Audiologist or Speech Pathologist

An audiologist is a health­care professional specializing in identifying, diagnosing, treating and

monitoring disorders of the auditory and vestibular system portions of the ear. They are

health­care professionals who evaluate, diagnose, treat, and manage hearing loss, tinnitus, and

balance disorders in newborn, children, and adults.

An audiologist with a master’s degree can currently practice in the field. However, beginning in 2012, audiologists must earn a doctoral degree (PhD or AuD) in order to be eligible for national certification.

The first step in becoming an audiologist is to obtain a bachelor’s degree. While no specific undergraduate major is required, audiology doctoral programs require courses in physics, math, anatomy and physiology. Some colleges offer undergraduate communication science programs that prepare students for careers in audiology or speech­language therapy.

Formal audiology training begins at the graduate level. When enrolling in a doctoral program, it is important to choose one accredited by the American Speech­Language­Hearing Association (ASHA). Completion of a doctoral degree in audiology generally requires at least four years of full­time study beyond the bachelor’s level. Because they involve a research component, PhD programs may last as long as 5­6 years.

Audiologist Duties

Obtain pertinent medical history from patients

Examine patients suffering from hearing or balance issues

Diagnose problems and determine a course of treatment

Fit patients with hearing aids or cochlear implants if necessary

In cases of profound deafness, provide education and counseling to families on

locating appropriate education for the hearing­impaired

Provide follow up care as necessary

Examine patients who have hearing, balance, or related ear problems

Assess the results of the examination and diagnose problems

Determine and administer treatment

Administer relief procedures for various forms of vertigo

Fit and dispense hearing aids

Counsel patients and their families on ways to listen and communicate, such as by lip

reading or through American Sign Language

See patients regularly to check on hearing and balance and to continue or change the

treatment plan

Keep records on the progress of patients

Conduct research related to the causes and treatment of hearing and balance disorders

The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects jobs in the field of audiology to increase by 37% between

2010 and 2020. Although this is a large percentage, since audiology is a small specialty, this will

result in approximately 4800 new jobs during that period of time.

An aging baby­boom population will continue to increase the demand for most healthcare

services. Hearing loss increases as people age, so an aging population is likely to increase

demand for audiologists. The early identification and diagnosis of hearing disorders in infants

also will spur employment growth. Advances in hearing aid design, such as smaller size and the

reduction of feedback, may make such devices more appealing as a means to minimize hearing

loss. This may lead to more demand for audiologists.

DENTAL ASSISTANTS

Dental Assistants provide patients with dental care and assist dentists and dental hygienists. They

have many tasks, ranging from patient care and taking x rays to record keeping and scheduling

appointments. Their duties vary by state and by the dentists’ offices where they work.

High school students interested in a career as a dental assistant should take courses in biology,

chemistry, and anatomy. Some states require assistants to graduate from an accredited program

and pass a state exam. Most programs are offered by community colleges, take about 1 year to

complete, and lead to a certificate or diploma. Programs that last 2 years, also offered in

community colleges, are less common and lead to an associate’s degree. The Commission on

Dental Accreditation(CODA), part of the American Dental Association, approved more than 250

dental­assisting training programs in 2013.

Dental assistants typically do the following:

Work with patients to make them comfortable in the dental chair and to prepare them

for treatments and procedures

Sterilize dental instruments

Prepare the work area for patient treatment by setting out instruments and materials

Help dentists by handing them instruments during procedures

Keep patients’ mouths dry by using suction hoses and other equipment

Instruct patients in proper dental hygiene

Process x rays and complete lab tasks, under the direction of a dentist

Keep records of dental treatments

Schedule patient appointments

Work with patients on billing and payment

Employment of dental assistants is projected to grow 25 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster

than the average for all occupations. Ongoing research linking oral health and general health will

likely continue to increase the demand for preventive dental services. Dentists will continue to

hire more dental assistants to complete routine tasks, allowing the dentist to see more patients in

their practice and to spend their time on more complex procedures. As dental practices grow,

more dental assistants will be needed.

As the large baby­boom population ages, and as people keep more of their original teeth than did

previous generations, the need to maintain and treat teeth will continue to increase the need for

dental care.

Federal health legislation is expected to expand the number of patients who have access to health

insurance. People with new or expanded dental insurance coverage will be more likely to visit a

dentist than in the past. This will increase the demand for all dental services, including those

performed by dental assistants.

Diagnostic Medical Sonographer

Diagnostic medical sonographers and cardiovascular technologists and technicians, including

vascular technologists, operate special imaging equipment to create images or conduct tests. The

images and test results that diagnostic imaging workers produce help physicians assess and

diagnose medical conditions. Some technologists assist physicians and surgeons during surgical

procedures.

Colleges and universities offer both associate’s and bachelor’s degree programs in sonography and in cardiovascular and vascular technology. One­year certificate programs also are available from colleges or in hospitals, although these are usually useful only to those who are already employed in related healthcare jobs, such as a radiation therapist. Employers typically prefer candidates with degrees or certificates from accredited institutes or hospital programs. Most programs also include a clinical component in which students earn credit while working under a more experienced technologist in a hospital, physician’s office, or imaging laboratory.

Sonography, cardiovascular, and vascular education programs usually include courses in anatomy, medical terminology, and applied sciences. Most sonography programs are divided into the specialized fields that correspond to the relevant certification exams, such as abdominal sonography or breast sonography. Cardiovascular and vascular programs include coursework in either invasive or noninvasive cardiovascular or vascular technology procedures.

High school students who are interested in diagnostic medical sonography, cardiovascular

technology, or vascular technology should take courses in anatomy, physiology, and

mathematics.

Diagnostic medical sonographers and cardiovascular technologists and technicians, including

vascular technologists, typically do the following:

Prepare patients for procedures by taking a patient’s history and answering any

questions about the procedure

Prepare and maintain diagnostic imaging equipment

Operate equipment to obtain diagnostic images or conduct tests

Analyze the images or test results to check for quality and adequate coverage of the

areas needed for diagnoses

Recognize the difference between normal and abnormal images and other diagnostic

information

Analyze diagnostic information to provide a summary of findings for physicians

Record findings and keep track of patients’ records

Employment of diagnostic medical sonographers is projected to grow 46 percent from 2012 to

2022, much faster than the average for all occupations. Employment of cardiovascular

technologists and technicians, including vascular technologists, is projected to grow 30 percent

from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all occupations.

As imaging technology evolves, medical facilities will use it to replace more invasive, costly

procedures. Technological advances and less expensive equipment now allow more procedures

to be done outside of hospitals. Third­party payers encourage the use of these noninvasive

measures over invasive ones.

Although hospitals remain the primary employer of diagnostic medical sonographers,

cardiovascular technologists and technicians, and vascular technologists, employment is

projected to grow more rapidly in physicians' offices and in medical and diagnostic laboratories.

Employment in these healthcare settings is projected to increase because of a shift toward

outpatient care whenever possible.

Emergency Medical Technicians­Paramedics

Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics care for the sick or injured in

emergency medical settings. People’s lives often depend on their quick reaction and competent

care. EMTs and paramedics respond to emergency calls, performing medical services and

transporting patients to medical facilities.

Both a high school diploma or equivalent and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) certification

are prerequisites for most postsecondary educational programs in emergency medical

technology. Most of these programs are postsecondary non­degree award programs that can be

completed in less than 1 year; others last up to 2 years. Paramedics, however, may need an

associate’s degree. Educational programs in emergency medical technology are offered by

technical institutes, community colleges, and facilities that specialize in emergency care training.

High school students interested in becoming EMTs or paramedics should take courses in

anatomy and physiology.

Programs at the EMT level include instruction in assessing patients' conditions, dealing with

trauma and cardiac emergencies, clearing obstructed airways, using field equipment, and

handling emergencies. Formal courses include about 150 hours of specialized instruction, and

some instruction may take place in a hospital or ambulance setting.

Programs at the Advanced EMT level typically requires about 300 hours of instruction based on

the scope of practice. At this level, people must complete the requirements for the EMT level as

well as more advanced ones, such as using complex airway devices, intravenous fluids, and some

medications.

Paramedics have the most advanced level of education. They must complete EMT and Advanced

EMT levels of instruction, along with courses in advanced medical skills. Community colleges

and technical schools may offer these programs, which require about 1,200 hours of instruction

and may lead to an associate's degree. Paramedics’ broader scope of practice may include

stitching wounds or administering intravenous medications.

EMTs and paramedics typically do the following:

Respond to 911 calls for emergency medical assistance, such as cardiopulmonary

resuscitation (CPR) or bandaging a wound

Assess a patient’s condition and determine a course of treatment

Follow guidelines learned in training or received from physicians who oversee their

work

Use backboards and restraints to keep patients still and safe in an ambulance during

transport

Help transfer patients to the emergency department of a healthcare facility and report

their observations and treatment to the staff

Create a patient care report, documenting the medical care given to the patient

Replace used supplies and check or clean equipment after use

Employment of emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics is projected to grow 23

percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all occupations. Emergencies, such

as car crashes, natural disasters, or acts of violence, will continue to create demand for EMTs

and paramedics. Demand for part­time, volunteer EMTs and paramedics in rural areas and

smaller metropolitan areas will also continue.

Growth in the middle­aged and elderly population will lead to an increase in the number of

age­related health emergencies, such as heart attacks or strokes. This, in turn, will create greater

demand for EMTs and paramedic services. An increase in the number of specialized medical

facilities will require more EMTs and paramedics to transfer patients with specific conditions to

these facilities for treatment.

MEDICAL ASSISTANTS

Medical assistants take and record patients’ personal information. They must be able to keep that

information confidential and discuss it only with other medical personnel who are involved in

treating the patient.

High school students interested in a career as a medical assistant should take courses in biology,

chemistry, and anatomy.

Medical assistants typically graduate from postsecondary education programs, and employers

may prefer to hire assistants who have completed these programs. Programs for medical assisting

are available from community colleges, vocational schools, technical schools, and universities

and take about 1 year to complete. These programs usually lead to a certificate or diploma. Some

community and junior colleges offer 2­year programs that lead to an associate’s degree. All

programs have classroom and laboratory portions that include lessons in anatomy and medical

terminology.

Some medical assistants have a high school diploma or equivalent and learn their duties on the

job.

There are no formal educational requirements for becoming a medical assistant in most states.

Some states require assistants to graduate from an accredited program, pass an exam, or both to

do advanced tasks, such as taking x rays and giving injections.

Medical assistants typically do the following:

Take and record patient history and personal information

Measure vital signs

Help the physician with patient examinations

Give patients injections as directed by the physician

Schedule patient appointments

Prepare blood for laboratory tests

Employment of medical assistants is projected to grow 29 percent from 2012 to 2022, much

faster than the average for all occupations. The growth of the aging baby­boom population will

continue to spur demand for preventive medical services, which are often provided by

physicians. As their practices expand, physicians will hire more assistants to perform routine

administrative and clinical duties, allowing the physicians to see more patients.

An increasing number of group practices, clinics, and other healthcare facilities need support

workers, particularly medical assistants, to do both administrative and clinical duties. Medical

assistants work mostly in primary care, a steadily growing sector of the healthcare industry. In

addition, federal health legislation will expand the number of patients who have access to health

insurance, increasing patient access to medical care.

Additional demand also is expected because of new and changing tasks for medical assistants as

part of the medical team. As more and more physicians’ practices switch to electronic health

records (EHRs), medical assistants’ job responsibilities will continue to change. Assistants will

need to become familiar with EHR computer software, including maintaining EHR security and

analyzing electronic data, to improve healthcare information.

PHLEBOTOMIST

Phlebotomists are trained medical professionals who are an integral part of the medical

community. Phlebotomists not only draw blood from patients from the finger, heel, or vein so

that diagnostic tests on the blood may be performed, they also use their skills to provide many

necessary services to patients and doctors.

Phlebotomists typically enter the occupation with a postsecondary non­degree award from a

phlebotomy program. Programs for phlebotomy are available from community colleges,

vocational schools, or technical schools. These programs usually take less than 1 year to

complete and lead to a certificate or diploma. Programs have classroom and laboratory portions

and include instruction in anatomy, physiology, and medical terminology.

Some phlebotomists may enter the occupation with a high school diploma and are trained to be a

phlebotomist on the job.

Phlebotomists typically do the following:

Draw blood from patients and blood donors

Talk with patients and donors so they are less nervous about having their blood drawn

Verify a patient or donor’s identity to ensure proper labeling

Label the drawn blood for testing or processing

Enter patient information into an onsite database

Assemble and maintain medical instruments such as needles, test tubes, and blood vials

Employment of phlebotomists is projected to grow 27 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster

than the average for all occupations. Hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, blood donor centers, and

other locations will need phlebotomists to perform blood work.

Blood analysis remains an essential function in medical laboratories and hospitals. Demand for

phlebotomists will remain high as doctors and other healthcare professionals require blood work

for analysis and diagnoses.

PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS

Physician assistants, also known as PAs, practice medicine on a team under the supervision of

physicians and surgeons. They are formally educated to examine patients, diagnose injuries and

illnesses, and provide treatment.

Most applicants to physician assistant education programs already have a bachelor’s degree and

some healthcare­related work experience. While admissions requirements vary from program to

program, most programs require two to four years of undergraduate coursework with a focus in

science.

Many applicants already have experience as registered nurses or as EMTs and paramedics before they apply to a physician assistant program.

Physician assistant education programs usually take at least 2 years of full­time study. In 2012, the Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant, Inc. (ARC­PA) accredited 170 education programs. Most of these accredited programs offer a master’s degree.

Physician assistant education includes classroom and laboratory instruction in subjects such as

pathology, human anatomy, physiology, clinical medicine, pharmacology, physical diagnosis,

and medical ethics. The programs also include hundreds of hours of supervised clinical training

in several areas, including family medicine, internal medicine, emergency medicine, and

pediatrics.

Sometimes students serve in one or more of these areas under the supervision of a physician who

is looking to hire a physician assistant. In this way, the rotation may lead to permanent

employment.

