2016 Alaska Sustainable Salmon Fund Proposal Summary Sheet

Proposal title: Prince of Wales Landscape Assessment Anadromous Waters Cataloging and Stream Mapping Support Review group: Habitat Protection AKSSF objective: 2: Submit nominations to the Catalog of Waters Important for the Spawning, Rearing or Migration of Anadromous Fishes Restrictions on funded activities: Habitat protection projects must directly attain long-term protection of salmon habitat; secondary activities and objectives (e.g., planning, prioritizing, and ancillary surveys or data collection) are not allowed as standalone projects, but they are allowed as project components if they are necessary to successfully complete the project. AKSSF staff comments: None.

Alaska Sustainable Salmon Fund 2016 Call for Proposals Project Proposal Form

I. Project Title: Prince of Wales Landscape Assessment Anadromous Waters Cataloging

and Stream Mapping Support

II. Principal Investigator Christine Woll, Southeast Alaska Program Director The Nature Conservancy 416 Harris Street, Suite 301 Juneau, Alaska 99801 Phone: (907) 586-8623 Email: cwoll@tnc.org Co-Principal Investigator(s) Anthony Christianson, Environmental Director Hydaburg Cooperative Association PO Box 39 Hydaburg, AK 99922 Phone: (907) 258-3660 Email: lil_hagoo@yahoo.com

III. Project Period: 3/1/2017-2/1/2018

IV. AKSSF Objective: Objective 2

V. Project Description 1. Synopsis

The Nature Conservancy and Hydaburg Cooperative Association request funding to conduct stream surveys on Prince of Wales (POW) Island during the 2017 field season. These surveys will provide valuable stream habitat data for the Prince of Wales Landscape Assessment being conducted by the U.S. Forest Service, as it considers land uses, habitat protection and restoration needs on the island over the next 15 years. It will also result in AWC nominations for important anadromous streams on the island, securing protection of these streams from future development activities.

2. Introduction Purpose and Scope: The purpose of this project is to provide long-term protection and baseline information on POW salmon streams prioritized by multiple stakeholders and landowners by documenting anadromous waters and stream habitat condition. This data will allow for both: (1) protections under the Alaska Statute 16.05.871 in areas with potential land uses that impact salmon habitat; and (2) landscape-scale planning

that will allow for prioritization of land uses, habitat protection, and restoration for the next 15 years on POW. Background: Prince of Wales Island, the third largest island in the United States, is made up of 12 communities and about 6,000 residents (POWWA 2014). This temperate rainforest of 2,577 square miles has abundant fish and wildlife populations with sockeye, Coho, pink and chum salmon, Dolly Varden, and cutthroat, rainbow and steelhead trout (POWWA 2014). Prince of Wales contains 11,250 miles of stream, including over 1,600 miles of documented anadromous streams and supports substantial commercial, sport and subsistence fisheries (Albert et al. 2008). This island has experienced more than four times as much logging activity as any other island within the Tongass National Forest (TNF), which has resulted in documented impacts on salmon habitat, including increased rates of sedimentation, alterations of riparian systems and fish passage blockage (Albert et al. 2008). Furthermore, the island is likely to experience further logging activities that may continue to impact fish habitat into the future. The biodiversity and productivity associated with Prince of Wales Island, coupled with its history and likely future of continued logging and road construction makes this island a highly ranked priority for conservation investment (Schoen and Dovichin 2007). Comprehensive assessments of the physical, biological, and social conditions over large landscapes (“landscape assessments”) are an ecosystem management tool that has been prioritized by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS; USDA FS 1995), as well as other management entities and conservation organizations. Within the TNF, landscape assessments have been prioritized to help plan projects (including timber harvest plans and restoration projects) and strengthen and stream-line National Environmental Policy analysis (USDA FS 1997). The TNF is currently planning a landscape assessment for Prince of Wales Island in order to prioritize projects over the next 15 years (M. Anderson, USFS, personal communications). An important data need of this landscape assessment is the inventory and assessment of salmon distribution and salmon habitat quality in priority watersheds in order to mitigate potential impacts of land use on salmon habitat or to improve salmon habitat quality.

