2015 Annual Conference - Wild Apricotamericancollegeofsportsmedicinenorthwestchapter... · 2015...

2 0 1 5 AC S M C O N F E R E N C E IP B T H E N O R T H W E S T C H A P T E R O F T H E A M E R I CA N C O L L E G E O F S P O R T S M E D I C I N E

THE NORTHWEST CHAPTER OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE

2015 Annual Conference

FEBRUARY 27– 28The Riverhouse Hotel & Convention Center · Bend, Oregon

FROM TRAILS TO TREADMILLS The Impact of Sports Medicine

in the Northwest

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9 AM–10 AM

8–10 AM

10 AM–Noon

ON-SITE CONFERENCE REGISTRATION Riverhouse Convention Center Lobby

ACSM NORTHWEST EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGRiverhouse Convention Center Lobby

PRE-CONFERENCE WORKSHOPSCascade B

9:00–10:00 Workshop #2Athletic Evaluations: Adding Technology to a Subjective Assessment

HOST Milica McDowell, DPT · Clearwater Therapeutics, Bozeman, MT MODERATORS Robert Wilson, PhD · Montana State University, Bozeman, MT

Cheryl Juergens, PhD · University of Montana–Western, Dillon, MT

PRE-CONFERENCE SOCIAL & STUDENT QUIZ BOWL

Pre-Conference SocialRiverhouse Convention Center Lobby & Cascade A

HOSTS ACSM Northwest Executive Board Members SPONSOR ACSM Northwest Chapter

Student Quiz BowlCascade A

SPONSOR ACSM Northwest Chapter MODERATORS Katie Taylor · ACSM Northwest National Student Representative Vanessa Martinez · ACSM Northwest Regional Student Representative

8–5 PM

The Riverhouse Convention Center · Bend, Oregon

2015 ACSM Northwest Pre-Conference ActivitiesFriday, February 27

2 T H E N O R T H W E S T C H A P T E R O F T H E A M E R I CA N C O L L E G E O F S P O R T S M E D I C I N E

1:30–3:30 PM

12:05–1:10 PM

WELCOME & OPENING REMARKSCascade B

KEYNOTE PRESENTATIONCascade B

We Will Never Manage the Obesity Epidemic Until We Develop a Better Understanding of Energy Balance

SPEAKER Steven Blair, P.E.D., FACSM, Professor · Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC SPONSOR ACSM Northwest Chapter MODERATOR Julie Downing, PhD · Professor, Central Oregon Community College (COCC)

COFFEE/TEA & SNACK BREAK Riverhouse Convention Center Lobby

NUTRITION & FITNESSCascade A

1:30–2:30 Session ICarbohydrate Guidelines for Training and Competition

SPEAKER Ellen Coleman, MPH, MA, CSSD SPONSOR Gatorade Sports Science Institute (GSSI) MODERATOR Harry Papadopoulos, PhD · Member-at-Large (Fitness), ACSM Northwest Chapter

2:30–3:30 Session IIOn-Line Coaching: A New Field for Exercise Physiologists

SPEAKER Stephanie Howe, MS SPONSOR ACSM Northwest Chapter MODERATOR Harry Papadopoulos, PhD · Member-at-Large (Fitness), ACSM Northwest Chapter

12–12:05 PM

1:10–1:30 PM


2015 ACSM Northwest ConferenceFriday, February 27

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4–5 PM

MILITARY & CLINICAL BIOMECHANICSCascade B

1:30–2:30 Military Ergonomics and Biomechanics: Making the Battlefield a Safer Place

SPEAKER Brian Higginson, PhD, Professor, Biomechanics · Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA SPONSOR ACSM Northwest Chapter MODERATOR Gary McCall, Ph.D., FACSM · MAL (Research), ACSM Northwest Executive Board

2:30–3:30 Non-Contact ACL Injury: What have we learned?

SPEAKER Christine Pollard, PhD, Professor · Oregon State University–Cascades, Bend, OR SPONSOR ACSM Northwest Chapter MODERATOR Chantal Vella, Ph.D., FACSM · Member-at-Large (Clinical), ACSM Northwest Chapter

COFFEE/TEA & SNACK BREAKRiverhouse Convention Center Lobby

INSPIRATIONAL SPEAKERCascade B

SPEAKER Ashton Eaton, Professional Decathlete, Current Olympic Gold Medalist, World Champion, and World Record holder.

SPONSOR Philips Respironics (Bend, OR) DESCR IPT ION Ashton will speak about the Olympic experience and appreciating the process of training and achieving

goals. MODERATOR Dan Heil, PhD, FACSM · Director, 2015 ACSM Northwest Conference

RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATIONS & ACSM NORTHWEST SOCIALCascade Exhibit Hall (downstairs)

SPONSOR Philips Respironics (Bend, OR) MODERATOR Gary McCall, Ph.D., FACSM · MAL (Research), ACSM Northwest Executive Board

1:30–3:30 PM

3:30–4 PM

5–7 PM


10:15–11 AM

10–10:15 AM

8:30–10 AM

ON-SITE CONFERENCE REGISTRATIONRiverhouse Convention Center Lobby

STUDENT ORAL PRESENTATIONS, PART ICascade B

MODERATOR Chantal Vella, Ph.D., FACSM · Member-at-Large (Clinical), ACSM Northwest Chapter

8:30 Stephanie Ehrlich University of Montana, Missoula, MT8:45 Laurel Huth Linfield College, McMinnville, OR9:00 Alexander Klocek Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada9:15 Corrine Malcolm Montana State University, Bozeman, MT9:30 Amanda McMahon Washington State University, Pullman, WA9:45 Clayton Kirven Montana State University, Bozeman, MT

COFFEE/TEA BREAKRiverhouse Convention Center Lobby

ALL-CHAPTER ACSM NORTHWEST BUSINESS MEETINGCascade B

MODERATOR Steve Conant, MS, HFS, CSCS · President, ACSM Northwest Executive Board

STUDENT ORAL PRESENTATIONS, PART IICascade B

MODERATOR Harry Papadopoulos, PhD · Member-at-Large (Fitness), ACSM Northwest Chapter

11:00 Matthew Ely University of Oregon, Eugene, OR11:20 Vanessa Martinez University of Idaho, Moscow, ID11:45 Katie Taylor University of Idaho, Moscow, ID

LUNCH BREAK—GO ENJOY BEND!Bend, Oregon

8 AM–Noon


2015 ACSM Northwest ConferenceSaturday, February 28

11 AM–Noon

Noon–1:30 PM


1:30–3:30 PM

1:30–2:30 PM

APPLIED RESEARCHCascade A

1:30–2:30 Session I What do Allergies and Exercise Have in Common? SPEAKER John Halliwill, PhD, FACSM, Professor · University of Oregon, Eugene, OR SPONSOR ACSM Northwest Chapter MODERATOR Gary McCall, Ph.D., FACSM · MAL (Research), ACSM Northwest Executive Board

2:30–3:30 Session II Resistance Training for the Sedentary: A Single Set vs Multiple Set Approach SPEAKER Eli Lankford, PhD, FACSM · Brigham Young University, Rexburg, ID SPONSOR ACSM Northwest Chapter MODERATOR Gary McCall, Ph.D., FACSM · MAL (Research), ACSM Northwest Executive Board

CLINICAL SPORTS MEDICINE SYMPOSIUM

KEYNOTE ADDRESS Cascade B

New Insights in High Altitude Physiology SPEAKER Dr. Gary Foster, MD · CardiologistCentral Point Cardiology, Bend, OR SPONSOR ACSM Northwest Chapter MODERATORS Chantal Vella, Ph.D., FACSM · Member-at-Large (Clinical), ACSM Northwest Chapter Aaron Harding, Ms, RCEP · President, Clinical Exercise Physiology Association

Q&A SESSIONS WITH CLINICAL PROFESSIONALSCascade B

Gary Foster, MD · Cardiologist (Central Point Cardiology, Bend, OR) Aaron Harding, MS, RCEP · Clinical Exercise Physiologist (University of Oregon) Wendy Zimmerman, MS · Exercise Physiologist (St. Charles Medical Center, Bend, OR) Olivia Rossi, RN, MSN, CES · Staff RN & Clinical Exercise Physiologist (St. Charles Medical Center, Bend, OR) Milica McDowell, DPT · Physical Therapist (Clearwater Physical Therapy, Bozeman, MT) and Chief Medical Office (4cSports Injury Analytics, Bozeman, MT) SPONSOR ACSM Northwest Chapter MODERATORS Chantal Vella, Ph.D., FACSM · Member-at-Large (Clinical), ACSM Northwest Chapter Aaron Harding, Ms, RCEP · President, Clinical Exercise Physiology Association

COFFEE/TEA & SNACK BREAKRiverhouse Convention Center Lobby

CLINICAL INSPIRATION SPEAKERCascade B

The Role of the Physical Therapist in Injury Prevention and Treatment SPEAKER Nikki Kimball, MSPT · Yellowstone Physical Therapy, Livingston, MT · Professional Ultradistance Runner SPONSOR ACSM Northwest Chapter MODERATOR Dan Heil, PhD, FACSM · Director, 2015 ACSM Northwest Conference

2015 ANNUAL CONFERENCE CLOSING REMARKS

1:30–3:30 PM

4–5 PM

5 PM

3:30–4 PM

2:30–3:30 PM


2015 ACSM Northwest Conference

Speaker Biographies

2015 Conference Keynote PresentationSteven Blair, P.E.D., FACSMSteven Blair is a Professor in the Departments of Exercise Science and Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina. Dr. Blair is a Fellow in the American College of Epidemiology, Society for Behavioral Medicine, American College of Sports Medicine, American Heart Associ-ation, and American Kinesiology Academy; and was elected to membership in the American Epidemiological Society. Dr. Blair is a past-president of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), National Coalition for Promoting Physical Activity, and the American Kinesiology Academy. Dr. Blair is the recipient of three hon-orary doctoral degrees—Doctor Honoris Causa degree from the Free University of Brussels, Belgium; Doctor of Health Science degree from Lander University, U.S.; and Doctor of Science Honoris Causa, University of Bristol, UK. He has received awards from many professional associations, including a MERIT Award from the National Institutes of Health, ACSM Honor Award, Population Science Award from the American Heart Association, and is one of the few individuals outside the U.S. Public Health Service to be awarded the Surgeon General’s Medallion. He has delivered lectures to medical, scientific, and lay groups in 48 states and 50 countries. His

research focuses on the associations between lifestyle and health, with a specific emphasis on exercise, physical fitness, body composition, and chronic disease. He has published more than 650 papers and chapters in the scientific literature, and is one of the most highly cited exercise scientists with over 40,000 citations to his body of work, and an h-Index of 94. He was the Senior Scientific Editor for the U.S. Surgeon General’s Report on Physical Activity and Health.

Clinical Inspirational SpeakerNikki Kimball, MSPTComing to us from Livingston, MT, Nikki Kimball is a practicing physical therapist that happens to be an internationally known ultradistance runner. As an athlete, Nikki has quite a resume… Nikki Kimball has won numerous iconic ultradistance running races, including the West-ern States 100 (3 times!), the Ultra Trail du Mont Blanc, and the Mara-thon Des Sables. She has also the title of National Champion in Snow Shoe Running (4 times), National 50 Mile Trail Running champion (5 times), and the National Champion in both the 100 mile trail and 50 mile road races (1 time each). These wins, and many others, have earned Nikki the title of Ultra Runner of the Year (3 times), the USATF and Ultra Runner of North America, and the Ultrarunning Magazine run-ner of the year. Nikki is also the co-creator of The Running Clinic (Lake Placid, New York), a multidisciplinary monthly screening of runners and triathletes aimed at preventing injury and advising athletes on proper

nutrition, training, gait mechanics and appropriate equipment choices. Finally, Nikki has most recently been the “star” of the doc-umentary Finding Traction, which premieres February 10th, 2015, on PBS. The film features Nikki’s quest for the fastest known time (FKT) on Vermont’s 273 mile Long Trail.

Current Olympic Gold Medalist, World Champion, and World Record HolderAshton Eaton, Professional Decathlete This year’s Inspirational Speak-er is Ashton Eaton, the 2012 Olympic champion in the de-cathlon, as well as the reigning World Champion and World Re-cord Holder. Ashton has clearly earned the title of “The World’s Greatest Athlete.” Ashton grew up in Bend, Oregon, and at-tended the University of Oregon where he won multiple NCAA titles. In his senior year, Ashton won the Bowerman Award for being the best track and field athlete in the country. Since graduating from the University of Oregon in 2010, Ashton has competed professionally and won every title there is to win including 3-World Championships and the Olympic Games. He has also broken 4 World Records. At the age of just 26, Ashton will be the favorite to defend his titles moving into the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio. Ashton will speak about the Olympic experience and appreciating the process of training and achieving goals. Ashton’s presence at the 2015 ACSM Northwest Conference is possible with support by Philips Respironics in Bend, OR.


Brian Higginson, PhDDr. Brian Higginson is an Associate Professor in the Department of Human Physiology at Gonzaga Uni-versity. He received his BS and MS degrees in Exercise Physiology from Montana State University, and his PhD in Biomechanics and Statistics from Oregon State University. His research interests include lifting biomechanics, biomechanics and ergonomics of military load carriage, physiological and biomechanical determinants of competitive and tactical shooting, and cross country skiing biomechanics. Current research projects are focused on the application of inertial sensors for the quantification of cross country skiing biomechanics, development of a quick-release body armor system, and the influence of external load inertial properties on shooting performance and survivability during tactical engagements.

Christine Pollard, PhDDr. Pollard is currently an Associate Professor in Exercise and Sport Science at OSU-Cascades in Bend, OR. She is the director of the FORCE Lab which is a biomechanics laboratory located in a major orthopedic center in Bend, OR. Dr. Pollard’s research is dedicated to improving the scientific understanding of lower extremity injuries, and advancing injury-prevention and rehabilitation pro-grams based on this knowledge. She is also involved in conducting industry research at the FORCE Lab aimed at better understanding the mechanical and clinical influences of knee bracing. Dr. Pollard is on the editorial board for the Journal of Ortho-paedic and Sports Physical Therapy and serves as a peer reviewer for numerous journals including Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, American Journal of Sports Medicine, Gait & Posture, and Journal of Applied Biomechanics. She has presented her research both nationally and internationally and has been actively involved in the American Physical Therapy Association.

Ellen Coleman, MPH, MA, CSSDEllen Coleman is a registered dietitian and exercise physiologist in Riverside, California. She is the nutrition consultant for The Sport Clinic and has consulted with the Los Angeles Lakers Basketball team, Angels baseball team and Ducks hockey team. Ellen is the author of two books (Bull Publishing) Eating for Endur-ance, 4th ed. (2003) and Ultimate Sports Nutrition, 2nd ed. (co-author, 2000) and. She has also authored three continuing education courses (Nutrition Dimension) for health professionals—Diet, Exercise, and Fitness, 7th ed. (2008), Cardiovascular Nutrition and Fitness, 7th ed. (2010), and Nutrition Quackery, 6th ed. (2010). She was the nutrition columnist for Sports Medicine Digest for over 20 years and lectures extensively on the dietary needs of athletes and active people. Ellen has a BS in Home Economics from Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, a MPH in Nutrition from Loma Linda University, and a MA in Physical Education from the University of California at Davis. Ellen has completed numerous marathons and 200 mile bicycle races and is a two time finisher of the Hawaii Ironman triathlon. She is an avid hiker and summited Mt. Kilimanjaro (19,330 ft.) in Tananzia, Africa in 2004. Ellen is a member of the American Dietetic Association (ADA), the Sports, Cardiovascular, and Wellness Nutrition Practice Group (SCAN) of the ADA (serving as SCAN Chair for 2003–2004 as SCAN Symposium Chair for 2011), and the American College of Sports Medicine. She received the 1994 SCAN achievement award and a 1995 California Dietetic Association award for excellence in private practice.

