2.1 Chemistry’s Building Block: The Atom
34
Human Impacts
Transcript of 2.1 Chemistry’s Building Block: The Atom
Human Impacts
The Carbon Cycle
Figure 36.1
atmospheric CO2
photosynthesis
respiration
plants animals
respiration
decomposition by bacteria and fungi
dead organisms fossil fuels
burning of fossil fuels
4 3
2
1
5
Nutrient cycles
The Nitrogen Cycle
Figure 36.2
atmospheric N2
bacteria in root nodules of plants and in soil
assimilation into animals
assimilation into plants
nitrogen fixation animal waste dead organisms
decomposition by bacteria and fungi
denitrifying bacteria
ammonia (NH3) ammonium (NH4
+)
nitrifying bacteria
nitrate (NO3–)
3
1
2
4
5
Nutrient cycles
Aldo Leopold: Odyssey, from Sketches Here and There (1949)
Nutrient cycles
Fertilizer Labels Nutrient cycles
Too Many Nutrients
Figure 36.36
Nutrient cycles
http://microbiology.science.oregonstate.edu/
miseagrant.umich.edu
Too Many Nutrients Nutrient cycles
student.societyforscience.org
Too Many Nutrients Nutrient cycles
New Orleans
mouth of Atchafalaya River Mississippi
River delta
direction of prevailing wind
sediment
sediment and/or algae
dead zone
Gulf of Mexico
New Orleans dead zone
LA
TX
OK AR
MS
AL
TN
Memphis
KS
Nitrogen runoff from the enormous Mississippi watershed runs down the river to the Gulf of Mexico.
IA
MO IL
Des Moines
St. Louis
Chicago
Gulf of Mexico “Dead Zone”
Figure 36.3
Nutrient cycles
student.societyforscience.org
Nutrient cycles Other Dead Zones
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/
Other Dead Zones Nutrient cycles
water vapor
evaporation
10% precipitation over land
90% precipitation over ocean
ocean
surface runoff
groundwater
groundwater runoff
transpiration, evaporation
The Hydrologic Cycle
Figure 36.4
Figure 36.6
source of water for confined
aquifer source of water for unconfined aquifer
wells
unconfined aquifer
confined aquifer impermeable rock layers
Enormous Stores of Underground Water
Figure 36.7
Local groundwater sources: United States Geological Survey (USGS),
Water Replenishment District (WRD) documents
Water Replenishment District of So. Cal., 2004
Groundwater: local aquifers
USGS 2003
Groundwater: seasonal changes
USGS 2003
Groundwater
USGS 2012
Groundwater
Trophic Levels
Figure 36.10
Trophic levels:
producers (photosynthesizers)
primary consumers (plant predators)
secondary consumers (herbivore predators)
tertiary consumers (carnivore predators)
1
2
3
4
Energy flow
Figure 36.13
2% of available solar energy is assimilated in photosynthesis
gross primary production
(total material produced through photosynthesis)
15-70%
30-85%
heat
cellular respiration (“overhead”)
net primary production (amount of material plant accumulates)
Energy flow
Energy Pyramid
Figure 36.14
tertiary consumer secondary consumer primary consumer
primary producer
Energy flow
Figure 36.16
Mount Everest
sea level
50
40
30
20
10
0
Altit
ude
(kilo
met
ers)
0
10
20
30
25
15
5
Altit
ude
(mile
s)
Stratosphere (contains ozone layer)
ozone layer (O3)
transitional zone
Troposphere contains most of atmospheric gases
Mount Everest
sea level
James May U2 flight
Atmosphere
Growing Concentration of Atmospheric CO2
Figure 36.17
58.5
58.0
57.5
57.0
56.5 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
Glo
bal t
empe
ratu
re (o F
)
Car
bon
diox
ide
conc
entr
atio
n (p
arts
per
mill
ion)
Year
Atmosphere
Old carbon vs. new carbon, or, coal vs. banana
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uStoBFtjy8U
Atmosphere
biomasspackaging.com
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/10/gulf-oil-spill/gulf-map-interactive?rptregcta=reg_free_np&rptregcampaign=20131016_rw_membership_n1p_us_ot_w#finished
Geography of Offshore Oil
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
Hope and action
conbio.org
Hope and action
theSCA.org
Hope and action
Hope and action