In order to provide protection for the watersheds important for subsistence on Prince of Wales, The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and the Hydaburg Cooperative Association (HCA) have partnered on the systematic cataloging and mapping of salmon habitat since 2012. This partnership has resulted in habitat mapping of over 50 miles of stream, and the permanent protection of 17 miles of streams under the Anadromous Waters Catalog within Hydaburg’s traditional use area. Four additional watersheds are being surveyed in 2016. The majority of streams that were uncataloged and potentially threatened within Hydaburg’s traditional use area have been cataloged as a result of these activities. TNC and HCA now wish to utilize the

capacity that has been established by this partnership in order to support the long-term conservation benefits of the landscape assessment process being undertaken island-wide and to protect other important salmon stream on Prince of Wales. Activities: Prioritization of Streams This part of the project occurs prior to the start date of this grant, but since it is important to the activities under this grant we are including an explanation here. Over the next six months, the USFS and other stakeholders will be developing processes for completing the POW Landscape Assessment. The USFS will include multiple land owners in the landscape assessment, and solicit recommendations on priority projects from a collaborative group of stakeholders. Prioritization of streams and stream reaches for the inventory and assessment activities necessary as part of the POW Landscape Assessment will begin with the completion of the TNF’s Watershed Condition Assessment for the entire TNF (USDA FS 2011). This Watershed Condition assessment will identify watersheds within POW that are a high priority for inventory and assessment by the FS based on ecological values and current land use designations. Final prioritization of streams and stream reaches for inventory and assessment as part of the POW Landscape Assessment will include feedback from a collaborative group of stakeholders, who will consider other values beyond biological values, including economic, social, cultural, and subsistence values of watersheds on Prince of Wales Island. This prioritization by the USFS is scheduled to be completed in the fall of 2016. After prioritization of streams and stream reaches for inventory and assessment for the POW Landscape Assessment has been completed, TNC and HCA will work with TNF to prioritize the streams for TNC and HCA’s work under this proposal. Priority will be given to stream reaches that are likely to contain anadromous salmon habitat but are uncatalogued and potentially impacted by future land use activities; secondary priorities will be given to streams that have been determined to require habitat assessment activities in order to plan for future restoration projects. From these priority streams, HCA and TNC will determine which streams to include in the stream surveys for the proposal. Based on the four years of experience this team has with surveying streams near Hydaburg, we can accurately estimate the amount of mileage the survey crew can reasonably survey, as well as the cost of doing so. Stream Surveys Upon completion of prioritization of streams for this proposal, local hires with HCA will use standard field survey methods developed by the USFS and Alaska Department of Fish & Game (ADF&G), Sport Fish Division to improve understanding of salmon distribution and habitat conditions in these prioritized streams. The field crew will include individuals who successfully completed surveys of watersheds over the last three years. The project field work will involve several weeks of cumulative field research scheduled over the course of the field season (June – September) in order to maximize the likelihood of detecting the presence of

salmon. Details on the in-stream survey protocols are provided in the methods section below.

Data Compilation and Distribution Anadromous Waters Catalog survey data will be compiled in the appropriate format and submitted for nomination. Stream habitat survey data will be compiled in an organized geodatabase and submitted as data for those conducting the POW Landscape Assessment. In addition, new mapped streams will be submitted to the Southeast Alaska GIS Library for inclusion in the joint U.S. Forest Service-ADF&G regional hydrographic dataset.

3. Location(s) Site: Prince of Wales Island Latitude: 56 N Longitude: 132.5 W

4. Strategic Importance This project proposes to address Southeast Alaska Objective 2: Submit nominations to the Catalog of Waters Important for the Spawning, Rearing or Migration of Anadromous Fishes. Surveying the systems identified in this proposal is necessary to obtain the data for submitting the nominations to the AWC. Inclusion of these systems in the AWC will provide these important streams the most stringent protections available under state law. Furthermore, this data will improve the POW Landscape Assessment by enabling landscape-scale planning that allows for prioritization of land uses, habitat protection, and restoration for the next 15 years on POW. The inclusion of data regarding important anadromous waters in the area will ensure planning efforts take these waters into consideration.

