2015 Law Review

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    GN]KIGNB BFONB KGP]K]V]F IL HIGOIBKN

    BN_ SF\KF_Jiurgnb il bfonb ngm n`nmfhk` rfsfnr`e, tefiry ngm prn`tk`f

    31>6 6 (66)

    Vbnngcnntnr 31>6

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    BN_ SF\KF_ 31>6 6(66)

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    FMK]ISKNB CINSM

    J.Nhnrsngnn N`nmfhk`kng

    C.Nhnrsngnn (BB.M)

    J.Cntzngmng (Qe.M)

    J.Cnynrtsftsfo Ptntf Pf`rftnry, Hkgkstry il Justk`f il Higoibkn

    C.Cibmcnntnr Pf`rftnry Ofgfrnb, tef Pf`rftnrknt il tef Ptntf Orfntf

    Eurnb il Higoibkn

    J.Cynhcnmirj (Qe.M)

    M.Ongcnt @enkrhng, tef Ptngmkgo @ihhkttff il Bnw il tef Ptntf

    Orfnt Eurnb il Higoibkn

    C.Ougckbfo (Qe.M)

    M.Mirbkojnv Hkgkstfr il Justk`f

    ]s.Zirko @ekfl Justk`f, Puprfhf @iurt il Higoibkn

    I.Hugdesnkdeng (BB.M)

    P.Gnrngofrfb N`nmfhk`kng

    @e.Vgurcnynr (Qe.M)

    M.Pibigoi (Qe.M)

    De.]fhuujkg Hfhcfr il tef Ptntf Orfnt Eurnb il Higoibkn

    J.Frmfgfcubong (Qe.M)

    Q.]snonng Efnm, tef Il`f il tef Qrfskmfgt il Higoibkn

    Pe.]siotii (Qe.M)

    @e.Fgdecnntnr (P`.M)

    Fmktir-kg-@ekfl

    F.Cntcnynr

    Fxf`utkvf Fmktir-kg-@ekfl

    Hnrd Qfggkgk

    N`tkgo Nsskstngt FmktirC.Oig`ekosuhbnn

    ]s.Imofrfb

    Mfskogfm cy

    M.Hugdejnronb

    Ptntf Sfokstrntkig Guhcfr: 3?;KPPG: 33356]ef Gntkignb Bfonb Kgstktutf

    pucbksefs teks bnw rfvkfw lvf tkhfs

    pfr yfnr.

    Nmmrfss: Vbnngcnntnr-=-0>6?06Lnx: 0>6?06

    _fcsktf: www.bfonbkgstktutf.hgF-hnkb: bnwjiurgnbAbfonbkgstktutf.hg

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    =

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    @IG]FG]

    CFLISF @SFN]KGO N BN_ (VGMFSBKGF NS]K@BF NGM KG]FS\KF_)@rkhkgnb Bnw Sflirh kg Higoibkn ?

    Cntcnynr.F, (Qe.M), Nssi`kntf Qrilfssir, Mkrf`tir il Gntkignb Bfonb Kgstktutf

    Mkllfrfgtkntfm Qugksehfgt lir Crkcfry >1Vgmrnde.C, (BB.H.), Qibk`y rfsfnr`efr, Gntkignb Bfonb Kgstktutf

    BFONB ]EIVOE]P: SFLBF@]KIG

    Pfttkgo tef @iirmkgntfs lir ]rngsgntkignb Kgtforntkig: ]efirftk`nb ngmQrn`tk`nb Nppbk`ntkigs il @ihpnrntkvf Bnw kg Higoibkns@igstktutkignb ]sfts 31

    @imy _iim, Vgkvfrskty il Dngsns P`eiib il Bnw

    Mkf ]imfsstrnlf: _fof zur Ncs`enllugo 3;Qril. Mr. Mr. e.`. Engs-Jro Nbcrf`etMkrfdtir nh Hnx-Qbng`d-Kgstktut ugm Bfktfr mfr drkhkgibioks`efg Nctfkbugo

    ]ef Nmhkgkstrntkvf @iurt il Higoibkn ns n Qritf`tir il Euhng Skoets =?Frmfgftsiot.N,(Qe.M), Nssi`kntf Qrilfssir, Qucbk` Bnw Mfpnrthfgt,P`eiib il Bnw, Gntkignb Vgkvfrskty il Higoibkn

    Ng Ngnbysks il Kgtfrgntkignb ngm Mihfstk` Euhng Skoets Bnw:Higoibkns Icbkontkig ti Khpbfhfgt Ngtk-Mks`rkhkgntkigBnws lir Pfxunb Irkfgtntkig ngm Ofgmfr Kmfgtkty 6>

    Crftt @nrbsig, JM @ngmkmntf, P`eubk`e P`eiib il Bnw nt Mnbeiuskf VgkvfrsktyEnbklnx, Givn P`itkn, @ngnmn

    , ( ) 6;

    .. , ..., .. , , . -

    BFONB SFPFNS@E I\FS\KF_

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    ;;1, si`knb stru`turfs envf cffg`engokgo nt n lugmnhfgtnb bfvfb. Pkg`f tekstkhf, mfhi`rn`y, euhng rkoets, lrffmih,tef rubf il bnw ngm tef lrff hnrdftsystfh envf cffg lubby n`dgiwbfmofmcy Higoibkngs ngm `ihprfefgskvf bfonbrflirh ens cffg ugmfrtndfg kg tef iugtry.

    Kg Higoibkn, tef pri`fss il bfonbrflirh ens tndfg kts strfgote ngm wirdsrfbntfm ti bfonb trnkgkgo ngm bfonb rfsfnr`eenvf cffg mfvfbipkgo ngm nmvng`kgo ti nlfnskcbf fxtfgm.

    Ng kbbustrntkig il tent ks kg tef fbm il`rkhkgnb bnw. Kt ens cffg >0 yfnrs skg`ftef nmiptkig il tef @rkhkgnb @imf kg 3113wek`e ks `ihpntkcbf wkte tef `ig`fpt iltef @igstktutkig il >;;3. @urrfgtby, tefrfks ng urofgt gffm lir tef @rkhkgnb @imf ticf rfgfwfm, nbteiuoe, kt ens kg ln`t cffgnhfgmfm >1 tkhfs muf ti `engokgo si`knbrfbntkigsekps ngm tef pnssnof il tkhf.

    Kg bkgf wkte tent, tef Oivfrghfgt ensprfpnrfm tef Mrnlt @rkhkgnb @imf ngmsuchkttfm kt ti tef Qnrbknhfgt. ]ef gnbmks`usskig il tef Mrnlt @imf wkbb cf efbm kgtef Qnrbknhfgts Nutuhg sfsskig.

    ]eks Mrnlt @rkhkgnb @imf ens cffgmfvfbipfm kg irmfr ti: (>) rfmrfss tefmrnwcn`ds il tef `urrfgt @rkhkgnb @imf4(3) hndf tef `urrfgt @imf `igskstfgt wktekgtfrgntkignb `igvfgtkigs tent Higoibkn kspnrty ti4 (0) crkgo tef @imf kgti sucstngtknb

    `ihpbkng`f wkte kgtfrgntkignb cfg`ehnrds4(=) hndf kt `npncbf il rfspigmkgo tiHigoibkns `rkhf `igmktkigs4 ngm (6)

    khprivf tef @rkhkgnb @imfs fnsy il usf.Ig tef weibf, tef Mrnlt @imf ens cffgmfvfbipfm ti rfntf n just `rkhkgnb systfhkg tef `iugtry.

    ]ef wirdkgo oriup mfmk`ntfm titef Mrnlt @rkhkgnb @imf ens rflfrrfm tiivfr 31 rfsfnr`e pnpfrs prfpnrfm cy tefSfsfnr`e @fgtfr il tef Gntkignb BfonbKgstktutf /@rkhkgnb @imf Khpbfhfgtntkig311=, @rkhf @bnssk`ntkig ngmQikgtlub Qugksehfgt 3116, Fl`kfg`y

    il Khprksighfgt 311?, @ihpnrksigil @rkhkgnb @imf ngm tef Bnw igNmhkgkstrntkvf Bknckbkty 311?, ft`./4 rkhkgnbbnws il tef Vgktfm Ptntfs, tef SusskngLfmfrntkig, tef Lfmfrnb Sfpucbk` ilOfrhngy, tef Sfpucbk` il @ekgn, Lrng`f,Jnpng4 tef Himfb @rkhkgnb @imf il 311?mfvfbipfm cy kgtfrgntkignb fxpfrts, tefSihf Ptntutf il tef Kgtfrgntkignb @rkhkgnb@iurt il >;;54 rf`ihhfgmntkigs, ngm tefnmvk`f il bfonb s`eibnrs ngm prn`tk`kgobnwyfrs lir tef prfpnrntkig il tef Mrnlt@imf.

    Pihf khpirtngt givfb prkg`kpbfs tentnrf rff`tfm kg tef Mrnlt @rkhkgnb @imfnrf ns libbiws:

    >/ ]ef @rkhkgnb @imf kg kts `urrfgtlirh nrf hnkgby `ig`frgfm wkte pritf`tkiglrih `rkhkgnb nttn`d. ]ef gfw Mrnlt@imf nkhs ti rff`t tef mkrf`tkig ngmprkg`kpbfs `ihprksfm kg tef N`tkig Qbngil tef Oivfrghfgt il Higoibkn lir 31>3->< nmiptfm teriuoe tef 0?teSfsibutkig il

    tef Qnrbknhfgt. ]eks Sfsibutkig pripisfsti `rfntf n `rkhkgnb bnw systfh wek`e ksprfvfgtkvf ngm npncbf il hndkgo rfbfvngtpnrtkfs rfspigskcbf, ks `ihpntkcbf wktetef vnbufs ngm prkg`kpbfs il mfhi`rntk`si`kfty, ngm, hist khpirtngtby, tndfs`ru`knb ribf kg Higoibkns mfvfbiphfgt.Sfonrmkgo pugksehfgt, kt stntfs tentpugksehfgt ens ti cf `bfnr, fllf`tkvfngm illfr wkmf mks`rftkig. @igsfqufgtby,kt ks n givfb stfp lir Higoibkn ti hndf

    prfvfgtkig tef hnkg purpisf il tef@rkhkgnb @imf.

    @SKHKGNB BN_ SFLISH KG HIGOIBKN

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    3/ Hntfrknb-cnsfm mftfrhkgntkig il`enrn`tfrkstk`s il n `rkhf ks usfm wktekgtef urrfgt @rkhkgnb @imf. Kg itefr wirms,kl mnhnof ks `nusfm ns n rfsubt il ngyn`tkig tefg kt ks `igskmfrfm ns `rkhf,k.f. mnhnof seiubm cf `nusfm kg irmfr

    lir ngy n`t ti cf `igskmfrfm `rkhkgnbn`t. Eiwfvfr, kl tef mnhnof mifs gitrfn`e tef stntutiry fstncbksefm terfseibmlir mnhnof, tefg kt ks git `igskmfrfm n`rkhf ir `rkhkgnb n`t. ]eus, ngitefr rubfks nppbk`ncbf lir tefsf typfs il n`tkigs.]efsf rfqukrfhfgts `rfntf ng nhckouiuslrnhfwird lir tef `enrn`tfrkzntkig il`rkhf. ]i rfsibvf teks, tef Mrnlt @imfmfgfs `bfnr n`tkigs ngm n`ts tent nrf ticf igskmfrfm rkhkgnb n`ts. Lir fxnhpbf,

    tef teflt ks giw `enrn`tfrkzncbf ns n `rkhfgitwktestngmkgo tef bfvfb il mnhnof`nusfm.

    0/ ]ef `urrfgt @rkhkgnb @imf hndfsgi mkstkg`tkig cftwffg n `rkhf ngm ngillfg`f. ]ef Mrnlt @imf rfmrfssfs tekscy mkstkgouksekgo `rkhfs ngm illfg`fs.Illfg`fs nrf git `igskmfrfm n `rkhfwktekg tef Mrnlt @imf. @igsfqufgtby, ngkgtrimu`tkig il tef Mrnlt Bnw ig Illfg`fsskhubtngfiusby ti tef Qnrbknhfgt wns

    ng nppriprkntf stfp. N``irmkgo ti teks`engof, `rkhfs nrf mkstkgouksefm lrihillfg`fs git cy tef bfvfb il mnhnof, cutcy tef gnturf, hfteim ngm lirh il tefn`tkig ktsfbl.

    =/ Gubbuh `rkhfg skgf bfof, gfcks kg kmfh wek`e ks ng kgtfrgntkignbbyn`dgiwbfmofm kmfn ens cffg lirhubntfmkg tef @rkhkgnb @imf teriuoe prkg`kpbfs ilbfonbkty ngm justk`f. N``irmkgoby, n `ubprktsenbb cf sucjf`tfm ti `rkhkgnb bknckbktyig`f igby, n `ubprkt senbb cf sucjf`t ti

    `rkhkgnb bknckbkty ekhsfbl/efrsfbl igby, ngmnppbk`ntkig il tef @rkhkgnb @imf cy ngnbioyks priekcktfm. ]eks ks lubby `ihpntkcbf wktetef Sihf Ptntutf il tef Kgtfrgntkignb@rkhkgnb @iurt ti wek`e Higoibkn enscffg pnrty ti skg`f >;;5. Nbsi, n``irmkgoti teks prkg`kpbf cfkgo n rf`kmkvkst,`igvk`t ngm pugksefm lir rfpfntfm `rkhfft`., gitkigs ngm `kr`uhstng`fs wek`enoornvntf bknckbkty ngm wek`e bfnm ti nhirf enrse bfonb `igsfqufg`f seiubm cf

    rfhivfm. @igsfqufgtby, n hirf lnvirncbffgvkrighfgt lir fgsurkgo euhng rkoets`ng cf listfrfm.

    6/ Lir tef rst tkhf, n bfonb fgtktyhny cf `igskmfrfm n sucjf`t il `rkhf ngmsu`e pugksehfgt ngm rkhkgnb bknckbktkfs nsn gf, mfprkvntkig il rkoets, bkqukmntkig iln bfonb fgtkty hny cf khpisfm ig bfonbfgtktkfs. @igsfqufgtby, Higoibkn hny giw

    lubbb kts icbkontkigs ugmfr tef @igvfgtkigig ]rngsgntkignb Irongkzfm @rkhf ngmitefr rfbntfm kgtfrgntkignb trfntkfs ngm`igvfgtkigs wek`e tef `iugty ks pnrty ti.

    ) gf4 (3)

    mfprkvntkig il tef rkoet ti eibm spf`kfm

    pisktkigs ngm fgonof kg spf`kfm

    cuskgfss4 (0) `igs`ntkig il pripfrty4

    (=) lir`fm bncir4 (6) kg`nr`frntkig4 () gf, (3) `ihhugkty

    sfrvk`f, (0) eihf nrrfst, (=) sfgtfg`kgo

    ngm (6) mfprkvntkig il rkoets wktekg tefMrnlt @imf. Cy dffpkgo kg hkgm tef

    khpirtng`f il `rfntkgo n hirf euhngf

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    Cflirf @rfntkgo n Bnw

    ;

    ngm ofgfrius pibk`y, teks pugksehfgt

    pibk`y privkmfs wkmf mks`rftkig ti

    jumofs, ngm privkmfs n mkllfrfgtkntfm ngm

    pripirtkigntf pugksehfgt pibk`y wek`e

    wkbb rfpbn`f tef ibm pugksehfgt pibk`y

    tent wns hnkgby `ig`frgfm wkte khpiskgo

    sfgtfg`kgo ngm pugksehfgts tent rfqukrf

    pfrsignb fgonofhfgt.

    ]ef libbiwkgo stfps envf cffg tndfg

    wktekg teks igtfxt:

    - @npktnb pugksehfgt wkbb cf

    ncibksefm ngm kgstfnm kgmfgktf

    khprksighfgt kg ng ipfg ngm `bisf jnkb

    wkbb cf nvnkbncbf. ]eks rflirh ks mkrf`tby

    `iggf`tfm ti tef ln`t tent iur `iugtry

    rntkfm tef Pf`igm Iptkignb Qriti`ib titef Kgtfrgntkignb @ivfgngt ig @kvkb ngmQibktk`nb Skoets, wek`e pripisfm ncibktkig

    il tef mfnte pfgnbty.

    - Vgmfr eihf nrrfst n `igvk`t

    wkbb cf mftnkgfm nt eihf ngm okvfg ng

    ippirtugkty ti rfenckbktntf wekbf ef/sef git

    cfkgo fgtkrfby sfqufstfrfm lrih si`kfty.

    Ef/sef ns wfbb ens tef rfspigskckbkty git

    ti mi n `rkhkgnb n`t ngm `iggf`t wkte`rkhkgnb n`tkvktkfs. Kg tent wny, n `igvk`t

    ks fgtrustfm ngm ens ng ippirtugkty ti

    rfhnkg kg si`kfty, wktekg eks/efr lnhkby,

    ngm kg n `ihhugkty.

    - N jumof wkbb envf tef `ihpftfg`f

    ti khpisf n pfgnbty git fx`ffmkgo 61

    pfr`fgt il tef irkokgnb pugksehfgt ti

    n `igvk`t wei ens `iglfssfm eks oukbt

    ngm `ihpfgsntfm lir mnhnofs tent ef/

    sef ens `nusfm. ]eks senbb fxtfgm tef

    prihitkignb rubf wktekg tef @rkhkgnb @imf,

    ngm teus wkbb cf vfry efbplub kg mf`rfnskgotef curmfg ig tef `rkhkgnb pri`fss.

    - Ppf`knb pugksehfgt typfs ngm

    kgstktutkigs su`e ns `ihhugkty cnsfm

    bnciur, eihf nrrfst, khprksighfgt kg

    spf`knbkzfm yiugo illfgmfr prksigs wek`e

    envf hirf fmu`ntkignb ngm rfenckbktntkig

    priornhs lir >=->5 yfnrs ibm tffgnofrs

    wkbb cf `rfntfm n``irmkgo ti tef Mrnlt

    @imf. ]efsf ngm itefr vnrkius `engofs

    kg prkg`kpbfs ti tef @rkhkgnb @imf envfcffg kg`bumfm kg tef Mrnlt @imf.

