2016-02-11 Unmanned Aerial Systems for Ozarks...

Webster County Cattle Producers Meeting ‐Marshfield, MO 2/11/2016

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Unmanned Aerial Systemsfor Ozarks Agriculture

byBob SchultheisNatural Resource Engineering Specialist

forWebster County Cattle Producers Inc.Marshfield, MOFebruary 11, 2016 1

UAS, UAV, droneNext High‐Tech Tool for Agriculture and Beyond

Photo credit: http://modernfarmer.com/2014/01/precision‐hawk/

Photo credit: http://hoosieragribusiness.wordpress.com/2014/09/22/are‐drones‐the‐next‐big‐thing‐in‐ag/

Photo credit: http://nimbus.unl.edu/projects/crop‐surveying‐using‐aerial‐robots /

Agricultural Challenges

• FAO predicts need to feed 9.6 billion people onplanet by 2050

• Food production must increase by 70% by 2050, in spite of:

– Limited availability of arable lands

– Increasing need for fresh water• Agriculture consumes 70% of the world’s fresh water supply

– Impact of climate change affecting seasonal events in the life cycle of plant and animals.

• Future of agriculture = smart farming

Economic Impact of UAS

• Precision agriculture and public safety are the most promising commercial and civil markets= 90% of the known potential markets for UAS

• Agriculture in U.S. anticipated to provide:– $65 billion of $82 billion UAS business from 2015‐2025

– 103,700+ new jobs (at least 34,000 jobs over $40K/year)

– $13.6 billion in first 3 years

– $1.56 billion in Missouri with 1,970+ jobs over 10 years

• Every year that integration is delayed, the U.S. loses over $10 billion in potential economic benefit= $27 million loss per day

Source: Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI)

Issues• Who can and cannot fly UAS?

• Privacy and safety concerns

• What can I do with UAS?

• Will the regulations hinder growth of UAS use?

Photo credit: www.amazon.com

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Can I Fly an UAV? – Yes, No, Maybe

<400 Feet = Non‐Navigable Airspace

>400 Feet = Navigable Airspace

PropertyRights?

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The National Airspace ‐ Classes

Class G (uncontrolled) airspace is mostly used for a small layer of airspace near the ground, but there are larger areas of Class G airspace in remote regions.

MSL = Mean Sea LevelAGL = Above Ground Level

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Different Types of UAS Operations

• Model aircraft (hobby or recreation only)

• Civil operations (non‐governmental)

• Public operations (governmental)


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Privacy Concerns• Laws already control taking picture and videos of people, especially in areas where they have reasonable expectation of privacy

• People and what they are doing are clearly visible

• “Sight” crosses your property boundaries

• New laws are likely

The view from UAS

Safety Concerns

• Most people have little aviation experience

• They become pilots as soon as they start to fly the devices

• Must accept all the responsibilities for safety that a pilot of a regular manned aircraft does

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How Does a UAS Work?• More than a flying device

• UAS gives you a unique perspective that is “easy”, fast, and not hindered by roads, fences, crops, and other barriers to movement

– Navigate by GPS, auto‐return to home hover

• Sensor: normal digital videos and photos

– Controllable with joysticks,vision goggles or smartphone


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UAS best suited for the Four D’s

• Dirty

• Dangerous

• Difficult

• Dull

Photo credit: CBS News

Aerial Precision Ag, also known as APA, is a division of Cirrus Rotors ‐ http://aparotors.com/about‐us/

Possible Jobs for UAS

• Agricultural monitoring (crops & animals)

• Weather monitoring

• Disaster assessment & management (tornadoes, floods, wildfires, earthquakes)

• Tower, bridge, rail and power line surveys

• Hazardous site evaluation (chemical, nuclear, etc.)