Physician assistants typically do the following:

Review patients’ medical histories

Conduct physical exams to check patients’ health

Order and interpret diagnostic tests, such as x rays or blood tests

Make diagnoses concerning a patient’s injury or illness

Give treatment, such as setting broken bones and immunizing patients

Educate and counsel patients and their families—for example, answering questions

about how to care for a child with asthma

Prescribe medicine when needed

Record a patient’s progress

Research the latest treatments to ensure the quality of patient care

Conduct or participate in outreach programs; talking to groups about managing

diseases and promoting wellness

Employment of physician assistants is projected to grow 38 percent from 2012 to 2022, much

faster than the average for all occupations.

Demand for healthcare services will increase because of the growing and aging population. More

people means more need for healthcare specialists, and as the large baby­boom generation ages,

it will require more healthcare. This, coupled with an increase in several chronic diseases such as

diabetes, will drive the need for physician assistants to provide preventive care and treat those

who are sick.

POLYSOMNOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGIST

Polysomnographic Technologist also referred to as sleep technologists, evaluate, test and treat

patients who have been diagnosed with sleep disorders. These sleep professionals work under the

general supervision of and work with physicians while treating sleep problems. In order to work

in the field, polysomonographic technologists must be credentialed by the Board of Registered

Polysomnographic Technologists.

Depending on how a PT seeks RPGST certification, educational requirements may include

proof of high school graduation or the completion of the Accredited Sleep Technology

Education Program (ASTEP) introductory course and self­study modules offered through the

American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). Another education requirement is the

completion of an accredited program offered through the Commission on Accreditation of

Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) or through the Commission on Accreditation for

Respiratory Care (CoARC).

Under the direction of physicians Polysomnographic Technicians and Technologists assist in the

diagnosis, treatment and management of patients with varied sleep disorders. Polysomnographic

Technicians and Technologists are responsible for proper hook­up and monitoring of patients

through the night, staging the patients sleep and breathing, noting movements, etc.

Polysomnographic Technologists are employed in hospitals, medical centers, private clinics,

home care companies, educational institutions and more. This is a rapidly expanding field that

will continue to grow and become more established in the community. Polysomnographic

Technicians and Technologists are needed throughout the state and country, even internationally.

According to the U.S. Department of Labor, health care provided 13.5 million jobs in 2004, making it the largest industry. 8 out of 20 occupations projected to grow the fastest are in health

care. More new wage and salary jobs — about 19 percent, or 3.6 million — created between 2004 and 2014 will be in health care than in any other industry. Most workers have jobs that require less than 4 years of college education, but health diagnosing and treating practitioners are among the most educated workers. There is a critical need for well­trained healthcare professionals in the area of polysomnography. The field of sleep studies, or polysomnography, is a rapidly growing area of health professions. With the continuing growth in the number of sleep labs annually, the need for credentialed, well­trained Polysomnographic Technicians and Technologists is also increasing. According to the National Sleep Foundation, over 82 million Americans suffer from sleeping disorders with greater than 12 million Americans suffering from obstructive sleep apnea. RADIATION THERAPIST Radiation therapists treat cancer and other diseases in patients by administering radiation treatments. Although candidates may qualify by completing a 12­month certificate program, employers

usually prefer to hire applicants who have an associate’s degree or a bachelor's degree in

radiation therapy.

Radiation therapy programs include courses in radiation therapy procedures and the scientific

theories behind them. These programs often include courses in human anatomy and physiology,

physics, algebra, computer science, and research methodology.

Radiation therapists typically do the following:

Explain treatment plans to the patient and answer questions about treatment

Follow safety procedures to protect the patient and themselves from overexposure to

radiation

Examine machines to make sure they are safe and working properly

X ray the patient to determine the exact location of the area requiring treatment

Check computer programs to make sure the machine will give the correct dose of

radiation to the appropriate area of the patient's body

Operate the machine to treat the patient with radiation

Monitor the patient to check for unusual reactions to the treatment

Keep detailed records of treatment

Employment of radiation therapists is projected to grow 24 percent from 2012 to 2022, much

faster than the average for all occupations. However, because it is a small occupation, the fast

growth will result in only about 4,500 new jobs over the 10­year period.

The risk of cancer increases as people age, so an aging population will increase demand for

radiation therapists. Early diagnosis and the development of more sophisticated treatment

techniques will also increase employment.

RESPIRATORY THERAPIST

A respiratory therapist treats patients with breathing issues due to various medical conditions.

Respiratory therapists see patients of all different ages and utilize a variety of techniques to treat

them including chest physiotherapy, medications, and ventilators. They also diagnose issues in

patients by testing lung capacity, performing other diagnostic tests, and examining patients.

Respiratory therapists need at least an associate’s degree, but employers may prefer applicants

who have a bachelor’s degree. Many colleges and universities, vocational–technical institutes,

and the Armed Forces offer education and training programs. Most programs award an

associate’s or bachelor’s degree.

All programs have clinical components that allow therapists to earn course credit and gain

supervised, practical experience treating patients.

Respiratory therapy programs include courses in human anatomy and physiology, chemistry,

physics, microbiology, pharmacology, and mathematics. Other courses deal with therapeutic and

diagnostic procedures and tests, equipment, patient assessment, and cardiopulmonary

resuscitation (CPR).

High school students interested in applying to respiratory therapy programs should take courses

in health, biology, mathematics, chemistry, and physics.

Respiratory therapists typically do the following:

Interview and examine patients with breathing or cardiopulmonary disorders

Consult with physicians to develop patient treatment plans

Perform diagnostic tests such as measuring lung capacity

Treat patients by using a variety of methods, including chest physiotherapy and aerosol

medications

Monitor and record the progress of treatment

Supervise respiratory therapy technicians during tests and evaluate the findings of the

tests

Teach patients how to use treatments

Employment of respiratory therapists is projected to grow 19 percent from 2012 to 2022, faster

than the average for all occupations. Growth in the middle­aged and elderly population will lead

to an increased incidence of respiratory conditions such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis,

pneumonia, and other disorders that can permanently damage the lungs or restrict lung function.

These factors will in turn lead to an increased demand for respiratory therapy services and

treatments, mostly in hospitals and nursing homes. In addition, advances in preventing and

detecting disease, improved medications, and more sophisticated treatments will increase the

demand for respiratory therapists. Other conditions affecting the general population, such as

smoking, air pollution, and respiratory emergencies, will continue to create demand for

respiratory therapists.

SURGICAL ASSISTANTS

the surgical assistant provides aid in exposure, hemostasis, closure, and other intraoperative

technical functions that help the surgeon carry out a safe operation with optimal results for the

patient. In addition to intraoperative duties, the surgical assistant also performs preoperative and

postoperative duties to better facilitate proper patient care. The surgical assistant to the surgeon

during the operation does so under the direction and supervision of that surgeon and in

accordance with hospital policy and appropriate laws and regulations.

. Surgical technologists receive their training in formal programs offered by community and

junior colleges, vocational schools, universities, hospitals, and the military. In 2006, the

Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) recognized

more than 400 accredited training programs. Programs last from 9 to 24 months and lead to a

certificate, diploma, or associate degree. High school graduation normally is required for

admission. Recommended high school courses include health, biology, chemistry, and

mathematics.

Programs provide classroom education and supervised clinical experience. Students take

courses in anatomy, physiology, microbiology, pharmacology, professional ethics, and

medical terminology. Other topics covered include the care and safety of patients during

surgery, sterile techniques, and surgical procedures. Students also learn to sterilize

instruments; prevent and control infection; and handle special drugs, solutions, supplies, and

equipment.

Employment of surgical technologists is expected to grow 24 percent between 2006 and

2016, much faster than the average for all occupations, as the volume of surgeries increases.

The number of surgical procedures is expected to rise as the population grows and ages.

Older people, including the baby boom generation, who generally require more surgical

procedures, will account for a larger portion of the general population. In addition,

technological advances, such as fiber optics and laser technology, will permit an increasing

number of new surgical procedures to be performed and also will allow surgical technologists

to assist with a greater number of procedures.

Hospitals will continue to be the primary employer of surgical technologists, although much

faster employment growth is expected in offices of physicians and in outpatient care centers,

including ambulatory surgical centers.

Medical Laboratory Technologist

Medical laboratory technologists (commonly known as medical laboratory scientists) and

medical laboratory technicians collect samples and perform tests to analyze body fluids, tissue,

and other substances. Medical laboratory technologists perform complex medical laboratory

tests; medical laboratory technicians perform routine medical laboratory tests.

Universities and hospitals offer medical technology programs. An entry­level job for

technologists usually requires a bachelor's degree in medical technology or life sciences.

A bachelor’s degree program in medical laboratory technology includes courses in chemistry,

biology, microbiology, mathematics, and statistics, as well as courses in clinical laboratory skills,

management, and education. This degree often is known as a medical laboratory scientist degree.

The courses may be offered through a hospital­based program that students attend during their

senior year of college. College graduates who major in other sciences and meet a program’s

prerequisites, such as having completed required courses in biology and chemistry, also may

apply to a medical laboratory science program.

Medical laboratory technicians often complete an associate’s degree program in clinical

laboratory science. A limited number of 1­year certificate programs are available from hospitals

for those who already have a degree in a related field, such as nursing. The Armed Forces and

vocational or technical schools also may offer certificate programs for medical laboratory

technicians. The technician coursework addresses the theoretical and practical aspects of each of

the major laboratory disciplines.

High school students who are interested in pursuing a career in the medical laboratory sciences

should take courses in chemistry, biology, and mathematics.

Medical laboratory technologists and technicians typically do the following:

Analyze body fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue samples, and record normal or

abnormal findings

Study blood samples for use in transfusions by identifying the number of cells, the cell

morphology or the blood group, blood type, and compatibility with other blood types

Operate sophisticated laboratory equipment, such as microscopes and cell counters

Use automated equipment and computerized instruments capable of performing a

number of tests at the same time

Log data from medical tests and enter results into a patient’s medical record

Discuss results and findings of laboratory tests and procedures with physicians

Supervise or train medical laboratory technicians

Employment of medical laboratory technologists is projected to grow 14 percent from 2012 to

2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Employment of medical laboratory

technicians is projected to grow 30 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for

all occupations.

An increase in the aging population will lead to a greater need to diagnose medical conditions,

such as cancer or type 2 diabetes, through laboratory procedures. Medical laboratory

technologists and technicians will be in demand, to use and maintain the equipment needed for

diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnostic Molecular Scientist

Diagnostic molecular scientists are trained to perform research by conducting tests for many

types of medical diagnoses and analyses, including cancer, infectious diseases, identity testing,

genetic disorders and pharmacogenetics. They are typically involved in DNA and RNA

isolation, amplification, detection and viral load analysis.

Diagnostic molecular scientists generally have at least a baccalaureate level education. Some

have master’s degrees and some go on to complete PhDs. Students typically earn a bachelor’s

degree in a science field, then enter an accredited certificate or graduate degree program.

Program prerequisites may include anatomy, microbiology, and introductory statistics. Typical

coursework includes advanced biochemistry, statistics, and chemistry analysis. Some diagnostic

molecular scientists enter the profession through a related field like cytotechnology or a more

general one like clinical laboratory technology.

The early part of a diagnostic science course is largely theoretical, and takes place in the

laboratory and the classroom. In the latter part of the program, students get practical experience

in a number of fields including hematopathology, oncology, infectious disease, and genetics.

Students may have the opportunity to take advanced coursework in an area of special interest, for

example, microbial genomics or cancer biology. Many molecular scientists specialize in

genetics.

Molecular scientists study various human samples including blood and bone, fetal cells, and hair

follicles. Duties can include preparing samples, sequencing DNA, analyzing data, and reporting

findings. These specialized scientists may also develop protocols and write documents related to

quality control. They are often involved in research, from investigating collection methods and

other best practices to designing new assays. They may also have supervisory duties within the

laboratory.

Demand for diagnostic molecular scientists is expected to increase in the coming years, fueled by

new scientific understanding and also by changes in demographics. Advances in genomics will

increase the use of advanced molecular tests. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicted that

molecular technology and technician positions would increase by 14% during the years 2008 to

2018.

HISTOLOGIC TECHNICIAN

Histologic technicians prepare and perform tests on human tissue for pathologists to examine and

identify disease. Histologic technology involves cutting tissues, making cultures, and using

chemicals to prepare potentially infectious specimens for analysis. Histologic technicians work

under supervision in laboratories in universities, doctor offices, hospitals, and private companies.

Performs, interprets, and correlates laboratory procedures that require the broad exercise of

independent judgement and responsibility with minimal technical supervision. Maintains

equipment and records. Performs quality assessment activities related to test performance.

Participates in the evaluation of new techniques and procedures n the laboratory. Differentialtes

and resolves technical, instrument and physiologic causes of problems or unexpected test results.

Most histologic technicians have earned bachelor's degrees in biology, chemistry or medical

technology, according to the professional organization American Medical Technologists (AMT,

americanmedtech.org), though it is possible to enter the field with an associate's degree and

several years of laboratory experience. Histologic technicians typically are certified by one of

four national agencies, and some states also require licensure.

As the field of medicine advances and the population grows, laboratory tests will be used to

diagnose disease, and the field of histologic technology will grow quickly. In May 2012, the U.S.

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS,www.bls.gov), reported that clinical laboratory technicians,

including histologic technicians, earned a mean salary of $39,340. Histologic technicians

working in larger hospitals earned more than those working in independent medical laboratories

and physician offices. According to the BLS, employment of clinical laboratory technicians is

expected to increase 22% from 2012­2022.

PATHOLOGIST ASSISTANT is an intensively trained allied health professional who provides

anatomic pathology services under the direction and supervision of a licensed, board­certified or

board­eligible pathologist.