    ]i suhhnrkzf, kt ens git cffg tefkgtfgt ti rfntf n `ihpbftfby gfw @rkhkgnb@imf, `rkhkgnb bknckbkty ngm pugksehfgtpibk`y. Sntefr, n Mrnlt @imf ens cffgpripisfm tent wkbb sibvf prn`tk`nb pricbfhsngm bfonb kssufs tent envf nrksfg lrihtef khpbfhfgtntkig il tef @rkhkgnb @imfil 3113. Lurtefr, wf envf pripisfm ti

    `rfntf n Mrnlt @imf tent wkbb cf igskstfgtwkte rfbfvngt kgtfrgntkignb `igvfgtkigsngm kgtfrgntkignb stngmnrms.

    Qfrsignbby, K nh lubby `igmfgttent, kl teks Mrnlt @imf ks nmiptfm,tef mfvfbiphfgt il `rkhkgnb justk`f kgHigoibkn wkbb sff lurtefr priorfss.

    ]engd yiu lir yiur nttfgtkig.

    ---i1i---

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    >1

    Vgmrnde.C, (BB.H.), Qibk`y rfsfnr`efr,

    Gntkignb Bfonb Kgstktutf

    NCP]SN@]@urrfgtby, hngy `iugtrkfs khpbfhfgt

    n syhhftrk` pugksehfgt pibk`y, wek`e

    khpisfs tef snhf pfgnbty upig crkcf-

    okvfrs ngm crkcf-tndfrs ngm wek`e mifs

    git tndf kgti `igskmfrntkig mkllfrfgt typfs

    il crkcfs. Eiwfvfr, teks pugksehfgt pibk`ysffhs ti wird kgfl`kfgtby ngm mifs git

    sffh ti cf suktncbf lir `frtnkg `iugtrkfs.

    ]efrflirf, `frtnkg s`eibnrs envf stnrtfm

    ti pripisf mkllfrfgtkntfm pugksehfgt

    pibk`kfs lir crkcf-okvfrs ngm crkcf-tndfrs

    ns wfbb ns mkllfrfgtkntfm pibk`kfs lir

    `ibbuskvf ngm enrnsshfgt crkcfs, kg irmfr

    ti fllf`tkvfby mks`bisf ibbuskig ngm rfmu`f

    tef mfhngm lir crkcfry. ]eks pnpfr wkbb

    biid `bisfr kgti teks pibk`y ngm ngnbyzf tefMrnlt @rkhkgnb @imf il Higoibkn il 31>6,

    wek`e ti n `frtnkg fxtfgt trkfs ti rff`t n

    mkllfrfgtkntfm pugksehfgt lir crkcfry. ]ef

    pnpfr wkbb nttfhpt ti `ihpnrf rfbfvngt

    lirfkog fxpfrkfg`fs wkte tef Mrnlt @imf

    kg irmfr ti `rktk`nbby ngnbyzf ngm pripisfhirf fl`kfgt sibutkigs kg rfspf`t il

    pugksehfgts lir crkcfry.

    KG]SIMV@]KIGHngy s`eibnrs ngm rfsfnr`efrs

    envf siuoet ti kgktkntf, khpbfhfgt gfwrubfs ngm gfw pugksehfgt pibk`kfs lir`ihcntkgo `irruptkig, skg`f `igvfgtkignbngtk-`irruptkig pibk`kfs sffh ti wirdkgfl`kfgtby kg mftf`tkgo crkcfry ngm kgmks`biskgo ibbuskig.>

    Kg iur `iugtry, tef khpirtng`f ilcrkgokgo tef `urrfgt bfonb rfoubntkig igcrkcfry, pnrtk`ubnrby tef `rkhkgnb bknckbktyhf`engksh lir crkcfry, ti ng kgtfrgntkignb

    stngmnrm ens cffg mks`ussfm wkmfby> Jndic Pvfgssig, Fkoet ^ufstkigs nciut @irruptkig, ]ef

    Jiurgnb il F`igihk` Qfrspf`tkvfs, pnof =1, 3116.

    cy s`eibnrs ngm bfonb prn`tktkigfrs. Kgnmmktkig ti teks, tef khpirtng`f il kgktkntkigngm khpbfhfgtntkig il n gfw pugksehfgtpibk`y ngm rubfs ens cffg n`tkvfbypripisfm. Sf`fgtby, n gfw pripisnb tifktefr fxfhpt n crkcf-okvfr lrih `rkhkgnbbknckbkty ir khpisf n bkoetfr pugksehfgtlir n okvfr kl tef okvfr kglirhs tef n`t ilcrkcfry ti tef rfbfvngt nuteirktkfs enscffg mks`ussfm nt tef Kgtfrgntkignb

    `iglfrfg`f tktbfm, Khpbfhfgtntkig ngm]fgmfg`y il Ptntf Qibk`y il @ihcntkgo@rkhf irongkzfm kg Vbnngcnntnr kg 31>3.3Kg itefr wirms, ti mks`bisf `ibbuskig kgcrkcfry, tef `ig`fpt il khpbfhfgtkgon mkllfrfgtkntfm pugksehfgt pibk`y,wek`e pfgnbkzfs n crkcf okvfr ngmn tndfr mkllfrfgtby, ens cffg hirflnvirncby mks`ussfm teng khpbfhfgtntkigil n `igvfgtkignb syhhftrk` pugksehfgtpibk`y wek`e khpisfs tef snhf pfgnbty ti

    crkcf-okvfrs ngm crkcf-tndfrs.Hirfivfr, kgktkntkig il n mkllfrfgtkntfm

    pugksehfgt pibk`y lir enrnsshfgtcrkcfry /n crkcf okvfg kg irmfr ti ictnkgwent pfipbf nrf bfonbby fgtktbfm ti/ ngm lir`ibbuskvf crkcfry/n crkcf okvfg kg irmfrti ictnkg ng kbbfonb nmvngtnof/ envf cffgekoebkoetfm kg rf`fgt yfnrs cy `frtnkgs`eibnrs. ]eks vkfwpikgt ks iggf`tfm wktetef `ig`fpt tent tefsf typfs il crkcfs nrfmkllfrfgt n``irmkgo ti hirnb prkg`kpbfs. Kg

    pnrtk`ubnr, enrnsshfgt crkcfry ks spf`knbcf`nusf il tef ln`t tent, kg su`e `nsf,n crkcf-okvfr cf`ihfs n `rkhkgnb nswfbb ns n vk`tkh skhubtngfiusby. ]eus,n mkllfrfgtkntfm pugksehfgt pibk`y lirenrnsshfgt ngm `ibbuskvf crkcfry enscffg rff`tfm kg tef Mrnlt @rkhkgnb@imf il 31>6, wek`e ens nbrfnmy cffgkgtrimu`fm ti tef Qnrbknhfgt il Higoibkn.]eks ens cffg hitkvntfm cy tef ln`ttent kg Higoibkn enrnsshfgt crkcfry kswkmfsprfnm ngm ens cf`ihf n sfrkius

    3 Khpbfhfgtntkig ngm tfgmfg`y il Ptntf Qibk`y ig @ihcnt-

    kgo @rkhf, Kgtfrgntkignb P`kfgtk` @iglfrfg`f, Hntfrknbs-KK,

    pnof 63.

    MKLLFSFG]KN]FM QVGKPEHFG] LIS CSKCFS[/Ngnbysks ig tef Mrnlt @rkhkgnb @imf il Higoibkn 31>6/

  • 7/24/2019 2015 Law Review

    11/78

    Cflirf @rfntkgo n Bnw

    >>

    si`knb pricbfh.@irruptkig pfr`fptkig kgmfx kg

    Higoibkn

    1

    >11

    311

    311; 31>> 31>0

    @irruptkig pfr`fptkig kgmfx

    Piur`f: wfcsktf il tef KgmfpfgmfgtNuteirkty nonkgst @irruptkig il Higoibkn.ettp://www.knn`.hg

    @irruptkig ks pfr`kfvfm ns `ustih kgtef iugtry /kg pfr`fgtnof/0

    1

    61

    >11 Lubby norff

    Norff ti sihf

    fxtfgm

    Mi git norff

    Guhcfr il `ihpbnkgts ngmkglirhntkig rf`fkvfm cy tef KgmfpfgmfgtNuteirkty nonkgst @irruptkigil Higoibkn

    Piur`f: wfcsktf il tef KgmfpfgmfgtNuteirkty nonkgst @irruptkig il Higoibkn.ettp://www.knn`.hg

    ]itnb guhcfr il kgvfstkontfm `rkhkgnbn`ts ngm suspf`tfm pfipbf

    1

    311

    =11

    1

    31>>

    31>3

    31>0

    31>=

    Lkrstskx

    ]itnb kgvfstkontfm

    `rkhkgnb n`ts

    ]itnb pfipbf

    suspf`tfm

    Piur`f: wfcsktf il tef KgmfpfgmfgtNuteirkty nonkgst @irruptkig il Higoibkn.

    ettp://www.knn`.hg0 N Ptumy lir Fstncbksekgo tef Qucbk` Qfr`fptkig `ig`frg-

    kgo Crkcfry, tef Qrijf`t lir Ptrfgotefgkgo ]rngspnrfg`y kg

    Higoibkn, 31>6.

    Kg teks pnpfr wf wkbb mks`uss pripisnbsil vnrkius gfw pugksehfgt rfokhfssu`e ns: mkllfrfgtkntfm pugksehfgtpibk`y lir crkcf okvkgo ngm tndkgo ngmmkllfrfgtkntfm pugksehfgt pibk`y lirenrnsshfgt ngm `ibbuskvf crkcfry kg

    Higoibkn ngm ncrinm.]ef irongkzntkig il tef pnpfr

    ks ns libbiws. ]ef `urrfgt Higoibkngpugksehfgt pibk`y, sihf rfbntfm ekstirk`nbrfoubntkigs, ngm tef gfwby pripisfmpugksehfgt rfokhf wktekg tef Mrnlt@rkhkgnb @imf il 31>6 lir crkcfry ksnmmrfssfm rst. Libbiwkgo teks, rfbfvngtkgtfrgntkignb ngm lirfkog kgktkntkvfsngm rfoubntkigs nrf mks`ussfm. Kg tentlrnhfwird, kgktkntkvfs ngm rfoubntkigs

    wkte rfspf`t ti pugksehfgt pibk`y lirenrnsshfgt ngm `ibbuskvf crkcfry nrfngnbyzfm sfpnrntfby. Lurtefr, tef rfbfvngtpugksehfgt rfokhf lir enrnsshfgtngm `ibbuskvf crkcfry wktekg tef Mrnlt@rkhkgnb @imf ks ngnbyzfm kg `ihpnrksigti kgtfrgntkignb kgktkntkvfs ngm lirfkogrfoubntkigs. Pu`e n `ihpnrksig nbbiws usti ngnbyzf ngm fvnbuntf tef nmvngtnofsngm mksnmvngtnofs il tef pripisfm pibk`ywktekg tef Mrnlt @imf. Lkgnbby, n seirt

    `ig`buskig ngm mks`usskig il pitfgtknbluturf mkrf`tkigs kg pugksehfgt pibk`y lircrkcfry ks illfrfm.

    >. QVGKPEHFG] QIBK@[ LISCSKCFS[ KG HIGOIBKN

    >.> @rkhkgnb @imf il 3113]ef @urrfgt@rkhkgnb @imf il 3113

    khpisfs `rkhkgnb pugksehfgt upig crkcf-tndfrs, okvfrs, ngm kgtfrhfmknrkfs.

    N``irmkgo ti teks `igvfgtkignb

    pugksehfgt pibk`y, n crkcf-okvfr, n tndfrngm ng kgtfrhfmknry nrf nbb `rkhkgnbs kgcrkcfry. Ig tef igf engm, teks pibk`y ksjust skg`f kt pugksefs nbb rfbfvngt pnrtkfslir tefkr `rkhkgnb n`ts. Ig tef itefr engm,kt `rfntfs `ibbuskig ngm n mkskg`fgtkvf timks`bisf tef rfbfvngt crkcfry, skg`f nbbnrf `rkhkgnbs ngm nbb wiubm cf pugksefmkg tef `nsf il mftf`tkig. @igsfqufgtby,kgvfstkontkgo ngm mftf`tkgo crkcfry ksnbhist khpisskcbf ngm kgfllf`tkvf kg

    prn`tk`f.Nonkgst tent `ibbuskig, tef Gitf ti

    Nrtk`bf 3?1 il tef @rkhkgnb @imf il 3113

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    BN_ SF\KF_ 31>6 6(66)

    >3

    stntfs tent n pfrsig wei vibugtnrkbyrfpirts ti tef `ihpftfgt nuteirkty nciutKgtfrhfmkntkig kg crkcfry senbb cf rfbfnsfmlrih `rkhkgnb bknckbkty.

    Ekstirk`nbby, skhkbnr rfoubntkigs tentwfrf mkrf`tfm ti pugkse n crkcf-tndfr ngm

    git ti pugkse n crkcf, kg irmfr ti kg`rfnsftef kg`fgtkvf ti wekstbfcbiw envf cffgn`tkvfby khpbfhfgtfm kg tef `iugtry. Lirkgstng`f, tef Qrisf`utkig ngm QugksehfgtP`rkpt il >;3; rff`tfm kl n pfrsig mkmtef `rkhkgnb n`t stntfm kg tef >, >;=3stntfm kl n crkcfr ir kgtfrhfmknry pfrsigwns `igstrnkgfm kg sihf wny cy tefpfrsig wei tiid tef crkcf ngm kl n crkcfrir kgtfrhfmknry pfrsig mfgiug`fs tefn`t seirtby ti tef rfbfvngt nuteirkty tefgpugksehfgt wkbb git cf khpisfm ti tentpfrsig4 tef @rkhkgnb @imf il >; stntfskl n crkcfr wns `igstrnkgfm kg sihf wnycy tef pfrsig wei tiid tef crkcf ngm kl ncrkcfr ir kgtfrhfmknry pfrsig mfgiug`fs

    tef n`t seirtby ti tef rfbfvngt nuteirktytefg pugksehfgt wkbb git cf khpisfm titent pfrsig4 tef @rkhkgnb @imfs il >;5;;0 ns wfbb envf rff`tfm skhkbnrprivkskigs.=

    ]ef `urrfgt @imf rff`ts n skhkbnrprivkskig wek`e stntfs n pfrsig weionvf n crkcf senbb cf rfbkvfm lrih `rkhkgnbbknckbkty kl ef/sef nltfr `ihhkttkgo tef`rkhf ens vibugtnrkby kglirhfm tef cimytent ens tef rkoet ti kgstktutf `rkhkgnbpri`ffmkgos. Eiwfvfr, teks privkskig

    wns kgvnbkmntfm kg 3115 wkteiut ngyfxpbngntkig il nggubhfgt.6 ]ef rfbfvngtstumy `igmu`tfm kg `iggf`tkig wkte teksnggubhfgt `ig`bumfm tent tef prf`ksffllf`tkvfgfss il tent privkskig kg prn`tk`f`iubm git cf ngnbyzfm lrih tef rfbfvngtmntn ngm kglirhntkig.3.

    6 Z.Nbtnk, N Sfsfnr`e `ig`frgkgo tef @enptfr 35 il tef

    @rkhkgnb @imf, wek`e `ig`frgs crkcfry, tef @fgtfrlir Qibk-`y Ngnbysks, Sfsfnr`e, ngm Qucbk` Sfbntkigs il tef Il`f il

    tef Qnrbknhfgt, 311;.

    < Km.

    Ivfrnbb, Higoibkn ens bigo cffgsuppirtkgo n mkllfrfgtkntfm pugksehfgtpibk`y lir crkcf-okvfrs ngm tndfrs.

    >.3 ]ef Mrnlt @rkhkgnb @imf il31>6

    Sf`fgtby, tef Oivfrghfgt il

    Higoibkn ens prfpnrfm tef Mrnlt @rkhkgnb@imf ngm kgtrimu`fm kt ti tef Qnrbknhfgt.]ef gnb mks`usskig il tef Mrnlt @imf kss`efmubfm kg tef pnrbknhfgtnry Nutuhgsfsskig. ]ef Mrnlt @rkhkgnb @imfpugksefs cite crkcf-tndfrs ngm okvfrs,wefrfns khpiskgo `rkhkgnb bknckbkty lir ngkgtfrhfmknry ens cffg ncibksefm.

    Crkcf-okvkgoN crkcf-okvkgo n`t ks hirf bkoetby

    pugksefm teng n crkcf-tndkgo n`tkgo kgofgfrnb.Nrtk`bf 36

    Crkcf okvkgoOkvkgo il n crkcfti ng il`knb kgpfrsig ir teriuoeng kgtfrhfmknry senbbcf pugksencbf cyn gf fqunb ti 6>ti 361 nhiugts ilhkgkhuh snbnry irkhprksighfgt lir ntfrh il up ti 0 yfnrs.

    Qrihkskgo, illfrkgo lir tef cfgftngm kgtfrfst il igfsfbl ir ngitefrhntfrknb, khhntfrknb pripfrty,iwgfrsekp il hntfrknb ngmkhhntfrknb pripfrty, ugpnkm ir lrffsfrvk`f ti tef pfrsig wei cy bnw,nmhkgkstrntkvf rubfs ngm ugmfr`igtrn`t icbkofm ti mi pucbk` wirdir pucbk` il`knb kg `iggf`tkigwkte eks/efr il`knb muty ngm

    `ihpftfg`f, senbb cf mfprkvfmil tef rkoet ti eibm n pisktkigkg pucbk` il`f up ti 3 yfnrs,senbb cf gfmwkte tef fqunb suhil tuorkds wkte =11 `nb`ubntkig ugktti >=111 `nb`ubntkig ugkt, ir senbbcf kg eihf nrrfst lrih > higteti 0 yfnrs, ir senbb cf pugksefmcy khprksighfgt il > higte ti0 yfnrs.Gitf:N pfrsig wei wns`igstrnkgfm cy tef pfrsig weitiid tef crkcfngm ens okvfgn crkcf lir ictnkgkgo went ef/sef ks bfonbby fgtktbfm tisenbbcf rfbkvfm lrih `rkhkgnb bknckbkty

    ngm senbb envf tef rkoet ti dffptef tndfg oivfrghfgt sfrvk`fklef/sef vibugtnrkby kglirhfm tefcimytent ens tef rkoet ti kgstktutf`rkhkgnb pri`ffmkgos

    N crkcf okvfr wei okvfs n crkcfti n crkcf tndfr kg irmfr ti ncrkcf tndfr ti mi kbbfonb n`t lirtef cfgft il crkcf okvfr senbb gitcf fxfhptfm lrih pugksehfgt.N crkcf okvfr senbb envfhktkontfm `rkhkgnb bknckbktykl ef/sef vibugtnrkby kglirhfm tefcimy tent ens tef rkoet ti kgstktutf`rkhkgnb pri`ffmkgos

  • 7/24/2019 2015 Law Review

    13/78

    Cflirf @rfntkgo n Bnw

    >0

    Nbteiuoe tef crkcf-okvkgo n`t kspugksencbf kg ofgfrnb tef Gitf ti Nrtk`bf33.6 fxfhpts n crkcf-okvfr lrih `rkhkgnbbknckbkty kg tef `nsf il enrnsshfgtcrkcfry. Kg teks `nsf, n crkcf okvfr enstef rkoet ti dffp tef tndfg oivfrghfgt

    sfrvk`f kg nmmktkig ti cf fxfhptfm lrih`rkhkgnb bknckbkty.

