2130 Personality Psychology “ Know Thyself ”
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Transcript of 2130 Personality Psychology “ Know Thyself ”
2130 Personality Psychology“Know Thyself”
Professor Ian McGregor
Research Methods
Quiz 2 Written Answer Questions
1. Compare and contrast contemporary research on the Big-5 to Freud’s view of personality development? (4 marks; two double spaced pages max).
2. Describe four ways that people can come to “know what isn’t so,” i.e., hold false beliefs with such conviction? (4 marks; two double spaced pages max)
ADVICE: Compose your exact answers before test!!!
Lecture 4 Outline
Traits review and links to goals and attitudes—how are traits transmitted? The case of agreeableness and testosterone.
How we know what isn’t so
Research Methods (how to know what is so)Correlational
Experimental
Myers Briggs (Based on Jung’s Theory)
Circle your summary on Table of TypesFrom previous slide
Matches vs. mismatches? Correlated with 4 of the Big-5 Simple, less pejorative labels &
appreciating “Gifts Differing”Good for marriages and workplaces!
Beyond the golden rule…
Big-5 (NEOAC) & Plato, Galen, Freud, MBTI
Brass/Iron, Silver, Gold Choleric, Sanguine, Phlegmatic,
Melancholic Oral, Anal, Phallic EI, SN, TF, PJ The role of Mom?
Genetics and PersonalityCorrelations of Big-5 Traits Between
Adopted kids and parentsAdopted siblings Biological kids and parentsBiological siblingsNon-identical (dz) twinsIdentical (mz) twinsIdentical twins raised apart
00.1.1.25.5.5
Heredity Estimate (rmz – rdz) x 2 x100 = % Variance from genes No effect of parents? (stay tuned!) Non-Shared Environment? Harris: Where is the Child’s Environment? Is it Error? Multiple raters boost genes to 70% Culture? People are getting taller, and smarter,
and more anxious… Change is possible, genetic predisposition not
absolute destiny. Young adulthood is difficult. Neur. goes down!
Openness: Awed or odd?Openness to Experience
•Aesthetics
•Fantasy
•Values
•Actions
•Ideals
•Feelings
Sex, politics, and religion
Ideal friends and marriage
Traits and Divorce
What if MZ twin and parentsa) got divorced?
80% divorced
b) stayed married? 10% divorced
Trait Divorce Pronenesshigh E, high O, low C, high N, r=.4Traits also predict MZ twin’s divorce, r=.4!
Trait Correlations with Major Life GoalsRoberts & Robins, 2000, PSPB
$$ success: E = .3; C = .2; O = -.3; A = -.2 Career and graduate school: C = .2 Aesthetic: O = .4 Social Welfare: A = .3 Relationships and Children: E = .3 Political Influence: E = .3 Fun and Excitement: E = .4 Personal Growth: O = .3 Traditional Marriage: O = -.3
Traits and AttitudesOlson et al., 2001, JPSP
MZ DZ Crossword puzzles 46 11 Immigration 47 20 Euthanasia 45 21 Racial discrimination 37 0 Organized sports 52 10 Looking one’s best 42 14 Abortion 53 28 Organized religion 43 21 Leading groups 40 08 Reading books 55 24
How Can Traits be Heritable but Not Run In Families?
7 rings, fire captains, fashion design etc…
Son of a Baptist minister and traditional religious belief…????How can traits and attitudes be genetic but
not run in families?Emergenesis: jigsaw puzzle analogy
How do genes translate into traits?E.g., oxytocin, testosterone, &
agreeableness
Disagreeable Forms of Coping(Reinisch, 1981, Science)
0
24
68
10
1214
16
Disagreeable forms of Coping
No Yes
Testosterone Therapy for Mother's Pregnancy Complications
GirlsBoys
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and “Boy Toys”(Berenbaum & Hines, 1992, Psychological Science)
0123456789
10
Preference for Boy Toys
No Yes
CAH Intrauterine Testosterone Exposure
GirlsBoys
Higher or Wider?
