2100328 Flanders Outlook - Vlaanderen

32

Flanders outlook2010

Studiedienst van de Vlaamse Regering

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Prinect CS−4i Format 102/105 Dipco 4.5c (pdf) © 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG0 B C M Y CM CMY CMY B C M Y slurC B C M Y C 20 C 40 C 80 B C M Y slurM B C M Y M 20 M 40 M 80 B C M Y B C M Y Y 20 Y 40 Y 80 B C M Y B C M Y B 20 B 40 B 80 B C M Y slurY B C M Y CY CMY CMY B C M Y slurB B C M Y C 20 C 40 C 80 B C M Y slurC B C M Y M 20 Y 80 B C M Y slurY B C M Y B 20 B 40 B 80 B C M Y slurB B C M Y MY CMY CMY B C M Y B C M Y C 20 C 40 C 80 B C M Y B C M Y M 20 M 40 M 80 B C M Y slurC B C M Y Y 20 Y 40 Y 80 B C M Y slurM B C M Y B 20 B 40 B 80 B C M Y slurY B C M Y CMY slurB B C M Y CMY

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Work-and-turn-1-Work-and-turn BlackWork-and-turn-1-Work-and-turn CyanWork-and-turn-1-Work-and-turn MagentaWork-and-turn-1-Work-and-turn Yellow

5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5Positivplate: reduce energy Positivplate: increase energy

Media Production-Platel Control Target • Thermal-CTP • Creator: Andreas Gembe • Version 2540 dpi • 3x3 Pixel • Reference-Screening 200 lpi • Version 1.06 R2540P3 • 1•2003 • for internal use only

Papier:880,0 x 630,0 - Proef:2010-01-28T14:07:20+01:00 - Plaat:$[PlateDate] - Black - Cyan - Magenta - Yellow

Fla

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−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 4 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 6 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 8 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 10 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 12 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 14 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 16 −−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−− 18 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 20 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 22 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 24 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 26 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 28 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 30 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 32


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Flanders outlook 2010A RENEWED BENCHMARKING OF FLANDERS AMONGST THE EUROPEAN REGIONS

February 2010

Research Centre of the Flemish Government

Coordination

ResearchCentreoftheFlemishGovernment

Graphic design

DepartmentoftheServicesfortheGeneralPolicyCommunicationDivision

PatriciaVandichel

Responsible publisher

JoséeLemaîtreStudiedienstvandeVlaamseRegering

Boudewijnlaan30,1000Brussel

PrintingAgencyforFacilityManagement

DigitalPrinting

Filing number

D/2010/3241/026

Edition February2010

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−4−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−6−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−8−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−10−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−12−−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−−14−−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−−16−−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−−18−−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−−20−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−22−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−24−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−26−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−28−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−30−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−32

Prinect CS−4i Format 102/105 Dipco 4.5c (pdf) © 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG 0BCMYCMCMYCMYBCMYslurCBCMYC 20C 40C 80BCMYslurMBCMYM 20M 40M 80BCMYBCMYY 20Y 40Y 80BCMYBCMYB 20B 40B 80BCMYslurYBCMYCYCMYCMYBCMYslurBBCMYC 20C 40C 80BCMYslurCBCMYM 20Y 80BCMYslurYBCMYB 20B 40B 80BCMYslurBBCMYMYCMYCMYBCMYBCMYC 20C 40C 80BCMYBCMYM 20M 40M 80BCMYslurCBCMYY 20Y 40Y 80BCMYslurMBCMYB 20B 40B 80BCMYslurYBCMYCMYslurBBCMYCMY

Flanders_O

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543210-1-2-3-4-5Positivplate: reduce energyPositivplate: increase energy



29

Annex 2:Topperformersofthewholesetof131regionsincomparisonwiththeEU27andFlanders

Top region Flanders

Name Value Average EU27

Recent value

2000 Trends

LABOURMARKETINDICATORS

Populationdensity(inhabitants/km²)

1-01-07 BrusselsCapitalRegion 6.405 113 452 439 +

Employmentrate(in%) 2008 Oost-Nederland 78,3 65,9 66,5 63,9 +Employmentratepeopleaged55-64(in%)

2008 Sweden 70,1 45,6 34,3 25,6 +

Unemploymentrate(in%) 2008 ProvinciaAutonomaBolzano

2,4 7,0 3,9 4,3 +

Long-termunemploymentrate(in%)

2008 Westösterreich 0,4 2,6 1,4 1,7 +

ECONOMICINDICATORS

GDPperhead(in€PPS) 2006 Luxembourg 63.109 23.624 27.859 23.693 +Labourproductivity(in€PPSperworker)

2006 Luxembourg 93.497 52.884 68.507 59.910 +

Numberofjobs/peopleaged15-64(in%)

2006 Luxembourg 99,9 66,7 61,7 59,8 +

Shareofpeopleaged15-64(in%)

2006 Slovakia 71,8 67,0 65,9 66,2 -

Unitlabourcost 2004 SevernaiiztochnaBulgaria

2.777 29.315 41.488 36.958 -

Disposableincomeperhead(in€PPSbasedonthefinalconsumption)(1)

2006 Hamburg 23.144 n.a. 16.548 14.864 +

INNOVATIVEINDICATORS

Shareofhighlyeducatedworkers(in%)

2008 BrusselsCapitalRegion 49,1 26,8 37,0 32,0 +

Shareofadultpopulationinvolvedinlifelonglearning(in%)

2008 Denmark 30,2 9,3 7,6 6,7 (2) +

TotalR&Dexpenditure/GDP(in%)

2006 Baden-Württemberg 4,28 1,86 2,10 2,22 -

BusinessR&Dexpenditure/GDP(in%)


GovernmentR&Dexpenditure/GDP(in%)

2006 Berlin 1,11 0,27 0,21 0,16 +

Shareofworkersinknowledge-intensivesectors(in%)


Shareofworkersin(medium)HTindustry(in%)


ShareofworkersinHTservices(in%)

2007 CommunidaddeMadrid

6,7 3,3 3,8 3,8 0

Shareofworkersincreativesectors(in%)