    ]eks Gitf nbsi fgncbfs n crkcf okvfrwei okvfs n crkcf kg irmfr ti ictnkgng kbbfonb nmvngtnof ti envf hktkontfm`rkhkgnb bknckbkty kl ef/sef vibugtnrkbymfgiug`fs tef `ibbuskvf crkcfry ti tef`ihpftfgt nuteirkty. Cy ngnbyzkgo tefncivf hfgtkigfm rfoubntkig, wf hny`ig`bumf tent Higoibkn, ti sihf fxtfgt,n``fpts tef vkfwpikgt tent enrnsshfgt

    ngm `ibbuskvf crkcfry nrf hirnbby mkstkg`t.]efrflirf, tefsf twi typfs il crkcfryseiubm envf n mkllfrfgt `rkhkgnb bknckbktyngm pugksehfgt pibk`y nppbkfm.

    Ng kg`fgtkvf hf`engksh ti wekstbfcbiw wktekg tefMrnlt @rkhkgnb @imf il 31>6

    Lir `ibbuskvfcrkcfry:

    - mfgiug`f tef

    n`t ngm rfvfnb tent

    crkcfry n`t

    -hktkontfm `rkhkgnbbknckbkty lir n crkcfokvfr

    Lir enrnsshfgt crkcfry:

    - fxfhptkig lrih `rkhkgnbbknckbkty kg tef `nsf tent ncrkcf okvfr ks `igstrnkgfm cyn crkcf-tndfr ngm kg tef `nsfil okvkgo enrnsshfgt crkcf

    - mfgiug`f tef n`t ti tef`ihpftfgt nuteirkty

    - rkoet ti dffp tef tndfgoivfrghfgt sfrvk`f

    3. SFBF\NG] LISFKOGKGK]KN]K\FP NGM FUQFSKFG@FP

    3.> Qugksehfgt pibk`y lir`ibbuskvf crkcfry

    @iugtrkfs su`e ns tef VPN,tef Dkgomih il Pwfmfg ngm Lrng`fkhpbfhfgt n syhhftrk` pugksehfgtpibk`y, wek`e khpisfs tef snhf pfgnbtyupig crkcf-okvfrs ngm tndfrs. Cut, sihf`iugtrkfs su`e ns tef Qfipbfs Sfpucbk`il @ekgn, tef Susskng Lfmfrntkigngm Jnpng khpbfhfgt ng nsyhhftrk`pugksehfgt pibk`y ngm khpisf bkoetfr

    pugksehfgts upig crkcf-okvfrs.? Kgnmmktkig ti khpiskgo bkoetfr pfgnbtkfslir crkcf-okvfrs, tef Susskn ngm @ekgnfgncbf crkcf-okvfrs ti cf fxfhptfm lrih`rkhkgnb bknckbkty kg tef `nsf il nmhkttkgotefkr `rkhf ngm mfgiug`kgo tefkr `rkhkgnbn`ts. Lir kgstng`f, n``irmkgo ti Nrtk`bf0;1 il tef @rkhkgnb Bnw il tef QfipbfsSfpucbk` il @ekgn n crkcf okvfr weitndfs tef kgktkntkvf ti nmhkt eks/efr `rkhfngm mfgiug`fs rfbfvngt `irrupt n`t ti tef`ihpftfgt nuteirkty cflirf prisf`utkighny rf`fkvf n bkoetfr pugksehfgt ircf fxfhptfm lrih pugksehfgt. 5 ]ef@rkhkgnb Bnw il tef Susskng Lfmfrntkignbsi stntfs n pfrsig wei ens okvfg n

    crkcf senbb cf rfbkfvfm lrih rkhkgnb bknckbktykl ef/sef ens cffg n`tkvf kg nsskstkgo titef `rkhfs `bfnrkgo ngm/ir kgvfstkontkig,ir teks pfrsig ens cffg sucjf`tfm tifxtirtkig ig tef pnrt il ng il`knb, ir kl tekspfrsig, nltfr `ihhkttkgo tef `rkhf, ensvibugtnrkby kglirhfm tef cimy wkte tef rkoetti kgstktutf `rkhkgnb pri`ffmkgos nciutokvkgo tef crkcf.;

    Qugksehfgt pibk`y ks git

    mkstkgouksefm lir enrnsshfgt ir `ibbuskvfcrkcfry n``irmkgo ti teks rfoubntkig, wek`efgncbfs n crkcf-okvfr ti cf pugksefmbkoetby ir cf fxfhptfm lrih `rkhkgnbbknckbkty. Kg itefr wirms, tef snhf bfvfbil pugksehfgt nppbkfs ti n crkcf-okvfrgitwktestngmkgo weftefr tef typf ilcrkcfry ks enrnsshfgt ir `ibbuskvf crkcfry.]eus, n crkcf-okvfr wiubm cf mfprkvfm iltef rkoet ti dffp tef tndfg sfrvk`fs irnmvngtnof krrfspf`tkvf il weftefr ef/

    sef onvf n crkcf kg irmfr ti oft went ef/sef ks bfonbby fgtktbfm ti ir onvf n crkcfkg irmfr ti oft kbbfonb nmvngtnof. Ig tefigf engm, teks pibk`y ks just skg`f n crkcf-okvfr ens `ihhkttfm n `rkhkgnb n`t, teusef/sef ens ti cf mfprkvfm il tef rkoet tidffp tef ictnkgfm nmvngtnof il tef crkcf.Ig tef itefr engm, kt sffhs mfprkvkgo tef

    ? @erkstipe Fgofb, Pfcnstkng J. Oifro, Onigfgo [u, Pyh-

    hftrk` vs. Nsyhhftrk` Qugksehfgt Sfokhfs lir Crkcfry Hnx

    Qbng`d Kgstktutf lir Sfsfnr`e ig @ibbf`tkvf Oiims, 31>3.

    5

    @rkhkgnb @imf il tef Qfipbfs Sfpucbk` il @ekgn, Nrtk`bf0;1, >;?;.

    ; @rkhkgnb @imf il tef Susskng Lfmfrntkig, Nrtk`bf 3;>,

    >;;

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    BN_ SF\KF_ 31>6 6(66)

    >=

    rkoet il n crkcf-okvfr ti dffp tef tndfgoivfrghfgt sfrvk`f ks ugjust kg tef `nsfil enrnsshfgt crkcfry.

    ]ef gfwby nmiptfm Sihngkng

    @rkhkgnb @imf ks wirte hfgtkigkgo nt

    teks pikgt. Kt rff`ts n vfry kgtfrfstkgopugksehfgt pibk`y lir crkcf-okvkgo.

    ]ef Nrtk`bf 3;1 il tef @imf rff`ts

    spf`knb `igmktkigs il gig-khputnckbkty

    ngm gig-pugksehfgt lir `nsfs il crkcf-

    okvkgo. Kt stntfs tent, tef n`t mifs git

    `igstktutf ng illfgsf wefg tef crkcfr wns

    `igstrnkgfm kg ngy wny cy tef pfrsig

    wei tiid tef crkcf ngm tef crkcfr ks

    git pugksefm kl ef/sef mfgiug`fs tef n`t

    ti tef nuteirktkfs cflirf tef prisf`utkig

    cimy ens cffg gitkfm il tef rfspf`tkvfillfgsf. Kg tefsf sktuntkigs tef higfy,vnbuncbfs ir ngy itefr oiims nrfrfturgfm ti tef pfrsig wei onvftefh.>1

    Sf`fgtby, n s`eibnr lrih tef VPNens pripisfm n givfb kmfn lir `urckgo`irruptkig kg kgtfrgntkignb cuskgfsstrngsn`tkigs. ]ef kmfn wns ti fxfhptNhfrk`ng cuskgfss pfipbf lrih `rkhkgnbbknckbkty wei onvf crkcfs ti lirfkog

    pucbk` il`knbs kg kgtfrgntkignb cuskgfsstrngsn`tkigs, hndkgo teks `igmktkignb ig`igmfgtknb rfpirtkgo ti tef Nhfrk`ngnuteirkty.>>N``irmkgo ti teks s`eibnr, hngyNhfrk`ng cuskgfsspfipbf envf ti okvfcrkcfs ti lirfkog il`knbs kg irmfr ti `nrryiut tefkr cuskgfss kg lirfkog `iugtrkfs.]efrflirf, teks pripisnb suoofsts tent ncrkcf-okvfr seiubm cf khhugf lir okvkgong ugwksefm crkcf ti lirfkog pucbk`il`knbs kg irmfr ti `nrry iut tefkr cuskgfss

    kg tefkr tfrrktirkfs. ]ef dfy ti tent kmfn ks,tef Nhfrk`ng nuteirkty wiubm kglirh tef`nsf ngm rfbfvngt kglirhntkig il tef crkcftndkgo il`knb ti tent `iugtrys `ihpftfgtnuteirkty. Cy tent, teks pibk`y nkhs ntnmmrfsskgo crkcfry lrih tef mfhngmskmf cy khpiskgo nbb rksds ig lirfkogcrkcf-tndfrs. Kg tent wny, tef mfhngm lirtndkgo crkcfs kg kgtfrgntkignb cuskgfss

    >1 Nmrkng Lngu-Hi`n, Fvibutkig il tef Sfoubntkig il @irrup-

    tkig Illfg`fs, Jiurgnb il Fnstfrg Furipfng @rkhkgnb Bnw

    kssuf >/31>=.>> Cru`f _. Dbnw, N Gfw Ptrntfoy lir Qrfvfgtkgo Crkcfry

    ngm Fxtirtkig kg Kgtfrgntkignb Cuskgfss ]rngsn`tkigs, Enr-

    vnrm Jiurgnb ig Bfoksbntkig, 31>3.

    trngsn`tkigs `iubm cf mf`rfnsfm ns wfbbns `ibbuskig cftwffg crkcfrs ngm crkcf-tndfrs.

    Kt seiubm cf pikgtfm iut efrf tentNrtk`bf 0? il tef VG @igvfgtkig nonkgst@irruptkig rfqukrfs hfhcfr stntfs ti tndf

    hfnsurfs ti hktkontf pugksehfgt il ngn``usfm pfrsig wei privkmfs sucstngtknb`iipfrntkig kg tef kgvfstkontkig irprisf`utkig il ng illfg`f ngm okvfkhhugkty lir teks n``usfm pfrsig.

    3.3 Qugksehfgt pibk`y lirenrnsshfgt crkcfry

    Dnusekd Cnsu, n lirhfr `ekflf`igihkst il tef Kgmkng Oivfrghfgt,ngm n `ekfl f`igihkst il tef _irbm Cngd,pripisfm n spf`k` npprin`e ti `iugtfr

    enrnsshfgt crkcfry kg 31>3. N``irmkgoti eks pripisnb, enrnsshfgt crkcf-okvkgoseiubm cf bfonbkzfm, gfs lir crkcf-tndkgo seiubm cf miucbfm, ngm tef crkcf-tndfr seiubm envf ti pny cn`d tef crkcf klmks`ivfrfm.>3

    Kg tent `nsf, crkcf-okvfrs wiubm envfng kg`fgtkvf ti wekstbfcbiw nltfr pnykgo ncrkcf ngm dgiwkgo teks, crkcf-tndfrs wiubmefsktntf ti tndf crkcfs.>0 Kg tent wny, tekspibk`y ks mkrf`tfm ti prfvfgt enrnsshfgt

    crkcfry cy khpiskgo nbb rksd upig crkcf-tndfrs ngm cy mf`rfnskgo tef mfhngmlir enrnsshfgt crkcfry. Nt tef snhf tkhf,teks pibk`y fgncbfs ng irmkgnry `ktkzfg tiwekstbfcbiw ngm pritf`t tefkr rkoets cytefhsfbvfs.

    ]ef bfonbkzntkig il enrnsshfgtcrkcf-okvkgo seiubm cf ngnbyzfm kg bkoetil hirnb ngm ftek`nb `ig`frgs, skg`fbfonbkzntkig `iubm bfnm ti tef `igmktkig ilwkmf sprfnm crkcf-okvkgo ngm n``fptng`fil crkcf-okvkgo ns n just n`t. ]eus, okvkgon enrnsshfgt crkcf seiubm cf bfonb igbykg tef `nsf il prihpt ngm lubb rfpirtkgoil tef n`t ti tef ihpftfgt nuteirkty, k.f. ktseiubm cf bfonbby `igmktkignb ig rfpirtkgo(bfgkfg`y pibk`y).>= Kg itefr wirms, ncrkcf-okvfr rfhnkgs oukbty ugbfss ef/sefprihptby ngm lubby rfpirts tef crkcfry ti

    >3Dnusekd Cnsu, _ey, lir n @bnss il Crkcfs, tef N`t il Okvkgo

    n Crkcf seiubm cf ]rfntfm ns Bfonb, 31>>.

    Cru`f _. Dbnw, N Gfw Ptntfoy lir Qrfvfgtkgo Crkcfry ngm

    Fxtirtkig kg Kgtfrgntkignb Cuskgfss ]rngsn`tkigs, Enrvnrm

    Jiurgnb ig Bfoksbntkig, 31>3.

    >0Jfng Mrzf, ]ef Crkckgo Onhf, ]ef Kgmkng Fxprfss, 31>>.

    >= Hnrtkg Mulwfgcfro ngm Okng`nrbi Ppnogibi, Bfonbkzkgo

    Crkcf Okvkgo, Vgkvfrskty il Nrkzign, _irdkgo Qnpfr 31>3.

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    Cflirf @rfntkgo n Bnw

    >6

    tef `ihpftfgt nuteirkty. Kg tent `nsf, ktsffhs bfonbkzntkig wiubm git cf ugjustns tef `ktkzfg `ng pritf`t eks/efr rkoet tiictnkg sfrvk`fs ti wek`e tefy nrf fgtktbfmlrih tef oivfrghfgt ngm `igtrkcutfs titef si`knb oiim cy kgmkvkmunbby `ihcntkgo

    ugjust n`ts.Cfskmfs tent, ng f`igihk` survfy

    `igmu`tfm kg Dfgyn ngm Vongmn rfvfnbfmtent wf tefirftk`nbby hks`enrn`tfrkzftef pricbfh il `irruptkig. ]efrflirf,ngtk`irruptkig hfnsurfs nrf gitpnrtk`ubnrby fllf`tkvf kg prn`tk`f kg su`e`irrupt fgvkrighfgts. Hirf spf`k`nbby,tef ngnbysks rfvfnbs tent wekbf`igtfhpirnry ngtk`irruptkig rflirhsnrf cnsfm ig n `ig`fptunbkzntkig il

    `irruptkig ns n prkg`kpnbnofgt pricbfh,kg teiriuoeby `irrupt sfttkgos, `irruptkigrntefr rfsfhcbfs n `ibbf`tkvf n`tkigpricbfh. ]eks, kg turg, bfnms ti n lnkburfil ngy ngtk`irruptkig rflirh tent cukbmsig tef prkg`kpnbnofgt lrnhfwird.>6 Kgitefr wirms, tef pricbfh il `irruptkigsffhs ti cf git ng kgmkvkmunbs pricbfhkg mfvfbipkgo `iugtrkfs wefrf crkcfryks wkmfsprfnm, cut kt rntefr rfsfhcbfs n`ibbf`tkvf n`tkig pricbfh. Kg tent `nsf,

    khpbfhfgtntkig il `irruptkig pibk`ywek`e khpbfhfgts tip-miwg `igtribil kgmkvkmunbs cfenvkir, kgvfstkontfs`rkhkgnb n`ts il kgmkvkmunbs, ngm mftf`tskgmkvkmunb `nsfs, hkoet git cf suktncbfkg ekoeby `irruptfm `iugtrkfs. Kg tent`igtfxt, tef khpirtng`f il khpbfhfgtntkigil git igby tip-miwg `igtribbkgo pibk`ycut nbsi cittih-up pibk`y kg `iugtfrkgo`irruptkig ks vktnb. >?

    ]i suhhnrkzf, tef libbiwkgohf`engkshs cfoug ti cf mks`ussfmn`tkvfby cy rfsfnr`efrs ns khpirtngtfbfhfgts kg mftfrhkgkgo ngtk`irruptkig

    >6 Nggn Qfrssig, Ci Sitestfkg ngm Jng ]firfbb, _ey Ngtk-

    `irruptkig Sflirhs Lnkb-Pystfhk` `irruptkig ns n @ibbf`tkvf

    N`tkig Qricbfh, Kgtfrgntkignb Jiurgnb il Qibk`y, Nmhkgkstrn-

    tkig ngm Kgstktutkigs, 31>0.

    >? Km.

    pibk`y:>5-tef n``fptng`f il mkllfrfg`f kg

    enrnsshfgt ngm ibbuskvf crkcfry4-ng nppbk`ntkig il f`igihk`

    prkg`kpbfs su`e ns kg`fgtkvf hf`engkshslir kg`rfnskgo wekstbfcbiwkgo4

    -ng nppbk`ntkig il mkllfrfgtkntfmpugksehfgt pibk`kfs, wek`e pugksefscrkcf-tndfrs ngm okvfrs mkllfrfgtby, kg irmfrti fbkhkgntf `ibbuskig, ngm mftf`t ngmprfvfgt crkcfry4

    -ng kgktkntkig il n cittih-up mftfrrfg`fhf`engksh muf ti `enrn`tfrkzntkig il`irruptkig ns n `ibbf`tkvf n`tkig pricbfh.

