2016-03-31 Stations and Buildings - Building Services€¦ · measures five parameters: thermal...

Building Services

ASA Stations & Buildings team

OVERVIEW: Building Services - Beyond Minimum Requirements

BUILDING SERVICES

1: Overview: Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) • Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Introduction to Greenstar & NABERS• Acoustic Comfort• Thermal Comfort• Lighting/Visual Comfort

2: Overview: Energy Efficient (EE) Equipment • EE in Lighting• EE in HVAC Air Conditioning & Ventilation• EE in HVAC Pumping• EE in HVAC Insulation• Energy Monitoring & BMS

3: Sustainability in TfNSW


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1: IAQ


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Introduction to Greenstar & NABERS • Acoustic Comfort • Thermal Comfort • Lighting/Visual Comfort

2: Overview: Energy Efficient (EE) Equipment

• EE in Lighting • EE in HVAC Air Conditioning & Ventilation • EE in HVAC Pumping • EE in HVAC Insulation • Energy Monitoring & BMS


Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Definition: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) refers to the air ‘quality’ in and around a building, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of those who inhabit it. More specifically, by ‘Air Quality’ we are talking about the presence and concentration of contaminants. Acceptable indoor air quality: air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction. (ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013) • minimum acceptable IAQ is achieved when we achieve compliance with Australian Standards 1668.2. • ABCB recommended (2004) that ‘sustainability’ (encompassing IEQ) should be a goal of the BCA in

future revisions. New agreements with the Commonwealth, states and territories is expected to adopt this recommendation.

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Sources of contaminants affecting IAQ: • Building materials (dust, concrete, chemicals emitted, VOC, asbestos) • Products stored within building (paints: VOC, electrical appliances – brominated flame retardants:

printer toner and inks, furniture, cleaning products - formaldehyde) • Proximity to outdoor air pollution sources (e.g. factory next door, trains) • Types of indoor heating or cooling (unflued gas combustion, refrigerant leak) • Cooking sources of contamination (smoke, steam, smells) • Other occupant usage (breathing & CO2, cigarette smoke, toilet and sewer, change rooms, vehicle

exhaust) • Seasonal climatic conditions (excess humidity causing mould -> Mould spores) • Bacteria (e.g. Legionella – inhaled from spa, tepid waters, cooling towers) • Rail specific: ozone, diesel fumes

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Why is IAQ important? • (poor) IAQ has a potential impact on human health.

• Long term exposure to many of these contaminants are not always known. • Some are suspected on long term effects such as cancer, damage to nervous, immune and

reproductive systems. • Australians spend about 75-95% of their time indoors (where air quality may be worse than outdoors).

EPA NSW Website • The National Occupational Health and Safety Commission sets exposure standards for workplaces,

but there are no Australian standards for indoor air in other settings EPA NSW Website

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How do you control contaminants and improve IAQ? Three general strategies: 1. Filtration (filter introduced contaminants from outside air) 2. Dilution (dilute concentration of contaminants with introduction of clean outside air) 3. Extraction (eliminating contaminants by extraction out of building)

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1. Filtration 2. Dilution 3. Extraction

IAQ minimum requirements: Building Code of Australia (BCA)

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IAQ minimum requirements: AS1668.2

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This Standard sets permissible ventilation rates having consideration to health and ventilation amenity. The specified ventilation rates are intended to maintain general contaminants (e.g. body odours, volatile organic compounds and the like) at concentrations below exposures that have the potential to cause adverse health effects to a majority of occupants. Excerpt from AS1668.2

AS1668.2 provides technical details for designers: • Table A1 Min. Outdoor Airflow rates (Dilution) • Table B1 min. Exhaust Ventilation Rates (Extraction) • Table C1 min. acceptable concentration limits

IAQ minimum requirements: AS1668.2 (Contd)

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AS1668.2 Table A1 Min. Outdoor Airflow rates (Dilution)


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Table B1 min. Exhaust Ventilation Rates (Extraction)


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Table C1 min. acceptable concentration limits

AS1668.2 also has detailed descriptions on methods for extraction of kitchen exhaust, and carpark extraction systems