5. Habitat Conservation in Subsistence Areas Federal and state subsistence management programs consider all 12 of the communities on Prince of Wales Island as rural (POWWA 2014). This rural priority means that under federal law, residents of the island have a federally protected right to harvest fish and wildlife for subsistence use and priority use of these resources over sport and recreational fishermen (Mazza 2003). The members of four federally recognized tribes on the island as well as its non-tribal citizens rely on the harvest of salmon for subsistence, and it is an important part of their cultural traditions (POWWA 2014). Due to the island’s rich Tlingit and Haida heritage and its remote nature, subsistence harvest of fish and game is integral to life on Prince of Wales. Between 93 to 100 percent of residents in each of the communities utilize subsistence fish and game resources. In the four tribal communities, the average is 99-100 percent, and salmon makes up 20 to 40 percent of the subsistence harvest. That is, on average, 105 pounds

of salmon per resident each year in these communities (ADFG 2016). Between 1985 and 2001, this amounted to the harvest of more than 10,000 salmon on some parts of the island (Figure 1). Protection of the highest priority streams on the island will help to ensure that this rich tradition of harvesting salmon for subsistence use remains available to residents of Prince of Wales.

Figure 1: Subsistence Salmon Harvest on Prince of Wales Island (Albert et al. 2008)

The process of the POW Landscape Assessment allows for consideration from a collaborative group of stakeholders, who will consider the subsistence values of

watersheds on Prince of Wales Island. This will ensure that the streams and stream reaches prioritized for this project are important contributors to this POW subsistence resource.

6. Monitoring Populations Utilized for Subsistence • N/A

VI. Objectives

• All prioritized and surveyed anadromous fish-bearing streams are included in the Anadromous Waters Catalog (AWC), for protection under state law.

• Stream habitat information is available to the Prince of Wales Landscape Assessment process.

VII. Methods

The methods for accomplishing the project objectives fall into two broad categories: (A) conducting anadromous stream surveys; and (B) synthesizing datasets for inclusion in Anadromous Waters Catalog and the Prince of Wales Landscape Assessment. A. Stream Surveys Cathy Needham of Kai Environmental Consulting Services will provide refresher training on surveys methods to the field crew prior to field work. The crew will consist of a field leader and two field technicians, all of whom will be Hydaburg Cooperative Association staff. After training takes place, the field crew will mobilize to the prioritized watersheds and stream reaches. Access to the stream reaches will be by car. Field crews may camp for portions of the field work. The methods for the stream surveys may be broken down into four components: 1) Mapping the stream course: As outlined in the cited protocols, the field team will map

the course of each stream within each watershed, which will provide the spatial data necessary for delineating watered channels and their connectivity with tributaries, side channels and lakes/ponds. GPS waypoints will be collected every 15-30 m (depending on complexity of stream) as the crew follows the stream course. Digital photographs will be taken at these locations.

2) Mapping habitat features encountered along the stream: If the field team encounters a feature of interest while mapping the stream course, the team will document the feature site using waypoints to identify the spatial location, field measurements and pictures. Such features include natural and manmade disturbance, including (but not limited to): culverts, fish passage barriers, riparian disturbance, erosion, restoration, etc.

3) Collecting information describing stream reaches and side channels: Individual stream reaches will be characterized by classifying geomorphic channel type and stream class using the U.S. Forest Service protocols that form the basis of the ADF&G Stream Habitat Assessment protocols. Upper and lower waypoints for each stream reach will be collected, along with data used for geomorphic channel typing. These measurements will include: i) average stream gradient, collected at the bottom, mid-point, and top of reach;

ii) bank full width (m) collected at the mid-point of reach; iii) channel incision depth (m) recorded at the mid-point of reach; iv) stream bank composition (dominate substrate forming the stream banks); v) dominate substrate class (i.e., organics, sand/silt, gravel, cobble, boulder, bedrock) forming stream channel; vi) channel pattern (i.e., singular, multiple-braids); vii) channel type classification, where each individual reach is identified by its unique channel type; and viii) stream class, where each individual reach is classified on its aquatic habitat potential, as identified in the working protocol for improving stream class designations.

4) Collecting fish observation data: Fish observation points will be collected along each

stream reach, including additional points above and below features thought to be the extent of fish habitat along each stream within each watershed system. Minnow trapping will be the primary data collection method used for collecting information to be used in the nominations for the Anadromous Waters Catalog. At selected sites (determined on the ground during stream habitat surveys), baited minnow traps will be used to quantify smolt and fry life stages of all fish within each stream. Data for these fish observation points will be in accordance with the cited protocols for the Stream Habitat Surveys. Late in the season, adult foot count surveys will be completed for each system. Crews will walk the upper tributaries and tally the number of adult fish seen within the creek, or dead carcasses along the banks. GPS points will be taken at the end of each upper creek survey when no evidence of adult fish remains, in order to document where adult fish spawning areas are within the watershed.

