High resolution zoomable Fig. 2 from DOI: 10.1039/C9EN00322C Fig. 2 The status and scale of nanotechnologies. (a) Specific applications and/or application categories are listed (enlarge to view or see Table S3 ESI†) within the following technology readiness levels: applied R&D: proof of concept and/or lab tested; demonstration: field tested, basic prototype, and/or final prototype; commercial: fully tested and/or in operation. (b) Global production volume estimates for 2015 (log scale). The quantum dot (QD) market was not reported on a mass basis, apart from 2016 and 2020 gross estimates (refer to Table S6†); the global quantum dot revenue for the year 2015 was $400–600m. d.: diamonds, fib.: fibers, clay: clays, ful.: fullerenes, ATO: antimony tin oxide (SnO2/Sb2O5), QD: quantum dot, den.: dendrimers, cel.: cellulose, G: graphene, CNT: carbon nanotubes, UV: ultraviolet, MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, LIB: lithium-ion batteries, RFI: radio frequency interference, IR: infrared radiation, SIB: sodium-ion batteries, EMI: electromagnetic interference, LCD: liquid crystal display, TV: television, 3D: three-dimensional, TCF: transparent conductive film, PEM: polymer electrolyte membrane/proton exchange membrane, E-textiles: electronic textiles, ESD: electrostatic discharge, TEM: transmission electron microscopy, SPM: scanning probe microscopy, AFM: atomic force microscopy. Data sourced from Future Markets, Inc., The Global Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials Market Opportunity Report, 2016.57

Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Environmental Science: Nano.This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019

(a)

Engineered Nanomaterial

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

CommercialDemonstrationApplied R&D

Technology Readiness Level

• Sunscreens & cosmetics• UV absorbers for paints, coatings, plastics/ synthetics & textiles• Antimicrobial & bacteriostatic agent• Adhesives•Electrically conductiveapplications

• MRI contrast agents• Electronics• Cancer therapy & drug delivery• Gas sensors• Water remediation

• Biosensors• MRI contrast agents

• Anti-static composites & films for electrostatic painting & static dissipation• Marine coatings• Battery additives• Data cables & power transmission lines• De-icing coatings• Thermoset composites, thermoplastics & rubber additives• Fuel system components• Conductive additive in composites & pastes• EMI shielding composites & coatings• Automotive polymer composites• Sporting goods composites• Aerospace composites• Filtration membranes• Microscopy (TEM grids, SPM tips, AFM tips)• EMI, ESD & antistatic shielding, coatings & composites• TCF additives

• Acoustics• PEM fuel cells• E-textiles•Electrochemical & gas phase hydrogen storage• Solar cells• Drug delivery• Conductors & semiconductors in lighter & more efficient solar cells (flexible foils)• Biosensors• Stretchable films for electronics• Supercapacitor additives• Chemical sensors• Field emission devices• Memory devices• Fire retardant materials• TCF additives

• Catalysts• Imaging probes & fluorescent labels• Electrochemical & gas phase hydrogen storage• Solar cells• Drug delivery• Conductors & semiconductors in lighter & more efficient solar cells (flexible foils)• Antibacterials• Biosensors

• Antistatic coatings• Battery additives• Sporting goods• Tires• Oilfield chemicals• Water filtration membranes• Electron microscopy sample supports• Polymer composites• Conductive inks• Conductive additives fordisplays• Humidity sensors• Inks & 3D printed materials• EMI shielding

• Thermal barrier • Supercapacitor additives• Anti-corrosion coatings• Anti-icing coatings• Antibacterials• Photodetectors • Water filtration membranes• Inks & 3D printed materials• Thermal management• Cement additives • Adhesives• Biosensors• Lubricants• Flame retardants • Paints & coatings • Barriers & impermeablefilms

• Antibacterials• Optical switches • Field effect transistors • Medical device coatings• MRI contrasts agents• Stress strain actuators• Catalysts

• Conductive coatings• Electrochromic coatings

• Magnetic fluids• Propellant additives• Catalysts• Conductive coatings• Electrochromic coatings

• Drug & gene delivery• MRI contrast agents

• Polymer composites• MRI contrast agents• Thermal compounds (pastes) for electronics

• Lubricants• Polishing slurries• Anti-friction & wear coatings• Thermal compounds (pastes) for electronics

• LIB electrode additives• Electrochromic devices• Sensors• Drug delivery & cancer therapy

• LIB electrode additives• Electrochromic devices• Sensors

• Magnetic fluids• Catalysts

• Microfluidic devices• Non-volatile memristive devices• Solar fuel generation via water splitting• Theranostics

• Theranostics • Solar fuel generation via water splitting• Photocatalysts for environmentalremediation

• Photovoltaics (dye-sensitized solar cells)• Sunscreens & cosmetics• Photocatalytic self-cleaningcoatings

• Sensors

• Catalysts• Silicon nanowires in electronics• Sensors

• Rubber & plastic additives• Coating additives• Cosmetics additives• FIllers in nanocompos-ites• Structural adhesives• Automotive tire additives• Cement additives

• Electrocatalysts• Water purification• Supercapacitor additives• Biosensors• Electrochemical sensors

• MRI contrast agents• Anode materials in LIBs• Water purification• Supercapacitor additives• Biosensors• Electrochemical sensors

• Smart glass

• Smart glass• Water filtration & purification

• Antimicrobial wound care• Antimicrobial medical devices• Textiles• Antimicrobial coatings• Cosmetics &personal careadditives• Conductive inks & films• Food packaging• Water filtration & purification

• Cancer diagnostics

• Fuel cell additives• Biomedical implant coatings• Dental composites• Polymer additives