    0. @IHQNSN]K\F F\NBVN]KIGIL ]EF MSNL] @SKHKGNB @IMF IL

    HIGOIBKN NGM SFBN]FM LISFKOGKGK]KN]K\FP

    Bft us `ihpnrntkvfby ngnbyzf tefHigoibkng pugksehfgt pibk`y lir crkcfry,wek`e ks rff`tfm kg tef Mrnlt @rkhkgnb@imf il 31>6 kg tef `igtfxt il `ibbuskvfcrkcfry nt rst engm ngm nltfrwnrms kg tef`igtfxt il enrnsshfgt crkcfry.

    0.> @ihpnrntkvf ngnbyzf ilpugksehfgt pibk`y lir ibbuskvf crkcfry

    ]ef Mrnlt

    @rkhkgnb @imf il31>6

    Lirfkog fxpfrkfg`fs ngm

    kgktkntkvfs

    - n crkcf okvfr

    ens ti mfgiug`f

    tef n`t ngm rfvfnbtent crkcfry n`t-n crkcf okvfr wkbbenvf n hktkontfm`rkhkgnb bknckbkty

    - n crkcf okvfr ens ti

    cf `igstrnkgfm kg ngy

    wny cy tef pfrsigwei tiid tef crkcf ir

    n crkcf-okvfr ens ti

    mfgiug`f tef crkcfry

    n`t ngm ens ti nsskst

    kg tef `rkhfs `bfnrkgongm/ir kgvfstkontkig, kg

    irmfr ti cf fxfhptfm

    lrih `rkhkgnb bknckbktyir khpisfm hktkontfm

    `rkhkgnb bknckbkty4- tef higfy, vnbuncbfs

    ir ngy itefr oiims wkbbcf rfturgfm ti n crkcfrokvfr

    Kt ks git vfry `bfnr eiw nwekstbfcbiwfrs bknckbkty wkbb cf hktkontfmn``irmkgo ti tef Gitf il Nrtk`bf 33.6 iltef Mrnlt @rkhkgnb @imf. ]efrflirf, teks

    rubf `rfntfs ug`frtnkgty ig tef skmf il>5 Ibdfg, Cfgjnhkg N. ngm Siekgk Qngmf, @irruptkig kg Mf-

    vfbipkgo @iugtrkfs, Nggunb Sfvkfw il F`igihk`s, 31>3.

  • 7/24/2019 2015 Law Review

    16/78

    BN_ SF\KF_ 31>6 6(66)

    >6

    Fbfhfgts - bfonbkzntkig ilokvkgo enrnsshfgtcrkcf

    -lubb, irrf`tngm prihpt

    wekstbfcbiwkgo

    -rkoet ti dffp teftndfg oivfrghfgtsfrvk`f

    -rfturgkgo tefhigfy, vnbuncbfs tin crkcf okvfr

    -fxfhptkig lrih`rkhkgnb bknckbktyigby kg tef `nsftent n crkcf-okvfrks `igstrnkgfmcy n crkcf-tndfrngm igby kg tef`nsf il okvkgo nenrnsshfgt crkcf

    - wekstbfcbiwkgo,mfgiug`kgotef n`t ti tef`ihpftfgtnuteirkty

    -rkoet ti dffp ntndfg oivfrghfgtsfrvk`f

    Qris - mkrf`tfm ti tef

    weibf pucbk`- nwnrfgfss-

    rnkskgo kg

    rfspf`t il tefugmfrstngmkgo

    tent

    enrnsshfgt

    crkcf tndkgo

    ks kbbfonb ngmugjust

    - Sfspigms ti

    n ibbf`tkvf

    n`tkig pricbfh

    - Qrfvfgtntkvf,sfbl-`igtribbkgo,

    sfbl-fglir`kgo

    -pisskcbf ti

    khpbfhfgt teksrubf kg Higoibkn

    -bnw fglir`fhfgtirongkzntkigswiubm git cfivfrbinmfm

    -git pnrtk`ubnrbyrksdy tikhpbfhfgt

  • 7/24/2019 2015 Law Review

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    Cflirf @rfntkgo n Bnw

    >?

    @igs -bnw fglir`fhfgtirongkzntkigs wiubmcf ivfrbinmfm,curmfgfm

    -mfbk`ntf ngm spf`knbkhpbfhfgtntkig ks

    rfqukrfm

    - gffm sf`urfngm ricust bfonbfgvkrighfgt lirwekstbfcbiwfrs,vk`tkhs ngm pucbk`il`knbs /kg tef `nsfil mflnhntkig/

    -`igskmfrs tefn`t il okvkgo nenrnsshfgt crkcfns ng kgmkvkmunbpricbfh /ns nprkg`kpbf nofgtpricbfh/, teus

    `iubm git `engoftef pfr`fptkig ilokvkgo ngm tndkgoenrnsshfgt crkcfns ng khpripfrngm ugjust n`t

    -@IVBMGI] KG\IDFKG@FG]K\FPIL QVCBK@ ]I_EKP]BFCBI_

    -mifs git

    rfspigm ti tef`ibbf`tkvf n`tkigpricbfh

    -git prfvfgtntkvf

    Ng fxfhptkig il n crkcf okvfr lrih`rkhkgnb bknckbkty igby kg tef nsf tent n okvfrks `igstrnkgfm cy n tndfr ngm igby kg tef`nsf il okvkgo n enrnsshfgt crkcf ks tiirfstrk`tfm. _efrfns, nutihntk` fxfhptkigil n crkcf-okvfr lrih rkhkgnb bknckbkty kg tef

    `nsf il okvkgo n enrnsshfgt crkcf wiubmcf hirf fllf`tkvf kg mftf`tkgo enrnsshfgtcrkcfry ngm rfmu`kgo tef mfhngm lir kt.Hirfivfr, kt ks khpirtngt ti kg`bumf ngkg`fgtkvkzkgo hf`engksh su`e ns sfvfrfbygkgo crkcf-okvfrs ngm rfturgkgo tef okvfghigfy ngm vnbuncbfs ti okvfrs. Ig tefweibf, tef libbiwkgo fbfhfgts gffm ti cfrff`tfm wktekg tef Mrnlt @rkhkgnb @imf:

    - wekstbfcbiwkgo, mfgiug`kgo tef

    n`t ti tef `ihpftfgt nuteirkty4

    - rkoet ti dffp tef tndfg oivfrghfgtsfrvk`f4

    - fxfhptkig lrih rkhkgnb bknckbkty4

    - khpisktkig il n ekoe gf ti n crkcf

    tndfr kg irmfr ti `ihpfgsntf n okvfr4

    - rfwnrm ir rfturg hf`engkshlir n crkcfr-okvfr.

    Lkgnbby, kgtfrhfmkntkig kg crkcfry ksgit rfoubntfm kg tef Mrnlt @imf. Eiwfvfr,rf`fgtby `igmu`tfm stumkfs fstncbksefmtent kgtfrhfmkntf pfipbf kg crkcfry rfmu`f

    tef hirnb ists il ktkzfgs ngm il`knbs ngm,

    teus, kg`rfnsf `irruptkig.>; Kg `iggf`tkigti tent, kt ks khpirtngt ti hnkgtnkg `urrfgtrfoubntkig kg rfspf`t il kgtfrhfmkntkig.

    =. KHQBFHFG]N]KIG

    Mfbk`ntf ngm `nrflub khpbfhfgtntkigil n mkllfrfgtkntfm pugksehfgt pibk`yks il uthist khpirtng`f lir fgsurkgokts fllf`tkvfgfss. \nrkius gf`fssnry`igmktkigs ngm sktuntkigs envf cffgmfgfm teriuoe f`igihk` fxpfrkhfgtslir tef su``fsslub khpbfhfgtntkig ilteks pugksehfgt pibk`y, wek`e seiubmcf ekoebkoetfm efrf. Kg nmmktkig ti tent,itefr prf`igmktkigs nrkskgo lrih gntkignbpf`ubknrktkfs hust cf `igskmfrfm, kg irmfr

    ti su``fsslubby khpbfhfgt teks pibk`y. ]eflibbiwkgo nrf:

    N. Nwnrfgfss-rnkskgo:

    @irruptkig ens cf`ihf n

    `ustih kg Higoibkn. ]efrflirf, kt ks

    khpirtngt ti rnksf nwnrfgfss ngm

    `engof tef pfr`fptkig il tef ofgfrnb

    pucbk`, `ihpngkfs ngm pucbk` il`knbs,

    k.f. `engokgo pfr`fptkig nt nbb bfvfbs ngm

    hndkgo tefh ugmfrstngm tef hfngkgo ngm

    khpirtng`f il teks pibk`y ks `ru`knb. Kt ks

    khpirtngt, ig tef igf engm, ti kgmu`f tef

    n`tkvf pnrtk`kpntkig il tef ofgfrnb pucbk`

    ngm, ig tef itefr engm, kt ks khpirtngt

    ti hndf pucbk` il`knbs ugmfrstngm tent

    nbb rksd bkfs ig tefkr seiubmfrs, ngm teus

    tefy nrf sus`fptkcbf ti mftf`tkig cy tef

    pucbk` ngm enrse pugksehfgt. Qnrtk`ubnrby,

    kt ks vktnb ti hndf tef pucbk` ugmfrstngm

    tent tefy nrf `igtrkcutkgo ti `rfntkgo

    n just si`kfty cy wekstbfcbiwkgo.31 Kg`iggf`tkig ti tent, ng f`igihk` stumy ens

    seiwg tent, igby tef kgvibvfhfgt il ngm

    wekstbfcbiwkgo il tef pucbk` `ng bfnm ti

    fllf`tkvf khpbfhfgtntkig il teks pibk`y.3>

    >; Hkdenkb Mruoiv, Jieg Enhhng, Mngkbn Pfrrn, Kgtfrhfmk-

    nrkfs kg @irruptkig: Ng Fxpfrkhfgt, Fxpfrkhfgtnb F`igih-

    k`s, 31>=.

    31 Dbnus Ncckgd, Vttffyi Mnsouptn, Bntn Ongonmenrng,

    ]nrug Jnkg, Bfttkgo tef Crkcfr oi Lrff: Ng Fxpfrkhfgt ig

    Hktkontkgo Enrnsshfgt Crkcfs, Jiurgnb il Qucbk` F`igihk`s,

    31>0.3> Qrntffd \frhn, Puprntkh Pfgouptn, Crkcf ngm Qugkse-

    hfgt: Ng Fvibutkignry Onhf-]efirftk` Ngnbysks il Crkcfry,

    QBis-Igf, 31>6.

  • 7/24/2019 2015 Law Review

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    BN_ SF\KF_ 31>6 6(66)

    >5

    C. Fgsurkgo kglirhntkigtrngspnrfg`y

    Kt ens cffg fstncbksefm tentkglirhntkig mkssfhkgntkig ngm trngspnrfgtkhpbfhfgtntkig wkbb kgmu`f ngm kg`rfnsf tefpucbk`s kgtfrfst kg hirf wekstbfcbiwkgo.33

    ]efrflirf, kt ks khpirtngt ti kglirh tefpucbk` ig kglirhntkig `ig`frgkgo wek`eoivfrghfgt irongkzntkigs nrf hirf`irrupt ngm eiw pucbk` il`knbs envf cffgpugksefm, eiw hngy pfipbf nrf rfwnrmfmir rf`fkvf cn`d went tefy envf okvfg kgcrkcfry.

    @. Kgstktutkignb sftup

    Kt ks khpirtngt ti envf n just

    kgstktutkig lir tef khpbfhfgtntkig il teks

    pibk`y. Kg nmmktkig ti tent, spf`knb `iurts`iubm cf `rfntfm lir mf`kmkgo enrnsshfgt

    crkcfry rfbntfm `nsfs cy `igskmfrkgo tef

    pisskckbkty il ivfrbinm.

    N prihpt, `efnp, fnsy,

    `igmfgtknb, lrkfgmby wekstbfcbiwkgo

    hf`engksh seiubm cf fgsurfm.30

    M. Qugksekgo tef crkcfm pucbk`

    il`knbs ngm bnw fglir`fhfgt il`frs

    enrseby Fllf`tkvfby mftf`tkgo ngm khpiskgo

    sfvfrf pugksehfgts upig crkcf-tndfrs

    wiubm terfntfg tefh ngm tefrflirf rfmu`f

    tef mfhngm lir crkcfry.3= Libbiwkgo teks,

    tef gf nhiugt lir enrnsshfgt crkcfry

    gffms ti cf kg`rfnsfm kg irmfr ti hndf

    crkcf-tndfrs nlrnkm il tndkgo crkcfs ngm

    ti okvf cn`d higfy ir ktfhs ti tef crkcf-

    okvfrs.36

    Nbsi, kl n pucbk` il`knb ks ti rfhnkg

    kg eks/efr pisktkig nltfr cfkgo pugksefm lir

    tndkgo n crkcf, tefg, kt ks pisskcbf tent tefy

    hkoet tndf rfvfgof lrih pfipbf wei envf33 Jndic Pvfgssig, _ei Hust Qny Crkcfs ngm Eiw Hu`e9

    Fvkmfg`f lrih n @riss Pf`tkig il Lkrhs, tef ^unrtfrby Jiur-

    gnb il F`igihk`s, Ixlirm Vgkvfrskty Qrfss, 3110.

    Nbvnri @ufrvi-@nzurrn, ]ef Fllf`tkvfgfss il Bnws nonkgst

    Crkcfry Ncrinm, Jiurgnb il Kgtfrgntkignb Cuskgfss Ptumkfs,

    3115.

    30 @erkstipe Fgofb, Pfcnstkng J. Oifro, Onigfgo [u, Pyh-

    hftrk` vs. Nsyhhftrk` Qugksehfgt Sfokhfs lir Crkcfry Hnx

    Qbng`d Kgstktutf lir Sfsfnr`e ig @ibbf`tkvf Oiims, 31>3.

    3=

    Dnrgn Cnsu, Dnusekd Cnsu, ]kti @irmfbbn, Nsyhhftrk`Qugksehfgt ns ng Kgstruhfgt il @irruptkig @igtrib, Qibk`y

    Sfnsfnr`e _irdkgo Qnpfr, ]ef _irbm Cngd, 31>=.

    36 Km.

    cbiwg tef wekstbf ngm wei envf ti oft eks/

    efr sfrvk`f kg tef luturf. ]efrflirf, tef

    mfprkvntkig il tef rkoet ti eibm n pucbk`

    pisktkig lir n `frtnkg guhcfr il yfnrs

    seiubm cf khpisfm upig pucbk` il`knbs.

    ]eks pibk`y ks nbsi khpirtngt ti prfvfgtpucbk` il`knbs ti tndf crkcfs skg`f teks

    pugksehfgt typf ks mkrf`tby rfbntfm ti

    tefkr `nrffr ngm qunbkty il bklf. Eiwfvfr,

    kg tef `nsf il tef efnbte sfrvk`f, mkllfrfgt

    pugksehfgts hkoet cf khpisfm muf ti tef

    seirtnof il euhng rfsiur`fs kg tef fbm

    kg Higoibkn.

    F. Qritf`tkig il wekstbfcbiwfrs,

    pucbk` il`knbs

    Kt ks khpirtngt ti `rfntf nwekstbfcbiwfr pritf`tkig ngm rfwnrm

    hf`engksh, wek`e stkbb ens git cffg

    `rfntfm kg Higoibkn.

    Ng ngigyhius prisf`utkig

    pri`fmurf lir n``usfm pucbk` il`knbs

    seiubm cf `rfntfm, kg irmfr ti pritf`t lnkr

    pucbk` il`knbs lrih mflnhntkig.36,wek`e ens cffg suchkttfm ti tefQnrbknhfgt il Higoibkn, nttfhpts ti`rfntf n hirf `ihprfefgskvf pugksehfgtpibk`y lir crkcfry tent cfttfr ts tefHigoibkns `igmktkigs. Gnhfby,kt `rfntfsn mkllfrfgtkntfm pugksehfgt pibk`y lircrkcf-tndfrs ngm okvfrs. Hirf prf`ksfby,crkcf-okvfrs hny envf hktkontfm `rkhkgnb

    3< Dbnus Ncckgd, Vttffyi Mnsouptn, Bntn Ongonmenrng,]nrug Jnkg, Bfttkgo tef Crkcfr oi Lrff: Ng Fxpfrkhfgt ig

    Hktkontkgo Enrnsshfgt Crkcfs, Jiurgnb il Qucbk` F`igihk`s,

    31>0.

  • 7/24/2019 2015 Law Review

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    Cflirf @rfntkgo n Bnw

    >;

    bknckbkty ir hny cf fxfhptfm lrih `rkhkgnbbknckbkty kg tef `nsf il cbiwkgo tef wekstbf.

    Lurtefr, tef Mrnlt @imf nbsi rff`tsn mkllfrfgtkntfm pugksehfgt pibk`y lir`ibbuskvf ngm enrnsshfgt crkcfry cyn`dgiwbfmokgo tent tefsf twi typfs il

    crkcfry nrf hirnbby mkllfrfgt. ]eks gfwrubf fgncbfs enrnsshfgt crkcf-okvfrs,wei wfrf `igstrnkgfm cy tef pfipbfwei tiid crkcfs, ti cf ncsibvfm lrih`rkhkgnb bknckbkty ngm ti envf tef rkoet tidffp tef tndfg oivfrghfgt sfrvk`f. ]eksmkllfrfgtkntfm pugksehfgt pibk`y nbsifgncbfs `ibbuskvf crkcf-okvfrs ti fgjiyhktkontfm `rkhkgnb bknckbkty, kg tef `nsf tentcrkcf-okvfrs mfgiug`f tef crkcfry ti tef`ihpftfgt nuteirkty.