While earning a 4­year bachelor's degree in biology or a related field, a prospective pathology

assistant will take classes in pathology, anatomy, microbiology and biochemistry. Many

pathology assistants have also earned master's degrees and have work experience in related fields

like histotechnology, medical technology and autopsies. Pathology assistants will also have

obtained a state license by passing a standardized exam.

nder the direction and supervision of a pathologist, a pathologists’ assistant may provide the following:

Preparation, gross description and dissection of human tissue surgical specimens Preparation of human postmortem examinations

Instruction of anatomy and physiology, gross pathology, photography and gross dissection skills for surgical specimens as well as autopsy techniques

Training of pathology residents/fellows, pathologists’ assistant students and other pathology lab personnel (as needed)

Research Procurement of samples for biospecimen banking Performance of administrative, budgetary, supervisory, teaching and other such duties as

may be appropriate and assigned

The career outlook for pathologist’s assistants is strong. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

classifies pathologist’s assistants within the physician’s assistants category, and, as such, projects

job growth for the entire field to be 30 percent from 2010 to 2020. Employment opportunities are

projected to grow about as fast as average due to a rising demand for medical services. Pathology

assisting opportunities should be plentiful in rural and inner city areas because these locations

have difficultly enticing employees to relocate.

CLINICAL ASSISTANT

Clinical assistants generally provide laboratory and clinical support to physicians, nurses, and

laboratory technicians.

Clinical assistants may perform diagnostic lab work like chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis

testing on collected patient samples as directed by supervisory personnel. Clinical assistants can

also provide prep services and limited patient care, like setting up examining rooms and taking

patients' medical history. In most cases, clinical assistants work in doctors' offices and clinics,

although they may work in hospitals or laboratories as well.

Clinical assistants complete certificate or diploma training from a community, vocational, or

technical college, which usually takes about a year. Some clinical assistants may be certified

through a professional organization or association, depending on their skills, abilities, and

interests. Clinical assistants study specimen collection, handling, and processing. They also study

anatomy, physiology, medical terminology, computers, and ethics.

Clinical assistants can look forward to a generally positive career outlook. According to research

conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS, www.bls.gov), there is expected to be a

marked expansion in the number of doctors' offices and outpatient clinics in the next few years,

so there should be an increased need for medical support staff like clinical assistants. The BLS

estimates that employment growth for medical assistants will be 31% from 2010­2020, much

faster than most career fields. In May 2012, the BLS estimated the average annual salary for

clinical assistants, also known as medical assistants, to be $30,550.

CYTOGENETIC TECHNOLOGISTS

Cytogenetic technologists research the molecular pathology of genetic diseases and disorders.

They sample bodily fluids, blood, tissue, chromosomes cells and other genetic matter that are

collected from patients. Working in medical laboratories cytogenetic technologists track and

analyze these biological cultures with microscopes and other medical imaging tools. They may

also write and supply reports on their research findings for doctors, medical agencies and private

parties.

Cytogenetic technicians can enter this field with a 2­year associate degree in life science from a

junior college or technical school. But, cytogenetic technologists are generally required to have a

4­year bachelor degree in medical science or life science from a college or university. Degree

courses often include classes in biology, math, molecular science and medical terminology.

Some states require cytogenetic technologists to pass a licensure test as a condition of

employment.

Growth of the elderly population and the resulting increase in the need for diagnosing medical

conditions are factors in the need for medical and clinical laboratory technologists and

technicians, a category that includes cytogenetic technologists. Job growth of 30% is expected

for medical and clinical laboratory technologists and technicians from 2012­2022, which is much

faster than the average for all occupations, as reported by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

(www.bls.gov). The median annual income for medical and clinical laboratory technologists and

technicians in general was $57,580 as of May 2012, the BLS reported.

COMMUNITY COUNSELOR

A community counselor offers counseling for individuals and communities, usually after a tragic

event such as a natural disaster.

Community counselors need a master's level education in counseling. A master's degree in

community counseling will provide a student with the necessary training to qualify for state

licensing and national certification. This program consists of courses that cover topic areas

such as:

Human development

Psychology

Family counseling

Cultural diversity

Juvenile counseling

Mental disorders

Addictions and interventions

Earning a bachelor’s degree is typically the first step toward a community counseling career.

Individuals pursuing careers in this field will often earn degrees in counseling, social services,

psychology, social psychology, or sociology to begin with.

A master’s degree in community counseling, however, is usually necessary before becoming

certified or licensed. In many cases, students earning master’s degrees in community counseling

are also required to complete an internship as well.

Community counselors attempt to solve widespread community problems that are social or

psychological in nature. In order to do this, they will often work with individuals as well as a

community as a whole. The main duty of a community counselor is to help individuals or groups

of people cope with the challenges in their lives.

he BLS projected job growth of 17% for community and social service occupations in general

from 2012­2022, faster than the average for all occupations. Mental health counselors could

expect job growth of 29% (much faster than average) during that decade, and substance abuse

and behavioral disorder counselors of 31%.

Genetic counselors assess individual or family risk for a variety of inherited conditions, such as genetic disorders and birth defects. They provide information and advice to other healthcare providers, or to individuals and families concerned with the risk of inherited conditions. Genetic counselors typically need at least a master’s degree in genetic counseling or genetics,

and some earn a Ph.D.

Coursework in genetic counseling includes public health, epidemiology, psychology, and

developmental biology. Classes emphasize genetics, public health, and patient empathy.

Advanced courses focus on clinical observations, review of previous genetic research, and health

communication strategies.

Genetic counselors typically do the following:

Analyze genetic information to identify patients or families at risk for specific

disorders and syndromes

Write detailed consultation reports to provide information on complex genetic concepts

for patients or referring physicians

Discuss testing options and the associated risks, benefits, and limitations with patients

and families

Interview patients to obtain comprehensive medical histories and document the

findings

Interpret laboratory results and communicate findings to patients or physicians

Counsel patients and family members by providing information, education, or

reassurance regarding genetic risks and inherited conditions

Determine patient treatment plans by reviewing laboratory work, literature, and patient

histories

Participate in professional organizations or conferences to keep abreast of

developments in genetics and genomics

Employment of genetic counselors is projected to grow 41 percent from 2012 to 2022, much

faster than the average for all occupations. However, because it is a small occupation, the fast

growth will result in only about 900 new jobs over the 10­year period. Ongoing technological

innovations, including lab tests and developments in genomics, are giving counselors the

opportunities to conduct more types of analyses. Cancer genomics, for example, can determine a

patient’s risk for specific types of cancer. The number and types of tests that genetic counselors

can administer and interpret has increased over the past few years.

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY COUNSELOR/THERAPIST

Mental health counselors and marriage and family therapists help people manage and overcome

mental and emotional disorders and problems with their family and relationships. They listen to

clients and ask questions, to help the clients understand their problems and develop strategies to

improve their lives.

To become a mental health counselor or a marriage and family therapist, applicants typically

need a master’s degree in psychology, social work, counseling, marriage and family therapy, or a

related mental health field. A bachelor’s degree in most fields is acceptable to enter a

master’s­level program.

Counseling programs prepare students to recognize symptoms of mental and emotional disorders

and to use effective counseling strategies. Marriage and family therapy programs teach students

about how marriages, families, and relationships function and how they affect mental and

emotional disorders.

Mental health counselors and marriage and family therapists typically do the following:

Encourage clients to discuss their emotions and experiences

Help clients process their reactions and adjust to changes in their life, such as divorce

and layoffs

Guide clients through the process of making decisions about their future

Help clients develop strategies and skills to change their behavior and to cope with

difficult situations

Coordinate treatment with other professionals, such as psychiatrists and social workers

Refer clients to other resources or services in the community, such as support groups or

inpatient treatment facilities

Employment of mental health counselors and marriage and family therapists is projected to grow

29 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all occupations. Growth is

expected in both occupations as more people have mental health counseling services covered by

their insurance policies.

Federal legislation mandating individual health coverage may increase the number of health

insurance customers. In addition, the law requires insurance plans to cover treatment for mental

health issues in the same way as other chronic diseases. These two factors will open up

prevention and treatment services to more people who were previously uninsured, did not have

these services covered, or found treatment to be cost­prohibitive. Mental health centers and other

treatment and counseling facilities will need to hire more mental health counselors and marriage

and family therapists, to meet this increased demand.

In addition, the number of military veterans needing and seeking mental health treatment is

expected to increase over the next decade. The federal government, community clinics, and local

hospitals will need to expand their mental health counseling staff, to provide timely and effective

treatment for veterans and active duty personnel.

REHABILITATION COUNSELOR

Rehabilitation counselors help people with emotional and physical disabilities live

independently. They work with clients to overcome or manage the personal, social, and

professional effects of disabilities on employment or independent living.

Most employers require a master’s degree in rehabilitation counseling or a related field. A

bachelor’s degree in most fields is acceptable to enter a master’s­level program. Master’s degree

programs teach students the theories, skills, and techniques to provide effective mental health

counseling. These programs also train students in evaluating clients’ needs, formulating and

implementing job placement strategies, and understanding the medical and psychological aspects

of a disability. They typically require a period of supervised experience or training, such as an

internship.

Although some employers hire workers with a bachelor’s degree in rehabilitation and disability

studies, these workers typically cannot offer the full range of services that a rehabilitation

counselor with a master’s degree can provide. Bachelor’s degree programs teach students about

issues that people with disabilities face and about the process of providing rehabilitation services.

Rehabilitation counselors typically do the following:

Provide individual and group counseling to help clients adjust to their disability

Evaluate clients’ abilities, interests, experience, skills, health, and education

Develop a treatment plan in consultation with other professionals, such as doctors,

therapists, and psychologists

Create rehabilitation or treatment plans based on clients’ values, strengths, limitations,

and goals

Arrange for clients to obtain services, such as medical care or career training

Help employers understand the needs and abilities of people with disabilities, as well

as laws and resources that impact people with disabilities

Assist clients in creating strategies to develop their strengths and adjust to their

limitations

Locate resources, such as wheelchairs or computer programs, that help clients live and

work more independently

Monitor clients’ progress and adjust the rehabilitation or treatment plan as necessary

Advocate for the rights of people with disabilities to live in the community and work in

the job of their choice

Employment of rehabilitation counselors is projected to grow 20 percent from 2012 to 2022,

faster than the average for all occupations. Demand for rehabilitation counselors is expected to

grow with the increase in the elderly population and with the continued rehabilitation needs of

other groups, such as veterans and people with disabilities.

Older adults are more likely than other age groups to become disabled or injured. They will need

to learn to adapt to their disabilities and learn strategies to live independently. As a result, they

will require the services of rehabilitation counselors. As the size of the elderly population grows,

so will the need for rehabilitation counselors.

In addition, there will be a continued need for rehabilitation counselors to work with veterans

who were disabled during their military service. They will also be needed to work with other

groups, such as people who have learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, or substance

abuse problems.

School counselors help students develop social skills and succeed in school. Career counselors

assist people with the process of making career decisions, by helping them choose a career or

educational program.

Most states require school counselors to have a master’s degree in school counseling or a related

field. Programs in school counseling teach students about fostering academic development;

conducting group and individual counseling; and working with parents, teachers, and other

school staff. These programs often require students to gain experience through an internship or

practicum.

Most employers prefer that career counselors have a master’s degree in counseling with a focus

on career development. Career counseling programs prepare students to teach career

development techniques and assess clients’ skills and interests. Many programs require students

to have a period of supervised experience, such as an internship.

School counselors typically do the following:

Help students understand and overcome social or behavioral problems through

individual and group counseling

Provide individual and small group counseling based on student needs

Work with students to develop skills, such as organization, time management, and

effective study habits

Help students set realistic academic and career goals and develop a plan to achieve

them

Evaluate students’ abilities and interests through aptitude assessments, interviews, and

individual planning

Collaborate with teachers, administrators, and parents to help students succeed

Deliver classroom guidance lessons on topics, such as bullying, drug abuse, and

planning for college or careers after graduation

Identify and report possible cases of neglect or abuse

Refer students and parents to resources outside the school for additional support

Employment of school and career counselors is projected to grow 12 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations. While overall employment growth is expected due to increasing school enrollments, hiring may be limited, due to slow growth—or decline—in education funding from state and local governments.

Rising student enrollments in elementary, middle, and high schools, as well as colleges and

universities, are expected to increase demand for school counselors. As enrollments grow,

schools will require more counselors to respond to the developmental and academic needs of

their students. Colleges will need to hire additional counselors to meet the demand for career

counseling services from their students.

Despite these projected increases in school enrollment, however, employment growth for school

and career counselors will depend on state and local government budgets. When state and local

governments experience budget deficits, they may lay off employees, including counselors. As a

result, employment growth may be reduced by state and local government budget difficulties.

Demand for career counseling is projected to increase in vocational rehabilitation organizations

and in private practice. Companies may expand their use of employment assistance programs and

career counseling, to retain talent and increase the productivity and morale of their employees.

Career counselors also will be needed to assist career changers and to help laid off workers find

employment, as well as to help military personnel transition into the civilian job market.

ART THERAPIST

Art therapists use visual art media to help people who may struggle to communicate verbally or

to express their feelings.

People who wish to enter the art therapy field must first hold a bachelor's degree. They then

apply to a master's degree program in art therapy. According to the American Art Therapy

Association, prospective art therapy graduate students must submit a portfolio of their artwork

in order to be admitted to an art therapy degree program

(www.americanarttherapyassociation.org). They must also possess 18 semester hours of art

studio courses and 12 semester hours of psychology courses. Art therapy degree programs

typically last about two years.

Students enrolled in a graduate program for art therapists take classes related to psychotherapy,

psychology, human development, ethics, patient assessment and other subjects related to the art

therapy field. Graduates of a program typically earn a master's degree in art therapy. They may

also earn a master's degree in counseling with a concentration in art therapy. Some art

therapists return to school to earn a Ph.D. in art therapy.

Art therapists lead their clients through a variety of art activities in order to improve clients' self

esteem, physical health and mental well­being. They believe that creating art can help people

cope with problems that contribute to emotional, mental and physical issues. According to the

Health Professions Network, art therapists employ a combination of studio art, psychotherapy

and counseling to guide their clients toward a healthier outlook on life (www.healthpronet.org).

Clients sculpt, sketch, paint and create other unique works of art during their sessions with a

licensed art therapist.