• Law enforcement (locate threats, document site for evidence)

• Environmental monitoring & research

• Aerial imaging/mapping (real estate)

• Oil and gas exploration

• Telecommunications (news coverage, sporting events, moviemaking)

• Freight transport/package delivery

• Agri‐tourism

• Entertainment (unique photography, remote dog walking )


Most Common Uses by Farmers

• “Directed scouting” of animals and crops, which involves “ground‐truthing” what you observe from air

– Crop condition (growth, insects, diseases)

– Cattle counts, rustler monitoring


Assess stand establishment of crop

Crop Scouting

Crop Scouting

SPARC Plots at South Farmon August 2, 201317

Crop Scouting

SPARC Plots at South Farmon August 28, 201418


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Crop Scouting – Nitrogen Stress

Nitrogen Rate Study at Graves‐Chapple Farmon August 27, 2013 19

Corn ‐ Cover Crop Plots ‐ Image Captured on June 23, 2014

North Plots

South View

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Corn ‐ Cover Crop Plots ‐ Image Captured on July 1, 2014

North Plots

North View

21 Corn ‐ Cover Crop Plots ‐ Image Captured on July 1, 2014

North Plots

South View

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North View

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Moving Ground‐Based Sensor to UAVs

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Crop Scouting – Corn Hybrid Differences

at Hundley‐Whaley Farmon August 28, 2013 26

170 acres. 15cm ground resolution. About 20 minutes flying – Fixed Wing

https://www.facebook.com/VoltAerialRobotics27

Photo from a DJI Phantom 1 with Go Pro 3 camera. Corn field on July 15, 2014 in Cooper County

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Possibilities with Other Sensors

• Thermal (infrared)

– Livestock detection, sick animals

– Water temperature, source identification

• Hyperspectral

– Crop growth, plant identification

• LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging)

– Measuring plant height,3‐D terrain mapping

Photo credit: www.lidarbasemaps.org/

Old N&S Dead-Furrows

Spray-Swath Overlaps?

Use ofMultispectralCameras

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Monitoring of Beef Cattleand Pastures

Work being conducted through Kansas State University

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Lightning strikes

Unmanned Sprayer

The Yamaha RMAX crop sprayer (246cc gasoline twin) with an AUW of 207 lb. has an endurance of 60‐90 minutes with a payload capacity of 66 lbs. (equivalent to about 10 gallons of gasoline, which could be used for extending endurance)

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G15 AutoCopter ‐ $50,000 to $75,000

23 cc two‐cycle engine from a Yamaha weed whacker. A tank of mixed gas keeps the chopper flying for an hour.

The G15 weighs 15 lbs. and is capable of carrying 15 lbs. The carbon fiber rotors have a 71 inch span.

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SenseFly – eBee ‐ $12,000

The eBee has a flight time of up to 45 minutes allowing to cover areas of up to 2400 acres in a single flight. With its 16MP camera it can shoot aerial imagery at down to 3cm/pixel resolution.

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Trimble® UX5 Aerial Imaging Solution

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LA100 ‐ Lehmann Aviation ‐ $990

3 feet ‐ wingspan1.9 pounds ‐ weight

http://www.lehmannaviation.com/

Flight time only 5 minutes

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Cost: $50,000

6.6 feet ‐ wingspan14 pounds – weight

payload of 4.4 lbs – 30 min of flight timepayload of 0.9 lbs – 120 min of flight time

Volt Aerial Robotics

http://www.voltaerialrobotics.com/Chesterfield, MO 38

Cost: $10,770

Volt Aerial Robotics

http://www.voltaerialrobotics.com/Chesterfield, MO

6.6 feet ‐ footprint4.4 pounds – max takeoff weight

payload of 1.1 lbs – 18 min of flight timepayload of 0.22 lbs – 25 min of flight time

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Cost for Kit: $7,500

http://www.precisiondrone.com/

Noblesville, Indiana

Scout

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Cost for Kit: $17,500

http://www.precisiondrone.com/

Noblesville, Indiana

Pacesetter

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Cost: $3,698 withoutcamera

AG Pro Scout KitbyAerial Media Pros

http://aerialmediapros.com/

Costa Mesa, CA

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Cost for Kit: $900

http://www.bladehelis.com/350QX2AP/

UAV 350 QX AP BLH7900

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Cost (Begin at): $479

Total Kit (Begin at): $1,200

Dji Phantom

http://www.dji.com/product/phantom/

14 inch ‐ footprint2.2 pounds – max takeoff weight

10 min of flight time with just a GoPro Hero 3 camera

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With ZenmuseH3‐3D gimbal: $959