Stephanie Howe, MS, PhD CandidateStephanie Howe, an MS and Doctoral Candidate in Exercise Physiology & Nutrition, is a coach and Sports Nutri-tionist at the REP Lab in Bend, OR, as well as a part-time instructor at Oregon State University in the Exercise and Sport Science Department. Stephanie is also a professional ultra-distance runner for the North Face, as well as the women’s 2014 winner of the Western States 100 trail run.


John Halliwill, PhD, FACSMJohn Halliwill is a leading researcher on why blood pressure is lower after exercise (post-exercise hypotension). He is a Fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine and has received awards from the American Physiologi-cal Society and the Journal of Applied Physiology. Throughout his career, Halliwill’s research has focused on identifying the hormonal, neural, or metabolic factors that are responsible for changes in the cardiovascular system during exposure to environ-

mental and physical stresses. He has studied astronauts on the shuttle, helped elite and Olympic athletes prepare to compete in environ-mental extremes, and tested equipment for the US Marines. We learn much more about the cardiovascular system when we challenge it. Just sitting around, we won’t know what it is capable of doing. Push it with a stress such as exercise or altitude, and we get to see how robust a system it is, we gain insight into what can go wrong, and we can catch a glimpse of what disease is all about. And as we say informally, but in all sincerity in the lab, I’ve been stressing people since 2002. Halliwill graduated with a BS degree in zoology from The Ohio State University in 1991. In 1995, he received his doctorate in physiology from the Medical College of Virginia. He subsequently trained as a post-doctoral fellow at the Mayo Clinic and Foundation, until his appointment to the clinic’s staff as an assistant professor of anesthesiology in 1999. In 2002, Halliwill joined the University of Oregon’s Department of Human Physiology. He co-directs the Evonuk Environmental Physiology Core and was a co-founder of the Bowerman Sports Science Clinic.

Eli Lankford, PhD, FACSMDr. Eli Lankford is a professor in the department of Health, Recre-ation, and Human Performance at BYU–Idaho. He received his BS from The University of Utah, MS from The University of Montana, and PhD from Brigham Young Uni-versity in Provo Utah. Dr. Lankford is an avid outdoorsman and is pro staff for several outdoor compa-nies. His current research interests include studying non-typical forms of physical activity. These research areas range from social and competitive ballroom dancing to hunting elk in the Rocky Mountains. Over the past two years Dr. Lankford has extensively studied early strength training adaptations in previously sedentary populations. Dr. Lankford is not only a former winner of the ACSM Northwest’s Outstanding Masters Oral Presentation award, he is also the out-going Past-President for the ACSM Northwest Board (2012–2015).

Gary Foster, MDGary Foster, MD is a cardiologist in Bend, Oregon with a diverse background. He completed his cardiovascular training 20 years ago at Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, where he remained on staff. He then joined a cardiology practice in Medford, Oregon where he remained for 7 years, directing the diagnostic and imaging laboratories. He then moved

to Loma Linda University School of Medicine in Southern California where, for the next 10 years he immersed himself in the academic world of teaching and research. During that time, investigations into the physiologic response to hypoxic exposure at high altitude resulted in several novel discoveries. Dr. Foster has former roles as Chief of Car-diology and Director of Cardiovascular Imaging at the VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, associate program Director, LLU Cardiovascular Fellowship program, Associate Professor of Medicine and Cardiology, LLU School of Medicine. He is passionate about backcountry skiing, climbing, mountaineering and immersing himself with his family in the stunning wilderness of central Oregon.

Aaron Harding, MS, RCEPAaron Harding is a clinical exercise physiologist and the coordinator of the cardiac rehabilitation program at the Oregon Heart and Vascular Institute at Sacred Heart Medical Center in Springfield, Oregon. He received his master’s degree in exercise physiology from the University of Oregon in 1993 and his bachelor’s degree in communication from Southern Oregon University in 1990. He has 20 years of experience working in the field of cardiovascular wellness and rehabilitation. Aaron served as president of the Oregon Society of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation in 2003, 2004 and 2005. He is a fellow of the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR) and a member the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). He is a courtesy instructor for the Human Physiology Department at the University of Oregon and the clinical advisor for the clinical exercise physiology program. Aaron is currently the President of the Clinical Exercise Physiology Association. Aaron will be serving as a panel member of Saturday afternoon’s Q&A Sessions With Clinical Professionals.


Olivia Rossi, RN, MSN, CESOlivia Rossi brings together the joint specialties of nursing and fitness. She earned her Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing from the University of California, San Francisco, and her Master’s Degree in Nursing from the University of Hawai’I with a minor in Health and Physical Education. Olivia holds ACSM certifications as a Certified Clinical Exercise Special-ist and a Certified Personal Trainer. Her professional activities include cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, which she began during her graduate studies in Hawai’i in 1976. In addition to her work as a cardiac rehab nurse, Olivia’s career includes health and fitness promotion classes, personal weight counseling, and “Weight 20 Minutes,” a weight loss and maintenance program she developed and wrote for the Cardiac Rehabilitation program at Adventist Health in Portland, Oregon, where she has been employed for the past nineteen years. Olivia will be serving as a panel member of Saturday afternoon’s Q&A Sessions With Clinical Professionals.

Wendy Zimmerman, MSWendy Zimmerman has a Master of Science in Exercise Physiology from the University of Texas and a Bachelor of Science in Exercise Sci-ence from Tarleton State University. Wendy is a certified personal trainer through The American College of Sports Medicine and also holds a cer-tification as a Physical Fitness Specialist from The Cooper Institute in Dallas. Wendy works as an exercise physiologist for St. Charles Medical Center Cardiopulmonary department. Wendy enjoys creating innovative ways to deliver education on health and wellness to both cardiac patients and pulmonary patients while providing motivational support. Wendy will be serving as a panel member of Saturday afternoon’s Q&A Sessions With Clinical Professionals.

Milica McDowell, DPTNot only is Milica McDowell the Owner of Clear-water Physical Therapy and Bluebird Medical Supply Company (both in Bozeman, MT) and an instructor at Montana State University, but she is the Chief Medical Officer and Founder of 4cSports Injury Analytics. Milica’s primary area of research interest is in biomechanical predic-tors of athletic injury risk and injury risk classi-fications stratification for athletes. This interest, in fact, will be the focus of her pre-conference workshop titled “Athletic Evaluations: Adding Technology to a Subjective Assessment” early Friday morning at the Riverhouse Conference Center. Milica will also serve as a panel member of Saturday afternoon’s Q&A Sessions With Clinical Professionals.

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2015 ACSM Northwest Conference

Thank you

Planning for the Annual Conference always begins at least two years in advance and requires lots of selfless time and energy by volunteers. The 2015 planning was a combined effort of the 2015 Conference Planning Committee and the ACSM Northwest Executive Board. Please thank each and every one of these individuals!

2015 Conference Planning Committee Dan Heil, PhD, FACSM 2015 Conference Director

Professor · Montana State University, Bozeman, MT Janet Peterson, DrPH, FACSM Associate Professor · Linfield College, McMinnville, OR Julie Downing, PhD, FACSM Professor · Central Oregon Community College, Bend, OR Owen Murphy, MS Assistant Professor · Central Oregon Community College, Bend, OR Shane McFarland, BS, HFS Program Coordinator · Washington State University, Pullman, WA Cheryl Juergens, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor · University of Montana–Western, Dillon, MT Eli Lankford, PhD, FACSM Professor · Brigham Young University, Idaho, Rexburg, ID

2014-2015 ACSM Northwest Executive Board Steve Conant, MS, HFS, CSCS President · Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA Eli Lankford, PhD, FACSM Past-President · Brigham Young University, Idaho, Rexburg, ID James Laskin, PhD President-Elect · University of Montana, Missoula, MT Brian Higginson, PhD Treasurer · Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA Gary McCall, PhD, FACSM MAL (Research) · University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA Harry Papadopoulos, PhD MAL (Fitness) · Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA Chantal Vella, PhD, FACSM MAL (Clinical) · University of Idaho, Moscow, ID Dylan Jones, MS RDN CD CES Information Manager · JonesHealthCorner.com Chuck Dumke, PhD, FACSM Reg. Chapters Committee Rep. · University of Montana, Missoula, MT Katie Taylor, BSc National Student Representative · University of Idaho, Moscow, ID Vanessa Martinez, M.Ed BESS Regional Student Representative · University of Idaho, Moscow, ID

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SPORT, FAMILY, AND RELATIONSHIP CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETITIVE ADULT NORDIC SKIERSC. Juergens1, D. P. Heil, FACSM2, J. Fischer3 1The University of Montana Western, Dillon, MT, 2Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 3Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX

Participation in lifetime sports and recreational activities are known to provide important fitness benefits such as

improved muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance, and a reduced risk of functional limitations. Missing from the literature, however, is an examination of the interface between sport and family in competitive adult cross country (XC) skiers. This study sought to provide insight into the quality of competitive adult XC skier partner and couple relation-ships. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the ability of sport involvement, family characteristics, and demographic variables to predict relation-ship outcomes within adult XC skiers competing in the 2013 Boulder Mountain Tour ski race. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-nine XC ski-ers (100 men, 69 women; 30-80+ years), all of whom competed in the same 32 km XC ski race in February of 2013, completed a collection of online surveys. The independent variables of interest included com-mon demographics (gender, 10-year age groups (AG), body mass index), hours of training (HT), a sport-to-family compatibility scale (S2F), and a relationship satisfaction scale (RSS). These variables were used as

potential predictors of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) which is a validated measure of relationship agreement / disagreement. Standard step forward multiple regression procedures were used to determine the best subset of predictor variables (P to enter/exit = 0.05; alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: Four of the independent variables explained 52.4% of the total variance in DAS as follows: DAS = 2.71 + 0.468xRSS – 0.178xS2F + 0.231xHT - 0.089xAG (R²=0.524; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Rela-tionship compatibility, as determined by the DAS, was predicted by a combination of survey measures: Self-reported degree of happiness with one’s relationship (RSS; 43.2% variance explained), the influence of sports participation on family life (S2F; 4.3%), hours of self-reported training (HT; 1.6%), and age group (AG; 1.6%). These results indicate that partner compatibility for adult XC skiers is highly dependent upon the degree of happiness and satisfaction with one’s current relationship, as well as the expected future of that relationship. The generalizability of these findings should be evaluated within other sports and competitive adult populations.

CHILDBEARING LATINAS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY REGULATION & HABITS A. Vermeesch1, D. Chavez-Yenter2 1University of Portland School of Nursing, Portland, OR, 2University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL

Latinas are at risk for obesity and related consequenc-es and after bearing children weight generally increases.

Maintaining a healthy body weight, as defined by a BMI between 18 and 24.99, aids in the prevention of diseases attributed to obesity includ-ing diabetes mellitus type 2 and cardiovascular disease. PURPOSE: To identify physical activity regulation (intrinsic/extrinsic/amotivation) and habits among childbearing Latinas. METHODS: A pre-post longitudinal design was used, with Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire, Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity, demographics measures and accelerometer data collected for analysis. Thirty respondents partici-pated with BMI categories distributed 9 normal, 12 overweight, 9 obese. RESULTS: US born Latinas had higher BMI scores than non-US born Latinas. Self-reported physical activity habits resulted in the majority self-categorizing as vigorous exercisers. An adjusted composite score of self-reported habits determined over 75% of respondents to be sed-entary/light exercisers. Intrinsic scores did not differ between BMI cat-

egories, but Extrinsic scores were significantly higher in overweight wom-en. A significant interaction was found between BMI category and US born status, with years spent in the US. Participant self-reported data significantly over represented vigorous exercise while objective data de-termined participants to be sedentary/light exercisers. CONCLUSION: This new knowledge provides the basis for designing physical activity interventions that incorporate the exercise regulatory needs of child-bearing Latinas. Educators and practitioners working with childbearing Latinas should incorporate extrinsic regulation, nativity and years in the US, in exercise education, as it may help to reduce health disparities related to participation in physical activity and related consequences for childbearing Latinas.

College of Nursing, Michigan State University; Sigma Theta Tau, Alpha Psi Chapter

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ACSM Northwest Conference2015 Professional Poster Presentations

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EXPONENTIAL MODELING OF VO2 KINETICS IN ENDURANCE-TRAINED DIABETIC MICE

E. Johnson1, B. Dieter2, J. Maricelli3, B. Rodgers3, S. Marsh1

1 Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 2 University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 3 Washington State University, Pullman, WA

Rodent models of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are often used to study aerobic exercise training (AET) in di-

abetes. However, it is not known how T2DM affects oxygen consumption (VO2) kinetics in rodents, or whether rodent fitness is improved by the same low- to moderate-intensity exercise that is prescribed for humans with T2DM. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of T2DM and exercise on VO2 kinetic parameters in mice. METH-ODS: Non-diabetic (C57) and genetically type 2 diabetic (db/db; DB) mice were treadmill trained for eight weeks. Mice completed maximal exercise tests in a metabolic modular treadmill at baseline, week 4, and week 8. Weekly exercise progressed from 40-70% of the peak workload achieved in these tests. VO2 data were smoothed using LOWESS regres-sion and fitted to a one-component (1C) and a 2C exponential kinetic model. RESULTS: After eight weeks of training, absolute VO2 was signifi-cantly increased from baseline in both DB (239 ± 14 ml/min vs 189 ± 6, P<0.05) and C57 mice (216 ± 11 vs 175 ± 5, P<0.05). In C57 mice only, maximal workload increased from baseline (0.307 ± 0.013 kgm/

min vs 0.245 ± 0.012, P<0.05). The average peak workload in DB mice was 83% lower than C57 mice. A 1C exponential model showed that the VO2 intercept for weeks 0, 4, and 8 was significantly lower in DB mice than C57 mice (P<0.05). This 1C model fitted to minutes 1-5 of exercise was the only model that produced physiologically relevant estimations of the time constant τ, which was not affected by diabetes or training. By com-parison, the 2C model severely over- and underestimated VO2max when fitted to the whole exercise protocol and the on-transient of exercise, re-spectively. CONCLUSION: These data provide reference values for VO2max in DB mice, and show that a 1C exponential model is more useful than a 2C model for determining τ in diabetic mice. Low- to moderate-intensity exercise training increased absolute VO2max in both DB and C57 mice without changing τ, suggesting that cardiovascular fitness can improve independent of VO2 kinetics in these mice.

Supported by Muscular Dystrophy Association grant and National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship.