2008 Île-de-France 54,9 38,2 42,6 40,9 (3) +

Numberofpatentapplicationspermillioninhabitants

2004 Zuid-Nederland 579 110 157 128 +

(1) data for some regions are lacking (2) 2002 instead of 2000 (3) 2001 instead of 2000

Source: Eurostat, Research Centre of the Flemish Government.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−4−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−6−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−8−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−10−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−12−−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−−14−−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−−16−−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−−18−−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−−20−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−22−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−24−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−26−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−28−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−30−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−32


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1

Content

1 Introduction 2

2 Economic welfare 5

3 Labour market 13

4 Innovation 16

4.1 Prerequisitestoinnovation 16

4.2 Creationofknowledge 17

4.3 Innovationandentrepreneurship 20

4.4 Applicationofinnovation 20

4.5 Intellectualproperty 22

5 Conclusion 23

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−4−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−6−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−8−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−10−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−12−−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−−14−−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−−16−−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−−18−−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−−20−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−22−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−24−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−26−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−28−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−30−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−32


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27

Shar

e of

hig

hly

educ

ated

wor

kers

(in

%)

Shar

e of

ad

ult

pop

ulat

ion

invo

lved

in

life

long

lear

ning

(in

%)

Tota

l R&

D e

xpen

dit

ure

/ G

DP

(in

%)

Bus

ines

s R

&D

exp

end

itur

e /

GD

P (in

%)

Gov

ernm

ent

R&

D e

xpen

dit

ure

/ G

DP

(in %

)

Shar

e of

wor

kers

in k

now

led

ge-

inte

nsiv

e se

ctor

s (in

%)

Shar

e of

wor

kers

in (m

ediu

m) H

T in

dus

try

(in %

)

Shar

e of

wor

kers

in H

T se

rvic

es

(in %

)

Shar

e of

wor

kers

in c

reat

ive

sect

ors

(in %

)

Num

ber

of

pat

ent

app

licat

ions

per

m

illio

n in

hab

itan

ts

2008 2008 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2008 2004

Flanders 37.0 7.6 2.1 1.39 0.21 11.4 7.6 3.8 42.6 157

Denmark 32.8 30.2 2.5 1.66 0.16 10.2 6.0 4.2 45.1 185

Baden-Württemberg 27.2 8.8 4.3 3.46 0.41 21.6 18.1 3.6 40.8 548

Bayern 26.4 7.6 3.0 2.36 0.25 16.5 13.0 3.5 42.2 415

BasqueCountry 48.1 13.5 1.6 1.24 0.06 13.7 9.9 3.9 41.2 52

Midi-Pyrénées 33.9 7.7 3.9 2.42 0.92 10.5 7.0 3.5 44.7 120

Oost-Nederland 28.9 16.0 1.7 0.76 0.37 7.3 3.3 3.9 46.5 124

West-Nederland 35.1 18.1 1.4 0.63 0.30 7.3 2.4 4.9 50.3 126

Zuid-Nederland 29.5 15.8 2.7 2.41 0.05 8.3 4.8 3.5 45.3 579

Finland 36.5 23.0 3.5 2.48 0.35 11.6 7.1 4.6 44.6 261

Sweden 31.5 22.1 3.7 2.79 0.17 11.3 6.2 5.1 44.7 242

NorthWestUK 31.3 18.1 2.1 1.56 0.07 9.5 5.9 3.6 38.0 59

EasternUK 29.0 19.8 4.0 3.09 0.33 10.8 6.0 4.8 42.5 150

SouthEastUK 34.4 21.4 2.6 1.78 0.30 12.1 6.0 6.1 46.5 145

SouthWestUK 31.1 21.3 1.9 1.26 0.36 10.0 6.1 3.9 42.2 90

Scotland 38.0 20.7 1.6 0.58 0.29 7.9 4.1 3.8 39.2 64


2

1 IntroduCtIon

In2006,Flanderslaunchedtheplan‘FlandersinAction’whichaimstostrengthenFlanders’econo-micandinnovativepotentialtoturnitintooneofthetopEuropeanregionsin2020.Today,Flandersisaprosperousregion.However,thisdoesnotguaranteethatthesamedegreeofprosperitycanbeacquiredinthefuture,astheEuropeancountriesandregionsarefacingmanychallenges,suchasglobalisationandtheshiftofindustries,climatechangeandchangingmigrationpatterns.Eachofthesecountriesandregionswillhavetorespondtothesechallengesintheirownway.

Thistextisnotathoroughanalysisofthesocio-economicsituationoftheEuropeanregions.Rather,itaimstodetectthoseregionsthatareyetastepaheadinthedevelopmenttowardstrulyinnovativeregions.ThisdocumentthuswantstodepicthowFlandersispositionedincomparisontothose‘ex-cellent’regions.IntherecentpasttheResearchCentreoftheFlemishGovernmentalreadydidsuchexercises1.Thisanalysisisanupdateofthedeterminationofthebenchmarkregions,basedonthemostrecentdataavailable.Asaresult,thebenchmarklisthaschangedslightlyincomparisonwithpreviousanalyses.Onthebasisofinnovativeindicatorsthebenchmarklistnow2consistsof:

DenmarkBaden-Württemberg

BayernThe Basque Country

Midi-PyrénéesOost-NederlandWest-NederlandZuid-Nederland

FinlandSweden

North West (UK)Eastern (UK)

South East (UK)South West (UK)

Scotland

1 E.g.‘FlandersOutlook-Whatisthesocio-economicpositionofFlandersintheEuropeoftheRegions?’,December2008.

2 Withrespecttopreviousanalyses,Midi-PyrénéesandOost-NederlandhaveenteredtheselectionandHessenandEastMidlands(UK)havedisap-peared.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−4−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−6−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−8−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−10−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−12−−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−−14−−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−−16−−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−−18−−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−−20−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−22−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−24−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−26−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−28−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−30−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−32


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26

GD

P p

er h

ead

(in

€ P

PS)

Lab

our

pro

duc

tivi

ty

(in €

PPS

per

wor

ker)