Beyond BCA - Greenstar


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Introduced in 2003 Green Star is a voluntary environmental rating system administered by the Green Building Council of Australia. Green Star evaluates the performance of a building at the design stage. There are 4 Green Star Rating Tool Categories (Previously 8) • Greenstar Design & As Built • Greenstar Communities • Greenstar Interiors • Greenstar Performance


Performance: Certifying operational performance of a building

Design & As Built Certifying design and construction of a building

Interiors Certifying interior fitout of a building

Communities Certifying plans for a precinct scale development

Beyond BCA (Greenstar examples)

Barangaroo South Tower 3 Greenstar 6 Office Design v3

Darling Quarter Greenstar 6 Office Design v2

UTS Chau Chak Wing Building Greenstar 5 Education Design v1

Beyond BCA (Greenstar examples)

Screenshot on Greenstar Webpage: Recently developed Greenstar Train Station rating scheme developed (Victoria)


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Beyond BCA - IAQ

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Points gained for achieving features which exceed legal minimum requirements. 1. Filtration Strategy: (1 point)

• filtration of outdoor pollutants AND • easy maintenance and cleaning AND • cleaned prior to occupation

2. Dilution: • Exceeding outside air rate by 50% OR CO2 concentration below 800ppm (1 point) • Exceeding outside air rate by 100% OR CO2 concentration below 700ppm (2 points) • Meeting requirements of AS1668.4 for Natural Ventilation (2 points)

3. Extraction: • Pollutants are extracted (1 point)

Beyond BCA: NABERS

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Introduction to Greenstar• Acoustic Comfort • Thermal Comfort • Lighting/Visual Comfort

&




NABERS

Beyond BCA - NABERS

• The National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABERS) is a suite of voluntary environmental rating tools to measure the actual environmental impact of Australian buildings.

• NABERS is an initiative of federal, state and territory governments, managed in NSW by the

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water.

Beyond BCA: NABERS (contd)

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• The NABERS Indoor Environment rating for offices was launched in May 2008. This measures five parameters: thermal comfort; air quality; acoustic comfort; lighting; and office layout.

• Two sets of measurements: 1. 'physical' measurements; and 2. a survey of occupants to measure their satisfaction with the office space.

• The physical measurements include air quality monitoring for carbon monoxide,

carbon dioxide, total VOCs, PM10 and formaldehyde; noise monitoring; light readings; air speed; temperature; and relative humidity in the office space.

Beyond BCA: NABERS (Contd)

For commercial buildings > 2000m2 NLA: (Came into effect Nov 1st 2010) Mandatory Disclosure of Commercial Office Building Energy Efficiency - Owners must disclose Building Energy Efficiency Certificate (BEEC) to

prospective buyers/lessees - Official NABERS Assessment must be sought

Beyond BCA: NABERS (Contd)

Beyond BCA – (NABERS examples)

Chatswood Zenith NABERS 5.0 Energy Rating

Chatswood Solitaire NABERS 4.5 Energy Rating

Beyond BCA - ISCA

Benefits Anyone can use the IS rating tool. Using the IS rating tool during the delivery of a project, as part of an assets operations, or as part of an organisational structure can have the following benefits: Provides a set of industry defined indicators that can benchmark the sustainability performance of projects, assets or organisation(s) Sets a simple and easy to use structure which can inform decision making and best practice approaches throughout the planning and delivery of projects and assets

Beyond BCA - ISCA

IS Rating Scheme is Voluntary (Est. 2012)


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Beyond BCA: NABERS IAQ

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• The rating is based on the results of two sets of measurements: • 'physical' measurements,

• Air quality monitoring: CO, CO2, VOCs, PM10 and formaldehyde; • Noise monitoring; • Light readings; • Air speed; • Temperature; and • Relative humidity.

• a survey of occupants to measure their satisfaction with the office space.

Summary IAQ

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• Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) refers to the air ‘quality’ in and around a building, especiallyas it relates to the health and comfort of those who inhabit it.

• The sources of IAQ contaminants are many and varied• The method of improvement of IAQ is:

• Filtration• Dilution• Extraction

• BCA only states the basics. BCA defers to AS1668.2 for more details• AS1668.2 provides tables of minimum fresh air rates to be achieved. Has methods of

extraction and intakes (filtration).