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND THE HEALTHCARE BURDEN OF TENNIS ELBOW : A POPULATION-BASED STUDY T. Sanders1, H. Maradit Kremers1, A. Bryan1, J. Smith2, J. Ransom1, B. Morrey1 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 2Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN

Lateral elbow tendinosis (epicondylitis) is a common condition both in primary care and specialty clinics. PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to evaluate the natural history (i.e., incidence, recurrence and progression to surgery) of lateral elbow tendinosis in a large population. METHODS: The study population comprised a popu-lation-based incidence cohort of patients with new-onset lateral elbow tendinosis between 1/1/2000 and 12/31/2012. The medical records of a 10% random sample (n=576) were reviewed to ascertain infor-mation on patient and disease characteristics, treatment modalities, recurrence and progression to surgery. Age- and sex-specific incidence rates were calculated and adjusted to the 2010 United States popula-tion. RESULTS: The age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence of lateral elbow tendinosis decreased significantly over time from 4.5 in 2000 to

2.4 per 1000 in 2012 (p<0.001). The recurrence rate within 2 years was 8.5% and remained constant over time. The proportion of surgi-cally treated cases within 2 years of diagnosis doubled over time from 1.1% during 2000-2002 time period to 3.2% after 2009 (p<0.00001). About 1 in 10 patients with persistent symptoms at 6 months required surgery. CONCLUSION: The decrease in incidence of lateral elbow ten-dinosis may represent changes in diagnosis patterns or a true decrease in disease incidence. Natural history data can be used to help guide patients and providers in determining the most appropriate course at a given time in the disease process. Our data suggest that those without symptom resolution after 6 months of onset may have a prolonged dis-ease course and may need surgical intervention.

Supported by Orthopedic Research Review Committee grant

HISTAMINERGIC REGULATION OF ANGIOGENIC POTENTIAL IN HUMAN UMBILICAL VEIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLSM. Luttrell, S. Romero, M. Ely, D. Sieck, K. Needham, J. Halliwill, FACSM University of Oregon, Eugene, OR

Histamine has been shown to be a pro-angiogenic me-diator, and may contribute to physiological angiogenesis associated with exercise training. Endothelial cells are a key effector of angiogen-esis, and express histamine H1 and H2 receptors. Within the skeletal muscle vasculature, combined histamine H1 and H2 receptor blockade blunts the sustained post-exercise vasodilation after an acute bout of dynamic exercise. However, whether histamine receptor activation with

exercise contributes to angiogenesis is unknown. The ability of endo-thelial cells to form capillary-like tubules when seeded on a basement membrane-like matrix can be used to investigate angiogenic signaling pathways in vitro. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that histamine re-ceptor activation contributes to angiogenic potential in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). METHODS: HUVEC from passage num-bers 2 - 3 were used for this study. After a 16 hour serum starvation to

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induce cellular quiescence, HUVEC were then plated in Matrigel-coated wells on a 96-well cell culture plate at a density of 1.0x105 cells/mL. Each well was then treated with a single dose (range: 10-9 to10-3M) of one of the following: histamine, fexofenadine or pyrilamine (H1-receptor blockers), and ranitidine or cimetidine (H2-receptor blockers). HUVEC plated in cell growth media served as controls. The HUVEC were then incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 8hr. After 8hr, images of each well were acquired using phase-contrast microscopy. Total tubule length was quantified as a measure of endothelial tube formation using Image J. RESULTS: Compared to control conditions, histamine had no effect on endothelial tube formation (p=0.71). Additionally, preliminary data

suggests neither H1 nor H2 receptor blockade alone have any effect on endothelial tube formation compared to control conditions. Howev-er, preliminary data indicates that combination of H1 and H2 receptor blockade with 10-3M pyrilamine plus cimetidine reduces total endothe-lial tubule length by 24%. CONCLUSION: Histamine does not increase angiogenic potential, and blocking either H1 or H2 receptors alone does not diminish angiogenic potential in vitro. However, combining H1 and H2 receptor blockade at 10-3M concentration appears to blunt angio-genic potential in the HUVEC endothelial tube formation assay.

Supported by NIH Grant R01-HL115027 (JRH).

EFFECTS OF FATIGUE ON GROUND REACTION FORCES DURING RUNNINGWitzke K, FACSM, Burts S, Dehaan J, Kite E, Lunsford E, Morris L, Periman M, Solomon E, Conti C, Pollard C FORCE Laboratory, Oregon State University–Cascades, Bend, OR

Research on whether muscular lower limb fatigue causes higher impact forces is equivocal. If lower limb fatigue in-

creases vertical ground reaction forces during running, the athlete may be predisposed to injury. This information may help personal trainers make recommendations on whether it is best to run before or after ac-tivities that fatigue the lower limbs. PURPOSE: To determine if muscular lower limb fatigue affects vertical ground reaction forces during running. METHODS: Ten healthy, habitually active subjects aged 18-46y volun-teered for the study. Each subject was instructed to jog at a medium fast constant speed approximately 6 m over two force plates (AMTI, 1500 Hz). GRFs were recorded during left foot contact, both before and after an exhaustive treadmill run determined by reaching an RPE of 15

on a 20-point scale and maintaining that pace for at least 30 seconds. Peak vertical impact forces for two to three trials were averaged for each condition and a dependent t-test (SPSS v.22) was used to ana-lyze the mean difference in pre-and-post fatigue GRFs. Repeated mea-sures ANOVA was used to graph within-subject differences due to the intervention. RESULTS: Mean GRF values for pre & post fatigue were 1518.95 +/- 406.23 N and 1503.39 +/- 401.34 N, respectively, which were not significantly different (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: No significant difference in peak vertical impact forces pre-and-post fatigue was ob-served. Future research should use a standardized fatigue protocol perhaps based on lactate levels or predicted max HR, and multiple trials across multiple days.

2015 Undergraduate Poster Presentations

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE GRAB START AND THE TRACK START IN COLLEGIATE SWIMMERSA. Dassoff, N. Forward Pacific Lutheran University, Parkland, WA

It is important to determine which swimming start is the fastest as many races are won by a tenth of a second or

less. A great start can give a swimmer an edge on his/her competition while a poor start forces the swimmer to exert large amounts of energy just to catch up. Two starts utilized by competitive swimmers are the Track Start (TS) and the Grab Start (GS). PURPOSE: To determine which foot stance, the TS or the GS, is most beneficial for competitive swim-mers. METHODS: Eight male and eight female collegiate swimmers participated in this study. The average participant age was 20 ± 1.12 years while the average years of experience was 10.6 ± 3.32 years. Participants performed three TS and three GS stances consecutively. Distance markers were placed on the side of the pool to determine where each swimmer entered the water. Video analysis was used to determine the following factors: reaction time, distance traveled in air, entrance velocity, and entrance angle. Prior to participating in the study, swimmers completed a brief survey regarding age, weight, height, and competitive swimming experience. A paired sample T-test was used to

determine significant differences between the GS and TS. RESULTS: The results indicated that the TS foot stance resulted in a faster reaction time (0.196 ± 0.021 s vs. 0.215 ± 0.035 s; p = 0.008) and a greater entrance velocity in the x-direction (3.53 ± 0.505 m/s vs. 3.13 ± 0.443 m/s; p = 0.000). The GS allowed swimmers to travel further in the air (3.01 ± 0.434 m vs. 2.92 ± 0.421 m; p = 0.002). There was no signif-icant difference in the GS entrance angle compared to the TS entrance angle (38.7 ± 3.79° vs. 37.4 ± 3.39°; p = 0.065). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, the TS foot stance provides swimmers with the greatest advantage. Although participants did travel further in the air when performing the GS, they only traveled 2.99% further on average. TS reaction time and entrance velocity were 8.84% and 11.3% faster, respectively, compared to the GS reaction time and entrance velocity.

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THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC PASSIVE HEAT THERAPY ON FOREARM REACTIVE HYPEREMIAA. Jeckell, V.Brunt, M. Francisco, B. Ely, J. Steele, C. Minson, FACSM University of Oregon, Eugene, OR

Endothelial and microvascular function are important ele-ments of overall cardiovascular health. Dysfunction in either

or both is predictive of future cardiovascular events, thus preventing or minimizing the degree of dysfunction is critical to constraining the risk of such events. Reactive hyperemia is a transient increase in blood flow that occurs following a period of ischemia (e.g. arterial occlusion) and is indicative of microvascular health. Regular physical exercise is critical as a preventive measure in maintaining the capacity for reactive hyperemia; however, consistent dedication to regular exercise regimens is difficult or impossible for some people. Recent evidence suggests that chronic passive heat therapy (CHT) may result in improvements to cardiovascular health similar to that of exercise. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of 8 weeks of CHT on forearm post-occlusive reactive hyperemia. METHODS: Five, young, healthy and able-bodied university students (21 ± 1 years) underwent hot water immersion 4-5 times per week with a goal of main-taining a rectal temperature of 38.5°C for 1 hour per session for 8 weeks

(36 sessions total). Before and after the 8 weeks of CHT, brachial artery blood flow was measured via Doppler ultrasonography for 3 minutes fol-lowing a 5-minute forearm arterial occlusion. Data are presented as mean ± SE vascular conductance (VC, blood flow divided by mean arterial pres-sure). RESULTS: In preliminary subjects, change in peak VC from baseline, indicative of microvascular structural changes, increased following CHT from 1.77 ± 0.24 to 2.26 ± 0.20 ml/min/mmHg (p = 0.09) and area-under-the-curve of the hyperemic response, indicative of improvements in endothelial function, increased from 59.7 ± 9.0 to 111.9 ± 13.0 sec.ml/min/mmHg (p = 0.11). CONCLUSION: CHT appears to produce structural and functional changes in the microvasculature comparable to that of exercise training, and could potentially serve as an alternative to exercise for improving cardiovascular health.

Supported by AHA Grant # 14PRE20380300 and the Eugene and Clar-issa Evonuk Memorial Foundation

ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF EXPERIENCED BALLROOM DANCERS A. Simmons1, D. E. Lankford FACSM1, D. Heil, FACSM2, C. Juergens3, K. Boehning1, S. Ludlow1. 1Brigham Young University Idaho, Rexburg, ID. 2Montana State University, Bozeman, MT. 3The University of Montana Western, Dillon, MT.

Previous studies have the determined the energy expen-diture (EE) of recreational ballroom dancing. These values may under-estimate the EE of more experienced ballroom dancers. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine absolute and relative EE from experienced ballroom dancers to contribute to the compendium of physical activities. METHODS: Participants consisted of 18 experi-enced lead (men = 9) and follow (women = 9) dancers (25 ± 5 years). Prior to dancing, resting metabolic data was collected to establish a baseline. Each couple then performed a series of ballroom dances (swing, cha-cha, salsa, waltz and foxtrot), performed in a randomized order. Each dance lasted 5-minutes in duration and was separated by a 3-mintue recovery period. Throughout the entirety of testing, oxygen uptake was collected simultaneously on both lead and follow dancers via portable indirect calorimetry to determine absolute and relative

EE. RESULTS: Absolute and relative EE for the individual dances were as follows: Lead swing = 9.0 ± 0.5 METS , 0.1538 ± 0.0009 kcals/kg/min, follow swing = 7.9 ± 0.8METS, 0.1325 ± 0.0132 kcals/kg/min; lead cha-cha = 8.4 ± 0.4 METS, 0.1437 ± 0.0007 kcals/kg/min, follow cha-cha = 7.5 ± 0.5 METS, 0.1265 ± 0.0008 kcals/kg/min; lead salsa = 8.1 ± 0.5 METS, 0.1369 ± 0.0009 kcals/kg/min, follow salsa = 7.5 ± 0.7 METS, 0.1275 ± 0.0120 kcals/kg/min; lead waltz = 7.4 ± 0.5 METS, 0.1263 ± 0.008 kcals/kg/min, follow waltz

= 6.8 ± 0.5 METS, 0.1142 ± 0.0008 kcals/kg/min; lead foxtrot = 6.4 ± 0.4 METS , 0.1078 ± 0.0007 kcals/kg/min, follow foxtrot = 7.5 ± 0.5 METS, 0.1036 ± 0.0008 kcals/kg/min. CONCULSION: The data demonstrate that recreational ballroom dancing by experienced lead and follow dancers, regardless of the style, is considered vigorous physical activity.

USING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EXPERIENCES WITHIN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT Schmick, A., Martin, N. Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA

PURPOSE: the overall goal of this study was to examine whether the incorporation of innovative technology (active video games and smart-phone apps) into the elementary school day positively influences stu-dent physical activity experiences. Three hypotheses were developed: 1) physical activity participation will increase following the 4-week in-tervention, 2) a significant difference in technology use from pre to posttest will exist, and 3) student physical activity experiences will be

positively affected. METHODS: participants included thirty 4th and 5th grade students at a K-5 STEM school in Seattle, WA. All participants completed pre and post-test surveys assessing physical activity partici-pation, as well as follow-up interviews. Participants received instruction for each of the six Kinect games and smartphone apps at the start of the intervention, then given access to play before school, and at lunch, on a daily basis. Participants charted technology use over the 4-week

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intervention. Change in physical activity participation and technology use over 4 weeks were analyzed using paired t-tests with significance values set at p < 0.05. Additionally, thematic data analysis was used to examine student physical activity experiences. RESULTS: significant (p < 0.05) change in technology use following the intervention was found. Specifically, paired t-test revealed significant differences between pre (1.5 ± 1.4) and post-test (3.0 ± .97) for Fitquest, pre (1.68 ± 1.54) and post-test (2.56 ± 1.50) for Kinect Just Dance, pre (1.44 ± 1.82) and post-test (2.43 ± .73) for MotionMaze, and pre (1.56 ± 1.26) and

post-test (2.94 ± .93) for Jump Jump Froggy. Additionally, common themes for student experience emerged through thematic data analysis. Adherence factors included teacher encouragement and game charac-teristics, while performance outcomes such as increased fitness and health, and improved academic experience emerged. CONCLUSION: the incorporation of innovative technology into the school day can pos-itively influence student physical activity experiences. Specifically, stu-dents perceive improvements both physically and academically, and ac-knowledge their teacher as highly influential in motivation to participate.

DO SHORTER INCREMENTAL INCREASES IN WORKLOAD AFFECT VO2 PEAK MEASUREMENT?

N. Bozilov, J. Adams, L. Glover, C. Conti, C. Pollard, K. Witzke, FACSM FORCE Laboratory, Oregon State University–Cascades, Bend, OR

Previous research has shown no difference in VO2 peak measurements between ramp and step protocols, but no

study has examined whether 1-minute vs. 3-minute stages influence physiologic performance. Furthermore, differences in VO2 peak using dif-ferent protocols has not been tested using a new clinical-grade meta-bolic device called the CardioCoach CO2. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a difference in peak VO2 measures using a 1-minute vs. a 3-minute stage protocol on a new clinical-grade metabolic testing device. METHODS: Five healthy, recreationally active subjects performed two VO2 peaks tests (CardioCoachCO2, KORR Medi-cal Technologies, Salt Lake City, UT) using two different protocols with at least 48-hours of rest between tests. VO2 peak measures were recorded during 1-min and 3-min interval protocols. The protocols used a consis-

tent running speed and overall %grade but adjusted the %grade using smaller increments during the 1-min stage test. RESULTS: Peak HR (189.8 +/- 6.1 vs. 188.6 +/- 6.7 bpm for 1-min vs. 3-min, respective-ly) and peak VO2 (57.7 +/- 5.1 vs 63.6 +/- 9.8 ml/kg/min, for 1-min and 3-min, respectively) did not differ between protocols (p>0.05) but peak RER was significantly different (1.20 +/- 0.07 vs. 1.05 +/- 0.05 for 1-min vs. 3-min, respectively; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in max HR or VO2 peak measures between the 1- and 3-minute stage protocols, but adjusting the grade at 1-min in-crements may create a higher RER at VO2 peak. This study was limited in sample size and subjects had not participated in VO2 testing before while running on the treadmill, which may have influenced our results.