Also known as: Certified Recreational Therapist, Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialist,

CTRS, Drama Therapist, Recreational Therapist, Therapeutic Recreation Specialist

The overall job outlook for Art Therapist careers has been negative since 2004. Vacancies for

this career have decreased by 9.63 percent nationwide in that time, with an average decline of

1.61 percent per year. Demand for Art Therapists is expected to go up, with an expected 5,870

new jobs filled by 2018.

NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGIST

Nuclear medicine technologists use a scanner to create images of various areas of a patient’s

body. They prepare radioactive drugs and administer them to patients undergoing the scans. The

radioactive drugs cause abnormal areas of the body to appear different from normal areas in the

images.

Nuclear medicine technologists typically need an associate’s degree in nuclear medicine

technology. Bachelor’s degrees are also common. Some technologists become qualified by

completing an associate’s or a bachelor's degree program in a related health field, such as

radiologic technology or nursing, and then completing a 12­month certificate program in nuclear

medicine technology. Generally, certificate programs are offered in hospitals, associate's degree

programs are in community colleges, and bachelor's degrees are granted by colleges and

universities.

Nuclear medicine technology programs include clinical experience—practice under the supervision of a certified nuclear medicine technologist and a physician or surgeon who specializes in nuclear medicine. In addition, these programs often include courses in human anatomy and physiology, physics, chemistry, radioactive drugs, and computer science.

Nuclear medicine technologists typically do the following:

Explain imaging procedures to the patient and answer questions

Follow safety procedures to protect themselves and the patient from unnecessary

radiation exposure

Examine machines to ensure that they are working properly

Prepare radioactive drugs and administer them to the patient

Monitor the patient to check for unusual reactions to the drugs

Operate equipment that creates images of areas in the body, such as images of organs

Keep detailed records of procedures

Employment of nuclear medicine technologists is projected to grow 20 percent from 2012 to

2022, faster than the average for all occupations. However, because it is a small occupation, the

growth will result in only about 4,200 new jobs over the 10­year period.

Nuclear medicine technologists work mostly with adult patients, although procedures may be

performed on children. A larger aging population should lead to the need to diagnose and treat

medical conditions that require imaging, such as heart disease. Nuclear medicine technologists

will be needed to administer radioactive drugs and maintain the imaging equipment required for

diagnosis.

Federal health legislation will increase the number of patients who have access to health

insurance, increasing patient access to medical care. This will increase the demand for medical

imaging services, including those provided by nuclear medicine technologists.

CYTOPATHOLOGY TECHNOLOGIST/ CYTOTECHNOLOGIST

Cytotechnologists (CTs) analyze fluid and tissue specimens for microscopic cellular

abnormalities, such as bacterial and viral infections, cancer, meningitis, and other diseases.

A bachelor's degree and completion of a university or hospital­based cytotechnology program

accredited by the Committee on Accreditation of Allied Health Programs (CAAHEP) is required

for entry­level jobs.

They work closely with pathologists, who are medical doctors specializing in the study of

diseases, but much of their microscopic and analytical work is performed independently.

Cytotechnologists analyze the Pap tests that detect cervical cancer. They also collect, prepare,

and interpret specimens for other types of fluid and tissue testing. They may be employed by

laboratories, hospitals, research facilities or universities.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) predicts faster­than­average job growth for medical

and clinical laboratory technologists, including cytotechnologists (www.bls.gov). The BLS

predicts 14% job growth for medical and clinical laboratory technologists for the 2012­2022

period. Automation is rapidly changing the field of cytotechnology, and technologists with

advanced diagnostic skills and ASCP certification in related areas, such as molecular pathology

(MP), may have the strongest employment opportunities. In May 2012, the BLS reported that

medical and clinical laboratory technologists made a median annual salary of $57,580.

DOSIMETRIST

A dosimetrist is a medical specialist who determines what dosage of radiation cancer patients

should receive.

Dosimetrists typically must have a bachelor's degree in medical dosimetry. Many employers may

also require a master's degree. Bachelor's degrees typically take 4­5 years, while a master's can

take an additional 2­3 years. Most dosimetrist degree programs include radiation therapy

components that help dosimetrists learn how the entire radiation therapy team works on the

treatment of a patient. These programs also emphasize math and science courses to prepare

students to calculate dosage.

Students should look for programs accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Education in

Radiologic Technology (JCERT) in order to qualify for certification exams to be completed

after graduation. Certification exams are administered by the Medical Dosimetrist Certification

Board (MDCB). Certification usually involves taking an exam and participating in an

interview, and finally, candidates are observed by a senior medical dosimetrist.

The duties as a dosimetrist include measuring radiation doses, consulting with radiation

therapists and radiation oncologists on treatment plans and ways of limiting radiation exposure,

monitoring the effectiveness of treatment and keeping treatment records. Your medical training

needs to include knowledge of brachytherapy and the proper use of radiation equipment and

technology.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that approximately 15,200 people worked as

radiation therapists in 2008 (www.bls.gov). Employment in radiation treatment positions was

projected to grow 27% to about 19,400 between 2008 and 2018 due to a growing elderly

population, falling costs and improved treatment effectiveness.

CARDIOVASCULAR TECHNOLOGIST

Cardiovascular technologists and technicians provide assistance to doctors who perform

heart­related procedures. Most have a minimum of an associate's degree, but bachelor's degrees

are also possible; candidates who also earn optional professional credentials have better job

prospects.

Associate's degree programs in cardiovascular technology are the most common type of

educational program in the field. These programs engage students in didactic and lab

components in addition to clinical experiences and hospital internships. Students learn

theoretical concepts related to cardiac health conditions as well as procedures for operating

echocardiography equipment, performing diagnostic scans and assisting with treatment. After

completing introductory coursework in general sciences and cardiovascular technology, most

programs require students to take advanced coursework, focused in either invasive or

non­invasive cardiovascular technology.

Though less common, four­year bachelor's degree programs in the field are becoming more

readily available. In these programs, the first two years are dedicated to basic science and

general education courses, followed by two years of study in advanced health science, an

invasive or non­invasive specialty and an extended internship.

Cardiovascular technologists and cardiovascular technicians serve as cardiovascular assistants

to physicians. They aid in the diagnosis and treatment of heart and blood vessel issues. Their

day­to­day tasks include reviewing doctor and patient documentation, scheduling appointments

and monitoring patients' heart rates. They also look after and operate the equipment, explain

test procedures to patients and identify problems in their test findings.

Cardiovascular technologists and technicians have a variety of areas of specialization, such as

invasive cardiology, echocardiography, vascular technology, stress testing and

electrocardiograms. Those who specialize in invasive procedures assist in the cardiac

catheterization of balloon angioplasties and electrophysiology tests.

Depending on which area of specialization the cardiovascular tech works in, duties may

include assisting physicians during delicate, invasive procedures. They may be tasked with

administering drugs, shaving and cleaning the patient, positioning the patient and monitoring

the patients' biological state.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), most cardiovascular technologists

were employed in general public and private hospitals in 2013 (www.bls.gov). Other popular

places of employment included private cardiology offices, medical laboratories and outpatient

care centers.

The BLS predicted that from 2012­2022, as the aging population grew and technology allowed

for earlier detection of heart disease, employment opportunities for cardiovascular

technologists would increase at the high rate of 30 percent. In May of 2013, the BLS also

reported that cardiovascular technologists and technicians earned a mean annual salary of

$53,990.

HEALTH INFORMATION ADMINISTRATOR

Health information administrators oversee the health information system which contains all

medical documents, insurance information, and medical/legal documentation for a health care

facility.

Individuals interested in a career as a health information administrator should take courses in

algebra, biology, chemistry, computer skills, data processing, psychology, English, government,

history, literature, foreign language, anatomy, sociology, and health occupations/medical

professions.

Students interested in health information administration must complete a baccalaureate degree

program from an accredited institution, which is generally 4 years in length. Graduates are then

eligible to take the national registration examination offered by the American Health Information

Management Association. Once the exam is successfully passed, an individual then becomes a

registered health information administrator (RHIA).

They design and manage health information systems to insure they meet medical, legal, and

ethical standards. Seeing that each patient's medical record is complete, kept confidential, and

safeguarded from individuals not involved with the medical care of the patient are paramount

concerns. The duties and responsibilities of a health information administrator are largely

dependent on the size and type of health facility they work in. They usually have a number of

personnel that work under them and are responsible for training and directing them. Accurate

records are necessary for research, insurance claims, legal actions, evaluation of treatment and

medications prescribed, and for instruction of various medical personnel. Health information

administrators also help in assisting the medical staff in evaluating the quality of health care that

patients receive in a particular health facility.

n the years to come hospitals will continue to be the highest employer of health information

professionals. There is expected to be over a 25% increase in the number of health information

administrators through the year 2010. This is mainly due to the need for detailed and highly

organized medical records that will be increasingly scrutinized by third party payers, courts, and

consumers. Many other health care facilities such as health maintenance organizations nursing

homes, and home health agencies will also be utilizing health information personnel because of

the need to keep accurate and secure medical records.

HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNICIANS

Medical records and health information technicians, commonly referred to as health information

technicians, organize and manage health information data by ensuring its quality, accuracy,

accessibility, and security in both paper and electronic systems. They use various classification

systems to code and categorize patient information for insurance reimbursement purposes, for

databases and registries, and to maintain patients’ medical and treatment histories.

Postsecondary certificate and associate’s degree programs in health information technology

typically include courses in medical terminology, anatomy and physiology, health data

requirements and standards, classification and coding systems, healthcare reimbursement

methods, healthcare statistics, and computer systems. Applicants to health information

technology programs increase their chances of admission by taking high school courses in health,

computer science, math, and biology.

Health information technicians typically do the following:

Review patient records for timeliness, completeness, accuracy, and appropriateness of

data

Organize and maintain data for clinical databases and registries

Track patient outcomes for quality assessment

Use classification software to assign clinical codes for reimbursement and data analysis

Electronically record data for collection, storage, analysis, retrieval, and reporting

Protect patients’ health information for confidentiality, authorized access for treatment,

and data security

Employment of health information technicians is projected to grow 22 percent from 2012 to

2022, much faster than the average for all occupations. The demand for health services is

expected to increase as the population ages. An aging population will need more medical tests,

treatments, and procedures. This will mean more claims for reimbursement from insurance

companies. Additional records, coupled with widespread use of electronic health records (EHRs)

by all types of healthcare providers, could lead to an increased need for technicians to organize

and manage the associated information in all areas of the healthcare industry.

Cancer registrars are expected to continue to be in high demand. As the population ages, there

will likely be more types of special purpose registries because many illnesses are detected and

treated later in life.

DOER

Athletic Trainers

Athletic trainers specialize in preventing, diagnosing, and treating muscle and bone

injuries and illnesses. Exercise physiologists develop fitness and exercise programs that

help patients recover from chronic diseases and improve cardiovascular function, body

composition, and flexibility.

Athletic trainers and exercise physiologists need at least a bachelor’s degree from an accredited

college or university. Master’s degree programs are also common. Both degree programs have

classroom and clinical components, including science and health­related courses, such as

biology, anatomy, physiology, and nutrition.

The Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) accredits athletic trainer programs, as well as post­professional and residency athletic trainer programs.

The Committee on Accreditation for the Exercise Sciences accredits exercise physiology programs.

High school students interested in postsecondary athletic training or exercise physiology

programs should take courses in anatomy, physiology, and physics.

Athletic trainers (ATs) typically do the following:

Apply protective or injury­preventive devices such as tape, bandages, and braces

Recognize and evaluate injuries

Provide first aid or emergency care

Develop and carry out rehabilitation programs for injured athletes

Plan and implement comprehensive programs to prevent injury and illness among

athletes

Perform administrative tasks such as keeping records and writing reports on injuries

and treatment programs

Employment of athletic trainers is projected to grow 21 percent from 2012 to 2022, faster than

the average for all occupations. However, because it is a small occupation, the fast growth will

result in only about 4,900 new jobs over the 10­year period. As people become more aware of

sports­related injuries at a young age, demand for athletic trainers is expected to increase, most

significantly in colleges, universities, and youth leagues.

Recent research reveals that the effects of concussions are particularly severe and long lasting in

child athletes. Although concussions are dangerous to athletes at any age, children’s brains are

still developing and are at risk for permanent complications. Parents and coaches are becoming

educated about these greater risks through community health efforts. Because athletic trainers are

usually onsite with athletes and are often the first responders when injuries occur, the demand for

trainers should continue to increase.

Additionally, advances in injury prevention and detection and more sophisticated treatments are

projected to increase the demand for athletic trainers. Growth in an increasingly active

middle­aged and elderly population will likely lead to an increased incidence of athletic­related

injuries, such as sprains. Sports programs at all ages and for all experience levels will continue to

create demand for athletic trainers.

Insurance and workers’ compensation costs have become a concern for many employers and

insurance companies, especially in areas where employees are often injured on the job. For

example, military bases hire athletic trainers to help train and rehabilitate injured military

personnel. These trainers also create programs aimed at keeping injury rates down. Depending

on the state, some insurance companies recognize athletic trainers as healthcare providers and

reimburse the cost of an athletic trainer’s services.

DENTAL LABORATORY TECHNICIANS

Dental laboratory technicians are responsible for creating full and partial dentures for individuals who are missing their teeth. Technicians also design bridges, crowns, caps, veneers, and other orthodontic splints and appliances to protect and straighten teeth.

Dental laboratory technicians can receive their education through a 2­year program at a

technical college, vocational school or community college. These programs will confer either a

certificate or an associate's degree in dental laboratory technology. The Commission on Dental

Accreditation of the American Dental Association is responsible for accrediting dental

laboratory technology training programs. Some states require additional licensure or other

credentialing.

However, a formal education isn't required in all states. In some, prospective dental laboratory

technologists can get practical on­the­job training and learn new procedures as they advance

through training.

Dental laboratory technicians use impressions, or molds, of a patient’s teeth to create crowns, bridges, dentures, and other dental appliances. They work closely with dentists, but have limited contact with patients.