• Beyond AS and BCA: we have voluntary rating schemes. The two most notable areGreenstar and NABERS. Greenstar and NABERS are voluntary rating schemes.There is no legal requirement to adhere, although there may be a commercialincentive


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2: Acoustic Comfort


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Acoustic Comfort

Definition: Acoustic Comfort: having the right level and quality of noise to use the space as intended

Acoustic Comfort: an interior work space where speech privacy and ambient sound levels meet the requirements in LEED Pilot Credit 24-Acoustics (November 2010). Term used by the U.S. Green Building Council LEED

• In a rail environment, noise cannot be helped to some degree.

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Sources of Acoustic Discomfort: Airbourne noise: Airborne noise is noise that travels through air, generally through a direct or open path between the noise source and the listener Structure-borne noise: Audible noise which is generated by vibrations induced in the ground and/or a structure. Vibration can be generated by impact or by solid contact with a vibrating machine Other sources - more specifically: • people • machinery • equipment • background noise from outside

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Why is Acoustic Comfort important? People are more productive and happy when they’re not distracted by noises from outside or from surrounding spaces and occupants. Acoustic comfort is especially important for schools and office buildings In a rail environment where Train noises can reach 85-90dBA, do NOT want to drown out announcements and emergency warning systems

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How do you control and improve Acoustic Comfort? How humans perceive sounds and loudness is a subjective measure. However, you can create a comfortable environment by controlling objective measures like • Decibel level (sound pressure), • Reverberation time, and • Sound reflection & damping properties of materials

Control methods: • Creating physical barriers and sound breaks between sources of noise is important. • You can optimize room shape and size to reduce echoes and reverberation. • Organise the rooms to group sound producing activity into areas, and quiet areas into other spaces. • Use acoustic tiles on ceilings and walls to dampen the sound

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Acoustic Comfort minimum requirements: BCA

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The BCA has detailed sound insulation provisions in Part F5 of Volume One and Parts 2.4 and 3.8.6 of Volume Two. The types of buildings these clauses relate to is summarised below. Volume One, Part F5 Class 2 buildings A building containing two or more separate units (i.e. apartment building, block of flats, etc.). Class 3 buildings A residential building other than Class 1 or 2 (i.e. hotel, motel, etc.). Class 9c buildings An aged care building. Volume Two, Parts 2.4 and 3.8.6 Class 1 buildings One or more attached dwellings separated by a fire resisting wall. (No specific requirements for Transport stations)

Acoustic Comfort minimum requirements: BCA (contd)

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The BCA deals only with sound insulation between dwellings as outlined above. It does not address issues such as- • noise entering the building from outside, for example from industrial processes, traffic, trains,

aircraft or animals; • e�nvironmental noise emission from the building to surrounding areas; • a�ir conditioning or other plant noise within a unit; • d�omestic appliance noise within a unit; • r�oom acoustic design for home entertainment systems; or • �noise transfer within a unit. (No specific requirements for Transport stations)

Acoustic Comfort minimum requirements: AS2107-2000

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AS 2107-2000 Acoustics - Recommended design sound levels and reverberation times for building interiors Note: AS2107 specifically excludes itself from use to exclude railway noise

Acoustic Comfort minimum requirements: ESB 002

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ESB 002: Sect 2.6.3.6.4 Noise Levels within Stations • Concourses NR50• Platforms NR50 (max. NR55 near lifts and plant rooms)• Offices and Retail NR40• Plant rooms NR75• First Aid Room NR35

ESB 002: Sect 2.6.3.6.5 Reverberation Times Within Stations Design targets for reverberation times: • Less than 1.8 seconds for platforms• Less than 2.0 seconds for concourse• 0.6 to 0.8 seconds for offices and staff rooms.

Recommended train noise levels are: • Max. 90dBA (with a target of 85dBLAmax where practical) on station platforms; and• Max. 45dBA-50dBA (including structure borne noise) in offices and concourses.

Train noise level is to be between 85 - 90dBLAmx. Sound absorption devices immediately adjacent to the rail tracks may be required to achieve this level

Acoustic Comfort minimum requirements: ESB 002 (contd)

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ESB 002: Sect 2.6.3.6.6 Speech Intelligibility for PA and EWIS Systems the recommended Speech Transition Index (STI) performance is: • A minimum standard of 0.5 STI (on a scale of 0 to 1) at all occupied locations • A target value of 0.6 STI where practical.