THE EFFECTS OF DETRAINING ON GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES IN RAT SOLEUS MUSCLE AFTER ACUTE EXERCISE E. Brown1, G. McCall1 FACSM, J. Hyatt2 1University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 2Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.

Aerobic exercise training promotes gene expression for physiological changes that must occur with enhanced physical activity. Cessation of activity (detraining) theoretically reverses these adaptations, but it is unknown whether global gene expression profiles return to pre-training levels. PURPOSE: To compare gene expression profiles in the soleus muscle 24 hrs after an acute exercise bout in detrained, sedentary, and exercised rats. METHODS: Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=8/group) were placed in one of three groups: voluntary exercise (EX) for 8 wks, sedentary (SED) for 8 wks, or a detraining model (DETR) in which an-imals ran voluntarily for 4 wks and were then sedentary for 4 wks. All animals were forced to run on a wheel for a total of 1 hour at 20 m/min and then killed 24 hrs later, when body and soleus muscle masses were recorded for each rat. Total mRNA extraction, conversion to cDNA, and microarray analyses were performed on the soleus muscle samples by Georgetown University to examine gene expression profiles. RESULTS:

Body mass of EX rats was ~10% lower when compared to SED and DETR rats (p<0.05); however, absolute soleus mass was >10% higher in SED than in EX and DETR groups (p<0.05). There was 9% lower relative soleus mass (mg muscle/ g body mass) in DETR vs. both EX and SED rats. Genes that exhibited a ≥2-fold difference in expression between groups from microarray analysis were identified, and using this criteria, we found differences in 289 known genes between SED and EX rats, 56 between SED and DETR rats, and 460 between EX and DETR rats (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Although the fewest differences in gene expression occurred between SED and DETR groups, microarray results showed that some training-induced adaptations persisted after 4 wks of detraining, suggesting that there is residual genetic benefit from pre-vious exercising periods. Angiogenic gene expression will be confirmed using quantitative PCR, and capillary density will be quantified to fur-ther characterize physiological effects of detraining on skeletal muscle.

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PEAK IMPACT GROUND REACTION FORCE DURING BAREFOOT AND SHOD RUNNINGK. Meredith, B. Castle, D. Hines, N. Oelkers, J. Peters, N. Reyes, C. Conti, C. Pollard, K. Witzke, FACSM FORCE Laboratory, Oregon State University–Cascades, Bend, OR

Recently, barefoot running versus shod running (with shoes) has received a significant amount of attention due

to variances found in ground reaction forces (GRF) between the two conditions. However, a recent meta-analysis states that there is limited research showing biomechanical differences between barefoot versus shod running. Others believe running without shoes produces lower GRFs and result in less traumatic impact and stress on the joints of the lower extremity. Analyzing and understanding these GRF differenc-es can help researchers, physical trainers, athletes, etc., to recognize potential benefits and risks that different running styles have on the hu-man body. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in GRFs between barefoot and shod running, focusing on the peak vertical impact forces (first peak) during running. METHODS: Subjects included 7 female and 5 male physically active participants

between the ages of 21-36y. Each subject was instructed to jog at a medium-fast, constant, self-selected pace approximately 6 m over two force plates (AMTI, 1500 Hz) while GRF’s were recorded for the left foot. Peak vertical impact force for two to three trials were averaged for each condition, barefoot and while wearing the subject’s own running shoes. A dependent t-test (SPSS v. 22) was used to test mean differences between conditions at p<0.05. RESULTS: There was no significant dif-ference between the peak impact force between barefoot (1245.03 +/- 545.0 N) and shod running (1331.8 +/- 567.4 N; p>0.05). CON-CLUSION: This study failed to show a significant difference between peak vertical impact forces during barefoot and shod running. Future research is needed for this study with a larger sample size, perhaps looking at the differences in GRFs in subjects who habitually run bare-foot versus those who do not.

CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO SHORT-TERM SPRINT INTERVAL TRAININGS. Gairo1, J. Almanza1, M. McDonell1, C. Pitkin2, C. Pollard1, K. Witzke1, FACSM 1FORCE Laboratory, Oregon State University–Cascades, Bend, OR; 2Central Oregon Community College Physiology Lab, Bend, OR

Time constraints have been cited as a common barrier to exercise and healthy lifestyles. Recently, short-term sprint interval training (SIT) has been proposed as an alternative to steady-state ex-ercise due to a much lower time commitment and positive results on cardiovascular profile. PURPOSE: The purpose of this research study was to determine if there is an effect on resting heart rate (RHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in moderately active participants after only four consecutive days of SIT training. METHODS: Five subjects (2 male, 3 female) between the ages of 18-39y performed four consecutive Wingate tests on a cycle ergom-eter separated by five min of active recovery. RHR, SBP, and DBP were measured pre- and post-assessment and 72-hr following the last test. Dependent t-tests and repeated measures AVOVA evaluated changes in

each variable at the p<0.05 level (SPSS, v 22). RESULT: Neither RHR (67.6 +/- 6.4 to 67.4 +/- 12.2 bpm), SBP (114.2 +/- 20.4 to 110.2 +/- 18.3) nor DBP (77.2 +/- 12.0 to 70.2 +/- 9.6 mmHg) improved significantly as a result of the intervention (p>0.05). However, one subject with chronic asthma appeared to respond very differently to the intervention. When these data were removed, both RHR (65.5 +/- 5.0 to 62.3 +/- 4.7 bpm) and DBP (80.5 +/- 10.9 to 71.5 +/- 10.5 mmHg) improved significantly for the remaining subjects, (p<0.05), which agrees with previous research. CONCLUSION: When including only healthy participants without asthma, we demonstrated a signifi-cant effect of a four-day SIT intervention on RHR and DBP. Replicating this study with additional healthy subjects is necessary to confirm our results in a larger sample.

RESTRICTIONS OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ON MOBILITY AND RANGE OF MOTION ON FIREFIGHTERSG. Long1, K. Carver1, R. Herron2, S. Bishop3, C. Katica4, G. Ryan1

1University of Montana Western, Dillon, MT, 2University of Auburn–Montgomery, Montgomery, AL, 3Montevallo University, Mon-tevallo, AL, 4Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA

Firefighting personal protective equipment (PPE) and accessories pro-vide limited protection in potentially hazardous environments. However, PPE also induces fatigue, and may impede movement due to the weight and bulky nature of the gear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects PPE had on full body range of motion (ROM) of 10 experienced firefighters. METHODS: Participants under-went a battery of ROM tests under both the control (undergarments) and PPE conditions. The test battery measurements included: 1) cer-vical rotation and flexion and extension; 2) shoulder flexion, extension, and abduction; 3) elbow flexion and extension; 4) lumber flexion and

extension; 5) hip flexion, extension, and abduction; 6) knee flexion and extension; and 7) ankle plantar and dorsiflexion. Participants were asked to go to full ROM during each measurement. All measurements were taken on both sides of the body, and were measured to the nearest degree using a goniometer and recorded. Data was averaged and ana-lyzed using an ANOVA, with post-hoc t-tests conducted on all significant findings. RESULTS: A significant omnibus result was observed between the control and PPE group (P < 0.001). Post-hoc analysis indicated multiple significant differences: cervical rotation (C: 89.5 ± 1.6°, PPE: 81.7 ± 6.2°, p = 0.001); cervical extension (C: 90.0 ± 0.0°, PPE: 87.4

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± 3.0°, p = 0.02), right shoulder extension (C: 80.7 ± 12.7°, PPE: 71.3 ± 7.9°, p = 0.02); left shoulder flexion (C: 175.4 ± 11.1°, PPE: 167.1 ± 15.0°, p = 0.05), extension (C: 83.6 ± 10.1°, PPE = 74.8 ± 7.0°, p = 0.04), abduction (C: 177.9 ± 3.3°, PPE: 170.1 ± 13.0°, p = 0.04); left elbow flexion (C: 137.2 ± 9.2°, PPE: 128.6 ± 9.3°, p = 0.04); left knee flexion (C: 75.0 ± 12.2°, PPE: 86.5 ± 7.5°, p = 0.01); right ankle plantar flexion (C: 46.6 ± 10.0°, PPE: 37.4 ± 7.0°, p < 0.001);

and left ankle plantar flexion (C: 44.1 ± 8.7°, PPE: 38.0 ± 8.2°, p = 0.003). No significant differences existed between the other variables measured. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggests that PPE has a significant, but varying detrimental effect on ROM of firefighters over the body, including a potentially non-dominant side response, as more differences occurred on the left compared to the right side of the body.

SMALL-SIDED SOCCER GAMES IMPROVE GAME INTELLIGENCE AND BALL POSSESSION OF U/12 BOYSL.Hafeni, J.Hamilton, S. Simmons Corban University, Salem, OR

The use of 4 and 7- a- side games are the best means of teaching the technical and tactical (decision making)

parts of the game in preparation for the adult game, compared to 11-a-side games. PURPOSE: To investigate two under 12 (average age of 11.9 years) teams playing 4v4, 7v7, and 11v11 soccer games in order to determine which game is most effective and appropriate for U/12 youth soccer players. METHODS: Thirty-four male soccer players participated in this study. The players were divided into two teams. Each team played seven games (three 4v4, two 7v7, and two 11v11) over a four week period. The field dimensions for the games were as followed: 4v4 (30 M x 20 M), 7v7 (60 M x 40 M), 11 x 11 (100 M x 60 M). The duration of each game was seven minutes. We analyzed the following: Total Touches per Game [TTG], Total Passes (Attempted) [TPATG], Total

Passes (Successful) [TPSG], Successful Passes Rate [SPRPERC], At-tempts at Goal [ATGOAL], Ball out of Play [BOP], and Turnovers of Pos-session [TOPOSS]. We compared the results of the variables for each game. RESULTS: The data was non-parametric, so a Kruskal- Wallis ranking test was performed instead of ANOVA. The means show that TTG was highest in the 4v4 (311.50 ± 61.518), then 7v7 (214.00 ± 73.539), then 11v11 (170.50 ± 12.021) as expected. CONCLUSIONS: The ball is in play far more in small sided games which means there is a repeated decision making experience, which improves game intel-ligence and ball possession. Small sided games (4v4, and 7v7) would be more appropriate (in comparison to 11v11 games) to the age and stage of youth players.

SYNTHETIC UNDERSHIRTS IMPACT ON THE METABOLIC DEMAND WHILE WEARING WILDLAND FIREFIGHTER GARMENTSD. Howell, L. Rossmiller, S. Ehrlich, H. Shovlin, M. Dorton, C. Dumke FACSM, B. Ruby FACSM University of Montana, Department of Health and Human Performance, Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, Missoula, MT

Wildland Firefighters benefit from additional fire resistant clothing; how-ever this may increase metabolic demand. PURPOSE: This study eval-uates the effects of a flame resistant synthetic base undershirt on the metabolic demand while exercising in a hot environment. METHODS: Ten recreationally active male subjects (age: 25 ± 6.1, 55.0 ± 7.1ml·kg-

1·min-1 VO2max, 11.1 ± 5.3 %fat) completed two walking trials clothed in either a Cotton (C) or Synthetic (S) undershirt. Additionally subjects were equipped with Forest Service issued Person Protective Equipment consisting of a 35 lb pack, Nomex shirt, Nomex pants, gloves, and hard hat. Trials consisted of 180 minutes of walking (2.5 mph, 4% grade) in a climate-controlled chamber (35oC and 40% relative humidity). Each 180 minute trial was divided into three 50 minute exercise bouts fol-lowed by 10 minute seated rest. Expired gases were collected at time intervals 5, 40, 100, 160 minutes during exercise to determine oxygen consumption (VO2) and Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER). Heart Rate

(HR), Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Core temperature (Tc), and skin temperature (Tsk) were collected every 10 minutes. Repeated measures of ANOVA’s were performed using SPSS 22.0. RESULTS: HR showed an increase over time (p<0.001), but did not have a significant dif-ference between S and C (p=0.27). RPE displayed significant effects in time (p=0.001) but no significant in trials (p=0.55). Tc and Tsk also increased over time (p<0.001), but did not show a difference between the two under shirts (p=0.73). RER increased over time (p=0.01) but did not differ between trials (p=0.92). VO2 demonstrated a time x trial interaction (p=0.048), with S being greater than C by the end of the trial (18.2 ± 0.5 ml·kg-1·min-1 vs 17.7± 0.6 ml·kg-1·min-1). CONCLUSION: While the data does not show differences between the two shirts in HR, Tc, Tsk, and RPE, there was an increase in VO2 suggesting that a flame resistant synthetic undershirt elicited an increase in energy expenditure.

USDA FS Msla Technology Development Center 14-CR-11138200-009.

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OVER-DRESSING DURING EXERCISE IN TEMPERATE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS MIMICS PHYSIOLOGICAL STRAIN OF EXERCISE IN THE HEATJ. Steele, B. Ely, C. Minson University of Oregon, Eugene, OR

The impact of environmental heat stress can be evaluated using a physi-ological strain index (PSI) that incorporates rectal temperature (Tre) and heart rate (HR) of a subject during exercise. Athletes interested in the performance benefits of heat acclimation often over-dress during exer-cise in temperate environments in an attempt to simulate heat stress, but it is unknown whether this creates a similar level of physiological strain as exercise in the heat. PURPOSE: To compare the PSI of athletes exercising in a HOT (40C; 30% RH) environment and with excess cloth-ing in a COOL (15C; 50% RH) environment. METHODS: Eight endurance trained athletes were studied (5M, 3F; Aged 23 ± 7 years; VO2max 59.8 ± 10.2 ml/kg/min) during one hour of running at 50% of their VO2max in HOT and COOL environments. In the HOT trial, the clothing was minimal (singlet and shorts). In the COOL trial, multiple insulative and vapor-impermeable layers were worn to impose similar themoreg-ulatory strain as the HOT trial. Tre and HR were recorded at 5 minute

intervals and used to calculate PSI = 5(Tre t− Tre0) ⋅ (39.5 − Tre0)−1+ 5(HRt − HR0) ⋅ (180 − HR0)−1. Mean PSI was compared using paired sample t-tests, and PSI values were additionally compared between trials using an a priori zone of indifference of ±1. RESULTS: PSI rose over time in both environments (HOT: 2.95 to 8.71; COOL: 2.80 to 7.25) Mean PSI was higher in HOT compared with COOL (6.00 ± 0.95 vs 5.16 ± 1.10; p=.042). When comparing mean PSI between HOT and COOL, 5 of 8 subjects tested were within the zone of indifference. The 3 subjects that were outside of the zone had the highest initial HR of all the subjects tested. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data suggest that overdressing during a bout of exercise in a temperate environment results in significant increases in PSI, but that the ensemble used did not fully match the HOT condition. By adequately overdressing, athletes may be able to mimic heat stress and potentially obtain the benefits of heat acclimation in a cooler environment.