Dental laboratory technicians work with small hand tools, such as files and polishers. They work

with many different materials to make prosthetic appliances, including wax, plastic, and

porcelain. In some cases, technicians use computer programs to create appliances or to get

impressions sent from a dentist’s office.

Dental laboratory technicians can specialize in one of six areas: orthodontic appliances, crowns

and bridges, complete dentures, partial dentures, implants, or ceramics. Technicians may have

different job titles, depending on their specialty. For example, technicians who make porcelain

and acrylic restorations, such as veneers and bridges, are called dental ceramists.

mployment of dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians is

projected to grow 7 percent from 2012 to 2022, slower than the average for all occupations.

As cosmetic prosthetics, such as veneers and crowns, become less expensive, there should be an

increase in demand for these appliances. Accidents and poor oral health, which can cause

damage and loss of teeth, will continue to create a need for dental laboratory technician services.

Dental technician services will be in demand, as dentists work to improve the aesthetics and

function of patients’ teeth.

On the other hand, baby boomers and their children are more likely to retain their teeth than

previous generations. This is due to increased visits to dentists, increased use of fluoride, and

more dental health education. These factors will likely lead to a decrease in the number of full

and partial dentures and other prosthetics used to replace missing teeth and will temper demand

for the technicians that make them.

OPHTHALMIC LABORATORY TECHNICIAN

Optical lab technicians, sometimes known as ophthalmic laboratory technicians, create contact

lenses and prescription eyeglasses.

mployers prefer to hire candidates with high school diplomas or GEDs, but postsecondary

education isn't required to become an ophthalmic lab technician. Many laboratories provide

on­the­job training to new hires, and the training time varies by employer. During this period,

ophthalmic lab technicians learn how to make lenses by hand and with automated equipment.

The specifications submitted by ophthalmologists, optometrists and opticians are adhered to in

order to produce the final product.

Some community colleges and vocational schools offer ophthalmic lab technician certificates

for students interested in formal training. These programs provide a general education

background and teach subjects specific to making prescription eyewear, such as understanding

eye anatomy, analyzing prescriptions and creating lenses. An apprenticeship may be part of

some programs' curricula to give students hands­on experience. Certificates may be applied

towards associate's degrees in ophthalmic science and other related studies. Certification isn't

necessary for ophthalmic lab technicians, but it may increase advancement opportunities.

After receiving orders from optometrists and opticians, optical lab technicians cut polish and

grind lenses for prescription classes or create prescription contact lenses. In some cases, an

optical lab technician may create lenses for products like binoculars, microscopes, and

telescopes. This position relies on computer equipment and automated tools to make the lenses.

The final product is always examined by an optical lab technician before it is sent off to the

customer.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment for ophthalmic laboratory

technicians was expected to grow 12% between 2012 and 2022 (www.bls.gov). This rate is

consistent with the national average, and it's primarily due to the expected need of vision care for

the growing and aging population. Industries with the most ophthalmic laboratory technicians

employed include medical equipment and supplies manufacturers, personal care stores and

physician offices. Individuals with formal education should have the best prospects for their

career.

ORTHOTIST/PROSTHETIST

Orthotists and prosthetists, also called O&P professionals, design medical supportive devices and

measure and fit patients for them. These devices include artificial limbs (arms, hands, legs, and

feet), braces, and other medical or surgical devices.

All orthotists and prosthetists must complete a master’s degree in orthotics and prosthetics.

These programs include courses such as upper and lower extremity orthotics and prosthetics,

spinal orthotics, and plastics and other materials.

All graduate degree programs have a clinical component in which the student works under the

direction of an O&P professional. Most programs require at least 500 hours of clinical

experience, split equally between orthotics and prosthetics.

Master’s programs usually take 2 years to complete. Prospective students can have a bachelor’s

degree in any discipline if they have fulfilled prerequisite courses in science and mathematics;

requirements vary by program.

Orthotists and prosthetists typically do the following:

Evaluate and interview patients to determine their needs

Measure patients in order to design and fit medical devices

Design orthopedic and prosthetic devices based on physicians' prescriptions

Take a mold of the part of a patient’s body that will be fitted with a brace or artificial

limb

Select materials to be used for the orthotic or prosthetic device

Fit, test, and adjust devices on patients

Instruct patients in how to use and care for their devices

Repair or update prosthetic and orthotic devices

Document care in patients' records

Employment of orthotists and prosthetists is projected to grow 36 percent from 2012 to 2022,

much faster than the average for all occupations. However, because it is a small occupation, the

fast growth will result in only about 3,000 new jobs over the 10­year period.

The large, aging baby­boom population will create a need for orthotists and prosthetists, since

both diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which are the two leading causes of limb loss, are more

common among older people. Advances in technology may spur demand for prostheses that

allow for more natural movement.

RECREATIONAL THERAPIST

Recreational therapists plan, direct, and coordinate recreation­based treatment programs for

people with disabilities, injuries, or illnesses. Recreational therapists use a variety of modalities,

including arts and crafts, drama, music, dance, sports, games, and community reintegration field

trips to help maintain or improve a patient’s physical, social, and emotional well­being.

Most recreational therapists need a bachelor’s degree in recreational therapy or a related field.

Though less common, associate’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees are also available.

Recreational therapy programs include courses in assessment, human anatomy, medical and

psychiatric terminology, characteristics of illnesses and disabilities, and the use of assistive

devices and technology. Bachelor’s degree programs usually include an internship.

Recreational therapists typically do the following:

Assess patients' needs through observations, medical records, tests, and talking with

other healthcare professionals, patients’ families, and patients

Create treatment plans and programs that meet patients’ needs and interests

Plan and implement interventions to prevent harm to a patient

Engage patients in therapeutic activities, such as games and field trips

Help patients learn social skills needed to become or remain independent

Teach patients about ways to cope with anxiety or depression

Record and analyze a patient’s progress

Evaluate interventions for effectiveness

mployment of recreational therapists is projected to grow 13 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as

fast as the average for all occupations.

As the large baby­boom generation ages, they will need recreational therapists to help treat

age­related injuries and illnesses. Older persons are more likely to suffer from stroke,

Alzheimer’s disease, and mobility­related injuries that require recreational therapy. Continued

growth is expected in nursing care facilities, adult daycare programs, and other settings that care

for geriatric patients. Therapists will also be needed to help healthy seniors remain active in their

communities and maintain their independence later in life.

In addition, the number of people with chronic conditions such as diabetes and obesity is

growing. Recreational therapists will be needed to help patients maintain their mobility and to

teach patients about managing their conditions. Therapists will also be needed to plan and lead

programs designed to maintain overall wellness through participation in activities such as camps,

day trips, and sports.

Legislation requiring federally funded services for students with disabilities will continue to

shape the need for recreational therapists in education settings.

In addition, third party payers will continue to use therapists’ services as a way to cut costs in

patients’ recoveries from injuries or illnesses, moving treatment to outpatient settings rather than

more costly hospital settings.

DANCE THERAPIST

Dance therapists use movement to help clients improve emotional, mental and physical health.

According to the American Dance Therapy Association (www.adta.org), they are trained to help

others develop communication skills, reduce stress, boost self­esteem and overcome physical

disabilities through movement.

The American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA) recommends that aspiring dance therapists

possess a strong dance background in addition to a liberal arts degree. As undergraduates,

students can pursue degrees in psychology, dance, recreation therapy and other liberal arts or

human services fields.

After earning a bachelor's degree, students can enroll in an ADTA­approved master's degree

program in dance therapy. They take courses that may include counseling, body movement

assessment, psychotherapy and movement therapy. A program might also include a supervised

internship. There were six master's degree programs in the country that were approved by the

ADTA as of March 2014. Students who already hold a master's or doctoral degree in a field

related to human services can earn a master's degree in dance therapy by completing specific

dance therapy courses and training.

Dance therapists work in nursing homes, schools, hospitals, mental health facilities and

counseling centers. They use their specialized skills to work with both groups and individuals.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that jobs for all types of recreational

therapists were expected to increase 13% from 2012­2022 .

MEDICAL ILLUSTRATOR/PHOTOGRAPHER

Medical photographers, who fall under the category of scientific photographers, record a variety

of medical data through the use of photography. This requires knowledge of scientific

procedures, photography techniques and how to properly use equipment. Medical photographers

must also maintain good hand­eye coordination to ensure clear photographs.

According to the BLS, scientific photographers typically need a degree, which may be in

photography or in an industry­related field, such as biology or chemistry. Course preparation

includes learning to correctly operate photography equipment and becoming familiar with

photography techniques. Those interested in photography can enroll in courses at private trade

schools, vocational technical institutes, community colleges or universities.

A medical photographer uses her or his photography knowledge, along with medical content

knowledge, to perform on­site photography services required for surgical and clinical

procedures. Often, this includes using photography for reproducing radiography images,

creating photographs for reconstructive surgeries, producing educational slides and

documenting operating room procedures. Medical photographers rely on digital cameras and

computer software programs to edit their images. They may be required to edit client images

taken from pre­operative and post­operative evaluations. Therefore, staying abreast of recent

software editing trends is important.

In the field of dermatology, medical photographers primarily deal with melanoma screening.

This includes mole mapping to aid in early melanoma recognition. Occasionally, medical

photographers also document vital information for sexual assault victims. This sensitive duty

requires medical photographers to obtain clear, accurate documentation. Some medical

photographers also conduct electrophoresis gel photography and image enhancing.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) expected slower­than­average 4% employment

growth for all types of photographers between 2012 and 2022 (www.bls.gov). In 2013, the BLS

reported an annual median salary of $29,280 for photographers, with those working in personal

care services earning significantly higher wages.

MUSIC THERAPIST

Music therapists use musical instruments and vocal improvisation to treat clients with physical

disabilities or mental illnesses.A music therapist aims to positively impact a person's entire

health holistically by reducing stress. Also, depending on the patient's illness or disability,

therapy might be used to ameliorate his or her cognitive skills (by improving memory, for

instance), heal physical pain, or reduce emotional trauma by getting him or her to express

feelings.

According to the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) website, a 4­year bachelor's

degree should comprise studies in music and music therapy, in addition to 1,200 hours of

clinical training including field experience occurring within classes. The AMTA suggests this

training should delve into psychopathology and human development, so courses in biological,

behavioral, and social science as well as psychology will be in the curriculum, rounded out

with general education studies. Once a prospective therapist graduates with a bachelor's degree,

he or she can complete the Certification Board for Music Therapists examination for a

credential.

Music therapists seek to establish an interaction ­ a shared musical experience ­ in the pursuit of therapeutic goals. These goals are determined by the therapist's understanding of the client's pathology and personal needs.

Music therapists support clients with a wide range of issues, including eating disorders, anxiety, behavioural and emotional difficulties, addiction and communication disorders. They also work with those who want to gain an insight into themselves and how they relate to others.

Also known as: Certified Recreational Therapist, Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialist,

CTRS, Drama Therapist, Recreational Therapist, Therapeutic Recreation Specialist

The overall job outlook for Music Therapist careers has been negative since 2004. Vacancies for

this career have decreased by 9.63 percent nationwide in that time, with an average decline of

1.61 percent per year. Demand for Music Therapists is expected to go up, with an expected 5,870

new jobs filled by 2018. This represents an annual increase of 3.52 percent over the next few

years

TOUCHY_FEELY

KINESIOTHERAPIST

Kinesiotherapists are healthcare professionals who use holistic exercise to condition or

recondition geriatric, psychiatric, orthopedic, cardiovascular or pediatric patients.

A kinesiotherapist must complete a kinesiotherapy program that consists of 128 semester hours

over the course of 4­5 years. These programs cover topics like research and statistics, exercise

testing and measurement, anatomy, biomechanics and patient assessment. Upon graduation, a

student must pass an examination given by the Council on Professional Standards for

Kinesiotherapy's Board of Registration in order to become a registered kinesiotherapist.

These professionals are responsible for guiding their patients through exercise regimens

designed to increase functionality or decrease the effects of a disease, ailment or injury. They

utilize treatments like aquatic therapy, driver training and prosthetic/orthotic rehabilitation, and

they are responsible for recording and tracking development and progress in these areas. A

kinesiotherapist also motivates, educates and encourages his or her patients in order to help

them achieve their goals.

inesiotherapists work in a variety of healthcare settings, from private practices to hospitals or

sports­medicine facilities. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the number

of exercise physiologists, which were grouped with kinesiotherapists, was predicted to rise at

an average pace from 2012­2022, specifically 9 percent over the decade.

MASSAGE THERAPIST

Massage therapists treat clients by using touch to manipulate the soft­tissues of the body. With

their touch, therapists relieve pain, help rehabilitate injuries, improve circulation, relieve stress,

increase relaxation, and aid in the general wellness of clients.

Educational standards and requirements for massage therapists vary greatly by state or other

locality. Education programs are typically found in private or public postsecondary institutions.

Most programs require at least 500 hours of study to complete; some programs require 1,000

hours or more.

A high school diploma or equivalent degree is usually required for admission. Massage therapy

programs generally include both classroom study and hands­on practice of massage techniques.

Programs cover subjects such as anatomy; physiology, which is the study of organs and tissues;

kinesiology, which is the study of motion and body mechanics; pathology, which is the study of

disease; business management; and ethics.

Massage therapists typically do the following:

Talk with clients about symptoms, medical history, and desired results

Evaluate clients to locate painful or tense areas of the body

Manipulate muscles or other soft tissues of the body

Provide clients with guidance on stretching, strengthening, overall relaxation, and how

to improve their posture

Document client’s condition and progress

Employment of massage therapists is projected to grow 23 percent from 2012 to 2022, much

faster than the average for all occupations. Continued growth in the demand for massage services

will lead to new openings for massage therapists.

As an increasing number of states adopt licensing requirements and standards for therapists, the

practice of massage is likely to be respected and accepted by more people as a way to treat pain

and to improve overall wellness. Similarly, as more healthcare providers understand the benefits

of massage, demand will increase as these services become part of treatment plans.