Acoustic Treatment in and around stations and trains ESB 002: Sect 2.6.3.6.7 Under Platform Treatment in Underground Stations Acoustic treatment to be added to the underside of platform areas and low level platform walls at all station surfaces closest to the train track ESB 002: Sect 2.6.3.6.8 Other Platform Surfaces Acoustic treatment to: • Underside of overhead concourses • Concourse ceilings • Platform walls (track side) • Other surfaces near track

Acoustic Comfort minimum requirements: ESB 002 (contd)

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Acoustic Treatment in and around stations and trains ESB 002: 2.6.3.6.9 Acoustic Treatment to Underground Stations Underground station walls good sound absorption properties • Sprayed concrete with acoustic properties (Pyrok Pyrocoat) • Perforated metal acoustic panels

Beyond BCA and AS2107 - Greenstar

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Greenstar gives 1 point if internal ambient sound levels in a nominated area are no more than 5dBa above or below satisfactory sound levels provided in Table 1 of AS2107

Beyond BCA and AS2107 - NABERS

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The NABERS Indoor Environment rating measures acoustic comfort levels including the ability of a building to minimise external noise as well as the noise levels within the tenanted space The NABERS Indoor Environment whole building and tenancy ratings use two sets of measurements: • Physical measurements of indoor environment conditions using specialised

equipment • An occupant satisfaction questionnaire.

Beyond BCA and AS2107: Good Design guidelines

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ABCB: Sound Insulation: • Practical examples • voluntary

Design planning: arrange rooms of like noise characteristics close together Good practice Bad practice

Beyond BCA and AS2107: Good Design guidelines (contd)

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Design planning: arrange doors to minimise acoustic transfer between rooms Good practice Bad practice


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Acoustic Sealing: around services and penetrations. Good trade practice Good practice Bad practice


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ABCB: Sound Insulation: • Practical examples• voluntary

Full height acoustic walls (good construction)

Good practice


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Acoustic transfer through ductwork (Flanking)

Bad practice

Acoustic Insulation/lining

Good practice

Summary Acoustic Comfort

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• Acoustic Comfort refers to the quality of an interior work space where speech privacyand ambient sound levels are at a level where occupants are productive and happy,where they’re not distracted by noises from outside or from surrounding spaces andother occupants

• The sources of Acoustic noise are many and varied• The method of improvement of Acoustic Comfort are generally through:

• Physical (acoustic barriers, sound breaks, acoustic linings)• Optimising room design (size and shape)• Organising rooms in compatible groupings (physical separation)

• BCA only states the basic intent. BCA defers to AS2107 for more details• AS2107 provides tables of maximum noise levels (dBA) to be achieved.• ESB Railcorp standards

• Beyond AS and BCA: again we defer to voluntary rating schemes. The two mostnotable are Greenstar and NABERS. There are also voluntary design guidelines suchas the ABCB Sound Insulation guideline.

• The rest comes down to good design practice, good construction practice andwell specified projects


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3. Thermal Comfort


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Thermal Comfort Definition: Thermal Comfort: that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation. ASHRAE Standard 55 2013 Thermal Comfort: The best temperature for the workplace is the temperature most people find comfort without discomforting the few people who have unusual temperature preferences: The National Occupational Health and Safety Commission • Thermal Comfort excludes non thermal environmental factors such as Indoor Air Quality, Acoustics,

Illumination and contaminants that may affect health and comfort.

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Factors that affect Thermal Comfort:

Environment factors affecting Thermal Comfort 1. Air temperature,2. Radiant heat (heat/cold radiating from hot/cold walls, roof, floor)3. Humidity, and4. Air speed (air movement).

Personal Factors affecting thermal comfort 5. Activity (metabolic rate)6. Clothing (insulation)

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How do you measure Thermal Comfort? All thermal environmental conditions should be applied together in any evaluation since comfort is complex and responds to the interaction of all the above factors.

A high level of thermal comfort comes about when a high proportion of building occupants are predicted to be satisfied with thermal conditions. There is a directly measured component: • Temperature; • Humidity; • Air speed There is also a subjective component. People have different expectations, different tolerances. There is a generally agreed range of temperatures at which at least 80% of people will feel comfortable and will perform effectively and efficiently.