CARDIORESPIRATORY AND CALORIC EXPENDITURE DIFFERENCES IN KETTLEBELL-SPECIFIC WORKOUTSJ. Hill, L. Choma, K. Rapacz, E. Witthuhn Whitworth University, Spokane, WA

Kettlebell (KB) training has become popular among recreationally active individuals and athletes as a way to gain functional strength and enhance cardiorespiratory endurance. However, acute re-sponses between different KB workouts have yet to be scientifically evaluated. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory and lactate responses as well as caloric expen-diture (CE) between different KB workouts. METHODS: Twenty-five recreationally active college-aged males (n = 8) and females (n = 17) completed both a KB swing and KB circuit workout while oxy-gen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BLA), and CE were measured. Paired t-tests (significance level p ≤ 0.05) were utilized to determine the existence of significant differences

between KB workouts for %VO2max, HR, %HRmax, BLA levels during and after exercise, and CE. RESULTS: Statistical differences were observed between KB swing and circuit workouts for all dependent variables. The circuit workout elicited higher cardiorespiratory, BLA, and CE responses (p = 0.00-0.001) compared to the KB work-out. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. CONCLUSIONS: Both the KB swing and circuit workouts met ACSM recommenda-tions to improve cardiorespiratory endurance. Due to the utilization of more muscle mass and the increased production of metabolic waste, the circuit workout enhanced cardiorespiratory respons-es. Future researchers should aim to test whether a longer workout session could elicit similar results.

MENTAL FATIGUES AFFECT ON REPEATED WINGATE ANAEROBIC TESTSJ. Zepernick1, N. VanDomelen1, K. De Jong1, C. Nilson1, K. Long1, E. Ameluxen-Coleman2, B. Pearson1, and C.P. Katica1 1Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA & 2University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI

The fact that mental fatigue has an effect on cognitive and skilled performance is well known, but limited research

has been conducted looking at the effects of mental fatigue on ath-letic performance. PURPOSE: To investigate if there are any effects on anaerobic power following a mental fatiguing test. METHODS: In this repeated measures counterbalanced designed study, 10 active, healthy, college-aged participants (7 males and 3 females) completed 2 Win-gate Anaerobic Tests (WAT). Each participant reported to the lab on 3 separate occasions. The first lab visit consisted of obtaining descriptive data and conducting 2 WAT for familiarization. Each experimental trial

started with 60 min of either a mentally fatiguing test (MF) or 60 min of watching a non-mentally fatiguing sitcom (CON). After each 60 min session the BORG RPE scale and the 20 question Swedish Occupation-al Fatigue Inventory (SOFI-20) were used to assess mental fatigue. Fur-thermore, we assessed Heart Rate (HR) and Blood Pressure (BP) every 10 min throughout the beginning 60 min of the MF trial and CON trial to quantify any physiological strain that may have occurred. Following the 60 min sessions, 2 WAT were performed with 5 min of low intensity cy-cling between each WAT. Immediately after each WAT, HR, BP, RPE, peak power output, fatigue index and average power were recorded. RESULTS:

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No differences were found between HR and BP during the 60 min MF trials and CON trials. However, RPE and SOFI-20 revealed a state of mental fatigue (p < 0.05). Following each WAT, no differences were seen (p > 0.05) between the different variables assessed following the

MF trials and CON trials. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that mental fatigue did not have an impact on anaerobic power output; however, further research should be conducted looking at the affects of mental fatigue on athletic performance.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS AMONG ON CAMPUS AND ONLINE COLLEGE STUDENTS J. Fuller, M. Gonzales, K. Rice Eastern Oregon University, La Grande, OR

Physical activity (PA) is associated with a number of health benefits. Most college students do not meet rec-

ommended amounts of PA. Many higher education institutions are serving a geographically diverse student body with many students only taking courses through online learning management systems. PUR-POSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether course mo-dality (on-campus vs online) was related to PA levels among students. METHODS: An online questionnaire was administered to all students at a regional university in eastern Oregon to asses PA levels of on-cam-pus and online students and access to facilities during the 2013-2014 academic year. The questionnaire was developed through the use of a validated self-report PA instrument (IPAQ). The questionnaire was administered once during the year via e-mail with an embedded link to a web-based survey generator. IPAQ scoring was used to categorize PA. Responses were downloaded into a spreadsheet and analyzed using

Microsoft Excel. Descriptive statistics were calculated for variables of interest. RESULTS: 238 participants completed the questionnaire. Of these 162 were online students while the remaining 76 attended cours-es on-campus. Only 35.2% of online students reported meeting cur-rent PA recommendations (150min*wk of moderate to vigorous MVPA), compared to only 56.6% of the on-campus students. Results were categorized as Low, Moderate or High levels of PA. 25.9%, 37% and 37% of online students classified as Low, Moderate and High categories respectively, compared to 9.2%, 27.6% and 63.2% of students taking classes on campus. CONCLUSION: On-campus student’s self-reported higher activity levels when compared to online counterparts. Specific interventions to target PA for online students should be considered due to the large PA disparity between these two populations. A follow-up survey regarding the possible factors influencing this disparity is need-ed in order to shed some light on this topic.

EFFECT OF CHRONIC PASSIVE HEATING ON RESTING HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, AND BODY CORE TEMPERATURE K. Livingston, V. Brunt, M. Francisco, B. Ely, C. Minson, FACSM University of Oregon, Eugene, OR

Repeated bouts of exercise in a heated environment are known to de-crease resting body core temperature (Tc) and resting heart rate (HR). This process, known as exercise heat acclimation, leads to a variety of health benefits including improved cardiovascular health. Additional-ly, exercise training is associated with reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP). However, it is unknown whether passive chronic heat exposure induces the same changes in HR, MAP and resting Tc. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of chronic passive chronic heat stress on Tc, MAP, and HR. METHODS: Five healthy, sedentary subjects (4 females and 1 male; aged 21±1 yrs) were assigned to an 8-week hot water immersion program that involved 4-5 sessions per week. During each session, subjects were submerged to the clavicle in 40.5°C water until a rectal temperature (Tre) of 38.5°C was reached. Subjects remained partial-ly immersed for an additional hour to maintain a Tre between 38.5-39.0°C. HR was measured using a HR monitor and Tre was measured with a rectal thermistor. HR and Tre were recorded both before and at 5-minute intervals during the heat stress. On a separate day, MAP was measured after ≥20 minutes of supine rest using brachial auscul-tation. RESULTS: Both resting MAP (81±1 vs. 76±2 mmHg, p=0.02)

and resting Tre (37.4±0.5 vs. 36.8±0.4°C, p=0.03) decreased after 8 weeks of passive heat exposure with no change in resting HR (63±5 vs. 63±6 beats/min, p=0.26). During heat stress, HR rose linearly with Tre until Tre reached 38.5°C, after which both HR and Tre remained constant for the remaining hour of heating. Despite a lower resting Tre but unchanged HR after 8wks, there was no consistent difference in HR for a given Tre between 0 and 8wks once Tre was above a threshold of 37.5°C (HR at a Tre of 38.5°C: 107±12 bpm at 0wks and 109±15 bpm at 8wks, p=0.47). CONCLUSION: Chronic passive heat exposure reduces MAP and resting Tre similarly to what is observed with exercise heat acclimation. Interestingly, HR followed a similar pattern as a func-tion of Tre before and after passive heat acclimation, suggesting that HR could be loosely used as an estimate for Tre in settings where rectal probes or other accurate body core temperature measures are not read-ily available, such as with patients partaking in hot water immersion programs outside of a laboratory environment.

Supported by AHA Grant #14PRE20380300 and the Eugene and Clar-issa Evonuk Memorial Foundation

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VALIDITY OF THE CARDIOCOACH METABOLIC SYSTEM FOR THE DETERMINATION OF VO2 PEAK

N. King1 , A. Leet1, J. McDonald1, C. Conti1, C. Pitkin2, C. Pollard1, K. Witzke1, FACSM 1FORCE Laboratory, Oregon State University–Cascades, Bend, OR; 2Central Oregon Community College Physiology Lab, Bend, OR

Many physiology labs use the Parvo Medics TrueOne 2400 metabolic measurement device to measure VO2peak. This

device is one of the most reliable methods stavof measuring oxygen consumption during exercise but is also very expensive. There are more affordable devices which also measure VO2 peak but their validity may be questionable. PURPOSE: This study sought to determine the validity of VO2 peak measurement using the CardioCoach device compared to the Parvo Medics device. If the results are similar then use of the CardioCoach to determine an accurate measurement of VO2 peak is a viable alternative. METHODS: VO2 peak of five young athletic individu-als (aged 22.4 +/- 3.3 y) were tested on the Parvo Medics (Sandy, UT) and CardioCoach CO2 (KORR Medical Technologies, Salt Lake City, UT)

devices. The same test protocol (1-min increments) was used for both tests. Tests were separated by one week and subjects were asked to refrain from strenuous activity the day before each test. Dependent t-tests were used to analyze mean differences between subjects for each device at the p<0.05 level (SPSS v.21). RESULTS: The mean +/- 1 SD for VO2 peak of the Parvo Medics device was 39.4 +/- 62.4ml/kg/min while the CardioCoach was 40.5 +/- 65.1 ml/kg/min (p>0.722). CONCLUSION: Based on the results, there is statistical evidence to con-clude that the two devices produce similar VO2 peak values, meaning that the CardioCoach CO2 is a valid method to test VO2 peak. Future studies, however, should replicate this study with more subjects to im-prove statistical power.

VENTILATORY RESPONSES TO ADDED EXTERNAL DEAD SPACE WITH VARYING RESISTANCE DURING EXERCISEP. Lindecker, B. James, B. Winchell, G. Stocker, C. O’Loughlin, C. Molenaar, K Quigley, A. Pollastro, D. Thorp Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA

When additional dead space is added externally to the respiratory sys-tem, research has shown that minute ventilation increases. How this is accomplished has yet to be fully characterized; whether it is an in-crease in tidal volume, respiratory rate or both. Also, the effect of added resistance to the respiratory airflow has been investigated and it was found that tidal volume increased to maintain adequate ventilation. To date, it doesn’t appear any studies have examined the combination of added dead space and resistance together and its effect on ventilation during exercise. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the respiratory response to added external dead space with varying resistances during submaximal exercise. METHODS: Fourteen male subjects, (height: 175-188 cm, age: 19-22 yrs) completed three 10 minute bouts of submaximal exercise at 100 W on a cycle ergometer with the breathing apparatus modified to create three different exter-nal dead space configurations. In the first condition, which was the baseline (B), no external dead space was added. During the other two conditions, 800 mL of external dead space was added to the breathing apparatus via tubing, the resistance was varied by changing the diame-ters of the tubing from 33 mm for the dead space condition (DS), to 25 mm for the resistance plus dead space condition (R+DS). Throughout each 10 minute period of exercise, rate of oxygen consumption (VO2),

respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (VT), end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide (PETO2, PETCO2), and minute ventilation(VE) were collected using a metabolic cart. True values (i.e. lung values) for PETO2, PETCO2, PIO2, and PICO2 were then estimated using equations 1-4 which took into account the added dead space. Measured variables were compared between conditions using repeated-measures ANOVA. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: An increase was seen in VT (2.16±.38 to 2.51±.28 L), RR (20.98 ± 3.35 to 24.2±3.7 bpm), VE (33.4 ± 4.5 to 45.72±5.69L/min), and PETO2 (110.3 ± 2.5 to 120.3±2.3mmHg), while PETCO2 (33.4± 2.13 to 23.81±1.7mmHg) decreased when going from B to DS (p<0.05), but with the addition of resistance there was no further change. No differences were observed in VO2 (1.82 ± .14) and VCO2 (1.56 ± .13) between trials. The ad-justed values of PICO2 (and PECO2) significantly increase from B to DS condition but did not increase further with the addition of resistance (p<0.05). PIO2 decreased when going to a DS condition but PEO2 had no change between trials (p<0.05) CONCLUSIONS: This study found that when trying to decrease the impact on breathing that an apparatus may have it is better to try and reduce the amount of dead space that a system has than to try and reduce the resistance.

EFFECT OF MOTOR IMAGERY WITH LOCOMOTION ON THROWING ACCURACY OF RECREATIONALLY ACTIVE COLLEGE STUDENTSK. Kinney, C. MacKintosh, M. Callaghan, A. Stang, W. Silvers Whitworth University, Spokane, WA

The use of motor imagery (MI) with locomotion is a skill that may as-sist in performance improvement. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of MI with and without locomotion on throw-ing accuracy in recreationally active college students at Whitworth Uni-versity. METHODS: Sixteen college-aged, recreationally active males (n

= 8) and females (n = 8; age: 20.75 ± 0.93 years) completed three throwing sessions: a MI only session, a MI with locomotion session (e.g. concurrent rehearsal of the throwing motion), and a control session in which neither MI nor locomotion was used. The order of the throwing sessions was randomly determined for each participant. A repeated

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measures ANOVA (significance level p ≤ 0.05) was utilized to determine the existence of significant differences in radial error between experi-mental conditions. RESULTS: No statistical differences were observed between conditions for throwing accuracy (MI: 27.6 ± 5.8 cm, MI with locomotion: 26.2 ± 6.9 cm, control: 25.4 ± 6.8 cm; p = 0.34). CON-CLUSION: Under these research conditions, both MI alone and MI with locomotion did not improve throwing accuracy. The participants’ lack

of imagery proficiency coupled with a low MI practice frequency may have caused participants’ MI to be ineffective. In addition, there may have been a learning effect across sessions. The present study had a high observed beta (⋅ = 0.79) and low statistical power (0.22). Any further research in MI training should test a larger sample size and re-duce confounding variables, such as MI ability and outside distractions.

IN VITRO ANGIOGENESIS INCREASES WITH CHRONIC PASSIVE HEAT THERAPY: LIKELY MECHANISM FOR IMPROVED CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH L. Comrada, V. Brunt, K. Needham, M. Francisco, B. Ely, C. Minson FACSM University of Oregon, Eugene, OR

Chronic passive heat therapy (CHT) shows exciting potential for improv-ing cardiovascular health and overall quality of life. Angiogenesis occurs naturally when endothelial cells lining the inside of blood vessels prolifer-ate and reorganize into new vasculature. Heat stress induces expression of many factors that promote angiogenesis which can decrease blood pressure. CHT may therefore be an effective means of increasing vascu-larization and improving vascular health. Angiogenesis can be assessed easily and non-invasively by using an in vitro endothelial tubule forma-tion bioassay. PURPOSE: To determine if acute heating and/or chronic passive heating has a positive effect on in vitro endothelial tubule for-mation. METHODS: Six sedentary, healthy individuals (aged 22±1 yrs) were subjected to 8 weeks of heating via hot tub (40.5°C) 4-5 times per week for 36 sessions. During each session, rectal temperature was increased and maintained at ≥38.5°C for 60 minutes. Blood samples were collected into serum separating vacutainers before and after each heating session at weeks 0 and 8. Two in vitro angiogenesis bioassays

were performed for each sample by plating cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) onto Matrigel and treating with serum from subjects. After 10 hours of incubation, tubule formation per frame was determined using phase-contrast microscopy at 2.5X magnification by two blinded experimenters using ImageJ software and results were av-eraged. RESULTS: Total tubule length increased after 8 weeks of CHT from 71.7±1.4 to 75.5±1.6 mm/frame (p=0.02), and tended to increase with acute heating to 74.2±1.5 mm/frame (p=0.19). CONCLUSION: Heat therapy increases the capacity for angiogenesis both acutely (single heat exposure) and chronically, suggesting CHT improves vascular health. CHT is simple enough to be used by many patient populations with little or no supervision and may be an effective means of improving cardiovascular health and therefore quality of life.


