2017 Reformation Exhibition - · PDF file · 2017-04-09This silver medallion was...
Transcript of 2017 Reformation Exhibition - · PDF file · 2017-04-09This silver medallion was...
REFORMATIONEXHIBITION
Anexhibitionofmanuscripts,coinsandotherobjectstocelebratethe500thanniversaryoftheReformationThe30itemsshownherehavebeenselectedfromtheexhibitionthatwillbeheldinsomenon-statecollegesin2017.AlltheitemsintheexhibitionarefromtheCCCRHCollection.
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ThisstatuettewasmadeofolivewoodinJerusalemandshowsJesuswashingthefeetofPeterwhohasanexpressionofresignationonhisface(John13:1-17).Althoughmadeinthe20thcenturyitisinthemedievalstyleofart.Length16cm.
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AclaylampandphialfoundinatombnearJerusalem.Theyhavebeendatedtothe1stcenturyAD.SimilaritemsmighthavebeeninJesus’stombaslampswereleftburningintombs.
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ThisisafragmentofanEgyptianpapyrusmanuscriptdatedtotheperiodfromthe1stcenturyBCtothe2ndcenturyAD.ThewritingisnotclearanditisprobablyunrelatedtoChristianity,buttheearliestChristianmanuscriptswerewrittenonpapyrusandmanysurviveonlyasfragmentslikethis.Itis8x5cm.
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MedievalBibleswerehandwritteninLatinonvellumandwereusuallylargeandexpensive.This“pocketBible”,madeinParisin1260,isonly14by9cm.
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DetailofaleaffromaBiblemadeinParisin1247.Withthetoolusedtopressstraightlinesontothevellumthescribehasdrawnafunnyfaceinthemargin.Isittheboss’sgrumpyface?Whatacheekyscribe!
Ontheothersideoftheleafthescribehaswrittenthechapternumberinthemargin,butwhenlookedatfromthesideitisalaughingface.Isitthescribelaughingattheboss?Whatacleverscribe!
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ThisisaleaffromalargeBiblewithacommentarybyPeterLombard(1100-1160)whowasaninfluentialtheologian.ItwashandwritteninLatinonvellumin1210.ThetextisPaul’sFirstlettertotheCorinthians8:7–9:6.Thecommentaryisthesmallerwriting.
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ApagefromaBookofHoursmadeinFlandersin1470.BooksofHourswerepersonalprayerbooksrichlydecoratedandonlyaffordablebythewealthy.
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SomeBooksofHourshaveminiaturepaintingsinthem.OnthispagefromaBookofHoursmadeatParisin1460themeetingofMaryandElizabeth(Luke1:39-45)isshown.
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TheGutenbergMedal(byAntonScharff,1845-1903)honoursJohannGutenbergwhoinventedprintingbymovabletypeinabout1450.Hisinventionmadebooksavailabletoeveryoneatanaffordableprice.
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ThiswoodcutisonapagefromTheShipofFoolsbySebastianBrandt.ItwasprintedatStrasbourgin1497.AsatiricalallegorycriticalofsocietyandtheChurchitwasverypopularandpreparedthewayfortheReformation.
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IntheExhibitionthereisawholeBibleprintedatLyonin1514.LikemostBiblesatthetimeitisinLatin,butitisunusualinthatithasover1000woodcuts.OntheleftGodiscreatingtheanimalsincludingaunicorn.OntherightGodismakingEvefromoneofAdam’sribs.OrdinarypeoplecouldnotreadLatin.
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DetailofaleaffromaLatinbreviaryprintedin1508atPassauinGermany.Abreviaryisabookthatcontainsprayers,psalms,etc.tobesaidatsettimesofthedaybypriestsandothersintheChurch.ThewoodcutshowsthemartyrdomofStephen.Lutherwouldhaveownedabreviarylikethis.
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IntheExhibitionthereisawholeGreekNewTestamentprintedbyRobertEstienneJnratParisin1568.ItwasbasedonErasmus’GreekNTprintedin1516.LuthertranslatedErasmus’2ndeditionof1519intoGermanin1522.
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ThisisaleaffromtheFirstEditionofLuther’sGermanNewTestamentprintedin1529.Thefirstprintingofthiseditionwasin1522.ItshowsthebeginningofLuke’sGospel.OrdinarypeopleinGermanycouldnowreadthegospelintheirownlanguage.
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ThisisaleaffromtheFirstPrintingoftheFirstEditionofLuther’sGermanPentateuch(1stfivebooksintheOldTestament)in1523.ItisLuther’sprologue.InprologuesandmarginalnotesheinterpretedtheBibleandpromotedEvangelicalism,whichincludedtheideaofjustificationbyfaith.
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CoinsthatLuthermighthaveheld:LutherlivedmostofhislifeinSaxonyandwouldhavehandledthecoinsissuedbythedukesofSaxony.Hediedin1546.
Thissilverpennywasmintedfrom1530to1533.
Thissilverquartertalerbearsthedate1539
Thissilvergrosswasmintedfrom1500to1507.