Num

ber

of

job

s /

peo

ple

ag

ed 1

5-64

(in

%)

Shar

e of

peo

ple

ag

ed 1

5-64

(in

%)

Uni

t la

bou

r co

st

Dis

pos

able

inco

me

per

hea

d (i

n €

PPS

bas

ed o

n th

e fin

al c

onsu

mp

tion

)

2006 2006 2006 2006 2004 2006

Flanders 27,859 68,507 61.7 65.9 0.56 16,548

Denmark 29,049 55,970 78.5 66.1 0.64 12,754

Baden-Württemberg 30,507 60,286 76.4 66.3 0.59 19,264

Bayern 32,245 62,672 77.5 66.4 0.53 18,715

BasqueCountry 31,592 62,552 73.2 69.0 0.54 18,724

Midi-Pyrénées 23,650 59,278 62.2 64.1 0.58 15,414

Oost-Nederland 25,897 68,152 56.9 66.8 0.61 13,628

West-Nederland 33,772 79,349 62.7 67.9 0.58 14,967

Zuid-Nederland 30,121 75,004 59.5 67.5 0.57 14,626

Finland 27,104 58,238 69.9 66.6 0.55 12,396

Sweden 28,706 58,942 74.3 65.5 0.62 14,058

NorthWestUK 24,744 50,111 75.7 65.3 0.63 16,019

EasternUK 26,842 54,866 75.5 64.8 0.58 18,702

SouthEastUK 30,233 56,356 82.3 65.2 0.58 20,089

SouthWestUK 26,078 51,213 79.7 63.9 0.60 17,669

Scotland 27,382 53,717 76.7 66.4 0.63 16,822

3

Map 0: Selection of benchmark regions, 2009

ThebroadpictureismoreimportantthanthefocusonFlanders’positionintherankings.Thebench-markregionsusuallyperformbetterthanFlanders.Afewyearsago,however,Flandersscoredrela-tivelyhigheronsomefactors.Thisisduetothefactthatthebenchmarkingexercisewascarriedoutonthebasisofthemostrecentdata.Consequently,thisisnotananalysisofhowthebenchmarkre-gionshaveevolved,butratheroftheFlemishsocio-economicperformanceduringthesepastyears.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 4 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 6 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 8 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 10 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 12 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 14 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 16 −−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−− 18 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 20 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 22 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 24 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 26 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 28 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 30 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 32


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25

Annex 1:KeyindicatorsforFlandersandthebenchmarkregions

Pop

ulat

ion

Pop

ulat

ion

den

sity

(inh

abit

ants

/

km²)

Em

plo

ymen

t ra

te (i

n %

)

Em

plo

ymen

t ra

te p

eop

le a

ged

55-

64 (i

n %

)

Une

mp

loym

ent

rate

(in

%)

Long

-ter

m u

nem

plo

ymen

t ra

te (i

n %

)

2006 1/01/2007 2008 2008 2008 2008

Flanders 6,098,000 452 66.5 34.3 3.9 1.4

Denmark 5,437,300 126 78.1 57.0 3.3 0.5

Baden-Württemberg 10,737,200 300 75.1 60.5 4.2 1.7

Bayern 12,480,700 177 75.0 56.6 4.2 1.8

BasqueCountry 2,118,600 294 67.9 45.0 6.4 1.5

Midi-Pyrénées 2,791,400 62 67.8 41.7 6.4 2.0

Oost-Nederland 3,464,900 316 78.3 53.9 2.7 0.9

West-Nederland 7,632,500 643 77.4 54.2 2.7 0.9

Zuid-Nederland 3,547,400 486 76.8 50.8 2.7 1.0

Finland 5,239,400 16 71.0 56.4 6.4 1.2

Sweden 9,080,500 21 74.3 70.1 6.2 0.8

NorthWestUK 6,852,600 486 68.7 54.6 6.7 1.9

EasternUK 5,609,300 295 74.4 61.4 4.8 1.0

SouthEastUK 8,242,200 434 76.0 64.1 4.3 0.8

SouthWestUK 5,128,200 216 75.2 62.2 4.1 0.7

Scotland 5,118,200 66 72.7 57.2 4.7 1.0

4

Thefollowingindicatorsaretakenintoconsiderationintheanalysis:

• per capita GDPanditsconstituentparts:labourproductivity(definedasGDPdividedbyto-talemployment),thenumberofjobsinrelationtopeopleaged15-64yandtheshareofthepopulationaged15to64.ThisisawellknowndecompositionofGDPperhead;

• the average wage per worker and the wage cost per unit of production(orwageshareingrossvalueadded).Thesearecompetitivenessindicators;

• the employment rate,ortheratiobetweentheworkingpopulationandthepopulationaged15-64,isanimportantparameterforthelabourmarket.Itisalsousedinternationallyfortrac-kingpolicyobjectives,includingtheLisbonstrategy.Thereisalsoafocusonthe55-64agecategory;

• the unemployment rate (ILOdefinition).InadditiontoGDPpercapita,thisisakeyindicatorthattheEuropeanCommissionusestotrackitsregionalpolicy.Heretoothereisafocusonanumberofsub-groupsincludingmen,womenandthelong-termunemployed;

• employment in the (medium HT and HT industry and in the knowledge intensive HT servi-ces.EconomicbranchesarecategorisedassuchbasedonaEurostatandOECDclassificationaccordingtotheuseofR&Dintheproductionprocess.Thesevariablesareanindicationoftheextenttowhichtheknowledgeeconomyhaspenetratedinthevariousregions;

• the share of workers with a tertiary level of education(highereducation)isanindicationofthetalentpresentinaregion;

• patent applicationsmeasurewhetherresearcheffortsresultinproductsandservices.Howe-ver,thisindicatorhaslimitations:apatentapplicationisnotmadeforallappliedresearchandtheresultingproducts.Furthermore,notallpatentedproductsaresuccessful(i.e.ifthesepro-ductsarenotsold,oraredifficulttosell,theymakenocontributiontoaddedvaluecreation);