COMPARISON OF COLD-WATER IMMERSION AND COMPRESSION ON POST-EXERCISE MUSCLE RECOVERYC. Lowrimore, N. Mason, T. Brost, K. Ward, B. Balmelli, L. Sullivan, A. Phillips, D. McCann Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA

Several recent studies have produced contrasting results on the effectiveness of cold-water immersion or compression

intervention on improving recovery from exercise. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) and compression garments (CG) on recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). METHODS: Twenty eight healthy, untrained young adult males were randomly assigned into 3 groups: a non-intervention control group (CON), a group wearing CG for 48 consecutive hours post-exercise, and a group receiving a 15 min 12°C CWI immediately following exercise and 24 hr post-exercise. Baseline tests of isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee flexors and extensors, thigh circumference, and perception of muscle soreness on a 0-10 scale were made. Sub-

jects performed a DOMS-inducing protocol consisting of 5X10 eccentric leg presses at 100% 1-RM. Post-intervention measurements were taken 24 hr and 48 hr after the DOMS protocol. RESULTS: Pain significantly increased for CWI, CG, and CON from an average rating of 1.20 at base-line to 4.75 at 24 hr and 4.55 at 48 hr (p<.001). Thigh circumference at ½- and ¾-thigh length was similar under all three conditions during recovery. Likewise, knee flexion and extension strength were not different among the three conditions and did not significantly change over time. CONCLUSION: In this instance of eccentric exercise-induced DOMS, which was not accompanied by decreased muscle strength or increased muscle swelling, treatment with CWI or CG did not alter the magnitude or time course of DOMS.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERCEIVED AND ACTUAL CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS IN A COLLEGE AGED STUDENT POPULATIONM. Bray, H. Shapnick, R. Mackie, W. M. Silvers Whitworth University, Spokane, WA

Perception of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors may be cor-related to actual CVD risk factors throughout the lifespan. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare perceived and actual CVD risk factors in an undergraduate student population. METHODS: Sev-enty-five undergraduate male (n = 30) and female (n = 45) students (20 ± 1.0 years old; 22.4 ± 4.5 kg/m2) from Spokane, Washington participated in the present study. Perceived CVD risk factors were determined by a self-report survey taken by the participants. Par-ticipants’ blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI) were recorded, which determined the presence of actual CVD risk factors, based upon ACSM guidelines. Overall CVD risk was then determined by the Framingham 30-year risk cal-culator, using the participants’ age, sex, systolic BP, smoking habits, presence of BP treatment, BMI, and presence of diabetes. A Relat-ed-Samples McNemar Test (significance level p ≤ 0.05) was used to compare perceived and actual CVD risk factors. RESULTS: Sig-nificant differences were observed between perceived and actual overall CVD risk (p = 0.004), BP risk (p = 0.012), and BP health (p = 0.000). No significant differences were observed between perceived and actual BMI risk (p = 0.180), BMI health (p = 0.508), WC risk

(p = 1.000), and WC health (p = 0.289). CONCLUSION: The differ-ences between perceived and actual overall CVD risk, BP risk, and BP health suggested that the sample population could have un-derestimated their level of risk. A lack of knowledge of CVD risk, BP risk, and BP health and/or ignorance of the participants’ own state of health could have contributed to statistical differences observed for these variables. Primary explanations for the lack of signifi-cant differences for the BMI and WC variables may be include that the sample population included many Health Sciences majors and that anthropometrically derived risk factors may be more accurately perceived than others. The media has been a constant reminder of what a “healthy” body figure “should” look like, and possibly influ-enced the participants’ perception of BMI and WC. Unlike BP, partic-ipants could have visually estimated their BMI and WC, which may have allowed them to answer the BMI and WC survey questions with greater confidence and accuracy. Future research should increase the number of dependent variables, schedule two testing sessions per participant to mitigate the effects of confounding variables, and utilize random sampling to gain a more representative sample.

PHYSIOLOGICAL PREDICTORS OF PERFORMANCE IN A MOUNTAIN ULTRA-MARATHON S. Sangha, M. Rogers, A. Yogev, A. MacMillan, M. White Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia.

PURPOSE: The effect of maximal oxygen consumption was assessed for its effect on race performance during

a mountain ultra-marathon. It was hypothesized that aerobic capacity and hill climbing times would be the best predictors of performance in this race. METHODS: Eight healthy males and one female were recruit-ed to participate in this study. Their average height was 1.7 ± 5.5m, weight 71.0 ± 8.3 kg, Body mass index (BMI) of 22.4 ± 2.1 kg/m2, and age of 49.7 ± 8.2 years. The office of research ethics at SFU ap-proved the study. Their performance time was examined during a ~50 km mountain marathon. Each volunteer’s maximal oxygen consumption (VO2MAX) was assessed on a treadmill during an incremental exercise test from rest to the point of exhaustion. Race finishing times were as-sessed using linear and multiple linear regression with the independent variables in these model including VO2MAX, mean VO2 during the race, BMI and hill ascent times. RESULTS: The mean participant VO2MAX was

62.7±5.3 mL min-1 kg-1 of body mass, with a range of 58.0-72.2 mL min-

1 kg-1. The results indicated that VO2MAX was the best predictor of race performance in this mountain marathon (R2=0.56, F= 8.98, P=0.02). The mean VO2 maintained during the race was 45.2±6.3 mL min-1 kg-1

and it was also a significant predictor of performance (R2=0.54, F=8.16, P=0.02). Hill ascent times of the three largest climbs, during the early, middle and late stages of the race, also significantly predicted finishing time (p<0.05). Multiple regression showed that a combination of both ascent time of the third and last main climb of the race and VO2MAX gave the best predicted race performance (R2=0.87, F=20.220, P=0.002). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the results support maximal oxygen con-sumption and hill climbing performance are both valuable predictors of performance in long distance mountain ultra-marathons.

Supported by NSERC and CFI

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CHRONIC PASSIVE HEAT THERAPY ON PULSE WAVE VELOCITY AS A MEASURE OF ARTERIAL STIFFNESS M. Howard, V. Brunt, M. Francisco, B. Ely, C. Minson, FACSM University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death in the developed world, accounting for 30% of deaths.

Individuals with Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI) are at higher risk, with 40% of deaths being attributable to CVD. With a special population such as SCI’s that cannot gain the same cardiovascular benefits of exercise that able-bodied (AB) individuals can, chronic passive heat therapy (CHT) be-comes a possible substitute. A determining risk factor of cardiovascular disease is increased arterial stiffness, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a proven method for assessing arterial stiffness. PURPOSE: To examine the effect of 8 weeks of CHT on aortic and leg PWV in both AB and SCI subjects. METHODS: Seven subjects (2 male AB, 4 female AB, 1 male SCI; ages 22 ± 1 yrs, BMI 22 ± 1 m2/kg), completed 8 weeks of CHT, consisting of 4-5 sessions a week (36 sessions total) in a 40.5°C hot tub to maintain rectal temperature between 38.5-39.0°C for 60 min. At 0 and 8 weeks, PWV was assessed using applanation tonometry, with probes placed over the common carotid and common femoral arteries (C-F, aortic) and common femoral and posterior tibial arteries (F-A, leg).

The measured distance between the two probes was divided by the time delay between pulses to give the PWV. Data are mean ± S.E. cm/sec. RESULTS: Following 8 weeks of CHT, C-F PWV decreased from 687 to 652 cm/s (p=0.12) in AB subjects and from 773 to 720 cm/sec in the SCI subject, indicating a trend towards reduced aortic arterial stiffness. There was no change in F-A PWV’s in AB subjects (949 to 976 cm/sec, p=0.47), but leg PWV substantially improved in the SCI subject from 1,034 to 806 cm/sec. CONCLUSION: Based on our preliminary data, CHT reduces aortic arterial stiffness in both AB and SCI subjects, indicating reduced cardiovascular risk. Of note, the greatest improvement observed was that of F-A PWV in the SCI subject. As such, CHT shows great promise for improving cardiovascular health in individuals with SCI, and may provide a novel therapeutic approach for other special populations to reduce car-diovascular disease risk, such as the obese and diabetics.


THE EFFECTS OF A HIGH CARBOHYDRATE VS. A HIGH PROTEIN MEAL ON RESTING RER AND VO2

V. McCready, K. Chase, M. DeAvila, C. Pollard, K. Witzke, FACSM FORCE Laboratory, Oregon State University–Cascades, Bend, OR

Previous research shows that carbohydrate-rich diets con-sumed prior to fitness testing improve performance better

than fat-rich diets. Others have shown that high protein intake can im-prove performance following high-intensity exercise. However, the effects of short-term ingestion of protein and carbohydrate on resting metabolic parameters is unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to de-termine if there is a difference in resting respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and resting oxygen consumption (VO2) based on the consumption of a high carbohydrate versus a high protein meal prior to testing. METHODS: Five subjects, 3 female and 2 males, aged 21-33 y volunteered for this study. All subjects participated in moderate physical activity (BMI 24-33 kg/m2). RER and VO2 were measured by indirect calorimetry (Cardio-

coach CO2, KORR Medical Technologies, Salt Lake City, UT) two hours after the ingestion of either a high-carbohydrate or an isocaloric high-protein meal. A dependent t-test was used to determine significant differences between means between conditions (p<0.05; SPSS v.21). RESULTS: The mean difference between meal conditions for RER was 0.020 +/- 0.035 (p>0.28) and for VO2 was 25.4 +/- 56.3 ml/kg/min (p>0.37). CON-CLUSION: Based on our results, we conclude that there is no significant difference in RER value or VO2 when consuming a high-CHO diet vs a high-protein diet. While diet may have a short-term effect on performance, our study suggests that it does not affect RER or resting oxygen consump-tion. Future research should examine this relationship in more subjects and with a longer dietary intervention period.

THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF ELASTIC BAND ARCH SUPPORTS ON PROPRIOCEPTION AND BALANCE K. McDougall, S. Henry Pacific University, Forest Grove OR

BACKGROUND: Balance is important for both athletic performance and quality of life. There is a direct, positive

relationship between balance ability and athletic performance in activities such as dance and gymnastics. Equally important, there is an inverse relationship between balance and risk of falls and fall-related injuries. Although many variables affect balance, there has been recent interest in the utilization of external support strategies, such as elastic taping and braces. One particular strategy – a figure eight elastic band arch support that wraps around the foot and ankle – is specifically marketed for improving balance. However, there has been no research determining the efficacy of this band. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the effects of this category of elastic bands on balance.

METHODS: Nineteen adult volunteers (five male and fourteen female; stature = 168.710 ± 11.401cm; mass = 68.279 ± 12.040 kg, and age

= 21.632 ± 2.500 yr) completed one-foot static and dynamic postural stability tests and two-foot limits of stability (LOS) balance tests on an instrumented dynamic balance instrument. In a random and repeated measures design, trials were completed barefoot with elastic band arch supports (experimental, or BAND) and without elastic band supports (control, or CONT). For one-foot static tests, the balance platform was held stationary, the participant was instructed to stand as stationary as possible, and variability of center of pressure information provided an overall stability index (OSI). For one-foot dynamic tests, the balance platform was allowed to tilt in all directions (dynamic setting), again

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yielding an OSI value. The LOS tests (performed two-footed) required participants to stand on a dynamic platform and purposefully manip-ulate their center of pressure to computer-generated targets. Perfor-mance on the LOS test was quantified by an overall direction control (ODC) value. Paired t-tests, comparing experimental to control, were used for analysis. RESULTS: For single leg static postural stability tests, there was no difference in OSI (p = 0.828) between the CONT (1.091 ± 0.189) and BAND condition (1.098 ± 0.253). Similarly, there was no difference in OSI (p = 0.434) between the CONT (1.281 ± 0.397) and BAND (1.259 ± 0.366) for single leg dynamic postural stability

tests. However, LOS testing showed a difference in ODC (p = 6.17E-05) between CONT (47.918 ± 12.586) and BAND (51.556 ± 13.465) with the BAND condition scoring higher on overall direction control (ODC). CONCLUSION: Although elastic band arch support did not improve bal-ance when measuring either static or dynamic one-leg balance, it did improve balance in the challenging LOS assessment. Thus, It is possi-ble that elastic band arch supports are beneficial for improving balance in the short term if the balancing task is sufficiently challenging. Future studies should investigate the long-term effects of these bands and differences between foot types.

TAPING EFFECTS ON ANKLE STABILITY DURING A SIMULATED SPORTING EVENTC. Timberlake, B. Winchell, C. Molenaar, K. Caudill, M. Orr, A. Pollastro, and R. McCulloch. Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA.

Ankle injuries account for up to 30% of all sports inju-ries and result in decreased performance and instability

of the joint. Taping is commonly used for joint support and to prevent additional ligamentous injury. After as little as 10 minutes of exercise, however, ankle tape becomes lax and loses its structural support. PUR-POSE: Our study aimed to understand how ankle tape laxity specifically impacts dynamic balance during a soccer kick and while balancing on an uneven surface. METHODS: University students age 18-23 who were considered physically active (ACSM guidelines) were recruited. Three different trials were conducted (no tape (NT), tape (T), and tape post exercise (TP)). During each trial they completed three assessments to test for static balance on an even surface, static balance on an un-even surface, and dynamic balance during a soccer kick. Total distance traveled by center of mass (COM), range of motion (ROM) in frontal and sagittal planes at the talocrurual joint, and average and maximum velocities in the frontal and sagittal plane were measured by force plate and electro-goniometers. After completing all of the conditions for the T

trial, subjects then performed a series of exercises designed to imitate common movements within sporting activities in which the ankle tape may become lax: running on a treadmill, squats, lunges, and agility ladder drills. The same measurements were collected post-exercise (TP). Balance measurements were compared between all three trials using MANOVA (SPSS). RESULTS: It was anticipated that adding tape would yield a smaller ROM, especially in the frontal plane, and this was found in the kick condition for NT (11.33 deg ±6.87) vs. T (8.32 deg ±4.41) but unexpectedly the TP trial yielded a smaller ROM when compared to both other (6.84 deg ±4.04); though none of these changes were sig-nificant. Additionally, no significant differences were observed for total distance traveled of the ankle joint, or the velocities of joint movement between trials (T, NT, TP) p > 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Taping of the ankle did not have a significant impact on dynamic balance before and after exercise. Some trials showed expected trends, suggesting that further research may elucidate the effects of tape on exercise.