Massage also offers specific benefits to particular groups of people whose continued demand for

massage services will lead to overall growth for the occupation. For example, some sports teams

hire massage therapists to help give their athletes relief from pain and to rehabilitate clients with

injuries.

Demand for massage services will grow as the baby­boom generation seeks these services as a

way to help maintain their health as they age. Older people in nursing homes or assisted­living

facilities also are finding benefits from massage, such as increased energy levels and reduced

health problems. Demand for massage therapy should grow among older age groups because

they increasingly are enjoying longer, more active lives.

In addition, the number of massage clinic franchises has increased in recent years. Many

franchised clinics offer more affordable massages than those provided at spas and resorts,

making massage services available to a wider range of customers.

However, demand for massage services may be limited by overall state of the economy. During

tough economic times, both the number of people who seek massage therapy and the frequency

of their massages may decline.

OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST

Occupational therapists treat injured, ill, or disabled patients through the therapeutic use of

everyday activities. They help these patients develop, recover, and improve the skills needed

for daily living and working.

Most occupational therapists enter the occupation with a master’s degree in occupational therapy. In March 2013, there were 149 occupational therapy programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education, part of the American Occupational Therapy Association; 145 are master’s degree programs and the remaining 4 are doctoral degree programs.

Admission to graduate programs in occupational therapy generally requires a bachelor’s degree

and specific coursework, including biology and physiology. Many programs also require

applicants to have volunteered or worked in an occupational therapy setting.

Master’s programs generally take 2 to 3 years to complete; doctoral programs take about 3 years.

Some schools offer a dual­degree program in which the student earns a bachelor’s degree and a

master’s degree in 5 years. Part­time programs that offer courses on nights and weekends are

also available.

Occupational therapists typically do the following:

Observe patients doing tasks, ask them questions, and review their medical history

Evaluate a patient's condition and needs

Develop a treatment plan for patients, laying out the types of activities and specific

goals to be accomplished

Help people with various disabilities with different tasks, such as leading an autistic

child in play activities

Demonstrate exercises—for example, joint stretches for arthritis relief—that can help

relieve pain for people with chronic conditions

Evaluate a patient’s home or workplace and, based on the patient’s health needs,

identify potential improvements, such as labeling kitchen cabinets for an older person

with poor memory

Educate a patient’s family and employer about how to accommodate and care for the

patient

Recommend special equipment, such as wheelchairs and eating aids, and instruct

patients on how to use that equipment

Assess and record patients’ activities and progress for patient evaluations, for billing,

and for reporting to physicians and other healthcare providers

mployment of occupational therapists is projected to grow 29 percent from 2012 to 2022, much

faster than the average for all occupations. Occupational therapy will continue to be an important

part of treatment for people with various illnesses and disabilities, such as Alzheimer’s disease,

cerebral palsy, autism, or the loss of a limb.

The need for occupational therapists is expected to increase as the large baby­boom generation

ages and people remain active later in life. Occupational therapists can help senior citizens

maintain their independence by recommending home modifications and strategies that make

daily activities easier. Therapists also play a large role in the treatment of many conditions and

ailments commonly associated with aging, such as arthritis and stroke. They will also be needed

in a variety of healthcare settings to act as part of a healthcare team in treating patients with

chronic conditions, such as diabetes. Patients will continue to seek noninvasive outpatient

treatment for long­term disabilities and illnesses, either in their homes or in residential care

environments.

In addition, medical advances now enable more patients with critical problems such as birth

defects or limb amputations to survive. These patients may need occupational therapy to perform

a variety of daily tasks.

Demand for occupational therapy services will also stem from patients with autism spectrum

disorder. As an increasing number of states require insurance companies to cover autism­related

services, more therapists will be needed in schools to assist children with autism in improving

their social skills and accomplishing a variety of daily tasks.

Demand for occupational therapy services is related to the ability of patients to pay, either

directly or through health insurance. The number of individuals who have access to occupational

therapy services may increase because of federal health insurance reform. Both rehabilitation and

habilitation services are listed among the essential health benefits that insurers will need to cover

once reforms are implemented.

OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ASSISTANT

Occupational therapy assistants and aides help patients develop, recover, and improve the skills

needed for daily living and working. Occupational therapy assistants are directly involved in

providing therapy to patients, while occupational therapy aides typically perform support

activities. Both assistants and aides work under the direction of occupational therapists.

eople interested in becoming an occupational therapy assistant should take high school courses in

biology and health. They can also increase their chances of getting into a community college or

technical school program by doing volunteer work in a healthcare setting, such as a nursing care

facility, an occupational therapist's office, or a physical therapist's office.

Occupational therapy assistants typically need an associate’s degree from an accredited program. Occupational therapy assistant programs are commonly found in community colleges and technical schools. In March 2013, there were 162 occupational therapy assistant programs

accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education, a branch of the American Occupational Therapy Association.

These programs generally require 2 years of full­time study. They include classroom instruction

in subjects such as psychology, biology, and pediatric health. Occupational therapy assistants

also must complete at least 16 weeks of fieldwork as part of their education to gain hands­on

work experience.

Occupational therapy aides typically have a high school diploma or equivalent. They are trained

on the job under the supervision of more experienced assistants or aides. Training can last from

several weeks to a few months and covers a number of topics, including set up of therapy

equipment and infection control procedures, among others. Prior work experience in healthcare

as well as CPR and Basic Life Support (BLS) certifications may be helpful in getting a job.

Occupational therapy assistants typically do the following:

Help patients do therapeutic activities, such as stretches and other exercises

Lead children who have developmental disabilities in play activities that promote

coordination and socialization

Teach patients how to use special equipment; for example, showing a patient with

Parkinson’s disease how to use devices that make eating easier

Record patients’ progress, report to occupational therapists, and do other administrative

tasks

Employment of occupational therapy assistants is projected to grow 43 percent from 2012 to

2022, much faster than the average for all occupations.

Demand for occupational therapy is expected to rise significantly over the coming decade in

response to the health needs of the aging baby­boom generation and a growing elderly

population. Older adults are more prone than younger people to conditions and ailments such as

arthritis and stroke. These conditions can affect the ability to perform a variety of everyday

activities. Occupational therapy assistants and aides will be needed to help occupational

therapists in caring for these people. Occupational therapy will also continue to be used for

treating children and young adults with developmental disabilities like autism.

Demand for occupational therapy assistants is also expected to stem from healthcare providers

employing more assistants to reduce the cost of occupational therapy services. After the therapist

has evaluated a patient and designed a treatment plan, the occupational therapy assistant can

provide many aspects of the treatment that the therapist prescribed.

Demand for occupational therapy services is related to the ability of patients to pay, either

directly or through health insurance. The number of individuals who have access to occupational

therapy services may increase because of federal health insurance reform. Both rehabilitation and

habilitation services are listed among the essential health benefits that insurers will need to cover

once reforms are implemented. Occupational therapy assistants and aides will be needed to help

therapists treat additional patients and to ensure that treatment facility operations run smoothly.

PHYSICAL THERAPIST

Physical therapists, sometimes called PTs, help injured or ill people improve their movement and

manage their pain. These therapists are often an important part of rehabilitation and treatment of

patients with chronic conditions or injuries.

In 2013, there were 218 programs for physical therapists accredited by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education, all of which offered a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree.

DPT programs typically last 3 years. Most programs require a bachelor’s degree for admission as well as specific prerequisites, such as anatomy, physiology, biology, chemistry, and physics. Most DPT programs require applicants to apply through the Physical Therapist Centralized Application Service (PTCAS).

Physical therapist programs often include courses in biomechanics, anatomy, physiology,

neuroscience, and pharmacology. Physical therapist students also complete clinical internships,

during which they gain supervised experience in areas such as acute care and orthopedic care.

Physical therapists may apply to and complete a clinical residency program after graduation.

Residencies typically last about 1 year and provide additional training and experience in

specialty areas of care. Therapists who have completed a residency program may choose to

specialize further by completing a fellowship in an advanced clinical area.

Physical therapists typically do the following:

Review patients’ medical history and any referrals or notes from doctors or surgeons

Diagnose patients’ dysfunctional movements by observing them stand or walk and by

listening to their concerns, among other methods

Set up a plan of care for patients, outlining the patient’s goals and the expected

outcome of the plan

Use exercises, stretching maneuvers, hands­on therapy, and equipment to ease patients’

pain, help them increase their mobility, prevent further pain or injury, and facilitate

health and wellness.

Evaluate a patient’s progress, modifying a plan of care and trying new treatments as

needed

Educate patients and their families about what to expect from and how best to cope

with the recovery process

Employment of physical therapists is projected to grow 36 percent from 2012 to 2022, much

faster than the average for all occupations.

Demand for physical therapy services will come from the aging baby boomers, who are staying

more active later in life than their counterparts of previous generations. Older persons are more

likely to experience heart attacks, strokes, and mobility­related injuries that require physical

therapy for rehabilitation.

In addition, the incidence of patients with chronic conditions, such as diabetes and obesity, is

growing. More physical therapists will be needed to help these patients maintain their mobility

and manage the effects of chronic conditions.

PHYSICAL THERAPIST ASSISTANT

Physical therapist assistants (sometimes called PTAs) and physical therapist aides work under

the direction and supervision of physical therapists. They help patients who are recovering from

injuries and illnesses regain movement and manage pain. Physical therapist assistants are

involved in the direct care of patients. Physical therapist aides often do tasks that are indirectly

related to patient care, such as cleaning and setting up the treatment area, moving patients, and

performing clerical duties.

Most states require physical therapist assistants to have an associate’s degree from an accredited physical therapist assistant program. In 2012 the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education accredited 298 associate’s degree programs for physical therapist assistants.

Programs typically last about 2 years, and include both classroom study and clinical experience.

PTA programs usually include courses in algebra, English, anatomy, physiology, and

psychology. Assistants gain hands­on experience in treatment centers. They may also earn

certifications in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and other first­aid skills. Some programs

offer evening classes.

Physical therapist aides typically have a high school diploma or the equivalent. They usually

gain clinical experience through on­the­job training that can last from about a week to a few

months. Employers may prefer to hire applicants with computer skills.

Some physical therapist assistants and aides continue their formal education to qualify for jobs in

administration, management, and education.

Physical therapist assistants typically do the following:

Observe patients before, during, and after therapy, noting their status and reporting to a

physical therapist

Help patients do specific exercises as part of the plan of care

Use a variety of techniques, such as massage and stretching, to treat patients

Use devices and equipment, such as walkers, to help patients

Educate a patient and family members about what to do after treatment

Employment of physical therapist assistants is projected to grow 41 percent from 2012 to 2022,

much faster than the average for all occupations. Employment of physical therapist aides is

projected to grow 40 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all

occupations.

Demand for physical therapy services is expected to increase in response to the health needs of

an aging population, particularly the large baby­boom generation. This group is staying more

active later in life than previous generations. However, many baby boomers also are entering the

prime age for heart attacks and strokes, increasing the demand for cardiac and physical

rehabilitation. Older people are particularly vulnerable to a number of chronic and debilitating

conditions that require therapeutic services. These patients often need additional help in their

treatment, making the roles of physical therapist assistants and aides vital.

In addition, the incidence of chronic conditions such as diabetes and obesity is growing. More

physical therapist assistants and aides will be needed to help patients maintain their mobility and

manage the effects of such conditions.

LABORATORY TECHNICIANS

A laboratory technologist works in the field of science and medicine and assists doctors in

researching and treating infections and diseases. These technologists perform chemical, physical

and microbiological analyses of blood, tissue and fluid samples. Read further to learn about the

training requirements and the benefits of this profession.

To become a laboratory technologist, you are required to have a Bachelor of Science degree in a

field like biology or chemistry. Some of the classes you will be required to take include biology,

physics, organic chemistry, microbiology and laboratory science. You also need to be certified

with the American Medical Technologists, the National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory

Personnel or the American Society for Clinical Pathology. State licensure may also be required

and consist of observed laboratory practice and written skills examinations.

Laboratory technologists, also known as medical laboratory scientists, work in laboratories and

are responsible for discovering and detecting new treatments for diseases and infections.

Technologists examine and test different cells, body fluids, parasites, bacteria and other

microorganisms to see how they respond to different treatments. They use these test results to

help doctors, nurses and other health care professionals to make informed decisions regarding

diagnosis and treatment.

Laboratory technologists can find jobs in a variety of industries, including hospitals, government

agencies, health care, insurance companies and universities. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

(BLS), www.bls.gov, states that, in 2012, the median salary for laboratory technologists was

$57,580 per year. Job opportunities for laboratory technologists are expected to increase 14%

from 2012­2022, which is about as fast as the average occupation, due to an increased number of

aging individuals needing diagnostic testing, according to the BLS.

RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST

Radiologic technologists perform diagnostic imaging examinations, such as x rays, on patients.

MRI technologists operate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners to create diagnostic

images.

There are postsecondary education programs in radiography and MRI that lead to graduate

certificates, associate’s degrees, or bachelor’s degrees. Associate’s degree programs are the most

common. Education programs typically include both classroom training and clinical training.

Coursework includes anatomy, pathology, patient care, radiation physics and protection, and

image evaluation.

The Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT) accredits programs in radiography. Completing an accredited program is required for licensure in some states.

High school students who are interested in radiologic or MRI technology should take courses

that focus on science and math. Suggested courses include anatomy, biology, chemistry,

physiology, mathematics, and physics.

Radiologic and MRI technologists typically do the following:

Adjust and maintain imaging equipment

Precisely follow orders from physicians on what areas of the body to image Prepare patients for procedures, including taking a medical history and answering

questions about the procedure

Protect the patient by shielding exposed areas that do not need to be imaged

Position the patient and the equipment in order to get the correct image

Operate the computerized equipment to take the images

Work with physicians to evaluate the images and to determine whether additional

images need to be taken

Keep detailed patient records

Employment of radiologic technologists is projected to grow 21 percent from 2012 to 2022,

faster than the average for all occupations. Employment of MRI technologists is projected to

grow 24 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all occupations.