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How do you measure Thermal Comfort? (contd) ASHRAE have a recommended range

of temperatures and humidity for people comfort based on survey data.

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This chart shows ‘comfort zones’ for 80% occupant acceptability. Under theseconditions, 10% overall become dissatisfied, and a further 10% localised populations may be disatisfied

How do you measure Thermal Comfort? (contd)

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Outside of these comfort ranges: • performance declines, and rapidly deteriorates

in extremes of heat or cold. • Intellectual, manual, and perceptual

performance is highest when thermal comfort is maintained.

• Indicators of poor thermal comfort (hot conditions) include:

• sweating, • heat rash or prickly heat, • hot dry skin, • headaches, • poor concentration, • general tiredness, • dehydration or nausea.

How do you measure Thermal Comfort? (contd) Concept – ‘Predicted Mean Vote’ to measure the collective vote of a population of people. The 80% mentioned above is a PMV. Surveys are taken of the population of a building to establish the satisfaction levels depending on the conditions.

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How do you measure Thermal Comfort? (contd) Predicted Mean Vote

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How do you measure Thermal Comfort? (contd) Predicted Mean Vote

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predicted mean vote (PMV): an index that predicts the mean value of the thermal sensation votes of a large group of persons on a sensation scale expressed from -3 to +3 corresponding to the categories ‘cold’, ‘cool’, ‘slightly cool’, ‘neutral’, ‘slightly warm’, ‘warm’ and ‘hot’ ASHRAE Standard 55 2013. Predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD): an index that establishes a quantitative prediction of the percentage of thermally dissatisfied people determined from PMV ASHRAE Standard 55 2013.

How do you achieve improved Thermal Comfort?

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There are three main approaches to improving thermal comfort. • Passive • Evaporative cooling • Refrigerative systems (Air conditioning – most common)

How do you achieve improved Thermal Comfort? (contd)

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Passive Systems Passive systems utilise the differential of the prevailing weather conditions to cool the building. Manual (passive) systems rely on the occupants to open up the building during cooler temperatures and close up the building (windows) to keep out the heat of the day. Some buildings have automatic systems that open louvers or vents at specific locations depending on the temperatures within and outside of the building.


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Evaporative Cooling Evaporative cooling systems rely on the flow of moist air to provide cooling. These systems work optimally in conditions of low humidity. For evaporative systems to work effectively, the system must be turned on early and windows must be opened. Air flow through the building improves the evaporative cooler performance and can lower the temperature by up to 10 C. If there is a prevailing wind, close the windows on the windward side of the building, leaving other windows open.


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Refrigerative Systems (Air Conditioning) Note: this is the only type of the three which can consistently reduce temperature and humidity below the ambient with any real degree of control.

In buildings with air conditioning systems, the windows should remain closed.

Rooms may have individual control or the building may be controlled via a thermostat. For buildings with central control, the temperature is set at a point that is comfortable for the majority of occupants (PMV). Individuals should adjust their dress if further (personal) change is required.

Thermal Comfort minimum requirements: BCA

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There is NO thermal comfort requirement in the Building Code of Australia (BCA) The BCA says nothing noteworthy on the topic of Thermal Comfort. The BCA is concerned with issues of health and safety.

BCA Vol 1 Specification E3.1 Cl.4

Note however this is not a ‘comfort’ issue (workplace issue for maintenance staff servicing lifts)

Thermal Comfort minimum requirements: Aust Standards

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There is NO thermal comfort requirement in the Australia Standards In lieu of any standard, the most often referenced standard is the ASHRAE Standard 55 and is used as a non-binding design guideline.

Thermal Comfort minimum requirements: ESB Standards

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ESB 004 Station Services and Systems ESB 004 Sect 4.3.1.4 Station Operations Area Air Conditioning and Ventilation • Air conditioning systems to occupied spaces shall be designed and installed to provide

comfort conditions of • 23º C DB ±1º C DB summer and • 21ºCDB ±1.0ºC DB for winter • Relative humidity will generally be in the range of 40%-60%

• Air conditioning systems to equipment rooms shall be designed and installed for the

removal of heat and maintenance of space temperatures at 24º CDB ±1.5ºC DB.

• Air conditioning systems for the communications, signals and control rooms shall be provided with back-up systems, which will operate on a lead-lag arrangement.