EFFECTS OF DYNAMIC STRETCHING ON GOLF PERFORMANCE AND FATIGUEK. Ward, B. Balmelli, S. Fein, K. Gale, H. Lebon, C. O’Loughlin, A. Zuehlsdorff, R. McCulloch Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA

Golf is an increasingly popular and accessible sport, how-ever, . 40% to 60% of players experience an overuse in-

jury. As a result, golfers seek ways to increase performance and limit injury. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a dynam-ic stretching routine on performance and fatigue during a simulated 9-hole round of golf. METHODS: Nine amateur male golfers (20.55 ± 1.24 yr) and four NCAA Division I male golfers (20.5 ± 0.58 yr) played in two simulated 9-hole rounds of golf. The control trial required 36 shots (1 drive and three 5-iron shots for each of 9 holes).. The inter-vention round added a dynamic stretching routine performed at the beginning of the round, and following the third and sixth hole. EMG data from the pectoralis major (PM), abdominal external oblique (EO), and biceps femoris (BF) were collected from the amateur golfers as well as ball speed (BS). The outcome measures of distance from target (DFT), club head speed (CHS), BS, and smash factor (SF) were collect-ed for all members of the golf team. All subjects reported ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) after each trial. Two-tailed, paired t-tests were used to evaluate for significant differences (⋅ = 0.05) between control

and intervention trials. RESULTS: No statistically significant differenc-es were found between the two rounds for the amateur golfers in the percent change of peak muscle activation for intervention vs. control for PM (1.5% ±10.7%, p = 0.68), EO (4.6% ± 12.5%, p = 0.71) and BF (1.5% ±10.7% p = 0.60). Similarly, no statistical significance was found between the control and intervention trials for SF, BS, and DFT for each member of the golf team. Despite little differences between the control and intervention rounds for the golf team, RPE was found to be significantly higher in the intervention round than the control (p =0.04), but this increase in exertion did not affect performance variables. CON-CLUSION: A dynamic stretching routine performed throughout a round of golf has no influence on performance, or detrimental effects due to fatigue. With it being proposed that pre-exercise dynamic stretching may decrease the risk of injury, this protocol may also prove to reduce the risk of injury during golf.

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THE RELATIVE AGE EFFECT IN WOMEN’S ICE HOCKEY: INTERNATIONAL AND POSITIONAL COMPARISONSC. Molenaar1, C. Geithner, FACSM1, T. Henriksson2, A. Fjellman-Wiklund2, K. Gilenstam2, 1Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA 2Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

A relative age effect (RAE), or chronological age differenc-es among individuals within the same age group, has been

observed in 14 sports (Cobley et al., 2009), including men’s ice hockey (Barnsley et al., 1985). In contrast, research on RAE in women’s ice hockey is limited (Wattie et al., 2007; Weir et al., 2010) and findings are equivocal. PURPOSE: To determine whether there is a RAE in women’s ice hockey, and if it varies by country or player position. METHODS: Par-ticipants were 117 female ice hockey players (age=19.9±2.3 yr) on 2 Swedish elite-level club teams (n=54) and 4 Canadian university teams (n=63). Players reported birthdate and position (Forward=F, Defensem-an=D, Goalie=G). Birthdates were coded by quartiles (Q1: Jan.-March, Q2: April-June, Q3: July-Sept., Q4: Oct.-Dec.) and by half-year, and were submitted to chi-square (x2) analyses for the sample, by country, and by position. SPSS 17.0 for Windows was used for all analyses (signif-icance level: p<0.05). RESULTS: A significant RAE was observed for the entire sample by quartile (Q1: 28.2%, Q2: 34.2%, Q3: 25.6%, Q4: 12.0%; x2=12.402, p=0.006). More players were born in the first half

of the year than the second (62.4% vs. 37.6%, respectively; x2=7.188, p=0.007). In contrast, Q4 was underrepresented for the sample and by country (Canada: 12.7%, Sweden: 11.1%). A RAE was present for the Canadian players by quartile (x2: 13.381, p=0.004) and half-year (x2: 9.921, p=0.002); however, no RAE was observed for Swedish play-ers. In addition, a significant RAE was observed for the entire sample by position for G and D by quartiles (G - x2: 10.077, p=0.018; D - x2: 8.444, p=0.038) and half year (G - x2: 6.231, p=0.013; D - x2: 4.000, p=0.046), but not for F. CONCLUSIONS: The significant RAE in this sample is consistent with that in men’s ice hockey. RAE absence in Swedish players may reflect lower participant number, competitive level, and sociocultural support, as well as greater variation in skill level. The significant RAE observed in Canadian players and by position supports the findings of Weir et al. (2010), but the positional differences found were inconsistent, perhaps due to differences in sample size and com-petitive level between studies.

THE ROLE OF MMP-9 IN MOUSE PLANTARIS MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY P. Dahlberg1, R. Mehan1, J. Hyatt2, G. McCall1, FACSM 1University of Puget Sound Department of Exercise Science, Tacoma, WA & 2Georgetown University Department of Human Science, Washington, D.C.

Skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) is integral to various cellular behaviors. The gelatinases are a subfamily of zinc-de-pendent proteases called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that de-grade ECM proteins. MMP-9 primarily degrades type IV collagen, a component of the myofiber basal lamina. MMP-9 expression increases during remodeling conditions, such as load-inducing hypertrophy. PUR-POSE: To investigate the hypertrophy response of the plantaris in C57 wildtype (WT) and MMP-9 knockout (KO) mice after 2 and 14 days of functional overload (FO) induced hypertrophy. METHODS: C57 wildtype (Harlan Labs) and KO (Jackson Labs) mice (age:10-14 weeks) under-went FO of the plantaris muscle using the bilateral synergist ablation model in which the medial and lateral gastrocnemii were surgically iso-lated and removed. After 2 or 14 days of FO, mice (n=6-11/group) were euthanized and the plantaris was removed bilaterally, weighed, frozen, and stored at -80°C. A two-way ANOVA (time x group) was used to compare mean relative plantaris weight (mg/g of body weight)

among groups. Significance was set at p≤0.05. RESULTS: Mean ± SD relative plantaris weights were similar between WT and KO groups (main effect p=0.407; 0.068 ± 0.006 and 0.074 ± 0.015 mg/g at baseline, respectively). For both WT and KO groups, significant hyper-trophy occurred (main effect p<0.0001) after 2 day FO (0.091 ± 0.012 and 0.077 ± 0.005 mg/g, respectively) and continued through 14 day (0.110 ± 0.020 and 0.105 ± 0.027 mg/g, respectively). However, the hypertrophy response was similar among groups (interaction p=0.254). CONCLUSIONS: Inactivation of the MMP-9 gene did not affect the in-crease in relative muscle plantaris wet weight response to FO. To fur-ther understand the cellular hypertrophy response, ongoing analysis is focused on the quantification of the plantaris type IV collagen content by immunohistochemistry.

Supported by University of Puget Sound Summer Research and Enrich-ment Committee student grants.

IMMEDIATE EFFECT OF LAUGHTER ON PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSES IN COLLEGE-AGES MALESS. Newman, K. Hashimoto, R. Jarvie, K. Lane, M. Orr, E. Townsend, D. White, D. McCann Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA

Mental and physiological stress can be detrimental to an in-dividual’s health and well-being. On the other hand, laugh-

ter has many positive effects on the immune system, such as improv-ing coping and lowering anxiety, which could potentially counteract the negative effects that accompany stress. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if laughter as an intervention before a stressful situation decreased perceived and physiological stress responses. METH-

ODS: Nineteen males from Gonzaga University participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to a control or experimental group. The control group watched a boring video, and the experimental group watched a humorous video. For all tests, subjects watched the assigned video then participated in a modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). This consisted of a mental math challenge and an impromptu speech. Electro-dermal activity (EDA), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and

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diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured throughout the experiment, and a Likert perceived stress test was performed at four different times during the experiment. Data were analyzed for a five min time period be-fore the video (BV), after the video (AV), and after the speech (AS) for all variables. RESULTS: There were no significant (p<0.05) differences in SBP,

DBP, HR and EDA between the control and experimental groups. However, self-reported stress scores showed a decrease in perceived stress from BV to AV, but an increase from BV to AS for both groups. CONCLUSION: A laughter intervention before a stressful event does not decrease the per-ceived physiological stress response.

THE EFFECTS OF PRIOR HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE ON THE DIVING RESPONSE I. O’Connor1, M. Yamamoto2, M. Silva3, R. Chavez4, B. Duermit5, C. Timberlake6, B. Allen7, and DB Thorp8. Department of Human Physiology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA.

The dive response is highly prevalent in aquatic mammals and has been observed to a lesser degree in humans. Stim-

ulated by cold-water facial submersion, this response involves a series of reflexes characterized by a decrease in heart rate (HR), constriction of peripheral blood vessels, and an increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Involving the co-activation of both the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic nervous systems (SNS), this response is hypothesized to help conserve oxygen by shunting blood to vital organs. PURPOSE: To observe if the SNS activation associated with high intensity exercise could attenuate the decrease in HR associated with the diving response. METH-ODS: Eight female and six male subjects (21±2 years) participated in this study and visited the lab on three occasions. The order of visits was counterbalanced. For one visit, subjects rested for 10 minutes prior to submerging their face up to the temples in 5ºC water for 20 seconds while breathing through a snorkel (RS). The other visits involved high intensity intermittent sprinting cycle ergometer exercise, consisting of ten maximal effort 6 second sprints against a resistance of 7.5% of their body weight, followed by 30 seconds of light cycling without resistance. The exercise test was followed immediately by either seated recovery for 3

minutes (EXNS) or facial submersion (EXS) as described above. HR and BP were monitored throughout the experiment. The control for this ex-periment was resting without facial submersion, which was assumed to have no effect on HR or MAP. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the magnitude of the change in HR and MAP (expressed as the percent change). RESULTS: Compared to control, there was a 17.2 % decrease in HR the RS condition (97.7 ± 13.0 vs. 81.1 ± 19.0 min-1, p<0.05) and a 14.2 % decrease in the EXS condition (170.9 ± 13.9 vs. 147.1 ± 21.5 min-1, p<0.05), indicating HR had decreased signifi-cantly after facial submersion regardless of previous exercise. MAP in-creased by 9.8% in the RS trial (96.2 ± 7.5 mmHg vs. 105.1 ± 8.3 mmHg, p<0.05), while EXS resulted in a 12.8% increase in MAP (113.7 ± 11.3 mmHg vs. 127.4 ± 7.9 mmHg, p<0.05). Neither HR (p=0.150), nor MAP (p=0.198) deviated from the control during the EXSN trial. CONCLUSION: A near-maximal cycling sprinting exercise does not diminish the effects of the diving response with respect to HR or MAP. Since the bradycardia response remained intact, it appears that the PNS response associated with dive response is powerful enough to overcome the high catechol-amine response associated with this type of exercise.

BODY COMPOSITION DIFFERENCES BY ASSESSMENT METHODS SUCH AS DEXA, HYDROSTATIC, BIO-IMPEDANCE, AND SKIN FOLD P. Marks, M. Van Meel, J. Robinson, C. L. Robinson Lewis Clark State College, Lewiston, ID

For years the most common traditional assessment methods to deter-mine body composition (BC) have been bio-impedance (BI), skin fold (SF), and hydrostatic weighting (HW). Bio-impedance is a non-invasive technique but has been reported to have poor validity. The new assess-ment in the area of anthropometric measurements is using the DEXA scan or duel x-ray absorption. This method is reported to be the most valid and reliable means of predicting an individual’s BC however the time and cost prohibit many institutions from using this method. PURPOSE: to determine if there is any significant difference in prediction of BC using DEXA, BI, HW, and 3, 4, 7, and 9 SF assessment. Also to determine if bone density significantly affects HW and BC prediction. METHODS: Forty six healthy individuals (17 males and 29 females with a mean age of 22) were recruited to participate in this study. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, BI, 3 site, 4 site, 7 site, and 9 site SF assessments, HW, and DEXA total body scan were all collected for each participants on the same day. Each anthropometric assessment except the DEXA was repeated several times by the same researcher to insure reliability. Par-ticipants were classified as below normal, normal, and above normal in bone density based on DEXA results to determine if bone density affected hydrostatic prediction. RESULTS: Single factor ANOVA was performed to

determine if there was any significant difference in BC by assessment methods (females p=.001, males p=0.001). In both genders the 9 site skin fold and DEXA results were significantly greater than the rest of the traditional BC assessments. A t-test assuming equal variance was per-formed by gender and results indicated that there was a significant dif-ference between the HW and DEXA BC results (females p=0.001, males p=0.001). A correlation was performed between t-score of bone density and DEXA BC prediction and the results indicate there was no meaningful correlation in the females and a significant positive correlation in the males (females r=-0.007, males r=0.571). CONCLUSION: results from this study indicate that 3 site, 4 site and 7 site SF and BI have a signifi-cant correlation to hydrostatic BC prediction indicating that BI is a valid assessment method. DEXA results were roughly 8% higher in prediction BC when comparing HW which is similar to other research studies. Those individuals who had bone density two standard deviations greater than normal had a larger difference between predictions of DEXA BC and HW. Based on these findings, bone density should be considered a variable when assessing hydrostatic weighing for body composition prediction.

Supported by LCSC co-curricular competition grant

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A COMMONLY USED PREDICTION EQUATION FOR DETERMINING ENERGY EXPENDITURE FROM HEART RATE IS NOT ACCURATE FOR EXERCISE ON ELLIPTICAL MACHINES M. Serpa, K. Boehning, B. Thomas, A. Simmons, D.E. Lankford FACSM Brigham Young University-Idaho, Rexburg, ID

A commonly used prediction equation for determining energy expendi-ture from heart rate was validated using the treadmill and cycle ergome-ter. This equation has not been validated using an elliptical as the mode of exercise. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if a prediction equation for energy expenditure from heart rate is an accept-able predictor of energy expenditure on an elliptical machine. METH-ODS: Fourteen participants, ages 20-46, performed an exercise test using a commercially available elliptical machine. Exercise testing con-sisted of a 2-minute warm-up, followed by a 20-minute exercise test. Each participated completed the test using the same resistance setting and cadence. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected every 2-minutes during the test. Total actual en-

ergy expenditure was determined from oxygen uptake and compared with the total predicted kcals using the heart rate equation. Data was then analyzed using a paired t-test and a linear correlation. RESULTS: Results demonstrate that measured kcal (104±21) and predicted kcal (194±67) were significantly different (p = 0.0003). The linear regres-sion indicated there was a strong relationship (r2 = 0.52) between actual and predicted EE. CONCLUSION: The same heart rate equation used to predict energy expenditure on treadmills and stationary bikes cannot be used to predict energy expenditure for exercise on an elliptical. However, the strong relationship between the two equations suggests that a prediction equation for energy expenditure on an elliptical could be developed with further investigation.

