2016 HSC Geography

2016 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

2040

Geography

General Instructions

• Reading time – 5 minutes

• Working time – 3 hours

• Write using black pen

• Board-approved calculators may be used

• A Stimulus Booklet is provided with this paper

Total marks – 100

Section I Pages 2–10

20 marks

• Attempt Questions 1–20

• Allow about 35 minutes for this section

Section II Pages 13–23

40 marks

• Attempt Questions 21–24

• Allow about 1 hour and 10 minutes for this section

Section III Page 25

40 marks

• Attempt TWO questions from Questions 25–27

• Allow about 1 hour and 15 minutes for this section

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Section I

20 marksAttempt Questions 1–20Allow about 35 minutes for this sectionRefer to the Stimulus Booklet

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 1–20.

1 Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between people and the environment and the effect they have on each other?

(A) Ecological dimension

(B) Spatial interdependence

(C) Sustainable development

(D) Environmental constraint

2 A council requires rooftop and vertical gardens to be installed on all new commercial buildings.

What is the council aiming to achieve?

(A) A reduction in spatial exclusion

(B) Excellence in heritage architecture

(C) The promotion of urban consolidation

(D) An improvement in ecological sustainability

3 Early Indigenous artefacts have been discovered in a national park.

Protecting the area where the artefacts were discovered would help maintain

(A) intrinsic values and natural change.

(B) utility values and genetic diversity.

(C) heritage values and intrinsic values.

(D) genetic diversity and heritage values.

– 3 –

Refer to Source A and Source B on page 1 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer Question 4.

4 Which of the following identifies the pressure system and wind direction influencing Windhoek?

(A) Low pressure system and southerly winds

(B) Low pressure system and northerly winds

(C) High pressure system and southerly winds

(D) High pressure system and northerly winds

Refer to Source C on page 1 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer Question 5.

5 A tourist wants to visit Windhoek during a warm and dry period.

During which of the following periods would it be best to visit?

(A) January – February

(B) May – June

(C) September – October

(D) November – December

– 4 –

6 This diagram illustrates the regional populations of Namibia in 2014.

Which of the following identifies TWO regions that each had more than 200 000 people in 2014?

(A) Oshikoto and Khomas

(B) Kavango and Oshikoto

(C) Ohangwena and Erongo

(D) Khomas and Ohangwena

Refer to Source D on page 2 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer Question 7.

7 Imagine you are travelling from 24°43'S 15°00 ' E to 24°43'S 16°59 ' E.

What successive landform features would you pass on this transect?

(A) Stream, Tsaris-Berge, Dune 45

(B) Dune 45, Tsaris-Berge, sand dunes

(C) Sand dunes, Dune 45, Tsaris-Berge

(D) Tsaris-Berge, sand dunes, stream

Karas

KKuneneunene

Hardap

ErErongongoo OmahekOmahekee

OtjoOtjozzondjupaondjupa

KhomasKhomas

Caprivi

Kavango

OhangwenaOmusati

Population per region400 000200 000100 000

50 000

Oshana OshikOshikototoo

RAISON 2010, An atlas of Namibia’s population: monitoring and understanding its characteristics, Windhoek, Namibia.

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Refer to Source E on page 2 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer Question 8.

8 What type of photograph is shown in Source E ?

(A) Ground

(B) Satellite

(C) Oblique aerial

(D) Vertical aerial

Refer to Source G on page 3 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer Questions 9–13.

9 Which of the following locations has a north-east aspect?

(A) AR 8947

(B) AR 8952

(C) AR 9347

(D) AR 9352

10 What is the approximate area of the Darling Range Conservation Area that is visible on the northern section of the map?

(A) 9 km2

(B) 13 km2

(C) 17 km2

(D) 21 km2

11 A bushfire has developed around Costers Gully (AR 9548) and strong westerly winds are affecting Flinders Island.

Which of the following areas is most likely to be at risk from this fire?

(A) Ranga (AR 9455)

(B) Cooma (AR 0047)

(C) Loccota (AR 8848)

(D) Mount Razorback (AR 9247)

– 6 –

12 A cyclist leaves Whitemark (AR 8660) at 8.45 am to travel to Ranga (AR 9455) along Lady Barron Road.

At approximately what time would the cyclist arrive if she travels at 15 km/h?

