2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system.
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Transcript of 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system.
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 2
Structures of the respiratory systemUpper Respiratory System
Nose Sinuses Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx
Lower Respiratory System
Trachea Lungs
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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Nose Nasal cavity – space behind the nose
Vestibular region Olfactory region Respiratory region
Nasal septum – cartilage that divides the nose into right and left sides
Turbinates – scroll-like bones in the respiratory region
Cilia – nose hairs
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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Sinuses - Cavities in the skull. Ducts connect sinuses to the nasal cavity
Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air
Provide resonance to the voice
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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Pharynx
Throat Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
About 5” long
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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Epiglottis
A flap or lid that closes over the opening to the larynx when food is swallowed
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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Larynx Voice Box
Triangular chamber below pharynx
Within the larynx are vocal cords, the glottis
Also called the Adam’s Apple
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Trachea Windpipe
Approximately 4 ½” long The walls are composed of
alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.
Lined with ciliated mucous membrane
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System At the lower end of trachea,
the bronchus divide into right and left branches.
As they enter the lungs, the bronchus subdivide into bronchial tubes and into bronchioles.
At the end of the bronchioles are alveolar ducts and clusters of alveoli.
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Bronchi Ciliated mucous membrane
and hyaline cartilage
Bronchial tubes Cartilaginous plates
Bronchioles Thinner walls of smooth
muscle Lined with ciliated
epithelium
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Alveoli Composed of a single layer
of epithelial tissue
Contain surfactant …fatty substance that keeps the alveoli from collapsing
Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity
Apex Base
Fit snugly over diaphragm. Lung tissue is porous and spongy.
Right lung Larger and shorter than the left lung Displaced by the liver 3 lobes
Left lung Smaller than the right side Displaced by the heart 2 lobes
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Pleura
Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs…serous membrane
Double-walled sac
Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Mediastinum A septum or cavity between
two principal portions of an organ. Contains the heart and its
large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue
Also called the interpleural space
Located between the lungs Contains the thoracic viscera
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Diaphragm from the muscular system!
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system 16
Breathing External respiration- gas
exchange in the lungs occurs between the blood and air in the atmosphere
Internal respiration - gas exchange at the cellular level where oxygen goes from the blood stream to the cells
Inhalation
Exhalation
Inspiration
The part of respiration that involves air being taken into the lungs.
The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward - this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.
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Expiration
Opposite action takes place
Exhalation is a passive process
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Breathing1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?
Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20
Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.
Changes with age – newborn = 40-60/min
Sleep = respirations ↓
Emotion can ↑ or ↓ respiratory rate
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system 20
Respiratory Movements
Compare respiratory movements.
Coughing
Hiccups
Sneezing
Yawning
Why do they occur?
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system 21
Control of breathing
Neural Factors
Respiratory center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA
PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the diaphragm
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system 22
Control of breathing
Chemical Factors CO2 and O2 levels in
the blood is sensed by the brain (respiratory center in brain)
Chemoreceptor in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2
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system 23
Types of breathing
Apnea Dyspnea Eupnea Hyperpnea Orthopnea Tachypnea Hyperventilation
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system 24
Lung capacity and volume
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
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system 25
Lung capacity and volume
Vital lung capacity
Residual volume
Functional residual capacity
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system 26
Lung capacity and volume
Total lung capacity Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve Expiratory reserve Residual air
Sample
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system 27
Respiratory disorders
COMMON COLD What is it? What causes it? Hand-washing – best
preventative measure
COMMON COLD
Contagious viral respiratory infection
Indirect causes – chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep
Rx – Rest, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition
Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
Hand washing – best preventative measure
LARYNGITIS Inflammation of larynx or
voice box
Often secondary to other respiratory infections
Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)…treatment = no talking!
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS SINUSITIS Infection of mucous
membrane that lines sinus cavities
Caused by bacteria or virus
Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance
Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis
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system 31
Respiratory disorders
Asthma
ASTHMA Inflammatory airway obstruction
Caused by allergen or psychological stress
5% of Americans have asthma
Symptoms = difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest
Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator
BRONCHITIS
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous
May be acute or chronic
Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound)
Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause
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system 34
Respiratory disorders
Bronchitis
REPIRATORY DISORDERS
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) – Describes chronic lung conditions, especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2
EMPHYSEMA Alveoli becomes over
dilated, lose their elasticity.
May eventually rupture
Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale – forced
exhalation required
Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2
Dyspnea increases as disease progresses
INFLUENZA (Flu) Viral infection (VIRUS)
causing inflammation of the mucous membrane of lungs
Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion
Complications – pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media and pleuresy
Rx – treat the symptoms
PNEUMONIA Infection of the lung
Caused by bacteria or virus.
Alveoli fill with exudates (thick fluid)
Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea
Rx – O2 and antibiotics
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Respiratory disorders Pneumothorax –
collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural cavity
TUBERCULOSIS Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has caused an
increase in US.
Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs
Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, night sweats
Diagnosis – TB skin test If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample
Rx – antibiotic
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system 41
Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system
The respiratory system plays a vital role in homeostasis