• research and development expenses as a % of GDPmeasurehowmucharegionisinvestinginresearchanddevelopment.However,nothingissaidaboutcommercialisationofthisre-searchanddevelopment.Inadditiontothetotalforallactors,thisindicatorisalsocalculatedforbusinessandgovernmentseparately;

• the share of employment in knowledge creative industries isa fairlynew indicatorwhichdenotesthepresenceofhumanpotentialtogeneratecreative,innovativeproductsandser-vices.Theseareessentialforaeconomyinanadvancedstageofdevelopmentwheregrowthcannolongerbeachievedmerelybyinputofcapitalandlabourorthroughefficiency.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 4 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 6 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 8 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 10 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 12 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 14 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 16 −−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−− 18 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 20 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 22 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 24 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 26 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 28 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 30 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 32


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5

2 eConoMIC WelFare

Gross domestic product (GDP) isabroadmeasureofwelfaregeneratedinacountryorregion.GDPdataofregionsorcountrieswithintheEuropeanUnionarecomparedonthebasisofpurchasingpowerstandards(PPS).Inthiswaypricedifferencesinrelationtoincomeareaccountedfor.

Flanders isoneof theprosperousWesternEuropeanregions.AccordingtoofficialEurostatdatathegrossdomesticproductofFlandersamounted to€27,859PPSperhead in2006.Ever since2003,Flandershas thus ranked9thamongthe16benchmark regions.Duringpreviousyears theFlemishGDPwas relativelyhigher (5thplace in1995).TheGermanbenchmark regions,Zuid-enWest-Nederland,DenmarkandSweden,theBasqueCountryandtheBritishSouthEastallhadahigherGDPpercapitathanFlandersin2006.Ontheotherhand,thevalueforMidi-Pyrénéesisquitelow(€23,650PPS).In1995noneoftheBritishregionsperformedbetterthanFlanders.TheevolutionoftheBasqueCountryisremarkable.Whereasitspositionwasmediocrein1995,todayitisrankedamongthetopthree.

Graph 1: GDP per capita in 2006

0

2.000.000

4.000.000

6.000.000

8.000.000

10.000.000

12.000.000

14.000.000

16.000.000

18.000.000

20.000.000

0 50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 250.000 300.000 350.000 400.000 450.000

GDP (mio euro)

Popu

latio

n

Basque Country

Midi-Pyrénées

Oost-NederlandZuid-Nederland

South WestScotland

FinlandEastern

DenmarkFlandersNorth West

West-Nederland

SwedenSouth East

Baden-Württemberg

Bayern

RELATIVELYHIGH GDP / CAPITA

RELATIVELYLOW GDP / CAPITA

Source: Eurostat, Research Centre of the Flemish Government

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 4 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 6 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 8 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 10 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 12 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 14 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 16 −−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−− 18 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 20 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 22 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 24 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 26 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 28 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 30 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 32


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Map 1: GDP per capita in 2006

ThecapitalcityofBrusselsdoesnotbelongtothegeographicalterritoryofFlanders.AgreatpartoftheFlemishadministrationislocatedinBrussels,asisthecaseformanyofthebiggercompanies.Furthermore,alotofFlemishpeoplecommutetotheirworkinBrusselsandthuscontributetotheBrusselsGDP(insteadoftheFlemish).Inanoverallrankingwhichalsocontainscapitalcities,Flan-derscannotclaimanoutstandingposition:in2006,Flanderswasrankedatthe31stpositionamongthe total of 131 European regions, which is still within the first quartile. The top performers areLuxemburg(€63,109PPS),BrusselsCapitalRegion(€55,111PPS)andHamburg(€47,188PPS),fol-lowedbymorecapitalcityregions.In2005,Flandersalsoranked31st.OverthelastyearstheFlemishpositionwentupanddown,butin1995itsrankingimprovedtothe26thposition.

23

5 ConClusIon

Flandersisaprosperousregion.However,thisdoesnotguaranteethefuturegenerationofpros-perity.ThatiswhyFlandersmustdevelopintoaninnovation-orientedeconomy.Ithasbeendeter-minedonthebasisoftechnologicalandinnovativeindicatorsthat15regionsareaheadofFlanders.Therefore,theseregionshavebeenusedasbenchmarkareas.

WithaGDPperheadof€27,859PPS,Flandersrankedin9thplaceonthelistofbenchmarkregionsin2006.Flandersowesagreatdealtoitshighlabourproductivity.ThenumberofjobsisrelativelymoderateduetotheeconomichubofneighbouringBrussels.Asaresult,manyFlemishworkerswhocommutetotheBrusselsCapitalRegioncontributetotheBrusselsGDP,buttaketheirincomehometowheretheylive.Theshareofpeopleaged15-64isnotaFlemishasseteither.

TheemploymentrateisrelativelylowinFlanders,inparticularamongtheolderagecategories.TheunemploymentrateontheotherhandisquitelowinFlanders:only4benchmarkregionsdobetter.

ThepositionofFlandersintheinnovationprocessismixed:althoughawell-educatedworkforceisclearlyanasset,Flemishworkersarestillinsufficientlyparticipatinginlifelonglearning(accordingtoEurostatdata).MostbenchmarkregionshaveahigherR&Dpercentage.Thisisnotsurprising,sincethiswasoneofthe indicatorsusedtodeterminethebetterperformingregions. Inabroader listcomprisingalltheEU-27regionsFlandersranked20thin2006,whichisrathergood.Newentrepre-neurshipislesscommoninFlanders,especiallycomparedtothebenchmarkareas.However,thisisanimportantprerequisiteforusingtheresultsoftheinnovationprocessinaneconomy.Flandersisdoingmoderatelywellintermsofthenumberofworkersinknowledge-intensivesectors.Thesamegoes for thenumberofpatentapplications. Inorder toenhanceour futurecapacity togenerateprosperity,someoftheseaspectsmustcontinuetobetackled.Thisisevenmoreurgentbecausemanycountriesandregionsareawareof the importanceof innovationasadriving forcebehindprosperity.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 4 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 6 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 8 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 10 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 12 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 14 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 16 −−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−− 18 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 20 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 22 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 24 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 26 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 28 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 30 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 32


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The GDP per headcanbebrokendownintothreefactors:labourproductivity,thenumberofjobsperC[15-64]andtheshareofC[15-64]inthepopulation3.Ananalysisofthesefactorsshedslightonhowprosperityiscreated.