(A) 9:25 am

(B) 9:40 am

(C) 10:15 am

(D) 10:30 am

13 What is the average gradient between Lovetts Hill (GR 906481) and Buffalos Beach (GR 902460)?

(A) 1 : 0.3

(B) 1 : 3.5

(C) 1 : 30

(D) 1 : 35

Refer to Source G and Source H on page 3 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer Question 14.

14 In which direction was the camera pointing when the photograph in Source H was taken?

(A) North east

(B) North west

(C) South east

(D) South west

15 This table shows the population and housing mix of a suburb in 1990 and 2015.

Year Apartments Semi-detached Single dwelling Total population

1990 22% 23% 55% 11 200

2015 31% 27% 42% 13 400

Which of the following urban dynamics is most likely to have occurred in this su

(A) Consolidation

(B) Urban village

(C) Decentralisation

(D) Counterurbanisation

burb?

– 7 –

16 A ternary graph showing the employment mix by sector for the countries W, X, Y and Zis shown.

Industry (%)Services (%)

Agriculture (%)

X

W

Z

Y

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Which country has 3% of its people employed in agriculture, 34% in industry and 63% in services?

(A) Country W

(B) Country X

(C) Country Y

(D) Country Z

– 8 –

17 A food web is shown.

Barnacles A

Plankton ASeaweed

Beetles Limpets Clams Barnacles B

Plankton B

Birds and mammals

Starfish

Fish A

Snails Fish B

Which of the following is likely to happen if Plankton A is removed from this food web?

(A) Increases in the populations of beetles, clams, limpets and barnacles

(B) Reductions in the populations of beetles, clams, starfish and seaweed

(C) Increases in the populations of barnacles, snails, starfish and plankton B

(D) Reductions in the populations of barnacles, snails, starfish and mammals

– 9 –

18 An extract from a magazine for a climate conference is shown.

Which of the following management strategies would best address the change in the migration pattern of greylag geese?

(A) Increase greylag geese habitat in southern Scandinavia

(B) Provide subsidies for the adoption of renewable energy

(C) Create more nesting sites on the shores of the Mediterranean

(D) Sign an international agreement that aims to protect greylag geese

Awaiting copyright

– 10 –

19 Which of the following cross-sections has the greatest vertical exaggeration?

1 :100 000

Met

res

20

10

0

30

40(A)

1 :100 000

Met

res

40

20

0

60

80(B)

1 :100 000

Met

res

100

50

0

150

200(C)

1 :100 000

Met

res

200

100

0

300

400(D)

Refer to Source D and Source E on page 2 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer Question 20.

20 What is the scale of Source E ?

(A) 1 : 400 000

(B) 1 : 1 500 000

(C) 1 : 4 500 000

(D) 1 : 6 000 000

BLANK PAGE

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© 2016 Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW

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Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.

Centre Number

Student Number

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67413102932041 15190


Geography

Section II

40 marksAttempt Questions 21–24Allow about 1 hour and 10 minutes for this section

Use the Stimulus Booklet and your knowledge of geography to answer Questions 21–24 in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected length of response.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Extra writing space is provided on pages 21–23. If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering.

Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of this page.

Please turn over

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Question 21 (7 marks)

Refer to Source I on page 4 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer Question 21.

(a) Calculate the projected percentage change in City X’s population between 2015and 2020.

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(b) Describe problems that City X may experience in 2020 in relation to the projected changes in population.

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Answer parts (a) and (b) with reference to an economic activity that you have studied.

Economic activity: ........................................................................................

(a) Describe ONE economic impact and ONE social impact of the economic activity.

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(b) Account for the future direction of the economic activity.

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Question 22 (continued)

Answer part (c) with reference to an economic enterprise that you have studied.

Economic enterprise: ....................................................................................

(c) Explain how an environmental constraint has influenced the economic enterprise.

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(a) Outline how ONE urban dynamic of change is operating in a country town or suburb that you have studied.

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(b) How does the changing role of regional centres affect small towns?

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(c) Explain why world cities are important centres of economic and culturalauthority.

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End of Question 23


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(a) Outline how changes in weather or climate can affect an ecosystem.

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(b) Identify a traditional management strategy used in an ecosystem at risk and outline its purpose.

