2+1 roads in Sweden
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Transcript of 2+1 roads in Sweden
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2+1 roads in SwedenMats Petersson
Swedish Road Administration
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SNRA is responsible
for 100.000 km roads
All rural roads of public interest
Main streets in urban areas for through traffic
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3135
13 13
3 4
05
101520253035
%
Run-off Headon
Overt.
Junct. Vuln. Wild Oth.
Type of accidents
The safety problem
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13 m wide lanes 13 m wide shoulders
• 3600 km “13” m roads• nearly 100 killed per year• fatality ratio> 6*Freeway
• 100 000 km state roads• 8 000 km trunk roads• 400 killed per year
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Low budget treatment:the 2+1 design concept
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• cable barrier• intersections in transitions• access control and separation, if possible• sometimes 1+1 or 2+2
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A lot of critics and hesitation… and discussions:
• would there be severe transition zone safety problems• hazardous breakdowns and stops on narrow one-lanes 5 m• what about level-of-service• overwide and super heavies• pedestrians, cyclists, slow moving …• maintenance operations• driver attitudes• motorcycles • and a lot of other concerns, sometimes conservative sometimes relevant
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SRA decision in 1998:• 6 test projects to develop design and maintenance standards
Spring 2000 Minister order :• some 15 new projects within 2 years now time for widening !
June 2001 SRA decision: • standard cross section
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And what happened?
0
500
1000
1500
km
1998 2001 2003 2005 2007
2+1 road network in Sweden
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Today: 1300 km
• 450 km “semi-motorway”• 850 km “normal 2+1”
2007 plan: another 220 km
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39 projects AADT 4-23 000 – average 10 000:• mostly 13 m, interchanges, full access control• no peds and bikes, no slow moving vehicles• posted speed limits for cars 90 kph (some 15
projects) or 110 kph
Measures undertaken:• entry lanes, roadside areas, road surface and
markings improved• maintenance standard increased
Costs: 200.000 $/km
So far 450 km semi-motorways –
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Some 70 projects AADT 4 - 15 000 average 8 000:• mostly 13 m, at-grade intersections, partial access
control• peds, bikes, slow moving vehicles normally allowed• posted speed limits for cars 90 kph 110 kph only 15 projectsMeasures undertaken• roadside area, intersections, accesses, separation,
surface improved• maintenance standard increased
Costs: Some 300 000 $/km
850 km “normal 2+1”
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At-grade design• 1+1• Lane for left-turns• Sometimes bus-stops and
ped crossings• Sometimes U-turns
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”Right-turn accesses”
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Safety as yet …..a tremendous success
• overall fatality rate 0.0019 – down 80 %
• some 100 lives saved from 1998
• rate ”killed and severed injuried” – down 50 – 60%
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00,0020,0040,0060,008
0,010,0120,014
D/Mapkm
2Lnarr70
2Lnorm
90
2Lwide90
2+190
2+1110
4LMW110
Fatality rate
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Accident types
Head-on almost eliminated
Overtaking reduction 40 – 70 %
Run-off reduction 12 – 67 %
Rear end some + 150 %
Access roads reduction
Junctions small changes
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As yet 13 severe accidents:• 2 fatalities• 11 severe injuries
Median cable barrierinvolved in 7:• 1 fatality• 6 severe injuries
Motorcycles ?
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Level-of-service ? A surprise …. “better up to 1000 veh/hour”
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Two-way flow (veh/hour)
Passenger car speed
2+1
1+1
Capacity some 1500 veh/h one-way10 - 20 % loss
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And drivers attitudes ?
• one month after the first project 1 % satisfied
• after one year 60-70 % satisfied
• improved driving task … “you can plan your overtaking ..”
• scared for one-lane breakdowns ….
• conspicuity in rain and dark, especially elderly drivers !!
• elderly drivers in general !!
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• no unexpected problems – could be handled• as expected … barrier crashes frequent - so far average 0.43 per mill. apkm
in southern Sweden, 0.56 in northern• rescue operations in 20-25 % of the crashes• Workzone safety…• rutting ... so far no major
problem in surveys but ...?• over-wide and
super-heavies a problem
Maintenance and operation
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Thanks for your attention!