Longer? Wider?
Chase Scene?
How We Know What Isn’t So
1. Representativeness heuristic
2. Overinterpreting chance: Excessive impact of vivid confirming information
3. Knowing what we expect
4. Knowing what we want
Representativeness Heuruistic
Joseph is a very quiet, timid, introverted, and organized person. If you had to bet money, would you bet that he was:
Truck driver or librarian?
phenomena that resemble each other seem likely to be functionally related.
WWII Strategic Bombing of London?
Psychic Powers?Mom Calls Doesn’t Call
MindOn
Mom 5MindNotOn
Mom
Psychic Powers?Mom Calls Doesn’t Call
ThinkOf
Mom 5 50
NotThink
OfMom
28 282
1/10
1/10
Seeing What We Expect
Is my Father a Baptist Minister?
Divide class in half for next exercise, and look at image for 5 seconds…
Gary
Switch and other half close eyes and other half look for 5 seconds.
Mary
What do you see when I flash the next image?
Who saw a man in the last slide? Who saw a women
TAT: What do you see?
Try not seeing Spot
Believing What They Expected to Believe About Capital Punishment: Polarizing Effect of Exposure to Mixed Evidence(Idealized pattern of results from Lord, Ross, & Lepper, 1979, JPSP)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
How Much In Favour of CP?
Before Info After Info
Exposure to Mixed Evidence
Pro-CPAnti-CP
Believing What They Wanted to Believe about Extraversion(Idealized pattern of results from Kunda, 1987, JPSP)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
How Extraverted
Are You?
Before Exposure After Exposure
Exposure to Bogus Articles
Bogus Article TopicsHi Extr = loveLo Extr = love
Need for Research
Correlational Theories and hypotheses Operational definitions of variables Scatter Plots
Correlations Vary from -1 to 1
Around r = .5 Around r = .2r = 1.0
Need for Research
Correlational Theories, hypotheses, variables Width of scatter and steepness of slope Reliability decreases scatter (error)
Problems Confounding “third” variables Reverse causation External validity but cant get at causes
Experiments Random assignment to conditions Manipulation independent variable Experimental control can “bottle
causal relations in the lab” Internal validity but limited external
validity sometimes
The Smart Unconscious(Dijksterhuis, Science, 2006)
0
1
Simple Choice Complex Choice
ConsciousDeliberation
UnconsciousIncubation
Correct
Incorrect
“Transference” onto Interaction Partner Who Resembles Your Own Lover (Anderson, 2004)
0
1
Someone Else's Lover Your Lover
SimilarAttributes
Are:
PositiveNegative
Interaction Partner Described as Resembling
1.Good Actions2. Good Feelings3. Good Memory
Good
Bad
Displaced of Aggression(Idealized pattern of results from Marcus Newhall, Pedersen, et al.,2000)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1Participants' Noise-BlastAggression
Against Brian
No Yes
Does Andrew Provoke the Participant?
Does Brian Resemble Andrew?
Yes No
Dream Rebound (Idealized from Wegner, et al.,2004)
0
1
Friendin
Dreams?
Think of Friend #1Before Bed
Suppress thinking ofFriend #1 Before Bed
Friend #1
Friend #2
Yes
No
Participants Asked to Talk about “Worst Moments”(Idealized pattern of results from Weinberger & Davidson, 1994)
0
1
How long they took to
answer?
Non-Repressors Repressors
InstructionsBe VulnerableBe Businesslike
Slow HereAlso, more Hedges and Qualifications
Also blood pressure and HR up
Slow
Fast
Responses of Repressors to Seeing Horrible Movie(Idealized pattern of results from Boden & Baumeister, 1997)
0
1
How Longto Think of
Happy Thoughts
Non-Repressors Repressors
Movie TopicNiceHorrible
Slow
Fast
Reasons for Personality Science Revival
Big-5 Experimental Personality Research
Trait aggression X situational frustration or priming
(press)