• Outdoor air supply to the air conditioners will be provided in accordance with Australian Standards AS 1668.2.

These are all within the bounds of standard good practice (but not necessarily exceedingly good)

Thermal Comfort minimum requirements: Other Authorities WorkCover NSW in its “Code of Practice Managing the Work Environment and Facilities” notes:

“It is important to distinguish between a condition that threatens health and safety, and a feeling of discomfort.”

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Thermal Comfort minimum requirements: Other Authorities

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“Optimum comfort for sedentary work is between 20 and 26 degrees Celsius, depending on the time of year and clothing worn. Workers involved in physical exertion usually prefer a lower temperature range. The means of maintaining a comfortable temperature will depend on the working environment and the weather, and could include any of the following: • air-conditioning • fans • electric heating • open windows • building insulation • the layout of workstations • direct sunlight control • controlling air flow and the source of drafts“

Beyond the min. legal requirements: Greenstar

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Achieve Greenstar points for:

1. Appropriate Heatload Modelling of the building2. Meet Greenstar Deemed to Satisfy (DTS) requirements

• Demonstrate PMV values between -1 to +1 (80% satisfaction)3. Additional points for individual comfort control

Beyond the min. legal requirements: Greenstar (Contd)

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1. Appropriate Heatload Modelling of the building Requirements on the thermal modelling of air conditioning systems of a building. • Correct Thermal Zoning for air conditioning during heatload calculation • Appropriate perimeter thermal zoning (Breaking down the zones to North,

South east and west) – without this, inefficient conditioning of a building, leading to poor PMV.

• Appropriate breakdown of perimeter zones and interior zones. Different heating and cooling characteristics due to the façade.

• Heatload models are done simultaneously


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2. Greenstar DTS requirements Projects must meet HVAC system and façade requirements • Air Temp 20CDB-24CDB (reasonably tight control requirement) • RH 40-60% • Separate internal and perimeter zones

• Maximum zone size limitations (better localised control) for at least 95% of NLA (Net lettable area)

• 85m2 perimeter zone • 120m2 interior zone

• No perimeter zone may serve more than one orientation (different orientations) • Independent temperature control between thermal zones – each HVAC zone

has its own temperature sensor • Air velocity is no more than 0.2m/s and no supply air directed AT occupants • Facades SHGC ≤0.3; OR max solar heat gain through glass ≤250w/m2


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3. Individual comfort Control • Controls for each person (or groupings of people within a zone)

Beyond the min. legal requirements: NABERS

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• The NABERS Indoor Environment rating for offices was launched in May 2008. This measures five parameters: thermal comfort; air quality; acoustic comfort; lighting; and office layout.

• The rating is based on the results of two sets of measurements: 'physical' measurements and a survey of occupants to measure their satisfaction with the space.

• The physical measurements include air quality monitoring for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, total VOCs, PM10 and formaldehyde; noise monitoring; light readings; air speed; temperature; and relative humidity in the office space.

Summary Thermal Comfort

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• Thermal Comfort: that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermalenvironment and is assessed by subjective evaluation

• Thermal comfort includes:• Air temperature,• Radiant heat• Humidity, and• Air speed (air movement).

• Personal Factors affecting thermal comfort (out od designers control)• Activity (metabolic rate)• Clothing (insulation)

• BCA and Australian Standards – NO notable requirements. Not a health or safetyissue.

• ESB have basic requirements for temperature and humidity conditions.

• Beyond BCA and Australian Standards - we have some voluntary rating schemes.The two most notable are Greenstar and NABERS.

• The rest comes down to good design practice and good construction practiceand well specified projects


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4. Lighting


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Lighting BUILDING SERVICES

• Facilitate optimal visual conditions for operationand maintenance

• Ensure compliance with relevant legislativerequirements and Regulations, TfNSW andAustralian standards

• Minimize depletion of natural resources andpollution, reduce energy consumption and carbonfootprint, and promote the image of TfNSW as asocially and environmentally responsible publicservice provider

• Attain the best possible commercial resultsthrough appropriate design, equipment life cycleevaluation and cost-benefit analysis

Lighting - Compliance with BCA

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• FP4.2: Artificial lighting must be installed to provide a level of illuminanceappropriate to the function or use of the building to enable safe movement byoccupants