• Resins for optics• Thermal barrier coatings• Ceramics additives• Refractory products• Cement additives• Catalysts• Oxygen sensors

• Conductive coatings• Sensors• Hydrogen production • Bioscaffolds• Therapeutic agents• Catalytic antioxidants

• Solid oxide fuel cells• Anti-corrosion additives

• Polishing slurries• UV absorbers• Fuel additives• Catalysts

• Electron acceptors in polymer-basedsolar cells• Polymers in supercapacitors• Fuel cell catalyst• Medical imaging

• Electron acceptors in polymer-basedsolar cells• Polymers in supercapacitors• Fuel cell catalyst• Medical imaging• Drug delivery• Lubricant additives

• Lubricant additives• Whitening & anti-aging cosmetics• Drug delivery

• Fuel cell catalysts• Thermochromic smart windows

• Cancer therapy & drug delivery• Magnetic bioseparation• Immunoassays• Hyperthermia agents• Propellants• Environmental remediation• Magnetic coatings• Biosensors• MRI contrast agents

• Magnetic storage media• MRI contrast agents• Polishing media

• Field emission devices• Super hydrophobic coatings• Thin film solar cells• Filtration• Gas sensors

• Gas sensors• Anti-microbials• Anti-oxidants• Groundwater treatment• LIB additives• Thin film solar cells• Filtration

• Industrial catalysts• Semiconductor additives

• Anti-microbial coatings• Battery additives (anode)•Radioprotective textiles• Sensors• Medical imaging (contrast agents, nanoprobes & biolabels)• Thermoelectric devices• Solid oxide fuel cells• RFI shielding

•Medical device coatings• Medical imaging (contrast agents, nanoprobes & biolabels)• Thermoelectric devices• Solid oxide fuel cells• RFI shielding

• Ceramics

• IR attenuation films & coatings• Antibacterials • Cancer therapy• Gas sensors • Adsorbent for toxic chemical agents

• Fuel additives•High-temperature dehydrating agents•Superconductors • Fuel additives (e.g. rocket propellants)• IR attenuation films & coatings• Antibacterials • Gas sensors • Adsorbent for toxic chemical agents

• Catalysts• Flame retardants• Refractory material in furnace linings

• Smart windows• Lubricant oil• Catalysts• Sensors (humidity, gas)• LIB & SIB battery additives• EMI shielding coatings• IR attenuation films & coatings

• Lubricant oil• Catalysts• Sensors (humidity, gas)• LIB & SIB battery additives• EMI shielding coatings• Conductive coatings• Conductive composites• IR attenuation films & coatings

• Anti-static coatings

• Medical implants • Environmental adsorbents

• Environmental adsorbents• Conductive coatings• Filtration membranes

• Anti-wear coatings• Nanofillers for polymer composites• Catalysts supports• Heat transfer fluids• Conductive coatings• Propellants• Polishing additives• Paint additives• Filtration membranes• Specialty fibers• Lubricants

• Quantum switches/ quantum computing• Printable solar cells• Thin film solar cells• Solar windows• Drug delivery

• Thin film solar cells• On chip LCDs in TVs• Medical contrast agents• Biosensors• Infrared imaging• Security inks & tags• QD lasers

• Edge optic LCDs in TVs• On surface LCDs in TVs• Medical contrast agents• Security inks & tags• Image sensors

• Biosensors

• Biosensors• Battery separators• Conductive additives for energy storage• Medical textiles (hydrogel dressings)• Bone/ skin regeneration

• Air/ liquid filtration membranes• Medical textiles (hydrogel dressings)• Bone/ skin regeneration

• Barrier films in packaging• Automotive composites• Automotive tire additives• Rheology modifiers• Flame retardant plastic additives

• Medical implants• Water filtration

• Anti-microbial agents in sexual health products• Cosmetics• Antibody reagents• Medical imaging• Inkjet inks• Water repellent coatings

• Drug delivery/ cancer therapy• Water repellent coatings• Gene therapy• Catalytic agents• Separating agents

• Gene therapy• Catalytic agents• Separating agents• Chelating agents• Water treatment• Chemical sensors• Light harvesting

• Cement additives• Printing paper• Polymer composites in plastics packaging• Transparent barrier films in food packaging• Rheology modifiers• Paper composites• Hygiene products• Filter media

• Cement additives• Printing paper• Polymer composites in plastics packaging• Anti-static coatings• Transparent barrier films in food packaging• Self-cleaning coatings• Filtration membranes• Insulation • Paint additives• 3D printing additives• Automotive composites• Drilling fluids in oil & gas

• Anti-static coatings• E-textiles• Drug delivery• Sensors• Aerospace composites• Medical implants• Drilling fluids in oil & gas

• Medical implants• Water filtration

Num

ber o

f App

licat

ions

(b)

Prod

uctio

n Vo

lum

e (M

g)

2015 Production Volumes

0

0.1

1

10

102

103

104

105

106

107

Engineered Nanomaterial

ZnO Au N

i d. fib.

Co 3O

4

TiO

2

SiO

2

Mn 2O

3

AgZr

O2

CeO

2

ful.

Fe2O

3/Fe

3O4

CuO

Bi2O

3

MgO AT

OAl

2O3

QD

den.

cel.

CN

TG

clay

ZnO Au Ni d. fib.

Co 3O

4

TiO

2

SiO

2

Mn 2O

3

AgZr

O2

CeO

2

ful.

Fe2O

3/Fe

3O4

CuO

Bi2O

3

MgO AT

OAl

2O3

QD

den.

cel.

CN

TG

clay