Highlabour productivity isanassetfortheFlemisheconomy.Withavalueof€68,507PPSperwor-kerFlanderswasinthirdpositionamongthe16benchmarkareasin2006.West-andZuid-Nederlandaremoreproductive.Oost-Nederland iscatchingupwithFlanders.Throughout theyears labourproductivityhasalwaysbeenrelativelyhigh inFlanders. It is thekeyfactorofourprosperity.TheBritishregionsdonotexcellinthisrespect.Withinabroaderperspectiveof131EuropeanregionsFlandersisplacedatanexcellent11thposition,precededbyanumberofcapitalareas.

Graph 2: Labour productivity in 2006 (in € per worker)

0

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The number of jobs among people aged 15-64isrelativelylowinFlanders(61.7%ora14thpositionamongthe16topareas).TwoofthethreeDutchbenchmarkregionshavelowervalues.TheratioslightlyimprovedinFlandersduringthelastyears,butinrelativetermsthesituationwasslightlybet-terin1995whenFlandersalsoprecededWest-NederlandandtheBasqueCountry.TheBritishandGermanregionsaswellasDenmarkscorehighonthisindicator.Amongthe131EUregionsFlandersisinthe85thplace.However,since1995Flandershasgainedsomeplaces(91stin1995).

ThemediocreperformanceofFlanderspartlyresultsfromthefactthatquitealotofpeoplecom-mutetotheBrusselscapital.DuetothesmallgeographicalareaoftheBrusselsCapitalRegiontheplaceofliving(income)andtheplaceofworking(employmentandgenerationofGDP)arelocatedintwodifferentareas.

3 C[15-64]standsforthepopulationaged15to64.

22

4.5 Intellectual property

Thefinalstepintheinnovationprocessisthepatent application.Somecautionisneededintheinterpretationofthesedata:notallresearchautomaticallyresultsinapatentapplication.

In2004,157patentapplicationspermillioninhabitantsweresubmittedinFlanders.Thisismediocreincomparisontothebenchmarkregions(7thplace).Inthisrankingatopthreecanclearlybedistin-guished:Zuid-Nederland,Baden-WürttembergandBayernhaveratiosofmorethan400permillioninhabitants.TheBasqueCountry(52patentapplications),NorthWestUK(59)andScotland(64)arenotspecialisedinthismatter.DuringthelastyearsFlandershasbeensuccessfulinincreasingthisratio.Thisisreflectedinahigherrankingposition(from9thin2003to7thin2004).AmongalltheEu-ropeanregionsFlanderscanbefoundona19thposition.

Graph 12: Number of patent applications per million inhabitants in 2004


−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−4−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−6−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−8−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−10−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−12−−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−−14−−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−−16−−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−−18−−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−−20−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−22−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−24−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−26−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−28−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−30−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−32


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Graph 3: Available jobs / population aged 15-64 in 2006 (in %)

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21

12.0%.InthewholeEUrankingFlandersoccupies27thplace.Baden-Württembergalsoleadsthebroaderranking.

Inthesubcategoryofthemedium-high-techandhigh-techindustryFlandersperformsbetterinthebenchmarkcomparison(7.6%in2007or4thplace).Again,thetwoGermanbenchmarkLändertakethepoleposition,followedbytheBasqueCountry.IntherankingofalltheEUregionsFlandersislisted34th.ThisisduetothefactthatinquitealargenumberofthenewMemberStatestheindus-trialsectorhasarelativelygreatweightintheeconomy.

Inthesectorofthehigh-techservicestheoutcomeistheopposite:Flandersoccupied10thplacein 2008. South East UK (6.1%) and Sweden (5.1%) take the lead. But in the broader EU rankingFlanders is27th.Capital regionsusuallyperformwellon this indicator.Furthermore,knowledge-intensivemarketservicesarenotaFlemishspeciality(15thplacein2008).ThereasonforthisisthattheseactivitiesprospermoreinBrusselswhichperformssuchafunctionforabroaderhinterland,includingFlanders.Inthelistofknowledge-intensivefinancialservicesFlandersranked7thin2008(3.7%),whichisnotbadgiventheimportanceofthoseactivitiesinneighbouringBrussels.TheBritishbenchmarkregionsexcelinthisdomain.InthebroaderrankingLuxemburg(10.5%)isthetopregion,withnorealchallengers.

Graph 11: Share of knowledge-intensive workers in 2007 (in %)

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In2008,42.6%oftheFlemishlabourforcewasworking in creative industries.Asaresult,Flandersoccupies9thpositioninthebenchmarklist.InparticulartheDutchandScandinavianregionsaswellasMidi-Pyrénéesareperformingbetter.Therearenobigdifferencesbetweentheregions.Theindi-catorhasbeenslightlydecreasinginFlanderssince3years,whichisbeingreflectedinaworseningrankingposition(alsointhebroaderlistwhereFlandersis21stin2008).Capitalregionsgenerallyarehubsofcreativeeconomies.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−4−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−6−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−8−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−10−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−12−−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−−14−−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−−16−−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−−18−−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−−20−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−22−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−24−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−26−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−28−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−30−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−32


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4.3 Innovation and entrepreneurship

EntrepreneurshipismeasuredbytheGlobalEntrepreneurshipMonitor(GEM).Oneofthemainindi-catorsresultingfromthissurveyisthe Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rate.Thisistheshareoftheadultpopulationthatiscurrentlysettingupabusinessorrunningayoungbusiness.

Table 1: Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rate in the benchmark regions (in %)

2005 2006 2007 2008

Flanders 3.7 3.0 3.4 3.0

Denmark 4.8 5.3 5.4 4.4

Baden-Württemberg* 4.6 n.a. n.a.

Bayern* 5.5 n.a. n.a.

BasqueCountry 5.4 5.4 6.4 6.9

Netherlands** 4.4 5.4 5.2 5.2

France*** 5.4 4.4 3.2 5.6

Finland 5.0 5.0 6.9 7.3

Sweden 4.0 3.5 4.2 n.a.

