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2016 GGSDE Forum - Session 3: Presentation by Prof. Edoardo Croci, IEFE, Università Bocconi, Green...
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Transcript of 2016 GGSDE Forum - Session 3: Presentation by Prof. Edoardo Croci, IEFE, Università Bocconi, Green...
OECDGREENGROWTHANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTFORUM
Howcities andother levels ofgovernment canworktogethertofoster greengrowth through innovativepolicyapproaches
Edoardo CrociIEFEBocconiUniversity
OECD,Paris– 9/10November2016
1
Ongoing processes on urban sustainability
• The Encyclical “Laudato Si” by Pope Francis is published in May 2015. The Pope makesa strong call for action by all levels of governments, including local, on globalenvironmental challenges linked to poverty.
• The Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA) adopted at the Third International Conferenceon Financing for Development in July 2015 calls for greater international cooperation“to strengthen capacities of municipalities and other local authorities”.
• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the UN in September 2015,include a specific goal on cities (SDG11, Sustainable cities and communities: “Makecities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”) ;
• The Paris Agreement adopted at UNFCCC COP21 in Paris in December 2015,acknowledges the importance of engagements of all levels of government inaddressing climate change.
• The New Urban Agenda approved in Quito in October 2016 at the UN Conference onHousing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III), links sustainableurbanization with development;
Definition and measurement of cities’ performances
• Differentdefinitionsfordifferentpurposes:Administrative,Functional,Morphological
• Emergenceofmetroregions(evencrossingnationalborders)• Dataavailability(commonmethodologiesandstandards- ISO37120?-,
periodicofficialstatistics)• Indicators(financial,economic,environmental,social,well-being,spatial)• Measurementofagglomerationeconomiesanddiseconomies• Urbanmetabolism(modellingandassessingkeyrelationships)
TheOECDdefinitionoffunctionalurbanareas“consistsofhighlydenselypopulatedurbancentersandadjacentmunicipalitieswithhighlevelsofcommutingtowardsthedenselypopulatedmunicipalities”withaminimumpopulationsizeof50.000inhabitants.“Metropolitanareasaredefinedasthefunctionalurbanareaswithapopulationabove500.000inhabitants.”
•TOBETTERMANAGE•TOASSESSPROJECTS•TOPLAN•TOMONITOR•TOBENCHMARK•TOBUILDCREDITWORTHINESSANDLEVERAGEFUNDING•TOFOSTERINFORMEDPUBLICPARTICIPATION•TOMODELANDFORECAST•TOIMPROVECITYGOVERNANCE
Purpose of standard urban indicators
Ex.: modelling city metabolism: IEFE-Bocconi research framework on urban GHG emissions
Determinants
Geographical andmorphological
Technological
Economic
Social
FactorsUrbanmobility• passengertrips• freightvehiclestrips• averagelengthoftrips•modalsplitoftrips• emissionfactors
Residential&commercialbuildings• energydemand• energy mix• floorspace• emissionfactors
GHGemissions
Others
Financing urban sustainable development.
Traditional• Europeannational,regional/provincial
transfers• Localgovernmentfiscalrevenues(including
fines)• Localchargesforprovidingpublicservices• LocalgovernmentdebtInnovative• CapitalizationandSecurization ofmunicipal
tangibleassets• Greenmunicipalbonds• Localcarbonmarkets• Leviesbasedlocalgreenfiscalreforms
(valuecapturetaxes,tourismlevies,congestionchargesetc.)
Traditional• Financialsystem (equityandloans)
Innovative
• Multinationalandnationaldevelopmentbanks(grantsandloans)
• Localprojectpurposetaxes
• Public-PrivatePartnershipmodels
• Socialimpactbonds
• Crowdfunding
• Thirdpartyfinancing(ex.ESCOs)
• PaymentsforEcosystemServicesschemes
Municipal budget Projectfinancing
Multilevel governance for sustainable energy: key dimensions and recommendations
• Structured andparticipative process• Integrated multi-level andinter-sectorial process• Evidence-based planning(monitoring andevaluation)
Modelling,Planning,Monitoring
• Createfinancial synergies withexisting activities• Activate avariety oftargeted funding sources• Designbankable projects
Financialinstruments
• Stimulate creativity andideas• Structuretheparticipatoryprocess• Showtangible results
Awarenessraisingandstakeholdersinvolvement
Source:CrociE.adapted fromCoopenergy project
Urban innovation in Milan mobility:2 case studies
1. Urban road pricing. Launched in 2008.2. Innovative bike and car sharing. Launched in 2008.
Regulatory, Technological, Financial, Political and Social innovation characterizedthe experiences.Sharing of experiences with other city was a relevant success factor.Ex ante evaluation, ongoing and ex post evaluation were performed.