    Eiwfvfr, lir `ibbuskvf crkcfry kt ks gitvfry `bfnr eiw n wekstbfcbiwfrs bknckbktywiubm cf hktkontfm n``irmkgo ti tef Gitfil tef Nrtk`bf 33.6 il tef Mrnlt @rkhkgnb@imf. Kg tef `nsf il enrnsshfgt crkcfry,kt sffhs fxfhptkig il n crkcf-okvfr lrih`rkhkgnb bknckbkty ks nvnkbncbf igby kg tef`nsf tent n crkcf okvfr ks `igstrnkgfm cy ncrkcf-tndfr ngm igby kg tef `nsf il okvkgon enrnsshfgt crkcf. ]eks privkskig ks tiirfstrk`tfm. ]efrflirf, kt ks khpirtngt ti

    rff`ttef libbiwkgo fbfhfgts kg tef lirhil n gfw sfpnrntf NS]K@BF IL GIG-QVGKPEHFG] lir crkcf-okvkgo wktekgti tef Mrnlt @rkhkgnb @imf, kg irmfr tikhpisf ekoe bfvfbs il rksd ig crkcf-tndfrsngm rfmu`f tef mfhngm lir crkcfry:

    @ibbuskvf crkcfry Enrnsshfgt crkcfry

    n crkcf-okvfrens ti mfgiug`f

    ngm rfvfnb tent

    crkcfry n`t4

    n crkcf-okvfrens ti nsskstkg tef `rkhfs

    `bfnrkgo ngm/ir

    kgvfstkontkig4 n crkcf-okvfr wkbb

    cf fxfhptfm

    lrih `rkhkgnb

    bknckbkty4 rfwnrm ir rfturg

    hf`engksh lirn crkcf-okvfr cysfvfrfby gkgo n

    crkcf-tndfr.

    n crkcf-okvfr ensti cbiw tef wekstbf,

    mfgiug`f tef n`t

    ti tef `ihpftfgt

    nuteirkty4 n crkcf-okvfr ens tef

    rkoet ti dffp tef tndfg

    oivfrghfgt sfrvk`f4 nutihntk` fxfhptkig

    il n crkcf-okvfr lrih`rkhkgnb bknckbkty4

    rfwnrm ir rfturghf`engksh lirn crkcf okvfr cysfvfrfby gkgo n

    crkcf-tndfr.

    Lkgnbby, kgtfrhfmkntkig kg crkcfryks git rfoubntfm kg tef Mrnlt @rkhkgnb@imf. ]efrflirf, kt ks khpirtngt tihnkgtnkg `urrfgt rfoubntkigs kg rfspf`t ilkgtfrhfmkntkig.

    Kg `ig`buskig, tef kgtrkgsk` purpisf

    il teks mkllfrfgtkntfm pugksehfgt pibk`y lircrkcfry ks ti:

    - ti `rfntf n lnvirncbf fgvkrighfgt

    lir tef wfndfr pnrty wekbf khpiskgo ekoefr

    rksds upig tef pfipbf wei envf n hirf

    nmvngtnofius pisktkig4

    - ti nsskst kg sibvkgo tef pricbfh il

    `irruptkig kg fqunb ngm just hnggfr4

    - ti fgncbf `ktkzfgs ti pritf`t tefkr

    kgtfrfsts lrih ugbnwlub n`ts4 ngm

    - ubtkhntfby, ti rfntf n prfvfgtntkvfsystfh rntefr teng pugktkvf wek`e rfpirts

    ngm igtribs ktsfbl.Kg ig`buskig, tef luturf mfvfbiphfgt

    il pugksehfgt pibk`y lir crkcfry hny cf`enrn`tfrkzfm ns libbiws:

    N mkllfrfgtkntfm pugksehfgt

    pibk`y lir crkcf-okvfrs ngm tndfrs hny

    cf kgtrimu`fm ti fbkhkgntf `ibbuskig ngm

    rfmu`f tef mfhngm lir crkcfry. Kg teks

    sfgsf, f`igihk` hf`engkshs, wek`e

    hitkvntf tef rfbfvngt pnrtkfs ti cbiw tefwekstbf, su`e ns sfvfrf gfs lir crkcf-

    tndfrs ngm rfwnrms ti wekstbfcbiwfrs

    ir kgtfrhfmkntf pfrsigs, hkoet cf

    kgtrimu`fm.

    Qugksehfgt pibk`y kg rfspf`t il

    `ibbuskvf ngm enrnsshfgt crkcfry hkoet

    cf mkllfrfgtby rfoubntfm kg mfvfbipkgo

    `iugtrkfs. ]efrflirf, tef `urrfgt igf

    skzf ts nbb pugksehfgt pibk`y hkoet cf

    rflirhubntfm ngm vnrkius gfw, fxkcbfpugksehfgt pibk`kfs `iubm cf kgtrimu`fm

    kg mkllfrfgt iugtrkfs.

    N hirf mf`fgtrnbkzfm, givfb

    hf`engksh wek`e ks prfvfgtkvf rntefr

    teng pugktkvf ngm cittih-up rntefr teng

    tip-miwg, ngm wek`e ks sfbl-`igtribbkgo

    ngm sfbl-fglir`kgo hkoet cf kgtrimu`fm ns

    n gfw tiib ti `ihcnt crkcfry kg tef luturf.

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    31

    @imy _iim, Vgkvfrskty il Dngsns

    P`eiib il Bnw

    Ncstrn`t]ef pri`fss il `igstktutkignb

    kgtfrprftntkig ngm nppbk`ntkig ks n `igstngt

    qufstkig il eiw cfst ti fgsurf tef rubfil bnw `iglirhs ti tef prn`tk`fs ngmprkg`kpbfs il n pnrtk`ubnr gntkig. ]imnysmihfstk` nppbk`ntkig il tef bnw tndfspbn`f kg n iurt systfh tent ks kg`rfnskgobyfxpisfm ti tef kgufg`f il suprngntkignbbfonb rfokhfs, ns wfbb ns lirfkog`iurt mf`kskigs. Ns su`e, kt cf`ihfskhpfrntkvf kg n `iugtrys fbu`kmntkig ilkts `igstktutkignb liugmntkig ti mfvfbipn tefirftk`nb ngm prn`tk`nb kglrnstru`turf

    ti systfhntkzf ngm ugmfrstngm tef bnwlrih n `ihpnrntkvf pfrspf`tkvf. _ent ksfspf`knbby khpirtngt lir ngy `iugtry, ngmfspf`knbby teisf kg tef mfvfbiphfgt ngfw `kvk` `igstktutkignb ekstiry, ks fgsurkgotent tefirftk`nb ngm bfonb s`eibnrsekp nrfncbf ti terkvf kg sfttkgo tef `iirmkgntfslir tef mfvfbiphfgt il `igstktutkignbjurksprumfg`f. ]eks nrtk`bf wkbb fbncirntfhirf ig teks `igstngtby fvibvkgo`igvfrsntkig cy biidkgo nt tef lug`tkig n`ihpnrntkvf ngm trngsgntkignb npprin`eti `igstktutkignb kgtfrprftntkig `ng pbny kgtef `igtfxt il Higoibkns @igstktutkignb]sfts, ngm went teks npprin`e seiubm biidlir ns kt nbkogs gntkignb kmfnbs wkte teffhfrofg`f il obicnb ngm ugkvfrsnb vnbufs.

    Kgtrimu`tkig

    N `igstktutkig fxksts ns ngfgmurkgo rflfrfg`f cy wek`e n sivfrfkoggntkig ks ncbf ti mfgf tef bkhkts il kts

    piwfr, tef lug`tkig il kts oivfrghfgt, ngmtef oriugms ig wek`e tef si`knb, pibktk`nb,ngm f`igihk` rfbntkigs il kts pfipbfs nrf

    hngnofm. Kg teks rfspf`t, n `igstktutkigks nbb nt ig`f n liugmntkig lir sfttkgo teffxprfsskig il n `iugtrys kmfgtkty wekbfskhubtngfiusby fstncbksekgo tef hfngslir tent kmfgtkty ti cf rflirhfm kg tefmfvfbiphfgt il euhng rkoets ngm tef rubfil bnw cfekgm pucbk` ngm prkvntf pibk`y. N

    dfy pikgt il mfcntf nhigost `ihpnrntkvf`igstktutkignb s`eibnrs ks went tekspri`fss il gntkignb `igstktutkig-hndkgongm fvibutkig biids bkdf kg tef `igtfxt il nrfokignb ngm obicnb kgtforntkig il hnrdfts,kmfns, ngm `ubturnb girhs. ^ufstkigsnsdkgo eiw kgtfrgntkignb bfonb girhsnrf, ir fbsf seiubm cf, nmiptfm teriuoe`igstktutkignb stru`turfs, su`e ns tef`iurts, kgvnrkncby rfby ig tef kgvi`ntkig ilncstrn`t tefirftk`nb prkg`kpbfs ngm rfnb-bklf

    `ihpnrksigs il `iurt mf`kskigs nbkdf.Kg tef `nsf il n rfbntkvfby gfw

    `igstktutkignb systfh, bkdf Higoibkns,kg`irpirntkgo tefsf trfgms kg `ihpnrntkvfbnw `ng envf skogk`ngt mkvkmfgms kgkgefrkgo n obicnb sfgsf lir nppbykgotef bnw kg `igstktutkignb `nsfs. Kg ln`tteks `ihpnrntkvf fteis wiubm envfcrinm ngm cfgf`knb nppbk`nckbkty kg nbb`iugtrkfs, ns trngsgntkignb ngm ugkvfrsnbbfonb prn`tk`fs envf ng kg`rfnskgo fllf`t

    ig tef bkvfs il `ktkzfgs fvfrywefrf.]eks gitf wkbb pri`ffm ti luggfb n`ig`rftf `ihpnrntkvf npprin`e tiwnrm`igstktutkignb kgtfrprftntkig lrih tef bfvfbil `rktk`nb bfonb tefiry ti khpbfhfgtncbfbfonb prn`tk`fs kg tef igtfxt il tef ugkqufrfbntkig il Higoibkns @igstktutkignb ]sftsti bfonb s`eibnrsekp ngm si`kfty.

    Bkhkts il tef ]efirftk`nb Ppefrf

    ]ef rst hnttfr kg fstncbksekgo

    n `ihpnrntkvf bfonb lrnhfwird ksmftfrhkgkgo tef fbm il rflfrfg`f lrihwek`e ti mrnw `ihpnrksigs lrih. ]eks

    PF]]KGO ]EF @IISMKGN]FP LIS ]SNGPGN]KIGNB KG]FOSN]KIG:

    ]EFISF]K@NB NGM QSN@]K@NB NQQBK@N]KIGP IL @IHQNSN]K\F BN_ KG

    HIGOIBKNP @IGP]K]V]KIGNB ]PF]P

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    Bfonb ]eiuoets: Sflf`tkig

    3>

    ks git ns skhpbf ns `ihpnrkgo ngm`igtrnstkgo bfonb systfhs, cut kgstfnmrfqukrfs n tefirftk`nb mfbkgfntkig tentrf`iogkzfs tef ukm gnturf il si`knbkgtfrn`tkigs kg rfbntkig ti gntkignb ngmkgtfrgntkignb bnw>. Kg n tfstnhfgt ti tef

    obicnb s`nbf il `igstktutkignb fvibutkig,Higoibkn stngms ns > il ivfr >>1 iugtrkfstent envf nmiptfm n gfw `igstktutkigskg`f >;;1. Pkg`f teks tkhf, Higoibknens fxpfrkfg`fm rnpkm bkcfrnbkzntkigkg obicnb hnrdft n``fss, kg`rfnsfs kgfgvkrighfgtnb `ig`frgs, ngm orfntfreuhng rkoets pritf`tkig. ]eks `rfntfs neuof piib il lirfkog n`tirs ofgfrntkgo ngfxpigfgtknbby ihpbfx sft il igstktutkignbkgtfrprftntkigs tent git igby rfspigm ti

    tefsf obicnb `engofs, cut rfvfrcfrntfti kgufg`f tefh ns wfbb. Kg teks sfgsf,bfonb girhs tndf ig n suprngntkignb`enrn`tfrkstk` wefrf stntf ngm gig-stntf n`tirs n bkdf lirh gftwirds weisfprn`tk`fs ubtkhntfby fgm up nllf`tkgo tefobicnb bfonb systfh.

    ]ef fxkstfg`f il kgtfrgntkignbn`tirs mfvfbipkgo pri`fmurfs ugmfrtefkr iwg prkvntf nuteirkty ks n oriwkgo`enbbfgof lir trnmktkignb `igstktutkignb

    kgtfrprftntkig.

    3

    _ekbf tefrf ks n oriwkgomkvfrskty il kgtfrgntkignb irongkzntkigswkte rf`iogkzfm bfonb pfrsignbkty, tefmfvfbiphfgt il kgtfrgntkignb bfonb girhsmifs git gf`fssnrkby stip wktekg tefbkhkts il tefkr `igstktutkigs.0]i tef fxtfgttent bnw rfprfsfgts tef vfry si`knbrfbntkigsekp hfmkntkgo hnrdfts,= tefs`ipf il pri`fmurf rfbntkgo ti kgtfrstntftrngsn`tkigs `nggit pisskcby fg`ihpnssfvfry kggivntkig kg cuskgfss ir rkoetsprn`tk`fs. Qrkvntf nuteirkty rfokhfs

    fgm up mfvfbipkgo kg tef senmiw ilfstncbksefm kgtfrgntkignb ngm mihfstk`

    > PffZuhcngsfg, Qffr. @nrvkgo Iut ]ypibiokfs ngm N`-

    `iugtkgo lir Mkllfrfg`fs N`riss Pystfhs: ]iwnrms n Hfte-

    imibioy il ]rngsgntkignb @igstktutkignbksh. ]EF IULISM-

    ENGMCIID IL @IHQNSN]K\F @IGP]K]V]KIGNB BN_.

    Fm. cy Sisfglfbm, Hk`enfb, Pnj, Ngmrs.31>3, Ixlirm Vgk-

    vfrskty Qrfss. ?6- ;?.

    3Km. nt 53.

    0Lir tefirkfs il bfonb pfrsignbkty PffFgdeff, ]uubnkdeuu.

    Kgtfrgntkignb Bfonb Qfrsignbkty il Kgtfrgntkignb Irongkzn-

    tkigs: Kgtfrgntkignb Bnw Qfrspf`tkvf. Gntkignb Bfonb Kgstktutf

    il Higoibkn Bnw Sfvkfw 31>= Gi. = (61) nt =;-60.=Duruhksnwn, [isekdk.Bfonb Nmvk`f ngm @ihpnrntkvf Bnw. Gn-

    tkignb Bfonb Kgstktutf il Higoibkn Bnw Sfvkfw 31>= Gi. = (61)

    nt 0-;.

    kgstktutkigs ti rfsibvf kssufs kg tefpkf`fs il trngsgntkignb `ihhfr`f tentnrf cfyigm n trnmktkignb bfonb cimysnttfgtkig ir fxpfrtksf. ]ekgos bkdf `rfmktrntkgo nofg`kfs, ngm tef mfvfbiphfgtil bfxhfr`ntirkn (hfr`engt bnw) `rfntf

    `enbbfgofs ti tef stntfs nckbkty ti fllf`tpucbk` oivfrgng`f.6

    ]ef kg`irpirntkig il tefNrrngofhfgt ig Il`knbby PuppirtfmFxpirt @rfmkts kg tef _]Is Norffhfgtig Pucskmkfs ngm @iugtfrvnkbkgoHfnsurfs ks n pnrtk`ubnr fxnhpbf il eiwoivfrghfgt, cuskgfss, ngm tf`egi`rntk`pnrtk`kpngts kg n obicnb fx`engof `ngmfvfbip kgtfrgntkignb bnw lrih kglirhnb`iipfrntkig ig senrfm kgtfrfsts.;?5 ns n rfsubtil vnrkius trnmf fxpfrts nttfhpts ti bfvfbtef pbnykgo fbm il oivfrghfgt sucskmkfslir fxpirts cy khpiskgo n hutunbby norffmupig sft il rubfs lir bkhktkgo tef nhiugtkgmustrkfs wiubm rf`fkvf.

    ]eks lirh il sfbl-rfoubntkig wns ngnttfhpt ti rfmu`f tef mkstirtkig il lrfftrnmf `rfntfm cy oivfrghfgt fxpirt`rfmkts. _ekbf tef Nrrngofhfgt fvibvfmivfr tkhf kg `igjug`tkig wkte kgtfrgntkignb

    cuskgfss prn`tk`fs, tef kgsubnr gftwirdil pfrsigs rfspigskcbf lir lirhubntkgotef rubfs cfong ngm `igtkgufm tefkrmks`usskig kg enbbwnys ngm cn`driihhfftkgos murkgo vnrkius kgtfrgntkignb trnmfsuhhkts. Fvfgtunbby, tef rubfs norffm igkg tef Nrrngofhfgt cf`nhf n stngmnrmpnrt il kgtfrgntkignb trnmf pri`fmurf, ngmlirhfm tef vfek`bf lir fstncbksekgo teisfkgtfrgntkignb stngmnrms ns silt (gitn`tunbby ckgmkgo, cut n``fptfm, cy teisfwei libbiw kt) bnw. ]ef _]Is fxpbk`kt

    fx`fptkig lir fxpirt `rfmkts oivfrgfm cyng kgtfrgntkignb ugmfrtndkgo?ens enm tefmf ln`ti fllf`t il hndkgo tef Nrrngofhfgtn pnrt il tef ckgmkgo trfntys kgtfrgntkignbrfokhf, mfspktf tef ln`t kt ks git tf`egk`nbby

    6 Zuhcngsfg,suprnlg. > nt 50.

    36, nt >6, >;;=, ngg. K(d) Hnrrndfse Norffhfgt Fstncbksekgotef _irbm ]rnmf Irongkzntkig, Nggfx >N, BFONB KGP]SV-

    HFG]PSFPVB]P IL ]EF VSVOVN[ SIVGM vib. 0>

    (>;;=).

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    33

    kgtfrgntkignb bnw.]ef ncivf fxnhpbf ekoebkoets tent,

    wefg hndkgo kgtfrgntkignb `ihpnrksigslir eiw ti nppby tef bnw, tef fhpkrk`nbngm `ig`fptunb fxpfrkfg`f kglirhkgosu`e n `ihpnrksig hust biid cfyigm

    tef wrkttfg tfxt il kgtfrgntkignb mf`kskigsngm fgn`thfgts ti tef `riss-cirmfr`igvfrsntkigs ngm norffhfgts tentoi kgti tefkr ubtkhntf `rfntkig. Kgmffm,hu`e il went ks wrkttfg ns enrm bnw kskg ktsfbl n lirh il mknbiouf ti tef mforffkt fxprfssfs tef pnrtk`ubnr vkfws il noivfrgkgo cimy nt n spf`k` pikgt kgkts ekstirk`nb mfvfbiphfgt. Girhs ngmprn`tk`fs `engof, ngm si mi tef bfonb`igvfrsntkigs surriugmkgo tefh. ]ef

    nppriprkntf tefirftk`nb spefrf kg wek`ewf mfvfbip tefsf `igvfrsntkigs5seiubmteus rf`iogkzf tef hntfrknb wf usf lirrflfrfg`f ks git ciugmfm cy tef wrkttfgmf`kskigs il oivfrgkgo cimkfs, cutkg`irpirntfs tef titnb wirbm il si`knb,pibktk`nb, ngm hnrdft rfbntkigsekps tentlirh tef cnsks lir `rfntkgo ugkvfrsnbvnbufs.