NorthWest(UK) 4.6 4.9 5.3 5.5

Eastern(UK) 5.4 5.7 6.1 7.3

SouthEast(UK) 6.9 6.2 5.3 5.5

SouthWest(UK) 6.9 7.6 6.5 5.9

Scotland 5.8 4.2 4.6 4.5

Source: Global entrepreneurship Monitor.* average for 2005/2006

** no data for the Dutch regions*** no data for the French regions

According to the Monitor, entrepreneurial activity in Flanders is moderate. Although some dataarelackingforanumberofregions,FlandershasthelowestTEA.Yearlyvariationsaretoacertaindegreeduetothesamplingprocess.Finland,theEasternUKandtheBasqueCountryaretopper-formersinthisranking.

TheTEAisonlyameasurefornewentrepreneurship.Thegenerationaltakeoverofbusinesses,whichiscommonpracticeinFlanders,isnottakenintoaccount.

4.4 application of innovation

Inordertohaveaninnovativeeconomy,theremustbeasufficientnumberof people working in knowledge-intensive companies or branches.ThesearedefinedashavingahighR&Dpercentagewithrespecttoturnover.Itbasicallyconcernscompaniesinthemedium-high-techorhigh-techin-dustryorhigh-techservices(e.g.constructionoftelecommunicationequipment,chemistry,compu-ters,electricalappliances,research,...).In2007,11.4%oftheFlemishlabourforcewasworkinginthe-sesectors.Asaresult,Flandersisranked6thamongthebenchmarkregions.Baden-Württemberg(21.6%)outrankseveryotherarea.BayernalsohasahighR&D%(16.5%).TheBasqueCountry,SouthEastUKandFinlandarealsoprecedingFlanders.ThismeansthattheBasqueCountryisdoingwell,sincein1995itstillrankedafterFlanders.The3DutchareasandScotlandareoccupyingthelastpositions.OvertheyearstheR&DpercentageinFlandersdidnotchangemuch;in1995itwasstill

9

Map 2: Available jobs as a percentage of population aged 15-64 in 2006

Thelastfactoristhe share of people aged 15 to 64.With65.9%in2006Flandersheldthe10thpo-sitionamong16benchmarkregions.Elevenyearsearlier,thevaluewas1percentagepointhigher.Flandersalsolosttwoplacesintheranking.ThroughouttheperiodconcernedtheBasqueCountryhadthehighestshareofpeopleofactiveage.However,thissameindicatorisalsodecreasingthefastestintheBasqueCountry.TheBritishregions(exceptforScotland)allhavealowervaluethanFlanders,butthisgapisgraduallybeingreduced.ComparedtothewholeofEurope,Flanderswasranked83rd.Since2000,thisrelativepositiondidnotvarymuch,butinthesecondhalfoftheni-neties,Flandersquicklylostground(66thplacein1995).TheSlovakandCzechRepublicsandthePolishregionsexcelonthisindicator,whereasmanyFrenchareasscoreparticularlylow.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−4−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−6−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−8−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−10−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−12−−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−−14−−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−−16−−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−−18−−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−−20−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−22−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−24−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−26−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−28−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−30−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−32


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Graph 10: R&D spending as a proportion of GDP in 2006 (in %)


10

Graph 4: Share of population aged 15 to 64 in 2006 (in %)

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

Basqu

e Cou

ntry

West-N

ederl

and

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and

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and

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d

Scotla

nd

Bayern

Baden

-Würt

tembe

rg

Denmark

Flande

rs

Sweden

North W

est (U

K)

South

East (U

K)

Easter

n (UK)

Midi-P

yréné

es

South

West (U

K)


Theaverage wage cost per employeeisrelativelyhighinFlanders.Onlythe3Dutchbenchmarkareashavehigheraveragecosts.In1995,however,Flandershadthehighestwagecostamongstthebenchmarkedregions.ItisnotsurprisingthatthenewMemberStateshavethelowestvalueforthisindicator.Theaveragewagecostperemployeemustbeconsideredinrelationtolabourproducti-vity.Theratiobetweenthesetwoindicatorsistheunitwagecost.InFlanderswagesaccountedfor56%ofgrossvalueaddedin2004�.Onlyfourofthebenchmarkregionsperformedbetter(i.e.lower).This isslightlybetterthanthreeyearsearlier (6thplace). In1995,onlyMidi-Pyrénéeshadalowerunitlabourcost.InabroaderEuropeanperspectiveFlandersholdsthe77thposition(rankingfromlowesttohighest).Notsurprisingly,theRomanianandBulgarianregionsaswellastheGreekAttikihavethelowestunitlabourcost.

Aregioncanbeanimportantproducerofwelfare,butthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthein-comeitgeneratesaccruestotheinhabitantsofthatregion.Whenpeoplecommute,theirplaceoflivingandworkingcanbeindifferentgeographicallocations.Thenet disposable incomeinFlan-dersamountsto€16,548PPSper head(basedonfinalconsumption).Thisallowsforan8thplaceamongstthe16benchmarkregions.SeveralBritishregions(includingSouthEastwith€20,089PPS)performbetter.TheGermanLänderconcernedandtheBasqueCountryalsohaveahigherincomeperinhabitant.TheScandinaviancountriesscorethelowestinthiscomparison.ThepositionofFlan-dershasgraduallyworsenedovertheyears.In1995,itheld3rdpositionandwasonlyprecededbyBaden-WürttembergandBayern.Duetoalackofdataforthewholerangeofareas,itisimpossibletorankFlandersamongst131regions.