Dji Phantom 2

http://www.dji.com/product/phantom‐2/45


Total Kit (Begin at): $2,100 + camera

Dji Phantom 2

http://www.dji.com/product/phantom‐2/46

Modified Go‐Pro Camera with

Kit with 3 lenses ‐ $889

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Different Types of UAS Operations

• Model aircraft (hobby or recreation only)

• Civil operations (non‐governmental)

• Public operations (governmental)


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Further Interpretations – June 25, 2014

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Allowed Not AllowedUAV Registrationas of Dec. 21, 2015

• Applies to:– Small unmanned aircraft systems

– Hobby and recreational use

– Commercial use

– Public aircraft statutes

• Penalties:– Operating an unregistered drone after Feb. 19, 2016 could result in a civil penalty of $27,500

– Criminal penalties could reach up to $250,000 in fines or three years imprisonment

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Model Aircraft Safety Guidelines

• Fly below 400 feet & remain clear of surrounding obstacles

• Keep aircraft within visual line of sight at all times

• Remain well clear of and do not interfere with manned aircraft operations

• Don't fly within 5 miles of an airport unless you contactthe airport and control tower before flying

• Don't fly near people or stadiums

• Don't fly an aircraft that weighs more than 55 lbs.

• Don't be careless or reckless with your unmanned aircraft –you could be fined for endangering people or other aircraft

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UAS for Civil Operations

• FAA currently authorizes the use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) for commercial or business purposes on a case‐by‐case basis

• You may not fly your UAS for commercial purpose without the express permission from the FAA

• You will need:1. FAA Section 333 grant of exemption,

2. Certificate of Waiver or Authorization (COA),

3. An aircraft registered with the FAA, and

4. A pilot with an FAA airman certificate

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Registrationsmall Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)

(operated outdoors)http://www.faa.gov/uas/registration/

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RegistrationCompliance Dates

small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)

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RegistrationAge of Operator and Use


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RegistrationRegistration Information and Fee


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RegistrationCertificate of Aircraft Registration


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FAA Smartphone App ‐ B4UFlyExample near Castle Rock, CO

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Can I Fly a UAS? – Yes, No, Maybe

• Nationwide Community‐Based Organization

http://www.modelaircraft.org/files/105.pdf

Academy of Model Aeronautics National Model Aircraft Safety Code

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knowbeforeyoufly.org

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Final Thoughts

• There is information in yourpastures and fields that remote sensing can help you extract and use

• Other forms of remote sensing (airplane, satellite) are expensiveand frustrating

• UAS puts the control in your hands either directly or through your adviser

Final Thoughts

• Will agricultural producers want to learn this technology themselves, or pay for the services of a company that can do it for them?

• Just collecting the images and data won’t pay the bills. The data will need to be analyzed and the results put into practice to make the farm or ranch more productive and efficient.

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Robert A. (Bob) SchultheisNatural Resource Engineering SpecialistWebster County Extension Center800 S. Marshall St.Marshfield, MO 65706Voice: 417‐859‐2044Fax: 417‐468‐2086

E‐mail: [email protected]: extension.missouri.edu/webster

Program Complaint InformationTo file a program complaint you may contactany of the following:

University of Missouri MU Extension AA/EEO Office

109 F. Whitten Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 MU Human Resources Office

130 Heinkel Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211

USDA Office of Civil Rights, Director

Room 326‐W, Whitten Building14th and Independence Ave., SWWashington, DC 20250‐9410

The University of Missouri does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, ancestry, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, age, genetic information, disability, or protected veteran status.

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2016-02-11 Unmanned Aerial Systems for Ozarks...

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