    Higoibkns `igstktutkig ks lnkrbyugkquf kg tef bngounof kt fhpbiys ti

    nmipt teks lirwnrm-lrnhkgo hfgtnbkty kgtent Nrtk`bf 6(>) cnsfs kts lirh il f`igihykg pnrt ig ugkvfrsnb trfgms. Vsf il teftfrh ugkvfrsnb kgefrfgtby `nbbs kgtiqufstkig tef titnbkty il kgtfrgntkignbprn`tk`f, wefrfns trfgms rfhnkgs vnouffgiuoe ti nbbiw tef ]sfts ti kgtfrprftmf`kskigs n``irmkgo ti tef ukm prn`tk`fstent oi kgti `rfntkgo ugkvfrsnb bnw. Kt ksgit tef `nsf tent tef `iurt wiubm gffmti wnkt lir tef kssuf ti cf`ihf ugkvfrsnbbnw, si bigo ns n sul`kfgt tefirftk`nb

    rfnsigkgo `iubm `ig`bumf tef mf`kskigwns prkg`kpnbby kg bkgf wkte eiw obicnbf`igihk` girhs wfrf fvibvkgo. Pkhkbnrbngounof ks fhpbiyfm kg Nrtk`bf >1(>) iltef @igstktutkig, wek`e stntfs Higoibknwkbb nmefrf ti tef ugkvfrsnbby rf`iogkzfmgirhs ngm prkg`kpbfs il kgtfrgntkignb bnw.Kg teks `npn`kty, Higoibkns @igstktutkignb

    5 Lir n mf`igstru`tkvf tefirftk`nb ugmfrstngmkgo il tef mf-

    vfbiphfgt il kgtfrgntkignb bnw ns n pri`fss mrkvfg cy `ih-

    hugk`ntkvf norffhfgt ig ln`ts Pff Piurofgs, Lrfmfrk` O.,

    Sf`igstru`tkgo Kgtfrgntkignb Bnw ns @ihhig Bnw(Jngunry3>, 31>6).OFISOF _NPEKGO]IG KG]B BN_ SF\, \ib.

    =?, Gi. >, 31>6 (Lirte`ihkgo). Nvnkbncbf nt PPSG: ettp://

    ssrg.`ih/ncstrn`t836600;?

    ]sfts `iubm kg tefiry n`t ns fnrby nmiptfrsil kgtfrgntkignb bfonb mfvfbiphfgts cybiidkgo ti si`knb ngm pibktk`nb trfgms ilkgtfrgntkignb f`igihk`, fgvkrighfgtnb,ir euhng rkoets irongkzntkigs ngmnorffhfgts.

    Kgmffm, s`eibnrs envf gitfm tenttef quk`d ns`fgskig il gfw hnrdfts kg nobicnb f`igihy rfqukrfs lrff fx`engof,hnrdft stnckbkty, `igtrn`tunb `frtnkgtyngm fglir`fhfgt, ngm fvfg n ekoemforff il rfspf`t lir prkvntf pripfrtyngm itefr hnrdft-irkfgtfm rkoets tentnrf kg enrhigy wkte tef kgtfrgntkignb`igvfrofg`f il `igstktutkignb trfnthfgt ilsu`e kssufs.;]ef `igtfgtkig il teks gitfks tent Higoibkns @igstktutkig privkmfs kts

    kgtfrprftfrs wkte n wkmf-mforff il fxkckbktykg fgsurkgo kt `igtkgufs ti cf kg n``irmwkte tef fvibutkig il teisf prkg`kpbfs.

    Lir fxnhpbf, n 311< ]sfts mf`kskigefbm tent Nrtk`bf .3 il tef Bnw ig Fx`ksf]nx rfntfm ng uglnkr cnsks lir ihpftktkigcy khpiskgo n ekoefr tnx rntf ig nb`ieibprimu`fm kg tef `npktnb `kty teng nb`ieibprimu`fm kg gfnrcy privkg`fs. Eiwfvfr, ktupefbm tef bnw ns `igstktutkignb cy stntkgotef nckbkty ti khpisf mkllfrfgt tnx pibk`y

    wns wktekg tef fx`buskvf jurksmk`tkig iltef Ptntf Orfnt Deurnb (PODe).>1 [ft, kgcite 3116 ngm 311;, tef ]sfts efbm ngnhfgmhfgt ti Nrtk`bf il tef Fx`ksf]nx Bnw ns ug`igstktutkignb cf`nusf ktkhpisfm n mkllfrfgt tnx curmfg ig khpirtfmVP cffr tent wns kg vkibntkig il Higoibkns`ihhkthfgt ti tef Ofgfrnb Norffhfgt ig]nrklls ngm ]rnmf ugmfr tef _]I.>>]ef`iurt usfm Nrtk`bf >1 il tef @igstktutkig tisucjf`t tef fx`buskvf jurksmk`tkig il tefPODe ti kgtfrgntkignb bnw, mfhigstrntkgo

    kts nuteirkty ti fllf`t pibk`y ns n rfsubt.]efsf mf`kskigs sffh rfbntkvfby

    strnkoetlirwnrm, cut tefkr `igk`tkgorntkignbfs seiws tefrf ks spn`f liruskgo trngsgntkignb nrrngofhfgts ngmbfonb trfgms kg `igjug`tkig wkte crinm`igstktutkignb bngounof ti prin`tkvfby

    ;@engo, _fg-@efg, ngm [fe, Jkugg-Sigo.Kgtfrgntkignbkzn-

    tkig il @igstktutkignb Bnw.Kg ]EF IULISM ENGMCIID

    IL @IHQNSN]K\F @IGP]K]V]KIGNB BN_.Fm. cy Sis-

    fglfbm, Hk`enfb, Pnj, Ngmrs.31>3, Ixlirm Vgkvfrskty

    Qrfss.nt po. >>>56=, nt >>Pff]sfts, Npr. >0, 3116. Gi. 3/104 sff nbsi]sfts, Hny 3?,

    311;.Gi. 13.

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    Bfonb ]eiuoets: Sflf`tkig

    30

    rfsibvf mksputfs nrkskgo lrih mihfstk`pibk`kfs fxkstkgo kg `igk`t wkte ugkvfrsnbtrfgms kg fbms rngokgo lrih nrcktrntkigti euhng rkoets. ]ef prfvkius pirtkig ilteks nrtk`bf mfhigstrntfm tef `ig`fptunbspn`f kg wek`e tef rf`iogktkig ngm

    ngnbysks il tefsf trfgms hny cf migf.]ef gfxt pirtkig wkbb li`us ig eiw`igstktutkigs lirh bkgdnofs cftwffg tekstrngsgntkignb spn`f, nbigoskmf tef ribf il`iurts kg hfmkntkgo tef twi wirbms. ]ekswkbb kgfvktncby tkf tioftefr cite tefirftk`nbkssufs ngm prn`tk`nb hfteimibiok`nbnpprin`efs tent `ng cf usfm ti fxpiugmupig tefh.

    Bkgdkgo ]efiry ngm @igstktutkignb

    Qrn`tk`f

    _ekbf tef fbm il kgtfrgntkignb`igstktutkignb bnw ens fxpngmfm nbigougkvfrsnb mks`iursfs il euhng rkoets,obicnb hnrdfts, ngm trngsgntkignbgftwirds, tef prn`tk`f il `ihpnrkgo`igstktutkigs ens mfvfbipfm mkvkskigsnbigo `ibigknb bfon`y, nlgkty kg tef bfonbsystfh, bngounof ir `ubturf, ngm histkhpirtngtby, piwfr pibktk`s cy `ihpftkgo

    n`tirs, oivfrghfgts, ngm `iurts nbkdf.>3

    Kgmffm, ti tef fxtfgt n igstktutkig sfrvfsti hnkgtnkg n sivfrfkog pibktk`nb kmfgtkty,`iurts fgonofm kg `ihpnrntkvf ngnbyskshny tfgm ti biid lir kgtfrprftntkigs tent`igsibkmntf jumk`knb nuteirkty kg tef ln`fil mf`rfnskgo stntf khpirtng`f kg tefmfvfbiphfgt il obicnb bfonb girhs.>0 N`ihpnrntkvf hfteimibioy ens ti tndfkgti n``iugt tent hngy kgtfrgntkignbprkvntf n`tirs envf spf`k` kgtfrfsts ngmspf`knbkzfm dgiwbfmof tent okvf tefhstrntfok` nmvngtnofs kg tef `rfntkig ilkgtfrgntkignb girhs. Sfbkng`f ig lirfkog`ihhfr`f hny ugmfr`ut tef cnronkgkgopiwfr il stntfs kg tef mfvfbiphfgt iltrngsgntkignb bfonb rfokhfs, rfsubtkgo kgmf`kfg`kfs ti tef mfhi`rntk` pri`fss ns`frtnkg irpirntf mf`kskig-hndfrs oivfrg

    >3@engo, suprn lg. 5 nt >>0 Cfgvfgkstk, Fynb, Sf`bnkhkgo Mfhi`rn`y: ]ef Ptrntfok`Vsfs il Lirfkog ngm Kgtfrgntkignb Bnw cy Gntkignb @iurts

    (3115). Nhfrk`ng Jiurgnb il Kgtfrgntkignb Bnw, \ib. >13,

    3115 nt 3==

    Kg ln`t, mfvfbipkgo `iugtrkfs nrfhirf bkdfby ti cf kgufg`fm cy gfwtrngsgntkignb pibk`kfs teng mfvfbipfm`iugtrkfs okvfg tef ln`t tent kts nmiptkigks hirf bkdfby ti `iglfr `ihpftktkvf

    nmvngtnofs. Nppbk`ntkig il n `iugtrys`igstktutkig wktekg tefsf rfokhfs kskhpirtngt kg skognbkgo ti kgtfrgntkignbn`tirs tef bfvfb il ounrngtff tef `iugtryks wkbbkgo ti fxtfgm ti khpbfhfgtkgo tefsfgirhs.>6

    ]eks hfngs tent ugmfrstngmkgo tefofgfsks il `frtnkg bnws ir prn`tk`fs ks justns khpirtngt ns ng ugmfrstngmkgo il teffllf`ts tefy envf kg pnrtk`ubnr `iugtrkfs.Lug`tkignbksh, n `bnssk`nb hfteim il

    `ihpnrntkvf ngnbysks tent biids ti teffllf`ts il `igstktutkignb privkskigs ngmkgtfrprftntkigs kg itefr jurksmk`tkigs, kskgnmfquntf ti tef fxtfgt kt ks mkvir`fmlrih tef si`knb, f`igihk`, ngm pibktk`nb`ihpbfxktkfs il `igstktutkignb mf`kskig-hndkgo.>;;3._ekbf tef `iugtry wns n hfhcfr il citetef Kgtfrgntkignb @ivfgngt ig @kvkb ngmQibktk`nb Skoets ngm tef Kgtfrgntkignb

    @ivfgngt ig F`igihk`, Pi`knb, @ubturnbSkoets cfokggkgo kg >;?=, tef nppbk`ntkigil tefsf ugkvfrsnb `ig`fpts wns stkbbbtfrfm teriuoe tef kmfibiok`nb bfgs

    >= Km. nt 3=6) lir tef ]rngs-Qn`kl` Qnrtgfrsekp

    Norffhfgtcftwffg tef Vgktfm Ptntfs ngm >> itefr Qn`k`

    gntkigs, wefrfkg ippigfgts `bnkh kgtfrgntkignb `irpirntkigs

    nrf okvfg hnsskvf nmvngtnofs ivfr typk`nb mfhi`rntk` snlf-

    ounrms kg tef VP.

    >6 CfgfmkdtOimfrks, Hkbn \frstffo. ]ef Mklluskig il @igstk-

    tutkignb Skoets.0; Kgtb Sfv. B. & F`ig. >. ( Nuoust, 31>=).

    nt p. >-6.>< Sutk]fktfb, (Ciid Sfvkfw) @ihpnrntkvf @igstktutkignb

    Bnw kg n Obicnb Nof, >>? ENS\ B. SF\. 36?1 nt 365>..

    Jugf, 311=.

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    BN_ SF\KF_ 31>6 6(66)

    3=

    il `ihhugksh. Nltfr tef `fgtfrkgo ileuhng rkoets pritf`tkigs ugmfr teffstncbksehfgt il bkcfrnb mfhi`rn`y kg tefgfw @igstktutkig, eiwfvfr, tefrf wns nseklt kg tef irkfgtntkig oivfrghfgt tiidtiwnrm kgtfrprftkgo went euhng rkoets

    biidfm bkdf lir tef `iugtry cnsfm ig tefkrobicnb, bkcfrnb mfhi`rntk` `igtfxt.>?]eksswkt`e kg nppbk`ntkig ngm ugmfrstngmkgomfhigstrntfs tent bfonb hf`engkshslir kgtfrprftkgo bnw nrf sucjf`t ti tefkmfibiok`nb pfrspf`tkvf tefy fhngntflrih.

    Kt `ng cf mkl`ubt ti onkg n sfgsfil lirfkog `igstktutkignb mfvfbiphfgt kgrfbntkig ti trngsgntkignb prkg`kpbfs tenttndfs kgti n``iugt fvfry `igtkgofg`y

    tent wfgt kgti lirhubntkgo tef pibktk`nbir `ihhfr`knb (ir cite) hitkvntkigslir fxf`utkgo n bnw ir mf`kskig. [ftkg nttfhptkgo ti mi si, `ihpnrntkvfnpprin`efs li`uskgo ig trngsgntkignbsiur`fs `ng illfr n wny il tfstkgo tefugmfrstngmkgo il igfs iwg trnmktkigsngm pisskckbktkfs cy fxnhkgkgo tefh kg tefrff`tkig il itefrs.>5

    @igstktutkigs teus fgonof tefwirbm il trngsgntkignb bnw ti tef fxtfgt

    tefy fstncbkse tef `igmktkigs cy wek`ekgtfrgntkignb bfonb girhs rfoubntfmihfstk` oivfrgng`f. Ns hfgtkigfmcflirf, bngounof kg Higoibkns igstktutkigens tef pitfgtknb ti nbbiw lir crinm`igskmfrntkig il mf`kskigs kg tef `igtfxtil ugkvfrsnb f`igihk` ngm euhng rkoetstrfgms, ns wfbb ns tef kg`irpirntkig iltrfntkfs kg mihfstk` bnw. Kt ks khpirtngt tigitf tent tef bngounof mifs git prihitfmflfrfg`f ti lirfkog nuteirkty, cut rntefrsuoofsts tent trngsgntkignb bfonb rfokhfs

    seiubm nt bfnst cf fgonofm ti fgsurf`igstktutkignb igskmfrntkigs nrf kglirhfmcy tef fbms gftwird il trfgms.>;Ofgfrnbby,

    >? Juogff, Nhnrsngnn. ]rngsktkignb Qfrkim ngm Bfonb Sf-

    lirh kg Higoibkn.Gntkignb Bfonb Kgstktutf Qrfss. 311;. p.

    6>-65.

    >5 Jn`dsig, \k`dk @. @igstktutkignb @ihpnrksigs: @igvfr-

    ofg`f, Sfskstng`f, Fgonofhfgt.>>; Enrv. B. Sfv. >1; nt

    >>=. Givfhcfr, 3116.

    >; ]eks mifsgt envf ti hfng kg`irpirntkig il trngsgntkig-

    nb nuteirkty ks usfm ns suppirtkgo fvkmfg`f lir n pnrtk`ubnr

    ipkgkig, s`eibnrs strfss tent rfgkgo bfonb prkg`kpbfs seiubm

    hfng lirfkog siur`fs nrf usfm ti mkstkgoukse pnrtk`ubnrpikgts wefg nppriprkntf. Pff, Km. Pff nbsi, Ekrs`eb, Sng.

    ]ef ^ufstkig il @nsf Pfbf`tkig kg @ihpnrntkvf @igstktu-

    tkignb Bnw60 Nh. J. @ihp. B. >36 nt >3;->0> (_kgtfr 3116).

    eiwfvfr, n igstktutkigs nckbkty ti nbbiw tefnppbk`ntkig il kgtfrgntkignb bnw ngm trfgmsns mihfstk` bnw bfnms ti n `inbfs`kgoil tef twi kg n wirbm wefrf kgtfrgntkignbn`tirs ngm stntfs giw envf `riss-jumk`knbkgtfrn`tkigs kg tef bktkontkig il trngsgntkignb

    kssufs.31Eiw, lir fxnhpbf, seiubm n `iurtrf`iogkzf tef `eik`f il jumk`knb liruh kgng kgtfrgntkignb mksputf wefg tef stntfsbfoksbnturf ks skbfgt ig rf`iogkzkgo teflirfkog iurts nuteirkty93>

    Nppbk`ntkig il tef @igstktutkigks tef ontfwny teriuoe wek`e tefsftrngsgntkignb kssufs hny cf rfsibvfm.]eks rfsibutkig rfbkfs ig n cn`doriugmugmfrstngmkgo il git just tef fvibvkgoobicnb bfonb bngms`npf cut nbsi, ti tef

    fxtfgt itefr gntkigs nppbk`ntkigs il tefbnw `igtrkcutf ti tent fbms lirhntkig,ng ugmfrstngmkgo il tef wny lirfkog`igstktutkignb `iurts kgtfrprft tef snhfkssufs. Kl trngsgntkignb rfokhfs prihitftef ukm `igvfrofg`f il bfonb prn`tk`f,tef rfsubtkgo kgtfrgntkignb cimy il jumk`knbnppbk`ntkig hust cf kg enrhigy ti nbbiwtef pri`fss ti fvibvf kg n prfmk`tncbfngm mfhi`rntk` wny. ]ef kgtforntkig ngmenrhigkzntkig il `igstktutkignb girhs kg

    tef Furipfng Vgkig, lir fxnhpbf, wns ngf`fssnry rfsubt il kg`rfnsfm lrff trnmfwktekg tef rfokig, kg bnrof pnrt cf`nusf ktrfmu`fm trngsn`tkig ists kg tef iursf il`ihhfr`f.33

    ]eks lirh il kgtfrgntkignb jumk`knbkgtforntkig ks nmhkttfmby mkl`ubt ti nppby kg`iugtrkfs wefrf tefrf ks gi prf`fmfgtknbir fvfg rfokignb hitkvntkig lir kgtfrprftkgolirfkog `igstktutkignb ugmfrstngmkgos.Higoibkn senrfs hu`e il tef snhf bfonbnr`ektf`turf ns Ofrhngy, cut bn`ds ubturnb

    ngm bkgoukstk` `iggf`tkigs tent wiubmhndf nppbk`ntkig il tefkr bfonb mf`kskigshirf mkrf`tby trngslfrncbf. P`eibnrs envfgitfm tent, ugbkdf skhkbnr `igstktutkignb`iurt systfhs su`e ns Eugonry, tef ]sfts

    31 Pff, Pbnuoetfr, Nggf-Hnrkf.N Obicnb @ih-

    hugkty il @iurts.== Enrv.Kgtb B.J. >;> (_kgtfr

    3110).3>Km. nt >;>?>-?3.