Theeconomic structure of the benchmark regions is as follows (basedon gross value added in2006):theprimarysectorisnotreallyimportantinanyoftheregions.ItisrelativelywellrepresentedinOost-Nederland,Midi-PyrénéesandFinland.Baden-Württemberg(34.1%)andtheBasqueCoun-try(29.1%)arethemostindustrialisedregions.Industryissignificantlylessimportantinthevaluead-dedofWest-NederlandandtheBritishregions.TheshareofconstructionintheBasqueCountryisrelativelyhigh(10.0%)incomparisonwiththeotherbenchmarkareas.Itismorethantwiceasimpor-tantasintheGermanLänderorSweden.Thebranchof‘trade,hotels&restaurants,transportand

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−4−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−6−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−8−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−10−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−12−−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−−14−−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−−16−−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−−18−−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−−20−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−22−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−24−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−26−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−28−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−30−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−32


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Map 5: R&D expenditure as a % of GDP in 2006

Therearenobigdifferences in thepositionofFlanderswithrespect tobusiness,governmentorhighereducationR&D.BusinessR&Daccountsforthegreaterpartofexpenditure.Relativelyspea-king,thisisthehighestinBaden-Württemberg(3.46%),EasternUK(3.09%)andSweden(2.79%).ThegovernmentR&DrankingisheadedbyBerlin(1.11%)andMidi-Pyrénées(0.92%).AsfarashighereducationR&Disconcerned,thetopregionsareBerlin(0.86%),Sweden(0.77%)andSüdösterreich(0.72%).

11

communication’ isbest represented inWest-Nederland,Eastern (UK)andFlanders (almost25%).‘Financialandbusinessactivity’isthemostimportantactivityinSouthEastUK,BayernandWest-Nederland(allover30%).Finally,publicadministration,healthandpersonnelservicesareaspecialtyinMidi-Pyrénées(28.9%).Flandershasarelativelylowshare.ThisisduetothepresenceofBrusselswhichperformssuchfunctionsforabroaderhinterland.

Graph 5: Share of the economic sectors in gross value added in 2006 (in %)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Vlaams G

ewes

t

Denmark

Baden

-Würt

tembe

rg

Bayern

Basqu

e Cou

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Midi-P

yréné

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t-Ned

erlan

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Zuid-N

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and

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Sweden

North W

est (U

K)

Easter

n (UK)

South

East (U

K)

South

West (U

K)

Scotla

nd

Public administration, health, personal and culturalservicesFinancial and business activities

Trade, hotels and restaurants, transport andcommunicationConstruction

Industry

Primary sector


During2000-2006,real GDP growthinFlandersamountedto2.0%ayear.Thisencompassedyearsofeconomicbooming(theyears2000and2006)aswellasyearsofsluggishgrowth(periodinbetween).Flemishgrowthissomewhatinthemiddleofwhatotherbenchmarkregionsrealised(nodatawereavailablefortheBritishareas).TheBasqueCountry,FinlandandSwedenwerethestrongestgrowers(>3%peryear),closelyfollowedbyMidi-Pyrénées(+2.7%).Baden-Württemberg’sperformance,ontheotherhand,wasquiteweak(+1.4%).

GDPgrowthcanroughlybebrokendownintogrowthoflabourproductivityandofemployment.Therecipeforgrowthdiffersfromregiontoregion:InFlandersthecontributionoflabourproducti-vityandofemploymentwasmoreorlessequalduringtheperiodconcerned.Inmostotherbench-markareas labourproductivitygrowthwasdominant,notably inSweden (+2.3%)andFinland (+2.0%).However,intheBasqueCountryemploymentgrowthwasalmostentirelyresponsibleforitsGDPexpansion:withanannualaverageof+3.0%itleavesallotherbenchmarkregionsfarbehind.InMidi-PyrénéesandOost-Nederlandemploymentgrowthwasalsomoreimportant.InthelattercasethiscontrastswiththetwootherDutchbenchmarkareas.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 4 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 6 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 8 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 10 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 12 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 14 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 16 −−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−− 18 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 20 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 22 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 24 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 26 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 28 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 30 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 32


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Flandersperformslesswell,however,forthesecondindicator:in2008,7.6%oftheFlemishadultpopulation participated in lifelong learning.TogetherwithBayern,Flandersisatthebottomofthebenchmarkranking.Since2005thisindicatorhasgraduallydeteriorated.TheBritishandScandina-vianregionshaveclearlyhigherscores(Denmark:30.2%,Finland:23.0%).TheGermanLänderandMidi-Pyrénéesalsohavearatiobelow10%.InarankingofallEuropeanregions,theFlemishresultismediocre(64rdplace).Again,thepositionofFlandersworsenedovertime.TheScandinavianandBritishregionstaketheleadinthebroaderrankingaswell.

Graph 9: Participation in lifelong learning in 2008 (in %)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Denmark

Finlan

d

Sweden

South

East (U

K)

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n (UK)

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Wes

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Baden

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Midi-P

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Flande

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Bayern


4.2 Creation of knowledge

AccordingtoEurostatfigures,FlemishR&D expenditureamountedto2.10%oftheGDPin2006.Asaresult,Flandersholdsthe10thpositioninthebenchmarklisting.Ithasheldthispositionfor8consecutiveyearsnow.TheleadingbenchmarkregionsareBaden-Württemberg(4.28%),EasternUK(3.98%),Midi-Pyrénées(3.90%),Sweden(3.74%)andFinland(3.47%).ThiscontrastswiththeratherlowfiguresforWest-Nederland(1.44%),theBasqueCountryandScotland(about1.6%).AroundtheturnofthecenturyFlemishR&Dexpenditurewasrelativelyhigher.Followingasubsequentdecline,theindicatorslightlyroseagainin2005and2006.InthebroaderrankingFlanderswasplaced20thin2006,whichisrathergood.ThebestperformingbenchmarkregionsalsoleadtheEUranking.