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Thisbronzereliquarycrosswasmadeinthe11thcentury.Areliquaryisacontainerforarelic,whichisasacredobjectsuchasahairfromasaint.Luther’spatron,FredericktheWise,wasabletofinancetheuniversityatWittenbergbecausehehadalargecollectionofrelicswhichattractedpilgrimstothecity.Thisreliquaryis12cminlength.
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Thissilverschraubmedaille(screw-medal)containsapictureofsixepisodesinLuther’slifefrom1517to1521.ItwasmadeatAugsburgin1730tocommemoratetheAugsburgConfessionof1530.Itis45mmindiameter.
MelanchthonreadstheAugsburgConfession(theLutheranconfessionoffaith)toCharlesV.
Luthernailshis95thesestothechurchTetzel,aDominicanfriarissellingandoorinWittenbergon31stOct.1517.indulgencetoagentleman.
LutherisinterviewedbyCardinalCajetan,the LutherdebateswithJohannEck,apapallegateinGermany,atAugsburgin1518.Germanscholar,atLeipzigin1519.
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InRomein1520Luther’sbooksareburntInDecember1520LutherthrowstheandinJanuary1521heisexcommunicated.papalbullintoabonfireofoldbooks.
In1521LutherattendstheDietofWormsandappearsbeforeEmperorCharlesV.LutherescapestoWartburgCastlewherehebeginstranslatingtheNewTestamentintoGerman.In1529attheSecondDietofSpeyertheprinceswhosupportLutherandopposeanti-Lutheranmeasuresarecalled“Protestants”.
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IntheExhibitionthereisanexampleofapapalbull.Attachedtotheparchmentdocumentistheleadseal(bulla)ofPopeClementXII,1730-40.ItisamarriageauthorizationbutitwouldbesimilartothebullsenttoLuther.
Onthisleadseal(bulla)ofPopeClementXIIaretheheadsofStPeterandStPaul,whichwereusuallyonpapalbullas.
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IntheExhibitiontherearedocuments(unrelatedtoreligiousmatters)signedbytheHolyRomanEmperorsCharlesVandFerdinandI.Theirsignaturesareclearlyshown.TheybothopposedtheReformation.
OnofficialdocumentsCharlessignedhisLatinname,Carolus.
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Albert,dukeofPrussia,wasafollowerofLutherandonhiscointhereisinLatin:“Therighteouslivebyfaith”,whichwaswhatLutherpreached.LutherwasinfluencedbyStPaulwhowrotethatoneisjustifiedbyfaithnotbyworks.
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Thissilvermedallionwasmadein1715tohonourJohanHus,aBohemianreformer,whowasexecutedasahereticin1415.HuswasinfluencedbytheEnglishreformer,JohnWycliffe,andLutherwasinfluencedbyHus.
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Thissilvermedallionwasmadein1630tocelebratethecentenaryoftheAugsburgConfession.MartinLutherpointstoabookonwhichiswritteninLatin:“TheWordoftheLordremainsforever1630SD.”SDstandsforSebastianDadler(1586–1657)whowascourtmedallistatDresdenfrom1625.
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AHebrewscrollcontainingtheBookofNumbers.Itwashandwrittenondeer-skinparchmentinabout1700.ItwasfoundinMorrocointheatticofabuildingthatusedtobeasynagogue.LuthertranslatedhisGermanOldTestamentfromtheHebrew,buthewouldhaveusedaprintedbook.
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DetailofaRomanMissalprintedinLatinatVenicein1533.AmissalisabookwithdirectionsandwordsforcelebratingMass,alsoknownasHolyCommunion.ThismissalhasawoodcutofSaintMatthew.Lutherreformedtheliturgyandpublishedhis“GermanMass”in1526.
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AleaffromaBookofHoursprintedatParisin1531byYolandeBonhomme-Kerver,animportantearlyfemaleprinter.Withthewideuseofprinting,BooksofHoursbecameunfashionableastheyhadlosttheirroleasstatussymbols.
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Russianmetalicon,19thcentury.TheOrthodoxChurchwaslargelyunaffectedbytheReformation.OntherightJohntheBaptistpointstoChristinthecup.
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AleaffromtheNewTestamenttranslatedintoEnglishbyWilliamTyndale.ThisisthefirstillustratedquartoeditionprintedbyR.JuggeinLondonin1552.WhatLutherdidfortheGermanBibleandlanguage,TyndaledidfortheEnglishBibleandlanguage.
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IntheExhibitionthereisawholeEthiopianBiblewithsomecolouredpictures.ItishandwrittenonvelluminGe‘ez,aliturgicallanguagenolongerspoken.ThispictureoftheLastSupperistypicalofEthiopianart.
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IntheExhibitionthereisawholeillustratedBibleinGermanaccordingtoLuther’stranslationandprintedatWittenbergin1703.
ThevariousDukesofSaxonywhosupportedtheReformationareshown.
ThisisthetitlepageoftheNewTestamentinLuther’sGermanBible.ItwasnotonlytheideaofapurifiedtextoftheBibleintheGermanlanguagethatcausedexcitement,itwasLuther’sinterpretationofit.InintroductionsandmarginalnotesheexplainedanewwayofunderstandingtheBible.
In1517MartinLutherinitiatedtheReformationandchangedtheworld.In2017wesalutehim.
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