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    36

    ens cffg rfbu`tngt ti `ktf ir nppby lirfkognuteirkty kg tefkr mf`kskigs.30

    Pihf `iugtrkfs, su`e ns PiuteNlrk`n ir Nrofgtkgn, envf `igstktutkignbprivkskigs tent fxpbk`ktby mkrf`t jumk`knb irbfoksbntkvf nuteirktkfs ti `igskmfr lirfkog

    ir kgtfrgntkignb bnw kg tef fxf`utkigil tefkr mutkfs. Higoibkns `igstktutkigmifs git fxpbk`ktby mkrf`t teks, cut teksmifs git hfng tef pri`fss `nggit cfkgstktutkignbkzfm ns n girh kg tef pri`fssil ]sfts mf`kskigs.

    ]eks bn`d il kgtfrgntkignb jumk`knb`igskmfrntkig ks git ugkquf ti Higoibkn.Hngy Furipfng ngm Nskng `iugtrkfs,kg`bumkgo Jnpng, Piute Dirfn, ngm]nkwng, nbsi rnrfby `ktf lirfkog nuteirkty.

    ]ef Vgktfm Ptntfs ks gitirkius lir rfluskgoti fgonof kg kgtfrgntkignb jumk`knb mknbioufkg rfsibvkgo `igstktutkignb qufstkigsugbfss tef kssuf ks pnrtk`ubnrby mkvkskvf.3=Eiwfvfr, teks ckns nonkgst uskgo lirfkogngm kgtfrgntkignb nuteirkty ks hirfkmfibiok`nb teng ngytekgo fbsf. Fhpkrk`nbfvkmfg`f seiws tent `iurts envf ntfgmfg`y ti nbkog wkte frtnkg bfonb lnhkbkfsngm ubturnb trnmktkigs cf`nusf il n mfskrfti usf lirfkog nuteirkty kg suppirt il tefkr

    vkfws ngm kgtfrfsts.

    36

    Mikgo `ihpnrntkvf`igstktutkignb ngnbysks ugmfr tef prftfgsfil mfvfbipkgo n `rktk`nb ugmfrstngmkgo ilugkvfrsnb bfonb trfgms ngm girhs rfqukrfssendkgo teks ckns cy n`tkvfby sffdkgo tifgonof lirfkog nuteirkty lir tef purpisf illistfrkgo n hirf ugkvfrsnb ugmfrstngmkgotent ks gf`fssnrkby ngtk-kmfibiok`nb. ]eksks tef nppbk`ntkig il tef obicnb sfgsfhfgtkigfm fnrbkfr kg teks gitf. N sfgsftent, wefg nppbkfm, sfrvfs ti rfkly ngmstrfgotefg tef mihfstk` kgtfrpibntkig

    il tef rubf il bnw ns went ks rf`iogkzfmns truf wktekg tef obicnb trngsgntkignbbngms`npf.

    Kt ks teus khpirtngt lir obicnb `iurtsti n`t ns n `ihhugkty kg fgsurkgo tent

    30 Hugdesnkden, Imigdeuu. ]iwnrms Cfttfr Qritf`tkig il

    Lugmnhfgtnb Skoets kg Higoibkn: @igstktutkignb Sfvkfw ngm

    Kgtfrprftntkig.Gnoiyn Vgkvfrskty @NBF Ciids =, Qucbksefm

    Hnr`e, 31>=. po. 3>6

    3=Pff, f.o. Lnrcfr, Mngkfb N. ]ef Puprfhf @iurt, tef Bnw

    il Gntkigs, ngm @ktntkigs il Lirfkog Bnw: ]ef Bfssigs il

    Ekstiry(Mf`fhcfr >6, 311

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    3P`eibnrs seiubm

    `igtkguf fgonofhfgt kg tef mfvfbiphfgtil `ihprfefgskvf tefirkfs ti khprivfmf`kskigs ns hirf kg bkgf wkte `ig`fpts ilirmfrfm bkcfrty tent lirh tef priorfsskvfcn`doriugm lir tef nppbk`ntkig il tefrubf il bnw wktekg ugkvfrsnb trfgms ngmprn`tk`fs.03 ]eks kgefrfgtby kg`bumfsngnbysks ngm ugmfrstngmkgo il eiwtrngsgntkignb gftwirds nrf fstncbksefmngm nllf`tfm kg itefr `igstktutkignbjurksmk`tkigs, ns wfbb ns obicnbby. Eiwfvfr,tefsf seiubm git cf bkhktfm ti hfrf bfonb

    tefirftk`nb ugmfrtndkgos. Kt ks khpirtngt tistrfss tent `ihprfefgskvf trngsgntkignb`ihpnrntkvf s`eibnrsekp rfqukrfs `riss-mks`kpbkgf `ibbncirntkig ngm fgonofhfgtwkte spf`knbksts kg pnrtk`ubnr sf`tirs (su`ens teisf pnrtk`kpntkgo kg tef mfvfbiphfgt

    3; Bfonb s`eibnrsekp ks kg`rfmkcby khpirtngt kg ln`kbktntkgo teks

    `npn`kty kg tef `kvkb systfhs il Furipf. Pfff.o., \ig Cio-

    mngmy, Nrhkg. @ihpnrntkvf @igstktutkignb Bnw: N `igtfst-

    fm Mihnkg. pos.33, Ixlirm Vgkvfrskty Qrfss.

    01 @engo, suprn lg ;. nt >>??.

    0>Hugdesnkden, suprn lg. 30 nt >61.

    il tef fxpirt rfmkt gng`kgo) ti n``urntfbypkgpikgt eiw tefsf ugkvfrsnb trfgms tkgti tef mihfstk` bfonb irmfr.00 Envkgon cfttfr tefirftk`nb cnsks ti wird lrihnbbiws s`eibnrs ngm prn`tktkigfrs nbkdf tihirf rfnmkby mftfrhkgf went `igstktutfs

    rfbfvngt kgtfrgntkignb `ihpnrksig. ]ekskg`bumfs kgstktutkignbkzkgo sfbl-rffxkvfrfvkfw il eiw tef Higoibkng igstktutkignbsystfh fvibvfs ns n rfspigsf ti kg`rfnsfmkg`irpirntkig il `ihpnrntkvf bnw kg ]sfts`nsfs.0=

    _ekbf s`eibnrs `ng pbny n `ru`knbribf kg lirhkgo tef tefirftk`nb lrnhfwirdlir `ihpnrntkvf kssufs, tefy nrf nbsincbf ti pbny n mkrf`t ribf cy fg`iurnokgo`ihpnrntkvf mks`usskig kg tef ]sfts

    systfh. ]ef nckbkty ti pftktkig tef `iurtig spf`k` `igstktutkignb kssufs ens tef`npnckbkty ti ofgfrntf gfw mihnkgs lirtef kgtforntkig il fvibvkgo trngsgntkignbgirhs upig tefkr rfn`ekgo n `rktk`nb hnssns n ugkvfrsnb trfgm. ]efy `ng nbsi suchktcrkfls kg dfy ]sfts mf`kskigs tent crkgonttfgtkig ti ihpnrntkvf npprin`efs lrihlirfkog jurksmk`tkigs.06

    Cut teks nckbkty ti pftktkig tef]sfts ks git bkhktfm ti hfrf s`eibnrs,

    pibktk`kngs, ir prn`tktkigfrs il bnw. ]ef@igstktutkig nbbiws lir ngy `ktkzfg tisuchkt n `igstktutkignb pftktkig. Okvfg teftrfhfgmius sucjf`t hnttfr `ivfrfm cytrngsgntkignb gftwirds, tef eipf tent bfonbs`eibnrsekp wkbb nbigf cf sul`kfgt sffhshkspbn`fm. Bu`dkby, tef nckbkty ti kmfgtkly`engokgo prn`tk`fs kg kgtfrgntkignb pibk`yks cf`ihkgo hirf rnpkmby mf`fgtrnbkzfmteriuoe n``fss ti kglirhntkig vkn tefkgtfrgft, hirf `ihprfefgskvf fmu`ntkig,ngm tef pfrvnskvfgfss il obicnb pricbfhs

    bkdf bkhntf engof.@kvkb si`kfty gftwirds il gig-

    oivfrghfgtnb irongkzntkigs pbny nsucstngtknb ribf kg sfrvkgo ns citewnt`emios ngm `ntnbysts lir `engokgo

    00Pff, f.o., Jn`dsig, \k`dk @.Hfteimibiok`nb @enbbfgofs kg

    @ihpnrntkvf Bnw.35 Qfgg Pt. Kgtb B. Sfv. 0>; (_kgtfr 31>1)

    Pyhpiskuh Kssuf.

    0= Lir fxnhpbf, kt ks khpirtngt ti nmipt n hfteim lir `ih-

    prfefgskvfby ngnbyzkgo eiw tef iurt sfbf`ts vnrkius lirfkog

    `nsfs kg tefkr mf`kskigs ti mftfrhkgf `nusnb rfbntkigsekps kg

    rfsfnr`e ngm sfbf`tkig pri`fssfs. Pff Ekrs`eb, suprn lg. >;.

    06Nbteiuoe kt seiubm cf gitfm tent, wekbf ]sfts `ng `igskmfrtefsf crkfls, kt ks fqunbby khpirtngt tefy rflfrfg`ftef suc-

    hkttfm kgtfrgntkignb prkg`kpbf kl kt efbps kg `bnrklykgo tefkr mf`k-

    skig. Hugdesnkden, suprn lg. 30 nt 3>6.

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    3?

    kgtfrgntkignb cfenvkir. ]i tef fxtfgttefsf oriups `ng pftktkig tef ]sfts,tefy `ng pbny ng khpirtngt pnrt kgsenpkgo tef mks`usskig il obicnbkzkgo`igstktutkignb prn`tk`f. Kgmkvkmunb n`tirskg `kvkb si`kfty pbny ng khpirtngt ribf kg

    hickbkzkgo si`kipibktk`nb mks`usskigs,n`tkgo ns cfn`igs ti crkgo nttfgtkig ti`frtnkg mihfstk` ngm kgtfrgntkignb kssufs`ig`frgkgo nrfns bkdf tef fgvkrighfgtir euhng rkoets. ]eks mfvfbips ng fteisil prfvfgtntkvf lirfskoet tent `ng cfusfm ti fgsurf pibktk`nb kgstktutkigs nrfncbf ti hndf dfy mf`kskigs cflirf kts tiibntf.0:=

    (311=).

    0?Hugdesnkden, suprn lg. 30 nt >.

    eibmkgo ippiskgo pibktk`nb kgtfrfsts.05]eksks n pnrtk`ubnrby usflub cfgft lir tef ]sftslir nt bfnst twi rfnsigs. Lkrst, cf`nusf tefrst riugm il tefkr `igstktutkignb jumohfgtks sucjf`t ti n``fptng`f cy tef PODe,tefrf ks hirf ippirtugkty lir tef mklluskig

    ngm justk`ntkig il trngsgntkignb trfgms kgtef nppbk`ntkig il mihfstk` pibk`y. Kt ks n`eng`f ti kglirh bnwhndfrs il tef gnturfil bfonb kgtfrprftntkig ngm mfvfbiphfgt,tefrfcy strfgotefgkgo tef PODes luturf`npn`kty ti mfvfbip bnws kg `igsigng`fwkte `igstktutkignb vnbufs. Pf`igm,cf`nusf fn`e hfhcfrs bkhktfm tfgurfks sucjf`t ti tef PODes rf-npprivnb,envkgo hirf piwfrlub ngm nuteirktntkvfmf`kskigs `ng n`t ns n sekfbm tent hndfs

    kt enrmfr lir tefh ti cf sucjf`t ti pibktk`nbkgufg`f. @ktntkig ti lirfkog bnw ng hndfmf`kskigs nppfnr git igby hirf justkfm,cut mfhigstrntfs jumk`knb rfstrnkgt teriuoe`nrflub ngm prn`tk`fm `igskmfrntkig il nbbrfbfvngt mftnkbs il n mf`kskig.

    ]ef ncivf rfnsigs lir `igstktutkignbkgtfrprftntkig kg ]sfts mf`kskigs nrf,eiwfvfr, hfrfby prn`tk`nb cfgftshfngt ti kg`fgtkvkzf hirf trfnthfgt illirfkog nuteirkty. ]ef girhntkvf kssuf il

    wey tefy seiubm nmipt su`e n hfteimks cnsfm ig n mffpfr nppfnb tiwnrmmfvfbipkgo cfst prn`tk`fs lir fgsurkgotef kgtfrgntkignb `ihhkthfgts sft iutugmfr tef @igstktutkig nrf hft. ]eks kskg ktsfbl n qufstkig nciut tef gnturf iltef rubf il bnws `npn`kty ti kg`irpirntfugkvfrsnbkzkgo bfonb trfgms kg n mihfstk`bfonb `igtfxt. Kt ks git fgiuoe, tefg, tirfhnkg n spf`tntir. Qnrtk`kpntkig kg tefpri`fss ks dfy lrih tef ekoefst bfvfbsil tefirftk`nb ugmfrstngmkgo ti tef hist

    lugmnhfgtnb bfvfbs il `kvk` fgonofhfgt.

    @ig`buskig

    Fstncbksekgo n `ihprfefgskvfnpprin`e ti `ihpnrntkvf `igstktutkignbmfvfbiphfgt ngm kgtfrprftntkig ks npri`fss il trngsgntkignb ngm lirfkogugmfrstngmkgo tent stnrts lrih tef prf-bfonb spn`f il `ig`fptunb tefiry,cf`ihfs n``fssfm teriuoe tef

    @igstktutkigs nmiptkig il kgtfrgntkignbtrfgms ngm norffhfgts, ngm fgms kg wrkttfg

    05Bnwm, suprn lg. 35 nt >11>-10.

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    35

    mf`kskigs cy tef @igstktutkignb ]sfts. ]efrfbntkigsekp ks git bkgfnr, cut ks kgstfnm tefrfsubt il fbncirntf ngm `ihpbfx gftwirdsweisf fllf`t ig tef rubf il bnw teriuoe tef@igstktutkig ks hfmkntfm cy trngsjumk`knbmknbiouf, `ihpnrntkvf s`eibnrsekp ngm

    `kvk` kgvibvfhfgt.]eks nrtk`bf ens igtfgmfm tent obicnb

    trfgms kg kgtfrgntkignb bfonb mfvfbiphfgtrfqukrfs ng fvibvkgo npprin`e ti`ihpnrntkvf `igstktutkignb prn`tk`ftent oifs cfyigm sffkgo bnw ns tefhngklfstntkig il pibktk`nb nrrngofhfgts.Ivfr tkhf, kg`rfnsfm `npn`ktkfs kg trnvfb,`ihhugk`ntkig, ngm n``fss ti kglirhntkig

    wkbb bfnm ti hirf `iipfrntkig nhigoprkvntf ngm pucbk` n`tirs nbkdf, bfnmkgo tilurtefr `igvfrofg`f kg tef obicnb girhsrfoubntkgo si`knb ngm f`igihk` bklf.Efg`f kt ks khpirtngt lir s`eibnrs, jumofs,bfoksbntirs, ngm `ktkzfgs nbkdf ti envf n

    obicnb sfgsf kg tfrhs il mfvfbipkgo`enggfbs cy wek`e kt ks pisskcbf ti cf nwnrfil, ns wfbb ns kg`irpirntf tef ugkvfrsnbtrfgms tent mfvfbip kg trngsgntkignb ngmlirfkog gftwirds. Vgmfrstngmkgo eiwtefsf rfbntkigsekps rfkly ks ru`knb ti fgsurfnppbk`ntkig il `igstktutkignb prkg`kpbfsks ukmby ngm fllf`tkvfby hngnofm nsHigoibkn `igtkgufs ti prispfr kg tefobicnb spefrf.