B. Dataset synthesis: At the end of the 2017 field season, all data collected will be synthesized into the Anadromous Waters Catalog (AWC) nomination packages, in accordance with the cited guidelines. Additional information also may be used in the nomination packets. Nomination packets for this study will be submitted by December 31, 2017, which is outside of the regular cycle of nominations but still considered acceptable. Upon completion of stream habitat surveys, data for all stream reaches containing anadromous fish and fish habitat will be assembled into an organized geodatabase. These datasets will be provided to those conducting the POW Landscape Assessment for analysis purposes. New stream mapping layers will be used to update the joint United States Forest Service-Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Sport Fish hydrography layer, available to the public through the Southeast Alaska GIS Library (http://seakgis.alaska.edu/). Measuring Success: We will evaluate how successful we are in meeting our objectives using the following measures:

1) Mapping of stream course and habitat features, and collection of data related to stream reaches and side channels and fish observation are completed accurately for all streams in each of the proposed survey areas; 2) Regulatory adoption in the AWC of submitted nomination packages for individual water bodies; and 3) Stream habitat and fish distribution data is incorporated into the POW Landscape Assessment.

VIII. Benefits

These surveys are essential to ensure that watersheds supplying subsistence salmon stocks for the communities on Prince of Wales Island receive the conservation measures and protections required by law for anadromous waters, and to further develop an effective baseline inventory of important subsistence salmon habitat on the island. It will also help to inform the USFS POW Landscape Assessment on the island as the USFS and other landowners plan for resource management, including timber harvest and stream restoration. In the event of future development, these measures will help to avoid or mitigate negative impacts on the stocks, guaranteeing these salmon resources, important as subsistence, cultural, ecological, social, and economic resource the people of Prince of Wales remain intact. The amount of habitat that we estimate will be protected by these surveys will total approximately 20 kilometers.

IX. Products, Milestones, and Timelines 1. Project Milestones

• March 1 - May 31 2017: Obtain required permits and work on field logistics • June 1 - July 31, 2017: Conduct planning meeting, stream habitat surveys, and

minnow trapping • August 1 - September 30, 2017: Perform foot surveys to count adult salmon • October 1 - November 30, 2017: Compile data and prepare AWC nomination • December 31, 2017: Submit AWC nominations and submit stream habitat survey

information to the Landscape Assessment Analysis providers and to the SE AK GIS Library

• February 1, 2018: Provide final report to AKSSF

2. Project Communication The results of this project will be made publicly available in a number of forms: • The AWC information will be nominated for inclusion in the state-wide publicly

available dataset available from the Alaska Department of Fish & Game (http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/sf/SARR/AWC/).

• The stream habitat information will be made publicly available through submission to the SEAK GIS library for inclusion in the regional hydrographic dataset (http://seakgis.alaska.edu/).

• The Conservancy's Marketing Manager for Alaska may write about the activities and successes of this grant in press articles, on the Conservancy's website and/or blog, and on social media.

