

• Communication & interaction is the venue to maintain the relationship

• Society’s needs mirror its elements

– Survival, safety, security, relationship are basic needs

– Prestige, knowledge, self-actualization, transcendence are higher order

– Changes happen fast

• Success comes in meeting the needs of society’s components – the individual


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What Does this Mean for Aerospace?

• Internal and External perspective

– Aerospace industry is a society in itself

– Aerospace industry part of larger societies of nations and the world

• Aerospace must be able to respond to fluidity of changes in the larger system, often due to factors beyond its control

– Cost to build new airplanes vs inflation or changes in market

– Cost per kg to place objects or people in orbit

• Aerospace must also be able to meet the needs of society’s individuals, in and out of the industry

– Workforce issues are key to future success of industry

• When designing systems for society, need to design the individual into the mix; account for communications


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Aerospace & the Needs of Society

Need Threat Aerospace Contribution

Survival • Air and Water pollution• Overpopulation & scarcity of food• Depletion of ozone layer• Asteroid impact

• Remote sensing systems• Asteroid monitoring• “Planetary Defense”

Safety • Natural disasters• Disease & Epidemic

• Weather Systems

Security • Terrorism• Weapons of Mass Destruction

• Intelligence & Surveillance Systems• Defense Systems

Relationship • Prejudice• Tribal warfare

• International Partners & Competitors

Prestige • Lack of success, lack of something to take pride in

• Planetary exploration – Moon, Mars

Knowledge & Aesthetics

• Illiteracy• Lack of access to resources

• Satellite communications systems

Self Actualization • Oppression of free expression• Poor economic conditions

• Contribution to national economic security

Transcendence • Lack of systems view – how we fit into the Earth system

• “Mission to Planet Earth”


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What Society Needs from Aerospace

• Society needs systems that strengthen the communication & interaction critical to survival and growth

• These systems need to be:– Safe– Secure– Reliable– Environmentally

positive– Economically sound


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Aerospace & the Needs of the Individual

Need Threat Aerospace Contribution

Survival • Industry consolidation/contraction • Establish stability within industry to allow planning for individual growth and movement• Stabilize government funding levels

Safety • Hazardous materials in workplace• Complexity of systems challenges maintainability

• Emphasize programs to improve work conditions• Emphasize programs to improve survivability of systems

Security • Economic conditions of company • Establish stability within organization• Stabilize & commit to programs over multiple budget years

Relationship • Lack of interest by manager/leader• Lack of cohesion within team or organization

• Organize into coherent teams• Take active interest in team and individual activities• Quickly move out the negatives

Prestige • Lack of recognition for contributions – higher salary not always the answer• Lack of successful endeavors• Unethical behavior

• Recognize & reward contributions and other activities• Commit to project/program success• Commit to ethical comport

Knowledge & Aesthetics • Lack of R&D funding• Lack of organized training

• Commit to stable funding• Commit to professional development

Self Actualization • Lack of integration of work and family • Develop programs to support family & personal interest activities

Transcendence •Lack of integration with community• Lack of Higher Purpose

• Commit to community projects• Establish and commit to Higher Purpose


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Aerospace Economics

Aerospace

Company

Revenues

($ millions)

# of Employees

Global 500

Fortune 500

(US only)

100 Best

(US only)

Most Admired

(Global 50)

Boeing 54,069.0 165,000 43 15 - 43

EADS 28,269.5 103,967 139 N/A N/A -

United Technologies

28,212.0 155,000 141 49 - -

Lockheed Martin 26,806.0 125,000 153 56 - -

Honeywell Int’l 22,274.0 108,000 197 78 - -

Northrup Grumman

17,837.0 117,300 260 99 - -

Raytheon 16,962.0 76,400 280 105 - -

Bombardier 15,115.9 70,411 329 N/A N/A -

General Dynamics

13,863.0 54,000 357 137 - -

BAE Systems 12,135.4 68,100 417 N/A N/A -

Textron 10,658.0 49,000 472 174 - -

Thales Group 10,499.1 60,662 480 N/A N/A -

Source: Fortune Magazine, www.fortune.comInformation based on 2003 data


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The Best Companies

Company Revenues

($ millions)

# of Employees

Global 500

Fortune 500

(US only)

100 Best

(US only)

Most Admired

(Global 50)

JM Smucker 1,312.0 2585 - - 1 -

Alston & Bird 314.0 1450 - - 2 -

Container Store 271.0 1832 - - 3 -

Edward Jones 2,270.0 27092 - - 4 -

Republic Bancorp 340.0 1360 - - 5 -

Adobe Systems 1,153.0 2368 - - 6 -

TDIndustries 217.0 1393 - - 7 -

SAS Institute 1,180.0 4927 - - 8 -

Wegmans Food Markets

2,836.0 28561 - - 9 -

Xilinx 1,100.0 2037 - - 10 -


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Change our Systems Paradigm

• Fritjof Capra – The Tao of Physics: Change our paradigm• Old Paradigm: World as mechanical in nature; Body as machine; Life as

competitive struggle; unlimited progress will come through economic and technological growth

• Capra’s Approach– 1. Shift from parts to whole – can only understand the parts from the

dynamics of the whole– 2. Shift from structure to process – every structure is a manifestation of an

underlying process– 3. Shift from objective to epistemiologic science – understand the process

through knowledge– 4. Shift from building to network as a metaphor of knowledge – replace

“knowledge is power” with the power of shared knowledge– 5. Shift from truth to approximate description – most decisions made

within 10 minutes with incomplete information & intuition• Need a different social and economic structure from the one we have used

since the beginning of our industry– Move from manufacturing to knowledge (net-centric)– Recognize the needs of the system components – issue of loyalty among

the workforce points out the need to socialize– Why aren’t we the best companies to work for?


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Where are We Now?

• Dominant model of competition now giving way to collaboration– Competition has a role; it meets the need for prestige, and helps

extend knowledge; needs to be better managed• Quantum physics shows that the classical system model does not hold true

at certain levels, and as we move out from “centerline”• Eastern approach brings a sense of integration & “synergy”

– When we focus on the differences instead of the similarities, we keep the system from forming

• Growing recognition that process is at the heart of the system• Replace the concept of opposites with the concept of complements

– The opposite of perfect vision is blindness; most of us have neither so we complement what we have with another element of our “visual system”

– How do we work to strengthen the complement of “management” and “labor” (aren’t we all engaged in some sort of labor?)

– Did we need 2 JSFs or 1 really good JSF? Do we need to revisit antitrust laws?


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What Aerospace Needs to Do

• Define our Higher Purpose – the settlement of the Solar System by our grandchildren– Tie to the needs of Society for survival, knowledge,

transcendence• Organize for self-actualization of our members

– Invest to meet the needs of the workforce– Put our companies in the Admired category

• Focus on systems to stabilize the industry & eliminate the cycle of downsizing– Proactive analysis of market demands– Go for the long haul, vice the quarterly numbers

• Can’t build “systems of systems” if we ignore the basic component – the individual (designer, integrator, end user)


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Final Thought

We are dealing with emergent realities; no longer with isolated groups of men, but with a systematically interdependent global community. It is this level of [reality] which we must keep before our eyes if we are able to inspire large-scale action designed to ensure our collective and hence our individual survival

We are dealing with emergent realities; no longer with isolated groups of men, but with a systematically interdependent global community. It is this level of [reality] which we must keep before our eyes if we are able to inspire large-scale action designed to ensure our collective and hence our individual survival Ludwig von Bertalanffy, General System Theory

2/13/2014 1 Engineering & Technology Management Group The Delta Forum 2004 Designing & Integrating...

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