12

Graph 6: Components of real GDP growth, average of 2000-2006 (in percentage points)

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5

Vlaams Gewest

Denmark

Baden-Württemberg

Bayern

Basque Country

Midi-Pyrénées

Oost-Nederland

West-Nederland

Zuid-Nederland

Finland

Sweden

Labour productivity growth Employment growth


−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 4 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 6 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 8 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 10 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 12 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 14 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 16 −−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−− 18 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 20 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 22 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 24 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 26 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 28 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 30 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 32


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3 laBour Market

AccordingtoEurostat,theFlemishemployment rate�didnotexceed66.5%in2008.ThisisoneofFlanders’weaknessesinthisbenchmarkcomparison(worstperformanceoutof16).OveraperiodofnineyearstheFlemishemploymentrateaccrued,albeitslowerthanthatofmostotherregions:attheendoftheninetiestheBasqueCountryandMidi-PyrénéeshadaloweremploymentratethanFlanders.However,sincethenFlandershasbeenovertakenbythesetworegions.Denmark(78.1%)andthe3Dutchareasareleadinginthisrespect.Flandersranksinthe64thplacewithinthebroa-dergroupthatincludesalltheEuropeanregions.ThroughouttheyearsFlanderslostseveralplaces(46thin1999).TheaforementionedtopregionsalsoleadtheEUbenchmark.TheemploymentrateisespeciallylowintheSouthItalianregions.

Graph 7: Employment rate in 1999 and in 2008 (in %)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Oost-N

ederl

and

Denmark

Wes

t-Ned

erlan

d

Zuid-N

ederl

and

South

East (U

K)

South

West (U

K)

Baden

-Würt

tembe

rg

Bayern

Easter

n (UK)

Sweden

Scotla

nd

Finlan

d

North W

est (U

K)

Basqu

e Cou

ntry

Midi-P

yréné

es

Vlaams G

ewes

t

1999 2008


16

4 InnoVatIon

Thedifferentinnovationindicatorsaregroupedintofivebroadcategories,reflectingthestagesoftheinnovationprocess�.

4.1 Prerequisites to innovation

Ahighly educated workforce isanotherfeatureoftheFlemisheconomy.Theshareoftheworkforcewithtertiairyeducationamountedto37.0%in2008,asaresultofwhichFlandersoccupied3rdposi-tionamongthebenchmarkareas.OnlytheBasqueCountry(48.1%)andScotland(38.0%)performedbetter.ThisindicatorwasthelowestinthetwoGermanLänderconcerned.Theshareoftertiairyedu-catedworkersincreasedineachoftheregions.Flanderswasranked5thin1999,whichmeansthatitprogressedmorerapidlythantheotherregions.InabroaderEuropeancontextFlandersoccupiesthe13thposition.Especiallysomecapitalareashavehigherrates.

Map 4: % of highly educated workforce in 2008

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 4 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 6 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 8 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 10 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 12 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 14 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 16 −−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−− 18 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 20 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 22 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 24 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 26 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 28 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 30 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 32


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14

Map 3: Employment rate in 2008

Theemployment rate in the age category 55 to 64 isalsothelowestinFlanders(34.3%in2008)amongst16benchmarkregions.Thedifferencesinthisgrouparemoreoutspoken.Swedentakesthelead(70.1%).Mostbenchmarkareasscoreabout50to60%.LowvaluesarerecordedintheBas-queCountry(45.0%)andMidi-Pyrénées(41.7%).However,thesevaluesarestillremarkablyhigherthanthoseinFlanders,despitetheeffortsFlandershasmade(23.8%in1999).Amongstthe131EUregionsFlandersranksinthe107thposition.Thisisworsethanintherankingofthetotalemploy-mentrate.Still,since1999itspositionintheagecategory55to65hasimproved.

Ontheotherhand,Flandershasquitealow unemployment rate (3.9%in2008).Since2004thisindi-catorhassteadilydeclined.Flandersnowranks5thamongthebenchmarkareas.TheDutchregions

15

andDenmarkhavelowerrates.EverybenchmarkregionhasalowerunemploymentratethantheEU-27orEU-15.ThehighestratesarerecordedintheBritishNorthWest(6.7%)andFinland,theBas-queCountryandMidi-Pyrénées(all6.4%).ThroughouttheyearsFlandershasbeenabletoimproveitsposition.InthebroaderEUrankingFlandersholdsthe16thposition.Again,thisisbetterthanafewyearsago(e.g.32ndin2005!).Nodataareavailableyetfor2009,butthereisnodoubtthattheunemploymentsituationwillhaveworsenedsignificantlyasaresultofthefinancial-economiccrisis.

Bothinabsoluteandrelativeterms,themaleunemploymentrateisbetterthanthefemalerateinFlanders(3.7%versus4.2%in2008).

Graph 8: Male and female unemployment rates in 2008 (in %)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

male

fem

ale

Flanders

West-Nederland

Zuid-NederlandOost-Nederland

Denmark

Baden-Württemberg Bayern

South West

South East

Eastern

Scotland

North West

FinlandSweden

Midi-PyrénéesBasque Country


TheFlemish long-term unemploymentrateamountedto1.4%in2008,whichplacedFlandersinthe11thpositionamongstthe16Europeanbenchmarkareas.However,thepercentagepointdifferencesaregenerallynotbig.IntheEUlistFlandersholdsposition29.Thelong-termunemploymentrateisthehighestinthecitiesofBerlin(9.4%)andBrussels(8.9%)aswellasinSachsen-Anhalt(9.3%).

Theshare of part-time employment inmostbenchmarkregionsrangesbetween20and30%(Flan-ders:23.4%in2008).TheDutchregionsarenotableexceptions(45-50%).Thisindicatorislow,howe-ver,intheBasqueCountryandFinland(about13%).

Theshareofself-employed people in the workforceamountedto14.3%inFlandersin2008.Thisisratherhighincomparisontootherbenchmarkareas(4thplace).TheBasqueCountryhasthehighestshare(19.5%).Intherankingofallthe131EuropeanregionsFlandersislisted65th.Althoughself-employmentmaybeanindicationofentrepreneurialactivity,itcanindeedalsoindicatethattherearefewopportunitiesforemployeestofindwork.ThisprobablyexplainsthehighvaluesincountriessuchasGreeceandRomania.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 4 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 6 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 7 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 8 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 9 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 10 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 11 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 12 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− B = B −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 14 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− C = C −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 16 −−−−−−−−−−−−− M = M −−−−−−−−−−−−− 18 −−−−−−−−−−−−−− Y = Y −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 20 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 21 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 22 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 23 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 24 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 25 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 26 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 27 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 28 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 29 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 30 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 31 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 32


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