X. Experience and Qualifications

1. Experience and qualifications of the principal investigator and key project personnel Christine Woll, Principal Investigator- Ms.Woll is currently the acting Southeast Alaska Program Manager and is a Spatial Ecologist for the Alaska Chapter of The Nature Conservancy. At the Conservancy she has been involved as a principal investigator on several salmon habitat mapping projects across Alaska for the last three years. This has involved both performing scientific analyses as well as project and grant management. Her contribution to this project will include assistance with data stewardship and migration to the Anadromous Waters Catalog, the habitat geodatabase, and the SE AK GIS Library, as well as basic project management. Christine joined the Nature Conservancy shortly after finishing her M.S. degree in Fisheries from the University of Alaska Fairbanks in 2012. As part of her master’s thesis, and as an employee with USFWS, she spent three years using GIS and remote sensing to map freshwater salmon habitat in Southwest Alaska. Prior to moving to Alaska, Christine worked and studied marine fisheries and ecology in Maine, as an employee of Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences and as a student at Bates College, where she received her B.S. in Biology in 2007. Anthony Christensen, Co-Principal Investigator- Mr. Christensen was the Principal Investigator of the Hetta Lake Sockeye Salmon Assessment Project and the Co-Principal Investigator on the previous and current Prince of Wales Stream Habitat Mapping Projects, all conducted by the Hydaburg Cooperative Association. He will help oversee the field crew and field operation logistics on this project. Mr. Christianson started as a cooperating investigator on the Hetta Lake Sockeye Salmon Assessment Project in 2001 and became the Principal Investigator in 2010. He has hired a successful field crew, overseen project management and provided input and resources for operational planning, field operations, and final reporting. Other grants authored and successfully administered by Mr. Christianson include the Eek Lake Sockeye Stock Assessment Project and the Traditional and Ecological Knowledge of the Hydaburg Haida Project. Mr. Christensen is also an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Planner, funded under an EPA IGAP program to address local environmental issues such as water quality. Cathy Needham will work closely with Co-PI Anthony Christianson on providing technical assistance and training. She will train the field crew and provide submission oversight for the Anadromous Waters Catalog and stream habitat information to the SE GIS library. She has more than 10 years of experience working with Tribes in natural resource fields, including fisheries programs in Kasaan and Hydaburg. She has direct experience training Tribal employees on how to collect field data for population assessments, stream habitat assessments and water quality monitoring programs. In addition, she has worked in conjunction with the Alaska Department of Fish & Game to collect stream habitat data for inclusion in the Anadromous Waters Catalog on Prince of Wales Island. Ms. Needham has served as an Environmental Planner for Central Council of Tlingit and Haida, been Director of Natural Resources for the Organized Village of Kasaan, and now owns and operates Kai Environmental Consulting Services, LLC (http://www.kaienvironmental.com/).

2. Experience and qualifications of the organization(s) The Nature Conservancy has been administering and managing federal grants for more than 17 years. The Conservancy has a Grants Service Network comprised of 66 Grant Specialists, and 9 support staff and 35 attorneys that assist the Program Managers who receive public funding. Grant Specialists are hired to specifically manage the administrative processes of public funding grants received by the Conservancy. The Conservancy’s FY15 Federal Revenue to Total Revenue was 10 percent. The Hydaburg Cooperative Association is a federally recognized tribe. The HCA provides tribal services to a tribal enrollment of 450 members. These services include an Environmental Department, a Human Service Department, an Education Department, Housing Assistance, Roads Inventory, Resource Monitoring, Drug and Alcohol Awareness Program through Wellness, as well as other less significant services. The HCA conducts annual audits to ensure that any and all program dollars are spent in accordance to contract agreements. The HCA has an active IRA council, which governs the tribal body and puts in place policies and procedures that maintain the success of tribal operations. The HCA is currently fully staffed with an Administrator, Bookkeeper, EPA Planner, Education Director, Human Service Director, Housing Director, and numerous part-time seasonal employees.

XI. Project Budget

1. Leveraging Resources N/A

2. Budget Narrative

Summary Budget Total 100 Personnel $29,500 200 Travel $0 300 Contractual $4,101 400 Supplies $5,440 500 Equipment $0 Subtotal $39,041 600 Indirect $8,044 Total $47,085

TNC Budget Total

100 Personnel $0 200 Travel $0 300 Contractual $4,101 400 Supplies $0 500 Equipment $0 Subtotal $4,101 Expenses not subject to indirect $0 600 Indirect $923 Total $5,024

TNC Summary Budget Narrative: Line 300: Contractual TNC will contract with Kai Environmental Consulting Services, LLC, for field survey work. Costs include a pre-season planning meeting, technical assistance, a project leader (Cathy Needham), Data Entry/AWC Training, Data Entry Quality Control, submitting AWC nominations, project related travel (Juneau-Hydaburg) and subcontracted services (e.g. training space/food): $4,101

Line 600: Indirect The Nature Conservancy’s proposed federally negotiated indirect rate through June 30, 2017, is 22.5% on total direct costs including subawards regardless of dollar amount, and excluding external transfers, land sales, and some equipment costs: $923