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(c) Identify a contemporary management strategy used in an ecosystem at risk and outline its purpose.

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Refer to Sources D and F on page 2 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer this part.

(d) Explain how human activities may affect ONE ecosystem in South Western Namibia.

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End of Question 24


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Section II extra writing space

If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering.

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– 24 – © 2016 Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW

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9410310299

– 25 –2042


Geography

Section III

40 marksAttempt TWO questions from Questions 25–27Allow about 1 hour and 15 minutes for this section

Answer both questions in the Section III Writing Booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.

Your answers will be assessed on how well you:

■ demonstrate geographical knowledge and understanding relevant to the question

■ communicate ideas and information using geographical terms and concepts appropriately

■ refer to case studies, illustrative examples and the Stimulus Booklet where appropriate

■ present a sustained, logical and cohesive response


Analyse responses to the challenges of living in mega cities.


Analyse the biophysical interactions that occur in ONE ecosystem at risk.


Explain the factors that have influenced the nature and spatial pattern of ONE economic activity.

End of paper

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– 26 –

2 0 1 6 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C A T E E X A M I N A T I O N

GeographyStimulus Booklet

2043

NAMIBIAWindhoek(Capital city)

Equator 0°

Source A – Windhoek (Namibia) location map

1006

1006

1002

1010

1010

1014

1014

1006

1010

998 1002

Key Isobar (hPa) Cold front

Windhoek

Source B – Southern Africa – Synoptic map

January

October

November March

December February

April

MaySeptember

JuneAugustJuly

10°C

20°C

30°C40°C

30mm

60mm

90mm

120mm

Average temperature

Average precipitation

Key

Source C – Windhoek (Namibia) – circular climate graph

Source D – South Western Namibia map

80

79

78

77

76

750100 02 05

15°00' 16°00' 17°00'

24°00'

25°00'

26°00'

SCALE 1 : 1500 000

30 45 km150

80

79

78

77

76

75

01 02 03 04 05

Legend for Source D

Sand dunes .....................................

Stream .............................................

Administrative boundary ..................

Main road (mainly gravel) ................

Secondary road (tarred/untarred) ....

Minor road, cart track (4 × 4), path ..

Road numbering ....................

Place of interest ..............................

Mountain ..........................................

Distance in kilometres .....................

Source E – South Western Namibia

03 04

Source F – Dune 45 (AR 0178)

Awaiting copyright

www.nelles.com

© ESA.

Source G – Flinders Island (Tasmania) topographic map

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46

62

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86 90 94 98 0287 91 95 99 0388 92 96 00 0489 93 97 01

86 90 94 98 0287 91 95 99 0388 92 96 00 0489 93 97 01Kilometres

SCALE 1 : 100 000

2 310 4

Legend for Source GBuilt-up area ........................................................

Roads for continuous public use .................... Arterial road ..................................................

Other road .....................................................

Route numbers ...............................................

Road of restricted use or accessOther roads; Bridge .......................................

Vehicular track; Gate ....................................

Road distance in kilometres ................................

Administrative boundary ......................................

Dam; Levee; Landmark area ...............................

Landmark object; Quarry, mine or gravel pit .......

Forest or scrub, dense ........................................

Forest or scrub, medium .....................................

Building/s with number; Church; Ruin .................

Trig station; Spot elevation ..................................

Contour with value; Depression contour .............

Lake, perennial; Lake, intermittent; Watercourse ..

Swamp; Land subject to inundation ....................

Source H – Image taken from Strzelecki Peaks

(AR 9151) on Flinders Island

Base

imag

e by

TAS

MAP

(ww

w.ta

smap

.tas.

gov.

au),

© S

tate

of T

asm

ania

Strzelecki Peaks (AR 9151) on Flinders Island


Source I – Population pyramids City X

Male

City X 2015

0–45–9

10–1415–1920–2425–2930–3435–3940–4445–4950–5455–5960–6465–6970–7475–7980+ Female

Total population1 940 000

Population (in thousands)0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 16080 60 40 20 0160 140 120 100

Male

City X 2020

0–45–9

10–1415–1920–2425–2930–3435–3940–4445–4950–5455–5960–6465–6970–7475–7980+ Female

Population (in thousands)0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 16080 60 40 20 0160 140 120 100

Projected total population2 076 000

2016 HSC Geography

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