As the population grows older, there will be an increase in medical conditions, such as breaks

and fractures caused by osteoporosis, which can require imaging to diagnose them. Radiologic

and MRI technologists will be needed to maintain and use the diagnostic equipment. In addition,

federal health legislation will expand the number of patients who have access to health

insurance, increasing patient access to medical care.

Although hospitals will remain the main employer of radiologic and MRI technologists, a

number of new jobs will be in physicians' offices and in outpatient imaging centers. Employment

in these healthcare settings is expected to increase because of the shift toward outpatient care

whenever possible. Outpatient care is encouraged by third­party payers as a cost­saving measure

and is made possible by technological advances, such as less expensive equipment, that allow for

more procedures to be done outside of hospitals.

PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS

Physician assistants, also known as PAs, practice medicine on a team under the supervision of

physicians and surgeons. They are formally educated to examine patients, diagnose injuries and

illnesses, and provide treatment.

Most applicants to physician assistant education programs already have a bachelor’s degree and

some healthcare­related work experience. While admissions requirements vary from program to

program, most programs require two to four years of undergraduate coursework with a focus in

science.

Many applicants already have experience as registered nurses or as EMTs and paramedics before they apply to a physician assistant program.

Physician assistant education programs usually take at least 2 years of full­time study. In 2012, the Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant, Inc. (ARC­PA) accredited 170 education programs. Most of these accredited programs offer a master’s degree.

Physician assistant education includes classroom and laboratory instruction in subjects such as

pathology, human anatomy, physiology, clinical medicine, pharmacology, physical diagnosis,

and medical ethics. The programs also include hundreds of hours of supervised clinical training

in several areas, including family medicine, internal medicine, emergency medicine, and

pediatrics.

Physician assistants typically do the following:

Review patients’ medical histories

Conduct physical exams to check patients’ health

Order and interpret diagnostic tests, such as x rays or blood tests

Make diagnoses concerning a patient’s injury or illness

Give treatment, such as setting broken bones and immunizing patients

Educate and counsel patients and their families—for example, answering questions

about how to care for a child with asthma

Prescribe medicine when needed

Record a patient’s progress

Research the latest treatments to ensure the quality of patient care

Conduct or participate in outreach programs; talking to groups about managing

diseases and promoting wellness

Employment of physician assistants is projected to grow 38 percent from 2012 to 2022, much

faster than the average for all occupations.

Demand for healthcare services will increase because of the growing and aging population. More

people means more need for healthcare specialists, and as the large baby­boom generation ages,

it will require more healthcare. This, coupled with an increase in several chronic diseases such as

diabetes, will drive the need for physician assistants to provide preventive care and treat those

who are sick.

Physician assistants, who can perform many of the same services as doctors, are expected to

have a larger role in giving routine care because they are more cost effective than physicians. As

more physicians retire or enter specialty areas of medicine, more physician assistants are

expected to take on the role of primary care provider. Furthermore, the number of individuals

who have access to primary care services will increase as a result of federal health insurance

reform.

The role of physician assistants is expected to expand as states continue to allow assistants to do

more procedures and as insurance companies expand their coverage of physician assistant

services.

DENTAL HYGIENIST

Dental hygienists clean teeth, examine patients for signs of oral diseases such as gingivitis, and

provide other preventative dental care. They also educate patients on ways to improve and

maintain good oral health.

Dental hygienists typically need an associate’s degree in dental hygiene. Bachelor's degrees in

dental hygiene are also available, but are less common. A bachelor's or master's degree is usually

required for research, teaching, or clinical practice in public or school health programs.

High school students interested in becoming dental hygienists should take courses in biology,

chemistry, and mathematics. Some dental hygiene programs also require applicants to have

completed at least 1 year of college. Specific entrance requirements vary by school.

Most schools offer laboratory, clinical, and classroom instruction. Hygienists study anatomy,

physiology, nutrition, radiography, and periodontology, which is the study of gum disease.

Dental hygienists typically do the following:

Remove tartar, stains, and plaque from teeth

Apply sealants and fluorides to help protect teeth

Take and develop dental x rays

Keep track of patient care and treatment plans

Teach patients oral hygiene techniques, such as how to brush and floss correctly

Dental hygienists use many types of tools to do their job. They clean and polish teeth with hand,

power, and ultrasonic tools. In some cases, they remove stains with an air­polishing device,

which sprays a combination of air, water, and baking soda. They polish teeth with a powered tool

that works like an automatic toothbrush. Hygienists use x ray machines to take pictures to check

for tooth or jaw problems.Dental hygienists help patients develop and maintain good oral health.

Employment of dental hygienists is projected to grow 33 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster

than the average for all occupations. Ongoing research linking oral health and general health will

continue to spur the demand for preventative dental services, which are often provided by dental

hygienists.

As their practices expand, dentists will hire more hygienists to perform routine dental care,

allowing the dentist to see more patients. In addition, as the large baby­boom population ages

and people keep more of their original teeth than previous generations did, the need to maintain

and treat these teeth will continue to drive demand for dental care.

Federal health legislation is expected to expand the number of patients who have access to health

insurance. People with new or expanded dental insurance coverage will be more likely to visit a

dentist than in the past. As a result, the demand for all dental services, including those performed

by hygienists, will increase.

DIETITIAN

Dietitians and nutritionists are experts in food and nutrition. They advise people on what to eat in

order to lead a healthy lifestyle or achieve a specific health­related goal.

Most dietitians and nutritionists have a bachelor’s degree in dietetics, foods and nutrition, food

service systems management, clinical nutrition, or a related area. Programs include courses in

nutrition, psychology, chemistry, and biology.

Dietitians and nutritionists typically do the following:

Assess patients’ and clients’ health needs and diet

Counsel patients on nutrition issues and healthy eating habits

Develop meal plans, taking both cost and clients’ preferences into account

Evaluate the effects of meal plans and change the plans as needed

Promote better nutrition by speaking to groups about diet, nutrition, and the

relationship between good eating habits and preventing or managing specific diseases

Keep up with the latest nutritional science research

Write reports to document patient progress

Dietitians and nutritionists evaluate the health of their clients. Based on their findings, dietitians

and nutritionists advise clients on which foods to eat—and those foods to avoid—to improve

their health.

Employment of dietitians and nutritionists is projected to grow 21 percent from 2012 to 2022,

faster than the average for all occupations. In recent years, interest in the role of food in

promoting health and wellness has increased, particularly as a part of preventative healthcare in

medical settings.

According to the Centers for Disease Control, more than one­third of U.S. adults are obese.

Many diseases, such as diabetes and kidney disease, are associated with obesity. The importance

of diet in preventing and treating illnesses is now well known. More dietitians and nutritionists

will be needed to provide care for people with these conditions.

As the baby­boom generation grows older and looks for ways to stay healthy, there will be more

demand for dietetic services. An aging population also will increase the need for dietitians and

nutritionists in nursing homes and in home healthcare.

CARDIOLOGY TECHNOLOGIST

cardiovascular technologists and technicians, including vascular technologists, operate special

imaging equipment to create images or conduct tests. The images and test results that diagnostic

imaging workers produce help physicians assess and diagnose medical conditions. Some

technologists assist physicians and surgeons during surgical procedures.

Colleges and universities offer both associate’s and bachelor’s degree programs in sonography and in cardiovascular and vascular technology. One­year certificate programs also are available from colleges or in hospitals, although these are usually useful only to those who are already employed in related healthcare jobs, such as a radiation therapist. Employers typically prefer candidates with degrees or certificates from accredited institutes or hospital programs. Most programs also include a clinical component in which students earn credit while working under a more experienced technologist in a hospital, physician’s office, or imaging laboratory.

Sonography, cardiovascular, and vascular education programs usually include courses in anatomy, medical terminology, and applied sciences. Most sonography programs are divided into the specialized fields that correspond to the relevant certification exams, such as abdominal sonography or breast sonography. Cardiovascular and vascular programs include coursework in either invasive or noninvasive cardiovascular or vascular technology procedures.

High school students who are interested in diagnostic medical sonography, cardiovascular

technology, or vascular technology should take courses in anatomy, physiology, and

mathematics.

Cardiology technologists monitor patients’ heart rates and help physicians in diagnosing and

treating problems with patients’ hearts. They assist with cardiac catheterization, which involves

threading a catheter through a patient’s artery to the heart. Some cardiology technologists

prepare and monitor patients during open­heart surgery and during the insertion of pacemakers

and stents. Technologists prepare patients for these procedures by shaving and cleansing the area

where the catheter will be inserted and administering topical anesthesia. During the procedure,

they monitor the patient’s blood pressure and heart rate.

Employment of cardiovascular technologists and technicians, including vascular technologists, is

projected to grow 30 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all

occupations.

As imaging technology evolves, medical facilities will use it to replace more invasive, costly

procedures. Technological advances and less expensive equipment now allow more procedures

to be done outside of hospitals. Third­party payers encourage the use of these noninvasive

measures over invasive ones.

Although hospitals remain the primary employer of diagnostic medical sonographers,

cardiovascular technologists and technicians, and vascular technologists, employment is

projected to grow more rapidly in physicians' offices and in medical and diagnostic laboratories.

Employment in these healthcare settings is projected to increase because of a shift toward

outpatient care whenever possible.

RADIOGRAPHER

Radiographers, also known as radiologic technologists, are certified technicians who capture

images of organs, bone, and tissue for patient diagnosis.

The most common degree completed by those seeking a career in radiography is a 2­year

associate's degree in radiation science. Coursework will include topics such as anatomy, biology

and medical record keeping. Licensure laws vary by state, but most states require a board exam

to be passed before a radiography technician can be licensed to practice.

A radiographer, also called a radiography technician, works directly with patients as part of a

healthcare team to assist in diagnosing and treating a variety of ailments, from broken bones to

cancer. Radiographers take x­rays and use radiation therapy to treat patients' cancerous tumors.

Other duties of the radiographer are to update patients' charts, maintain equipment in the

radiology lab, and follow closely all of the safety precautions necessary to the job.Radiology

technicians (RT) and technologists (RTL) are generally responsible for preparing and safely

positioning patients in order to get the most accurate images. Tasks for a radiology tech may

range from assisting a radiologist with advanced preparation and testing to administrative tasks,

such as organizing work schedules and maintaining patient records. An RTL may perform or

specialize in mammography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Depending

on the institution, RTs and RTLs may require on­call, evening, or weekend availability.

Job opportunities in healthcare continue to grow, and the field of radiography is no exception.

Radiologist technologists and technicians were to have a 28% increase in jobs from 2010 to

2020, based on data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). While hospitals remain the

largest employers of radiography technicians, clinics, dentist's offices and diagnostic imaging

centers are also in need of qualified radiographers. The BLS reported the median annual income

for radiologic technologists at $54,620 in 2012.

DIETETIC ASSISTANT

Dietetic assistants are trained in nutrition and food sciences. Also known as a dietetic technician,

registered (DTR) or diet aide, a dietetic assistant screens and evaluates the diet of patients and

private clients. Dietetic technicians are wellness practitioners who develop nutritional plans to

promote health, treat illnesses or prevent disease.

Aspiring dietetic technicians who live in states that don't require licensure may not be required

to complete a specific educational experience. Those that do, however, will need to complete

an associate's or bachelor's degree program.

Associate's and bachelor's degree programs for dietetic technicians can combine knowledge of

the human body with nutrition science, wellness and health issues to teach students how to

counsel groups and individuals in healthy eating. These programs generally include courses in

human biology and anatomy, medical nutrition, chemistry and nutrition principles. Students

also learn sanitation and handling, food service management, purchasing and food preparation.

Other course requirements may include math, communications, psychology and business

courses that will serve dietetic technicians well in providing dietary recommendations and

guidance.

Dietetic technicians and other nutrition specialists may plan and prepare patient meals, order

food and supplies, provide direction nutritional therapy and document patient intake. They also

educate healthcare providers, community groups or students about nutrition through programs

and training sessions. They may develop, implement or recommend nutrition programs for

individuals and groups based on evaluations of dietary needs. Dietetic technicians may also

consult with other healthcare professionals regarding the dietary modifications or restrictions

that will best promote patient health and fit in with other treatment methods for conditions,

illnesses and diseases.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in 2013, dietetic technicians earned an

annual median salary of $25,620. In 2012, the BLS predicted 18% employment growth through

2022 for dietetic technicians.

FOOD SERVICE TECHNICIAN

Food service technicians work for restaurants, hotels or institutions like hospitals and schools.

Job duties can vary but generally include food preparation, cleaning and/or sanitizing food

service equipment and work areas, menu planning, serving and cashiering.

Although the typical education requirement for food service technicians is a high school

diploma or the equivalent, some candidates choose to enroll in postsecondary food service

courses to increase their knowledge of the field. The following table highlights the main

qualifications that employers listed in job postings for food service technicians in December

2012:

Assists in food preparation as prescribed by the daily menu.

Prepares bowls of food and carries to classrooms and follows directions for serving

appropriate,

specified quantities to children and adults.

Washes dishes after all meals and stores them for next meal use.

Maintains the work area in a clean, safe, and sanitary condition.

Assists with cleaning of ranges, ovens, refrigerators, freezers, and other food service equipment

on a regular, periodic basis.

Stores food in first­in, first­out order on shelves in accordance with the local health and

sanitation requirements.

SURGICAL TECHNOLOGIST

Surgical technologists, also called operating room technicians, assist in surgical operations.

They prepare operating rooms, arrange equipment, and help doctors during surgeries.

urgical technologists typically need postsecondary education. Many community colleges and

vocational schools, as well as some universities and hospitals, have accredited programs in

surgical technology. Programs range in length from several months to 2 years, and they grant a

diploma, certificate, or associate’s degree upon completion. Admission typically requires a high

school diploma or GED.

Surgical technology education includes courses in anatomy, biology, medical terminology,

pharmacology, and other topics. Surgical technologists are trained in the care and safety of

patients, sterilization techniques, how to set up technical or robotic equipment, and preventing

and controlling infections. In addition to classroom study, students also work in supervised

clinical settings to gain hands­on experience.

In 2012, about 500 surgical technologist training programs were accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) and the Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools (ABHES).