HCA Budget Total

100 Personnel $29,500 200 Travel $0 300 Contractual $0 400 Supplies $5,440 500 Equipment $0 Subtotal $34,940 Expenses not subject to indirect $0 600 Indirect $7,121 Total $42,061

HCA Summary Budget Narrative: Line 100: Personnel

• One Field Crew Leader will participate in field survey work: 3 months @ $4,000/month = $12,000 • Two Field Crew Technicians will participate in field survey work: 2 months @ $3,500/month ($7,000) x2 = $14,000 • One Administrative Assistant will assist with data entry/data compilation: 1 months @ $3,500/month = $3,500

Total: $29,500 Line 400: Supplies

• Car fuel ($3 x 250 gallons) = $750 • Field groceries: 60 days @ $11.11/day x 3 people = $2,000 • GPS (1 x $750) = $500 • Rangefinder (1 x $500) = $500 • Waders and boots (3 x $500) = $1,500 • Rite-in-the-Rain (1 x $65) = $65 • Clipboard (1 x $25) = $25 • Minnow traps (10 x $10) = $100

Total: $5,440

Line 600: Indirect The Hydaburg Cooperative Association’s federally negotiated indirect rate from January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2016, is 20.38% on all programs: $7,121

XII. Match Budget

TNC Match Budget Total

100 Personnel $2,348 200 Travel $1,500 300 Contractual $9,607 400 Supplies $0 500 Equipment $0 Subtotal $13,455 Expenses not subject to indirect $0 600 Indirect $3,027 Total $16,482

TNC Match Budget Narrative: Line 100: Personnel

• TNC Southeast Alaska Program Director, will be responsible for overall project management, contracting, and project reporting: approximately .10 months @ $6,998.56/month = $699.86

• TNC Spatial Ecologist, will be responsible for quality control on deliverables to be incorporated into the AWC and the Southeast Alaska GIS Library: .25 months @ $6,593.28/month = $1,648.32

Total Personnel: $2,348

Line 200: Travel • Biologist airfare: Juneau - Klawock (1 x $750) = $750 • Biologist housing: 3 nights @ $100/night = $300 • Biologist food & incidentals: 3 days @ $75/day = $225 • Biologist car rental: 3 days @ $75/day = $225

Total: $1,500

Line 300: Contractual TNC will contract with Kai Environmental Consulting Services, LLC, for field survey work. Costs include pre-season planning meeting, technical assistance, a project leader (Cathy Needham), Data Entry/AWC Training, Data Entry Quality Control, submitting AWC nominations, project related travel (Juneau-Hydaburg) and subcontracted services (e.g. training space/food): $9,607

Line 600: Indirect The Nature Conservancy’s proposed federally negotiated indirect rate through June 30, 2017, is 22.5% on total direct costs including subawards regardless of dollar amount, and excluding external transfers, land sales, and some equipment costs. $3,027

XIII. References

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2016. Community Subsistence Information System. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, online database. Juneau, Alaska. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/sb/CSIS/

Albert, D., L. Baker, S. Howell, K. V. Koski, and R. Bosworth. 2008. A Framework for

Setting Watershed-scale Priorities for Forest and Freshwater Restoration on Prince of Wales Island. The Nature Conservancy. Anchorage, Alaska.

Schoen, J.W., and E. Dovichin. 2007. A Conservation Assessment and Resource

Synthesis for the Coastal Forests & Mountains Ecoregion in Southeastern Alaska and the Tongass National Forest. Audubon Alaska and The Nature Conservancy. Anchorage, Alaska.

Mazza, R. 2003. Hunter Demand for Deer on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska: An

Analysis of Influencing Factors. Volume 581 of General technical report PNW. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Portland, Oregon.

Prince of Wales Watershed Association. 2014. Prince of Wales Island Watershed

Assessment. Version 1.0. Naukati Bay, AK. USDA Forest Service. 1995. Ecosystem Analysis at the Watershed Scale: Federal Guide

for Watershed Analysis. United States, Forest Service. USDA Forest Service. 1997. Tongass National Forest Land and Resource Management

Plan (R10-MB-338dd, 1997), Land Management Plan Revision. United States, Forest Service.

USDA Forest Service. 2011. Watershed Condition Framework: A Framework for

Assessing and Tracking Changes to Watershed Condition. United States, Forest Service.