21 OCTOBER 2013 AA displacement theme seabuckthorn berries-functional food containing omega 3 (18:3)...
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Transcript of 21 OCTOBER 2013 AA displacement theme seabuckthorn berries-functional food containing omega 3 (18:3)...
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AA displacement theme seabuckthorn seed oil-nutraceutical containing omega 3 (18:3) and omega 6 (18:3) fatty acids
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BODY FAT ACCUMULATION
Waist - all males and post-menopausal females
Hips - pre-menopausal females
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Lecture 7a- 19 October 2015
Water-soluble vitamins
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VITAMINS-SOME GENERAL COMMENTS Individual molecules-structures Do not provide energy-no kcal value but can assist as coenzymes in metabolism that yields energy Are needed in microgram or milligram quantities and therefore are micronutrients
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WHAT ARE THE WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS B CLASS AND C B CLASS
Thiamine (vitamin B1) Riboflavin (vitamin B2) Niacin (vitamin B3) Vitamin B6
Folate Vitamin B12
Pantothenic acid Biotin
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B CLASS THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1) Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism
-maintains normal appetite -nervous system functioning
Sources-whole grains, liver, legumes, nuts Deficiencies- beriberi (mental confusion, peripheral paralysis, anorexia, edema) Toxicities – none known
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RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2) Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism,
-tryptophan to niacin conversion Sources- milk and other dairy products, whole grain breads, eggs meat, green leafy vegetables Deficiencies- dermatitis, cracking of the lips, swollen tongue, photophobia, reddening of the cornea Toxicities-none reported
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NIACIN (VITAMIN B3) Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism
-promotes normal nervous system function Sources-all protein foods, whole grain and enriched breads and cereals Deficiencies-4 Ds (pellagra-dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death) Toxicities-flushing, liver damage, low blood pressure, gastric ulcers, diarrhea (deficiencies)?, nausea, vomiting
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VITAMIN B6
Function-coenzyme in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
-helps convert tryptophan to niacin-helps produce insulin, hemoglobin and
nerve coverings and antibodies
Sources –meats, fish, poultry, fruits, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, nuts
Deficiencies-dermatitis, cracking of the lips, swollen tongue,
abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions, and anemia
Toxicities-depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches
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FOLATE Function -coenzymes in DNA synthesis-vital for new cell synthesis and transmission of heredity Sources-leafy vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver, orange juice, fortified foods (eg breads) Deficiencies-diarrhea, swollen tongue, anemia, depression, mental confusion, fainting, fatigue Toxicities - mask B12 deficiency
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VITAMIN B12
Function-coenzyme in the synthesis of new cells -activates folate -maintains nerve cells -metabolism of some fatty and amino acids
Sources -meat, fish, poultry, milk, dairy products, eggs Deficiencies-glossitis, anorexia, indigestion, weight loss, anemia, numbing of hands and feet, decreased sense of position, poor muscle coordination, poor memory,irritability, depression, paranoia, delirium and hallucinations Toxicities-none reported
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PANTOTHENIC ACID Function-part of coenzyme A used in energy metabolism Sources -meat, poultry, whole grain cereals and legumes Deficiencies-rare- general failure Toxicities -perhaps diarrhea
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BIOTIN Function -coenzyme -energy metabolism
-fatty acid synthesis -amino acid metabolism, -glycogen formation
Sources-eggs, liver, yeast breads, gastrointestinal tract flora Deficiencies- rare-anorexia, fatigue, depression, dry skin,
heart abnormalities Toxicities-none reported
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VITAMIN C Function - collagen synthesis, antioxidant, promotes iron absorption, hormone synthesis, immune function Sources -citrus fruits and juices, broccoli, cauliflower, cantaloupe, kiwi fruit, mustard greens, strawberries, tomatoes Deficiencies -scurvy (bleeding, muscle degeneration, delayed wound healing) Toxicities -diarrhea, cramps, headache, insomnia, fatigue, hot flashes, gout, aggravation
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WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINSIDATMEIngestion- oral, tube, ivDigestion- none though food must be broken down to release vitamins for absorptionAbsorption-directly into blood via facilitated diffusion Transport-transported freely in bloodMetabolism- to correct forms and to forms for excretionExcretion-urine and faeces-whole and metabolites of
vitamins -saliva? (whole) -no other routes of excretion
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FUNCTIONAL FOODS All of foods having significant amounts of various vitamins Two issues
Concentrations
Separation of effects- eg cancer
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VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS (VITAMINS AS NUTRACEUTICALS) No need if good diet- good diet will meet the nutritional functions of the vitamins Can get beneficial effects that cannot get from diet (concentration issue) Supplements - get concentration but also potential toxicity
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VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE Heart disease
Niacin-lower cholesterol and LDL and increase HDL
Vitamin C-antioxidant
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VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED
Stroke
Niacin-lipid levels
Vitamin C-antioxidant
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VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED
Cancer Vitamin C - antioxidant
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VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED Metabolic stress: infection,
:trauma (e.g. head injury) :burns :surgery
Increased need, due to fluid loss, for B and C vitamins
-B and C vitamins given through feeding tube or intravenously
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VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED
birth defects-neural tube defects (ntds)e.g. spina bifida
prior to pregnancy- female use of folate to prevent ntds
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VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED
Common cold - vitamin C
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VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED
Smoking
Body vitamin C levels are decreased by smoking
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WHATS NEW IN WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN RESEARCH? Harris et al. 2013. Vitamin C intake and breast cancer mortality in a cohort of Swedish women. Br J Cancer.109(1):257-64.
Increased dietary vitamin C intake before breast cancer diagnosis may give better breast cancer survival.