• F4.4 Artificial lighting: The artificial lighting must comply with AS/NZS 1680.0- Artificial lighting must be provided in required stairways, passageways, and ramps - Class 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 buildings — to all rooms that are frequently occupied, all spaces required to be accessible, all corridors, lobbies, internal stairways, other circulation spaces and paths of egress

• F4.1 Provision of natural light: no requirements for Class 9b buildings other thanschools

• PART H2 PUBLIC TRANSPORT BUILDINGS Any lighting provided must complywith minimum levels of maintenance illumination for various situations shown inthe notes to clause 19.1 of AS 1428.2 - Design for access and mobility

Lighting Comfort BUILDING SERVICES

Definition: well-lit spaces that provide high degree of comfort to users

Beyond the minimum legal requirements: GREEN STAR • Flicker free • Good colour rendering • Illuminance and Glare Reduction = lighting levels comply with best

practice guidelines and glare is “eliminated” • Occupants have the ability to control the lighting in their immediate

environment • A combination of lighting and surfaces improve uniformity of lighting

to give visual interest

Visual Comfort Definition: spaces that provide high levels of visual comfort to building users

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Beyond the minimum legal requirements: GREEN STAR

• glare in the nominated area from sunlight is reduced through acombination of blinds, screens, fixed devices, or other means

• nominated area receives high levels of daylight during, 80% of thenominated hours

• nominated area has a clear line of sight to a high quality internal orexternal view

Lighting and Visual Comfort BUILDING SERVICES

ASA standard

Compliance with T HR SS 80001 ST Lighting

• Ensure legal compliance • Ensure safety and ergonomics (light levels and

light uniformity, visual hierarchy, contrast, light colour, ability to render colours, absence of glare, equitable access)

• Encourage use of natural light, but limit excessive amounts

• Prevent light pollution


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Energy Efficient Equipment


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Energy Efficiency - Lighting BUILDING SERVICES

J6.2 - illumination power density W/m2 J6.3 - Interior artificial lighting and power control - controls J6.4 - Interior decorative and display lighting – controlled separately from other artificial lighting J6.5 - Artificial lighting around the perimeter of a building - controls

Compliance with BCA

Examples:

SPECIFICATION JV - Annual Energy Consumption Criteria (lighting levels, operating times, efficiency of light sources and luminaires)


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Energy Efficiency – Air Conditioning

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BCA Section J Part 5 AIR- CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS J5.2 • Must have ability to turn Air Conditioning zones off

when unused • Thermostatically controlled zones • Limited reheating (max. 7.5K rise in air temp) • Systems ≤35kWr(climate zone 5,6) must feature outdoor air

economy cycle

Energy Efficiency – AC refrigeration

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BCA Specification J5.2e Energy Efficiency Ratios (EER)

For Chillers < 350kWr • Comply with Table 2a

(For Chillers > 350kWr see MEPS for Chillers AS4776.2)

For PAC Units • Comply with Table 2b

Energy Efficiency – AC Supply/Return Fans

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Specification J5.2a Sect 3 For AC fans > 1000L/s • Limits on fan motor wattage/sqm of

building served. • Encourages selection of fans which are

larger (physically), but more efficient energy consumption

Energy Efficiency – MEPS

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Minimum Energy Performance Standard MEPS (Minimum Energy Performance Standard) is a specification containing a number of performance requirements for an energy-using device, and that effectively limits the maximum amount of energy that may be consumed by a product in performing a specified task. In Australia MEPS is mandatory -> several Australian Standards

AS3823.1.1-2012 Performance of electrical appliances— Airconditioners and heat pumps Part 1.1: Non-ducted airconditioners and heat pumps • Non-ducted AC units, and ducted AC units < 8kWr

Energy Efficiency – MEPS (contd)

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AS3823.1.2-2012 Performance of electrical appliances— Airconditioners and heat pumps Part 1.2: Ducted airconditioners and air-to-air heat pumps • Ducted AC units (Off the shelf appliance types – not built-up systems) • Based on ISO13253:2011

AS3823.2-2013 Performance of electrical appliances— Airconditioners and heat pumps Part 2: Energy labelling and minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) requirements • Non-ducted AC units, and ducted AC units < 8kWr • Based on ISO5151:2010