First surgical assistants may complete a formal education program in surgical assisting. Others

may work as a surgical technologist and receive additional on­the­job training before becoming a

first assistant.

Surgical technologists typically do the following:

Prepare operating rooms for surgery

Sterilize equipment and make sure that there are adequate supplies for surgery

Prepare patients for surgery, such as by washing and disinfecting incision sites

Help surgeons during surgery by passing them instruments and other sterile supplies

Count supplies such as sponges and instruments to maintain a sterile environment

Employment of surgical technologists is projected to grow 30 percent from 2012 to 2022, much

faster than the average for all occupations. Several factors will lead to demand for surgical

technologists.

Advances in medical technology have made surgery safer, and more operations are being done to

treat a variety of illnesses and injuries. The aging of the large baby­boom generation also is

expected to increase the need for surgical technologists because older people usually require

more operations. Moreover, as these individuals age, they may be more willing than those in

previous generations to seek medical treatment to improve their quality of life. For example, an

individual may decide to have a knee replacement operation in order to maintain an active

lifestyle.

Hospitals will continue to employ surgical technologists to work in operating rooms because they are more cost­effective than higher­paid registered nurses

SURGEONS ASSISTANT

Surgeon assistants are medical professionals who work closely with surgeons.

Training programs for surgical assistants take about one to two years to complete and often

result in a certificate or associate's degree. These programs generally require applicants to have

a degree or certificate in a healthcare field, certification as a health professional and

coursework in such topics as microbiology, anatomy and pathophysiology. Students with

bachelor's degrees but no prior healthcare experience or certifications can also find master's

degree or post­baccalaureate certificate programs in this field that prepare them for

credentialing exams.

These programs cover treatment methods, surgical procedures and patient evaluation. Students

learn how to handle tissue, make sutures and communicate with patients.

Job duties typically include retracting tissue and organs, ligating and cutting tissue, inserting

tubes, dissecting femoral arteries and resuscitating patients when necessary. These assistants

move patients, prepare equipment prior to surgery, remove casts and insert catheters while under

the direct supervision of surgeons. Surgeon assistants can work in a variety of surgical fields,

such as general surgery, cardiac surgery, plastic surgery or trauma surgery.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment for surgical technologists,

who perform similar surgical assisting duties, will grow a predicted 30% for the years

2012­2022. The BLS stated that surgical technologists earned $42,720 as a median yearly salary

in 2013.

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST

Medical laboratory technologists (commonly known as medical laboratory scientists) and

medical laboratory technicians collect samples and perform tests to analyze body fluids, tissue,

and other substances. Medical laboratory technologists perform complex medical laboratory

tests; medical laboratory technicians perform routine medical laboratory tests.

Universities and hospitals offer medical technology programs. An entry­level job for

technologists usually requires a bachelor's degree in medical technology or life sciences.

A bachelor’s degree program in medical laboratory technology includes courses in chemistry,

biology, microbiology, mathematics, and statistics, as well as courses in clinical laboratory skills,

management, and education. This degree often is known as a medical laboratory scientist degree.

The courses may be offered through a hospital­based program that students attend during their

senior year of college. College graduates who major in other sciences and meet a program’s

prerequisites, such as having completed required courses in biology and chemistry, also may

apply to a medical laboratory science program.

Medical laboratory technicians often complete an associate’s degree program in clinical

laboratory science. A limited number of 1­year certificate programs are available from hospitals

for those who already have a degree in a related field, such as nursing. The Armed Forces and

vocational or technical schools also may offer certificate programs for medical laboratory

technicians. The technician coursework addresses the theoretical and practical aspects of each of

the major laboratory disciplines.

High school students who are interested in pursuing a career in the medical laboratory sciences

should take courses in chemistry, biology, and mathematics.

Medical laboratory technologists and technicians typically do the following:

Analyze body fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue samples, and record normal or

abnormal findings

Study blood samples for use in transfusions by identifying the number of cells, the cell

morphology or the blood group, blood type, and compatibility with other blood types

Operate sophisticated laboratory equipment, such as microscopes and cell counters

Use automated equipment and computerized instruments capable of performing a

number of tests at the same time

Log data from medical tests and enter results into a patient’s medical record

Discuss results and findings of laboratory tests and procedures with physicians

Supervise or train medical laboratory technicians

Employment of medical laboratory technologists is projected to grow 14 percent from 2012 to

2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Employment of medical laboratory

technicians is projected to grow 30 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for

all occupations.

An increase in the aging population will lead to a greater need to diagnose medical conditions,

such as cancer or type 2 diabetes, through laboratory procedures. Medical laboratory

technologists and technicians will be in demand, to use and maintain the equipment needed for

diagnosis and treatment.

Federal health legislation will increase the number of patients who have access to health

insurance, increasing patient access to medical care. As a result, demand for the services of

laboratory personnel will grow.

MEDICAL ASSISTANT

Medical assistants complete administrative and clinical tasks in the offices of physicians,

podiatrists, chiropractors, and other health practitioners. Their duties vary with the location,

specialty, and size of the practice.

High school students interested in a career as a medical assistant should take courses in biology,

chemistry, and anatomy.

Medical assistants typically graduate from postsecondary education programs, and employers

may prefer to hire assistants who have completed these programs. Programs for medical assisting

are available from community colleges, vocational schools, technical schools, and universities

and take about 1 year to complete. These programs usually lead to a certificate or diploma. Some

community and junior colleges offer 2­year programs that lead to an associate’s degree. All

programs have classroom and laboratory portions that include lessons in anatomy and medical

terminology.

Some medical assistants have a high school diploma or equivalent and learn their duties on the

job.

There are no formal educational requirements for becoming a medical assistant in most states.

Some states require assistants to graduate from an accredited program, pass an exam, or both to

do advanced tasks, such as taking x rays and giving injections.

Medical assistants typically do the following:

Take and record patient history and personal information

Measure vital signs

Help the physician with patient examinations

Give patients injections as directed by the physician

Schedule patient appointments

Prepare blood for laboratory tests

mployment of medical assistants is projected to grow 29 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster

than the average for all occupations. The growth of the aging baby­boom population will

continue to spur demand for preventive medical services, which are often provided by

physicians. As their practices expand, physicians will hire more assistants to perform routine

administrative and clinical duties, allowing the physicians to see more patients.

An increasing number of group practices, clinics, and other healthcare facilities need support

workers, particularly medical assistants, to do both administrative and clinical duties. Medical

assistants work mostly in primary care, a steadily growing sector of the healthcare industry. In

addition, federal health legislation will expand the number of patients who have access to health

insurance, increasing patient access to medical care.

Additional demand also is expected because of new and changing tasks for medical assistants as

part of the medical team. As more and more physicians’ practices switch to electronic health

records (EHRs), medical assistants’ job responsibilities will continue to change. Assistants will

need to become familiar with EHR computer software, including maintaining EHR security and

analyzing electronic data, to improve healthcare information.

MEDICAL RECORDS TECHNICIAN

A medical records technician is responsible for ensuring that these records are assembled

properly and are accurate.medical records technology focuses on accurate transcription and

organization of patients' medical histories, symptoms and diagnoses, as well as categorization of

treatments and procedures for insurance billing.

To enter the medical records technology field, most people earn a certificate in medical

technology (MT), which takes three to six months, or a 2­year associate degree in medical

technology or health information management (HIM); HIM programs must be accredited by the

Commission on Accreditation of Health Informatics and Information Management Education

(CAHIIM). Graduates of an accredited associate degree program are then qualified to take a

certification exam administered by the American Health Information Management Association

(AHIMA), www.ahima.org, to earn the Registered Health Information Technician (RHIT)

designation.

In some instances, a medical records technician may suggest improvements to an electronics

health records system. Also, if a patient's health record is deemed incomplete by a medical

records technician, the technician may consult with a physician or another health care

professional to acquire the missing information.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), a 22% increase in the employment of

medical records technicians is expected from 2012­2022. The BLS also reports that the average

annual salary of a medical records technician was $37,710 in May 2013.

MEDICAL RECORD ADMINISTRATOR

Medical records managers are responsible for maintaining and securing all written and electronic

medical records within a facility's medical records department or its equivalent. They also ensure

that information contained in the record is complete, accurate, and only available to authorized

personnel. Other duties include overseeing personnel for the entire department, which can

include medical record technicians (also known as health information technicians), medical

coding specialists, cancer registrar coders, medical secretaries, and file clerks. Medical records

managers also collect data for medical research and for calculating hospital occupancy rates.

To become a medical records manager, an individual must earn a four­year bachelor's degree in

health information management through a university program accredited by the Commission on

the Accreditation for Health Informatics and Information Management Education (CAHIIM).

Accredited programs ensure that students are eligible to sit for the national certification exam to

receive the Registered Health Information Administrator (RHIA) credential. The RHIA exam is

administered by the American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) and

covers such topics as medical ethics, medical law, statistics, medical record privacy procedures,

medical coding systems, medical record administration and pathophysiology. The 4­hour exam

consists of 180 multiple­choice questions, which is scored on a pass­or­fail basis

(www.ahima.org).

Medical records managers supervise, guide, motivate, and evaluate their employees­­all while

implementing department policies. They also conduct job interviews, hire staff, and train new

personnel. Other ongoing tasks may include keeping abreast of any new computer technologies

or new regulations enacted by Medicare, Medicaid, and insurance companies. This information

is then delivered to all employees by e­mail, written correspondence, or interdepartmental

meetings. Medical records managers also handle fiscal operations, such as bookkeeping, budget

planning, and authorizing expenditures for new equipment and supplies.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), medical and health services managers

earned median salaries of $90,940 a year in 2013. The employment of such managers is expected

to grow by as much as 23% between 2012 and 2022, per the BLS, which is notably faster than

the average for all occupations.

BLOOD BANK TECHNOLOGIST

A specialist in blood bank technology (SBB) works in a laboratory overseeing and performing

routine tests as well as advanced and specialized tests on blood samples. They work in hospitals,

labs, transfusion centers, research facilities, and community blood banks. They test for blood

group antigens, investigate abnormalities identifiable in the blood, take care of blood collection

and processing, draw and type blood, and perform pre­transfusion screening.

To enter this career, you will need a bachelor’s degree. Ideally you should earn a degree in a

biological science, physical science, chemistry or math. When you finish your bachelor’s degree,

you will need to pursue SBB training and certification. These programs are generally one­year

long, but there are also combined SBB masters programs. Most SBB programs require a

baccalaureate degree from an accredited program and a certification in medical technology.

In an SBB program you would learn about transfusion medicine and laboratory management.

Coursework will also cover immunology, collection and storage of blood, immune mechanisms,

donor processing, component therapy, transfusion and complications of transfusion, and

administration and data processing. Be sure any training program you apply for is accredited by

the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) as well as the Commission on Accreditation

of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP).

Specialists in blood bank technology demonstrate a superior level of technical proficiency and problem­solving ability in such areas as:

Testing for blood group antigens, compatibility and antibody identification Investigating abnormalities such as hemolytic diseases of the newborn, hemolytic

anemias and adverse reactions to transfusion Supporting physicians in transfusion therapy for patients with coagulopathies (diseases

affecting blood clotting), for example, or candidates for organ and cellular transplantation/therapy

Performing blood collection and processing, including selecting donors, collecting blood, typing blood and molecular testing

Performing viral marker testing to ensure patient safety Managing patient blood

According to information provided in 2014 on the website for the Commission on Accreditation

of Allied Health Education Programs, blood bank specialist salaries varied depending on the

region and the specialist's level of employment. Supervisors and managers, for example, were

listed as averaging $60,000 and $70,000, respectively. Bench techs were shown as earning

approximately $50,000 annually (www.caahep.org). Additionally, the U.S. Bureau of Labor

Statistics indicated that employment of phlebotomists was projected to rise 27% from

2012­2022, and these workers averaged $31,410 annually (www.bls.gov).

EXTRA CORPOREAL PERFUSION TECHNOLOGIST

A perfusionist operates extracorporeal circulation and autotransfusion equipment during any

medical situation where it is necessary to support or temporarily replace the patient’s circulatory

or respiratory function. The perfusionist is knowledgeable concerning the variety of equipment

available to perform extracorporeal circulation functions and is responsible, in consultation with

the physician, for selecting the appropriate equipment and techniques to be used.

The curriculum of a perfusionist's educational program balances clinical experience with

didactic training on cardiopulmonary bypass procedures. Students take advanced courses on

human anatomy and physiology. Programs may also include topics in management,

pharmacology, ethics and biostatistics. Training involves classroom settings and hospital

rotation.

In order to become certified as a clinical perfusionist, individuals must pass an examination

provided by the American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion. Regular recertification may be

necessary to maintain the credential.

erfusionists conduct extracorporeal circulation and ensure the safe management of physiologic

functions by monitoring the necessary variables. Perfusion (extracorporeal circulation)

procedures involve specialized instrumentation and/or advanced life­support techniques and may

include a variety of related functions. The perfusionist provides consultation to the physician in

the selection of the appropriate equipment and techniques to be used during extracorporeal

circulation.

During cardiopulmonary bypass, the perfusionist may administer blood products, anesthetic

agents, or drugs through the extracorporeal circuit on prescription and/or appropriate protocol.

The perfusionist is responsible for the monitoring of blood gases and the adequate

anticoagulation of the patient, induction of hypothermia, hemodilution, and other duties, when

prescribed. Perfusionists may be administratively responsible for purchasing supplies and

equipment, as well as for personnel and departmental management. Final medical responsibility

for extracorporeal perfusion rests with the surgeon in charge.

According to the Mayo School of Health Sciences (MSHS), certified perfusionists earned a

median annual salary of $109,773 in 2012 (www.mayo.edu). The U.S. Bureau of Labor

Statistics reported that employment for technicians and technologists who specialize in

cardiovascular operations was expected to grow by 30% from 2012­2022, which is considered

faster than average (www.bls.gov). The increasing population of aging individuals in the United

States, coupled with an expansion in health insurance coverage, will likely drive the higher

demand for these healthcare services.