    ---i1i---

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    Bfonb ]eiuoets: Sflf`tkig

    3;

    Qril. Mr. Mr. e.`. Engs-Jro Nbcrf`etMkrfdtir nh Hnx-Qbng`d-Kgstktut ugm Bfktfr

    mfr drkhkgibioks`efg Nctfkbugo

    >. Fkglerugo: Fkgf cfrzfuofgmfpibktks`ef Kgktkntkvf kg mfr Higoibfk

    Mfr higoibks`ef Qrskmfgt ]sndeknFbcfomirj frdbrtf nh >=. Jngunr 31>1

    sfkgf Ncsk`et, mkf ]imfsstrnlf kg mfrHigoibfk nczus`enllfg. Fr stfbbtfobfk`ezfktko mkf Orgmf vir, mkf keg mnzucfwiofg encfg, lr mkf vibbstgmkofNcs`enllugo mfr ]imfsstrnlf fkgzutrftfg>. Mkf Orgmf lofg sk`e cfrzfuofgmkg mfg Orugmtfgir mfr ofofgwrtkofgMksdursf zur ]imfsstrnlf fkg ugmmkf Ngdgmkougo mfr Ncs`enllugocfs`ebfugkot mkf obicnbf Mygnhkd fkgfr

    Qibktkd vibbstgmkofr Ncibktkig. MfrQrskmfgt wkfs nul mfg ugcfrsfecnrfgkgtfrgntkignbfg ]rfgm zur Ncs`enllugomfr ]imfsstrnlf ekg, fr cftigtf mnsSkskdi vig Lfeburtfkbfg ugm mkf Oflnermfr Fxfdutkig vig Vgs`eubmkofg, frfrwegtf obnucenltf Nbtfrgntkvfg zur]imfsstrnlf, mkf hkgmfstfgs fcfgsiout lr Ncs`erf`dugo ugm Pk`efrefktPirof trnofg ugm fr mksdutkfrtfEuhngkttsstngmnrms fgtwk`dfbtfrOfsfbbs`enltfg, mkf lr mfg \frzk`etnul mkf ]imfsstrnlf sprf`efg. Mkf vihQrskmfgtfg mfr Higoibfk fkgofgihhfgfQisktkig fgtsprk`et kgsiwfkt vibbstgmkofkgfr kgtfrgntkignbfg Cfwfougo, mkf nu`ekg mfr Sfsibutkig mfr \frfkgtfg Gntkigfglr fkg obicnbfs Hirntirkuh nus mfh

    > www.prfskmfgt.hg, ]ef Illk`f il tef Qrfskmfgt il Higoi-bkn, Qucbk` rfbntkigs & @ihhugk`ntkigs Mkvkskig ]ef Qnteil Mfhi`rntk` Higoibkn Hust cf @bfng ngm Cbiimbfss,31>1-1>->=

    Jner 311? sk`etcnr wkrm 3, siwkf fkgfhnbbofhfkgfg, obicnbfg ugm kh bftztfgLgljnerfscfrk`et mfr \frfkgtfg Gntkigfgzur ]imfsstrnlf wkfmfr cftigtfg ]rfgmekg zur vibbstgmkofg Ncs`enllugo mfr]imfsstrnlf 0. Mkf Ngdgmkougo mfsQrskmfgtfg, mnss fr vig gug ng zuh]imf vfrurtfkbtf cfognmkofg wfrmf, ent\irckbmfr gk`et zubftzt nu`e kg mfg VPN=. Mfr kg Hfmkfgcfrk`etfg fgtenbtfgf

    Ekgwfks, mnss mkf Sfmf mfs Qrskmfgtfgzur ]imfsstrnlfgpibktkd kh Qnrbnhfgtdfkgfg Nppbnus gn`e sk`e ofziofgencf 6, hno mnrnul ekgmfutfg, mnss mkfKhpbfhfgtkfrugo mfr Ncs`enllugo mfr]imfsstrnlf s`ewkfrko sfkg wkrm. Mkfillfgsk`etbk`e fefr ncbfegfgmf Enbtugo

    3 Sfsibutkig =;, ngofgihhfg mur`e mkf Ofgfrnbvfr-snhhbugo mfr \frfkgtfg Gntkigfg nh >5. Mfzfhcfr 311?(>1= Ptkhhfg mnlr, 6= Ptkhhfg mnofofg ugm 3; Fgtenb-

    tugofg).0 Sfpirt il tef Pf`rftnry-Ofgfrnb: @npktnb pugksehfgt ngmkhpbfhfgtntkig il tef snlfounrms ounrngtffkgo pritf`tkigil tef rkoets il teisf ln`kgo tef mfnte pfgnbty. Gfw [ird,35. 14 vob. nu`e Nggunb rfpirt il tef Vgktfm Gn-tkigs Ekoe @ihhksskigfr lir Euhng Skoets ngm rfpirts iltef Illk`f il tef Ekoe @ihhksskigfr ngm tef Pf`rftnry-Ofg-frnb: Qrihitkig ngm pritf`tkig il nbb euhng rkoets, `kvkb,pibktk`nb, f`igihk`, si`knb ngm `ubturnb rkoets, kg`bumkgo tefrkoet ti mfvfbiphfgt. ufstkig il tef mfnte pfgnbty. VgktfmGntkigs, N/ES@/>6/>;>14 Nrriyi, B., Ckobkgi, Q.,P`encns, _.: En`kn bn Ncibk`kig Vgkvfrsnb mf bn pfgn npktnb.\nbfg`kn 31>1.= Nh 0>. Jngunr 3111 frbkf mfr Oiuvfrgfur vig Kbbkgiks,

    Ofirof E. Syng, fkg nbbofhfkgfs Hirntirkuh lr Fxfdu-tkigfg, mns cks efutf kg Drnlt ofcbkfcfg kst. Zur Zfkt bkfotkg Kbbkgiks fkg Ofsftzfsfgtwurl kh Qnrbnhfgt, hkt mfh mkf]imfsstrnlf nu`e lrhbk`e nulofeicfg wrmf. Kg Gfcrns-dn fgtstngm fkg kglirhfbbfs Hirntirkuh, gn`emfh kh

    Jner >;;; mfr Oiuvfrgfur ofofg fkg lirhfbbfs Ofsftz zurFkglerugo fkgfs Hirntirkuhs fkg \fti fkgofbfot enttf.Gn`emfh mfr Icfrstf Ofrk`etseil Gfcrnsdns kh Jner 3115fgts`ekfmfg ent, mnss mkf nbbfkg virofsfefgf Fbfdtridutkigvfrlnssugoswkmrko sfk, stfet mkf ]imfsstrnlf (cks zu fgtsprf-`efgmfg Sflirhfg mfs Ofsftzofcfrs) gk`et hfer zur \fr-lougo. Kg Gfw [ird ent mkf Fgts`efkmugo mfs IcfrstfgOfrk`etseils kh Jner 311= fcfglnbbs mkf \frlnssugoswkm-rkodfkt mfr ]imfsstrnlf kg mfr mnhnbs virofsfefgfg Lirhlfstofstfbbt. Mfr Ofsftzofcfr ent cks efutf dfkgf Ngstnbtfg

    ofhn`et, mkf ]imfsstrnlf kg vfrlnssugosofhfr Lirh wkf-mfr kg mns Ptrnlofsftzcu`e fkgzulofg.6 ]khfs Igbkgf, Jngunry >6, 31>1, Higoibkn ti ncibkse tefmfnte pfgnbty.

    MKF ]IMFPP]SNLF: _FOF ZVS NCP@ENLLVGO

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    BN_ SF\KF_ 31>6 6(66)

    01

    mfs Qnrbnhfgts mrltf fkgfr llfgtbk`efgHfkgugo ofs`eubmft sfkg, mkf gn`e wkfvir mkf ]imfsstrnlf nbs Ngtwirt jfmfglnbbsnul s`ewfrf ]tugosmfbkdtf ugtfrsttzt.

    Kgsiwfkt vfrwfkst mkf Pktuntkig kgmfr Higoibfk nul pibktks`ef Qrizfssf,mkf kg Furipn wfktofefgm ncofs`ebissfgskgm. Mkf libofgmfg Nuslerugofgsibbfg mnzu mkfgfg, vfrs`ekfmfgf _fofekg zur Ncs`enllugo mfr ]imfsstrnlfgn`ezuzfk`egfg, mkf mncfk nultrftfgmfgQricbfhf zu cfgfggfg ugm digtrivfrsfMksdursf virzustfbbfg.

    Mfr Qrizfss mfr Ncs`enllugo mfr]imfsstrnlf cfokggt kg Furipn hkt mfrNuldbrugo. Kgscfsigmfrf Cf``nrkncfgnggtf kg sfkgfh orugmbfofgmfg _frdcfr \frcrf`efg ugm Ptrnlf (>?;;? ofbtfgmfsHirntirkuh frst drzbk`e mur`e mnsrussks`ef \frlnssugosofrk`et vfrbgofrt.5.

    Mns \frlnssugosofrk`et ent ngbssbk`emkfsfr Fgts`efkmugo frdbrt, mnss mnsHirntirkuh frst zu mfh Zfktpugdtnusbnulf, ng mfh mkf ]imfsstrnlf kg;;?4 Ciubngofr,@., Efyfs, \., Englbkgo, Q. (Erso.): Zur Ndtunbktt mfr]imfsstrnlf. Kgtfrmkszkpbkgrf ugm obicnbf Qfrspfdtkvfg. 3.Nulbnof, Cfrbkg 31134 Eiim, S.: Kgtrimu`tkig ]ef khpir-tng`f il ncibksekgo tef mfnte pfgnbty. Kg: @iug`kb il Furipf(Erso.): ]ef Mfnte Qfgnbty Cfyigm Ncibktkig. Ptrncuro311=, P. >0-30.? \ob. mfg cfrcbk`d kg IP@Fs Illk`f lir Mfhi`rntk` Kgstk-

    tutkigs ngm Euhng Skoets: ]ef Mfnte Qfgnbty kg tef IP@FNrfn. Cn`doriugm Qnpfr. _nrs`enu 311;.5 www.dsrl.ru/Gfws/Qnofs/\kfwKtfh.nspx9Qnrn-hKm8?0=.

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    Bfonb ]eiuoets: Sflf`tkig

    0>

    Sussbngm hkt fkgfr gmfrugo mfsPtrnlofsftzcu`efs lrhbk`e ncofs`enlltwkrm. _fkrussbngm kst efutf mfr fkgzkoffuripks`ef Ptnnt, kg mfh mkf ]imfsstrnlfgi`e fxkstkfrt ugm siwieb vfregot nbs

    nu`e vibbstrf`dt wkrm;

    . Nbbfrmkgos ent nu`ekg _fkrussbngm fkgf Mfcnttf cfr mkfNcs`enllugo mfr ]imfsstrnlf cfoiggfg.>1. Pfkt mfh Jner 311; wkrm jfmfglnbbs cfrfkg Hirntirkuh gn`eofmn`et, kh crkofgwurmf mfr Fgtwurl fkgfs Hirntirkuhsngofdgmkot >>. Mncfk dihht mfh_ugs`e fkgfs Cfktrktts zuh Furipnrntwieb fkg ofwkssfr Fkglbuss zu.

    Fkg Cbk`d nul mkf Fgtwk`dbugofg kgFuripn vfrwfkst nul ugtfrs`ekfmbk`ef_fof mfr Ncs`enllugo mfr ]imfsstrnlf.Mkf Ncs`enllugo mfr ]imfsstrnlf kh Ofsftzlibotf kg fkgkofg Bgmfrg fkgfh bgofrfgHirntirkuh (Fgobngm/_nbfs, Cfbokfgugm Zypfrg). Kg fkgkofg Bgmfrg libotfmkf Ncs`enllugo gn`e fkgfh skogklkdngtfg_f`esfb kg mfr Sfokfrugo. Kg Lrngdrfk`elkfb mkf Ncs`enllugo mfr ]imfsstrnlf hktmfh _nebskfo mfr Pizknbkstks`efg Qnrtfk

    kh Jner >;51 zusnhhfg. Kg mfr Sfokfrugocftrkfc Cnmkgtfr nbs Justkzhkgkstfr ugmfrdbrtfr Ofogfr mfr ]imfsstrnlf kerfsilirtkof Ncs`enllugo, mkf wieb nu`emfg orugmstzbk`efg _f`esfb vig fkgfrdigsfrvntkvfg zu fkgfr lirts`erkttbk`efgQibktkd hnrdkfrfg sibbtf. Kg Ppngkfg libotfmkf Ncs`enllugo mfr ]imfsstrnlf mfhcfrongo vig fkgfh nutirktrfg Sfokhfzu fkgfr Mfhidrntkf kg mfg >;?1fr

    Jnerfg. Mkf Ncs`enllugo mfr ]imfsstrnlfofet vfrfkgzfbt nul Fgts`efkmugofg vig\frlnssugosofrk`etfg zur`d. Kg Vgonrgcflnsstf sk`e mns \frlnssugosofrk`et >;;1hkt mfr ]imfsstrnlf ugm frdbrtf skf wfofg\frstifs ofofg mns Sf`et nul Bfcfg

    ; Zu Fkgzfbefktfg vob. IP@F Qnrbknhfgtnry Nssfhcby: Sfs-ibutkig ig n Hirntirkuh ig tef Mfnte Qfgnbty ngm ]iwnrmskts Ncibktkig Nmiptfm nt tef Fkoetffgte IP@F QN NggunbPfsskig kg \kbgkus, 3; Jugf ti 0 Juby 311;.>1 IP@Fs Illk`f lir Mfhi`rntk` Kgstktutkigs ngm Euhng

    Skoets: ]ef Mfnte Qfgnbty kg tef IP@F Nrfn. Cn`doriugmQnpfr. _nrsnw 311;, P. 5.>> Furipks`efs Qnrbnhfgt: Nggunb rfpirt ig euhng rkoetskg tef wirbm 311;. Ptrnsciuro, >1. >>. 31>1.

    lr vfrlnssugoswkmrko >3. cfrwkfofgmvfrbkfl mfr Qrizfss mfr Ncs`enllugo mfr]imfsstrnlf cfr mkf Qnrbnhfgtf. Mkfsofs`ene tfkbwfksf kh Zusnhhfgengohkt orugmbfofgmfg \frlnssugosrflirhfg

    ugm syhcibkskfrtf wieb nu`e nu`emfg cfrongo vig lns`ekstks`efgugm nutirktrfg zu mfhidrntks`efgSfokfrugoslirhfg >0 (stfrrfk`e >;61,Mfuts`ebngm >;=;, Ppngkfg >;?;5;/>;;1).

    Mkf orugmstzbk`e ncbfegfgmf Enb-tugo ofofgcfr mfr ]imfsstrnlf kg Furi-pn dngg mur`e fkgf Hks`eugo girhntkvfrugm fhpkrks`efr Nrouhfgtf frdbrt wfr-mfg, mfrfg Vrsprugo cks kg mns >5. Jner-eugmfrt zur`dvfrlibot wfrmfg dngg.Vgtfr mfh Fkglbuss mfr Nuldbrugo ugmvir nbbfh mfr Nrcfktfg vig Cf``nrkn ugm\ibtnkrf wurmf mns Zkfb mfr Ncs`enllugomfr ]imfsstrnlf ]fkb mfr furipks`efgPtrnlrf`etsrflirhcfwfougo >=.

    3. Furipn, mkf ]imfsstrnlf ugm mkf

    Pu`ef gn`e fkgfr furipks`efg Kmfgtktt

    Mkf Furipks`ef Vgkig ugm mnsFuripks`ef Qnrbnhfgt encfg kerf sfktbngofh ftncbkfrtf Qisktkig kh Ekgcbk`dnul mkf ]imfsstrnlf kg vfrs`ekfmfgfgMiduhfgtfg zuh Nusmru`d ofcrn`et

    >3 Mf`kskig Gi. 30/>;;1 (U.0>).>0 P`encns, _.: Qrfsfgtntkig il tef ukgqufggknb Sfpirt ig@npktnb Qugksehfgt ngm khpbfhfgtntkig il tef snlfounrmsounrngtffkgo pritf`tkig il tef rkoets il teisf ln`kgo tefmfnte pfgnbty, 31>1. @nekfrs mf Mflfgsf Pi`knbf 311;-31>1,P. ?? nu 33 hnk >;55. 65(>;5?), P. 00>-0=1, P. 00>-0034vob. nu`e mkf obfk`ebnutfgmfg Qisktkigfg mfr Pi`kt Kgtfr-gntkignbf mf Mlfgsf Pi`knbf siwkf mfr Kgtfrgntkignb Qfgnbngm Qfgktfgtknry Liugmntkig, ncofmru`dt kg Sfvuf Kgtfrgn-

    tkignbf mf Mrikt Qfgnb. Bn Qfkgf mf Hirt. ]ef Mfnte Qfgnbty.]rnvnux mf bn @iglrfg`f Kgtfrgntkignbf tfguf b KgstktutPuprkfur Kgtfrgntkignb mf P`kfg`fs @rkhkgfbbfs Pyrn`usf Ktnbkf. >? nu 33 hnk >;55. 65(>;5?), P. 00>-0

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    BN_ SF\KF_ 31>6 6(66)

    03

    >6. Mkf @enrtn mfr Orugmrf`etf mfrFuripks`efg Vgkig fgtebt kg Nrt. 3mns Sf`et nul Bfcfg siwkf mfg Pntz,mnss gkfhngm zuh ]imf vfrurtfkbt ugmekgofrk`etft wfrmfg mnrl. Mkf Furipks`ef

    Vgkig vfrlibot fkgf Qibktkd mfr obicnbfgugm vibbstgmkofg Ncs`enllugo mfr]imfsstrnlf. cfr mfg Snuh mfrFuripks`efg Vgkig ekgnus zkfbt mkfFuripks`ef Vgkig kg mfg Bgmfrg,kg mfgfg mkf ]imfsstrnlf cfkcfenbtfgwkrm, nul fkgf Cfs`ergdugo mfsNgwfgmugoscfrfk`es mfr ]imfsstrnlf, nulmkf strkdtf Fkgenbtugo mfr kg vfrs`ekfmfgfgkgtfrgntkignbfg Kgstruhfgtfg lr mfgLnbb mfr Ngwfgmugo mfr ]imfsstrnlfofgnggtfg Cfmkgougofg siwkf nul mkfFkglerugo vig Hirntirkfg, mkf nul mkfvibbstgmkof Ncs`enllugo mfr ]imfsstrnlfvircfrfktfg. Mkf Furipks`ef Vgkigcftigt mkf Ncbfegugo mfr ]imfsstrnlfkgscfsigmfrf lr Qfrsigfg, mkf cfkCfofeugo mfr ]nt mns >5. Bfcfgsjner gi`egk`et frrfk`et enttfg.

    Mfr Ptngmpugdt mfr Furipk-

    s`efg Vgkig wkrm mngg kg fkgfr Qibktkdsk`etcnr, mkf lr ongz Furipn gk`et gurmkf vibbstgmkof Ncs`enllugo kg Lrkf-mfgs- ugm Drkfoszfktfg virskfet, sigmfrgnu`e mkf Khpbfhfgtkfrugo vig rf`etbk-`efg Ptngmnrms, mkf fkgf _kfmfrfkgle-rugo mfr ]imfsstrnlf nuss`ebkffg. MkfsfrPtngmpugdt lkgmft kg zwfk Orugmcfrzf-uougofg kerf wfsfgtbk`ef Orugmbnof:

    >. Mkf ]imfsstrnlf kst nus hfgs`efg-rf`etbk`efg Orgmfg nczubfegfg, wicfknul mns \frcit ornusnhfr, ughfgs`ebk-`efr ugm mfornmkfrfgmfr Ptrnlf, mns Sf`etnul Bfcfg siwkf mkf Hfgs`efgwrmf nc-ofeicfg wkrm.

    3. Mkf ]imfsstrnlf kst gk`et gitwfg-mko, wfkb Ptrnlfg zur \frlougo stfefg,

    >6 Snt Nbbofhfkgf Ngofbfofgefktfg: FV Bfktbkgkfg zur ]i-mfsstrnlf. Crssfb, >1 zumfh Jnerfscfrk`et cfr mkf H


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