Energy Efficiency – MEPS (contd)

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AS4776.2-2008 Liquid-chilling packages using the vapour compression cycle Part 2: Minimum energy performance standard (MEPS) and compliance requirements • For Chillers > 350kWr • (BCA Section J covers Chillers < 350kWr)

Minimum COP requirements for Chillers Table 1


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Energy Efficiency – Mech. Ventilation Fans

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Specification J5.2a Sect 4 • For Vent. fans > 1000L/s• Limits on fan motor wattage/(L/s) of

system served.• Encourages selection of fans which are

larger (physically), but more efficientenergy consumption

BCA Sect J 5.3 (c) – Fans > 1000L/s must be on time switches

BCA Sect J 5.4 (c) – Fans > 1000L/s must be on VSD and turn off when the system is not used


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Energy Efficiency – Pumps

BUILDING SERVICES

Sect J5.2(c) Pumps of an AC system • Pumps >2L/s must comply with

table J5.2 based on pumping wattage / building area served

• Pump motors >3kW and circulating >2L/s must be on VSD


BUILDING SERVICES






Energy Efficiency – Duct Insulation

BUILDING SERVICES

BCA Specification J5.2b Ductwork Insulation and Sealing • Ductwork must be insulated to the min. thermal insulation performance in Table 3• Flexible ductwork is limited to 3m length• “R” (m2.Kelvin)/Watt (R inverse of U=Watt/m2.Kelvin

Energy Efficiency – Pipe Insulation

BUILDING SERVICES

BCA Specification J5.2c pipework Insulation and Sealing • pipework must be insulated to

the min. thermal insulation performance in Table 2a

• “R” (m2.Kelvin)/Watt (R inverse of U=Watt/m2.Kelvin

There are similar tables for water vessels, heat exchangers and tanks (not shown here)


BUILDING SERVICES





Energy monitoring

BUILDING SERVICES

NCC J8.3 Facilities for energy monitoring (a) A building of more than 500 m2 must have the facility to record the

consumption of gas and electricity

(b) A building with a floor area of more than 2,500 m must have the facility to record individually the energy consumption of -

(i) air-conditioning plant (ii) artificial lighting (iii) appliance power (iv) central hot water supply (v) internal lifts, escalators and travelators (vi) other ancillary plant

Compliance with BCA

Management of Engineering Systems BUILDING SERVICES

- COORDINATION - AUTOMATION AND OPTIMISATION

• Energy Efficient Equipment Lighting

Air conditioning, Ventilation

Heating Electrical Motors

• Intelligent Control Systems (BMS) and integration of control functions T fNSW strategy considerations and resulting ASA standard(s)


BUILDING SERVICES




Commissioning (‘Building tuning’ - often forgotten) 3: Sustainability in TfNSW

Beyond BCA - Commissioning

BUILDING SERVICES

Well commissioned buildings/systems • National Environmental Balancing Bureau (NEBB): certify firms who

commission and test buildings for compliance with owners performancerequirements

• Use NEBB Certified Professionals and Technicians, from NEBB certifiedfirms

NEBB disciplines • Building Systems commissioning• Building Enclosure testing• Cleanroom performance testing• Fume Hood testing• Retro-Commissioning• Sound and Vibration measurement• Testing, Adjusting and Balancing

Beyond BCA

BUILDING SERVICES

High Design & Construct standards should be complimented with good execution • Well specified projects – Experienced project personnel should produce project

specifications • Well constructed projects – Experienced project managers


BUILDING SERVICES






not only Building Services

Sustainability ‘compliance’

Sustainable Environment BUILDING SERVICES

Value to Transport projects, value to the Community Compliance with • NCC BCA - Section J • Green Star / NABERS / ISCA • What else we could / should do • NSW sustainable design guidelines Now part of TfNSW Contract

• Innovation Conditions Achieve significant, measurable environmental

performance using a strategy not addressed in the rating system

Greenstar, NABERS and ISCA are voluntary rating schemes. There is no legal requirement to adhere, although there may be incentives

Beyond BCA

NSW sustainable design guidelines Compliance with: • Legislation • Compulsory initiatives • Discretionary initiatives

• NSW sustainable design guidelines V4

2016-03-31 Stations and Buildings - Building Services€¦ · measures five parameters: thermal...

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