EVALUATING THE ENERGY DEMANDS OF EXERCISING WITH A NEW TYPE OF WHOLE BODY EXERCISE EQUIPMENTP. Herberger, W. Zhu, D. P. Heil FACSM Movement Science / Human Performance Lab, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT

Whole body exercise has been repeatedly described as an effective tool for enhancing cardio-respiratory (CRV) function, preventing CRV disease, and improving performance of activities of daily living. PURPOSE: This study sought to better understand the energetic demands of using a new whole body type of exercise equipment (PMXT) that emphasizes in-dependent use of both upper and lower limbs. The PMXT was compared directly with an elliptical exercise machine (EEM) by evaluating both aerobic and anaerobic energy expenditure (EE) contributions. METH-ODS: 12 physically active adults (6 men + 6 women (Mean±SD) 36±12 yrs, 22.7±2.6 kg/m2) each completed “easy” and “moderate” intensity 3-min submaximal stages using both the PMXT and the EEM, as well as 4 mins of structured PMXT intervals to exhaustion (5 total test stages). Subjects wore a portable metabolic measurement system to assess Aerobic EE (kcals/min). Fingertip blood lactate (BL) was collected at the end of each stage to determine Anaerobic EE (kcals/min), which was calculated from each BL measurement using a standard conver-sion of 3.0 ml/kg/min/1.0 mmol BL. Total EE, calculated as Aerobic EE + Anaerobic EE, was then determined for each testing stage. Values for Aerobic and Total EE were then compared using a 1-factor (Stages) RM ANOVA and Sheffe’s post hoc test (⋅ = 0.05). RESULTS: Aerobic

EE was highest for the PMXT intervals (14.0±1.3 kcals/min; P<0.05), but similar between the PMXT and EEM for both “easy” (8.6±0.5 vs 8.6±0.7 kcals/min) and “moderate” intensity (10.8±0.7 vs 11.3±1.0 kcals/min) 3-min stages. All Aerobic EE values were equivalent to 6.7-10.8 METs, which are all considered “vigorous” intensities. Total EE for PMXT intervals (25.3±1.6 kcals/min) and the “moderate” intensity PMXT stage (17.2±1.2 kcals/min) differed statistically from all other stages (P<0.05), while the other stages were statistically similar (10.8-13.4 kcals/min; P>0.05). Thus, Anaerobic EE caused a 20-24% in-crease in Total EE for the submaximal EEM stages, a 40-53% increase for the PMXT stages, and an 81% increase for the PMXT intervals. CON-CLUSIONS: When comparing a standard elliptical machine (EEM) to the new equipment (PMXT), the PMXT elicited significantly higher Total EE during highest intensity exercise bouts, but similar Aerobic EE during the submaximal bouts. Thus, the PMXT requires high aerobic and anaerobic EE demands when compared with the EEM. Further research should compare the PMXT to other types of fitness equipment (e.g., rowing machines, stair climber) to broadly compare the EE demands of the PMXT to a variety of fitness training devices.

This study was funded by a grant from Primus Exerceo LLC (Bozeman, MT).

THE EFFECT OF ABBREVIATED PROGRESSIVE RELAXATION TRAINING ON CORTISOL LEVELS IN COLLEGIATE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERSO. Shockley, K. Hanson & S. Simmons Corban University, Salem, OR

Abbreviated Progressive Relaxation Training (APRT) is a relaxation technique that focuses on tensing and relaxing various major muscle

groups. This relaxation technique has been shown to reduce cortisol levels in various demographic groups, including athletes. PURPOSE:

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To determine the effects of Abbreviated Progressive Relaxation Training on salivary cortisol and perceived stress (using the State Anxiety Inven-tory STAI Y-1) in collegiate women volleyball athletes. METHODS: 12 collegiate women volleyball players (mean age=20.33 ± 1.66 years) participated in this study. This study was composed of one control and one experimental trial. A baseline STAI-Y1 form and a saliva sample were taken 1 week prior to testing. STAI-Y1 forms and saliva sam-ples were collected before and after APRT was administered. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in post APRT intervention STAI Y-1

scores t(12)=4.005, p=0.002. A paired samples t-test was conducted to compare pre intervention and post intervention STAI scores. There was a significant difference in the pre intervention (38.6 ± 11.2) and post intervention (29.3 ± 6.3) scores t(12)=4.005, p=0.002. Cortisol levels showed a slightly lower level post APRT intervention (.19 mg/dL ± .11) than pre APRT intervention (.21 mg/dL ± .14). CONCLUSION: The use of APRT may reduce perceived anxiety levels in pre competitive collegiate volleyball athletes, however the change in cortisol levels is still inconclusive.

VALIDITY OF A NEW RECLINE CYCLE ERGOMETER USING THE ANAEROBIC TREADMILL TESTJ.R. Mendoza, S.Piper, G. Tarran, and S. Stavrianeas. Willamette University, Salem, OR

Every new piece of equipment introduced for laboratory or fitness purposes must be properly validated. PUR-

POSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of a new commercially available recline cycle ergometer for anaerobic testing when compared to the established anaerobic treadmill test. METH-ODS: a convenience sample of 8 college-age students (n=4 males age 21.7±0.9 years, 80.4±6.8 kg and n=4 females, age 20.5±0.5 years, weight 61.8±8.2 kg) performed maximal effort using a Wingate test on the recline cycle ergometer and an anaerobic treadmill test (speed 7 mph, 20% grade to volitional fatigue). Total work output, heart rate, and maximum blood lactate levels were measured for each participant after each of the trials. Experimental validity was established using a Pearson correlation test (r) and differences between tests for each variable were established using paired sample t-test to assess differ-

ences (a=0.05 for all analyses). All procedures were approved by the Institutional review Board. RESULTS: Compared to the treadmill, the recline cycle ergometer proved yielded lower work values (24.6±15.5 kJ vs. 19.9±6.6 kJ), heart rate (177.7±7.1 vs. 174.7±21.9 bpm), and peak blood lactate levels (11.4±3.3 vs. 9.3±2.9 mmol/L), although none of these differences were statistically significant (p=0.21 for work, p=0.63 for heart rate, and p=0.053 for peak lactate). The two modali-ties were highly correlated for work (r=0.94), and moderately correlated for heart rate (r=0.73) and peak blood lactate (r=0.66). CONCLUSION: With regard to maximal anaerobic testing, we conclude that the new recline cycle ergometer yielded results comparable to the treadmill. We hypothesize that the lower values obtained during the cycle ergometer were due postural differences during the two exercise modalities.

EFFECTS OF BEET JUICE ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION BETWEEN TRAINED AND UNTRAINED CYCLISTS S. Reynolds, H. Berkoe, J. Travis, H. Lebon, D. Van Wyck, K. Caudill, C. Lynde, D. McCann Gonzaga University Spokane, WA

INTRODUCTION: Beet juice, due to its high nitrate con-centration, has been shown to have many physiological

benefits such as decreasing oxygen consumption (VO2) and improving endurance via the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide reduction pathway. PUR-POSE: The objective of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of beet juice on lowering VO2 during steady-state exercise in trained versus untrained individuals. METHODS: Seventeen subjects; 8 trained and 9 untrained, age 21 ± 2 yr, performed two submaximal graded exercise tests on a cycle ergometer. Work rate was increased every two to three minutes until a target heart rate (65% heart rate reserve (HRR)) was achieved. Once at this rate, subjects continued to bike for 10 min. The same procedure for the first performance trial was repeated for the second performance trial. Prior to each trial, subjects were instructed to drink 70 mL/d of either concentrated beet juice or a cranberry juice placebo in counterbalanced order for 6 d. VO2 was measured using a respiratory mask and Parvo metabolic cart. Resting heart rate (HR) and

blood pressure (BP) data were collected at baseline. Heart rate was also measured throughout each trial in the last 10 s of each work rate. Repeated measures analysis of variance was run to detect any differ-ences in VO2 between groups, between the change in VO2 for the experi-mental conditions, and between beet juice and placebo trials. RESULTS: A significant difference in VO2 was detected between trained (30.1± 4.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) and untrained (23.5 ± 4.2 mL·kg-1·min-1) individuals (p = 0.000) confirming the presence of two distinct levels of training. No significant difference was found in the change in VO2 between the beet juice and placebo conditions on trained (-0.1 ± 3.8 mL·kg-1·min-1) or untrained (0.0 ± 2.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) groups (p = 0.862). When the two training groups were pooled, no difference was found between the beet juice (26.7 ± 5.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) and placebo (26.6 ± 5.5 mL·kg-

1·min-1) conditions (p= 0.964). CONCLUSION: Six days of beet juice supplementation did not lower oxygen consumption during steady state exercise regardless of training status.

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BDNF AND NT-4/5 EXPRESSION IN MOUSE PLANTARIS AND SPINAL CORD AFTER FUNCTIONAL OVERLOAD AND VOLUNTARY WHEEL RUNNING R. Vieira, C. Long, G.McCall, FACSM, R. Mehan , J. Kim Department of Exercise Science, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA

PURPOSE: Skeletal muscle is highly plastic and its properties can be modified under varying conditions. Functional overload (FO) of the mouse plantaris by removal of its major synergists results in marked hypertrophy and changes in the biochemical, contractile, and metabolic properties towards those of a “slow” muscle. How these changes are regulated remains largely unknown. Recent studies have shown that some neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5), regulate the differentiation, survival and maintenance of neurons. In skeletal muscle, these neuro-trophic factors are thought to be involved in the adaptation of the neu-romuscular system to increased activity. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 1-wk FO with voluntary wheel running exercise (FO-EX) and without voluntary exercise on the expression of BDNF and NT-4/5 in the mouse plantaris muscle and its associated motoneurons. METHODS: Adult female C57BL/6J mice (~4 mos) were assigned to one of three groups: 1) CON; 2) FO, and; 3) FO-EX. Mice in the FO-EX group had

free access to a running wheel. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to assess BDNF protein expression in the plantaris-associ-ated motoneurons, and RT-PCR experiments were performed to quan-tify BDNF and NT-4/5 mRNA levels in the plantaris muscle. RESULTS: BDNF protein expression in the plantaris-associated motoneurons was 9% and 12% greater (p<0.05) in FO and FO-EX, respectively, compared with age-matched CON. BDNF mRNA expression was higher (p<0.05) in the FO and FO-EX compared to the CON group. The increased expres-sion of BDNF protein and mRNA in the FO-EX group could be due to the distance ran (~23.7 km) during the 1-wk period. In contrast, NT-4/5 mRNA levels in FO and FO-EX were similar to CON. CONCLUSIONS: FO and FO with activity preferentially increased BDNF expression in the plantaris muscle and its motoneurons. NT-4/5 did not respond to FO or FO with activity, implying that BDNF, not NT-4/5, regulates neuronal plasticity during skeletal muscle hypertrophy.

INFLUENCE OF INSOLE SOFTNESS ON JUMP PERFORMANCE IN COLLEGIATE ATHLETESS. Selisch, B. Stadeli, A. Sherpe, L. Zappone, W. Silvers Whitworth University, Spokane, WA

The countermovement vertical jump (VJ) and three-step, single-leg vertical jump (SLVJ) are common techniques to

assess jump performance. Many variables can affect jump height, in-cluding lower extremity (LE) stiffness and familiarity with the jump being used. Softness of an insole contributes to LE stiffness, but lit-tle research has been conducted in this area, particularly with com-mercially available insoles. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of insole softness on VJ and SLVJ performance in collegiate athletes. METHODS: Thirty-one collegiate athlete females and males (nf = 20, nm = 11) aged 18-22 years old, completed two separate testing sessions (random order), each of which included VJ and SLVJ testing. A control session was performed with participants’ normal athletic shoes (CON) while an experimental session was per-formed with commercially available insoles inserted into the partici-pants’ shoes (INSOLE). Prior to the testing sessions, all participants completed a familiarization session, which included VJ and SLVJ instruc-tion. Participants chose the preferred foot to jump from for the SLVJ, and the same foot was used for each SLVJ attempt in both testing ses-sions. For each testing session, participants performed a standardized

10-15 min dynamic warm-up, followed by three VJs and three SLVJs for maximum height with little rest between attempts. The highest VJ and SLVJ attempts for each testing session were recorded (in cm) for analysis. A paired t-test (⋅ set at p ≤ 0.05) was used to compare VJ and SLVJ heights between conditions (CON and INSOLE). RESULTS: There were no significant differences between conditions for the VJ (CON 56.5±11.1 cm, INSOLE 57.9±12.1 cm; p = 0.14) and the SLVJ (CON 52.2±9.9 cm, INSOLE 53.0±10.2 cm; p = 0.19). CONCLUSION: The present study challenges the claim that commercially available insoles can increase vertical jump by at least three inches. Under the pre-sented research conditions, greater insole softness did not improve VJ and SLVJ height. Variance in familiarity with VJ and SLJV techniques (based on their collegiate sport and athletic experience) and footwear may have contributed to the observed results. To the authors’ knowl-edge, no previous studies have examined the use of these commercially available insoles under similar experimental conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that further empirical testing be conducted to ascertain the potential athletic benefits of commercially available insoles.

ACCURACY OF HEART RATE APPLICATIONS AT VARIOUS EXERCISE INTENSITIESS. Gumm, M. Vlasenko, T. Farrar, H. Papadopoulos Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA

Current fitness recommendations include participating in moderate intensity activities for at least 150 minutes or

vigorous intensity exercises for at least 75 minutes each week. In order to determine if such fitness standards are being met, many individuals

have turned to various heart rate monitoring applications to monitor their intensity levels during exercise. The accuracy of these applications, however has not yet been evaluated. PURPOSE: This study sought to determine the accuracy of three most positively reviewed, free heart

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rate monitoring applications available at rest, and during submaximal and maximal exercise. METHODS: Fourteen individuals (age: 22.9 ± 4.1; height (m): 1.8 ± 0.1; weight (kg): 83.0 ± 20.8; VO2max: 42.8 ± 8.1) participated in the study. Before the test began they were equipped with a heart rate monitor and connected to an open spirometry meta-bolic system. Participants then rested for five minutes before beginning a warm up phase for three minutes. A graded maximal exercise test was then administered in which resistance started at 50 Watts and increased by 50 Watts every five minutes until 200 Watts had been reached. After the 200 Watt stage, resistance increased by 25 Watts every minute until volitional exhaustion was reached. Heart rate was continually monitored using a heart rate monitor. Additionally, heart rate was taken with each of the three applications during the last two minutes of each submaximal intensity stage and again after volitional exhaustion had been reached. One-way ANOVA was used to compare each heart rate application. If statistical significance was found, Bon-

feronni post-hoc test was used. Statistical significance was set to p ≤ 0.05.RESULTS: Average percentage of VO2max at 50, 100, 150 and 200 Watts were 31.8%, 47.6%, 61.5%, and 71.2%, respectively. There were no significant differences among the three applications and the heart rate monitor during rest and at each submaximal exercise in-tensity. Statistically significant differences however, were observed at maximal exercise and post-hoc analysis revealed that the heart rate monitor was significantly higher compared to each heart rate applica-tion. CONCLUSION: The results show that in this group of young partic-ipants, the selected free heart rate applications are accurate during submaximal intensity exercise, but not during maximal exercise. This could be due to the phone camera’s inability to register the increased pulse rate. Further research, however is needed to examine the accura-cy of the same heart rate applications using a newer phone with higher resolution camera.

VALIDITY OF A NEW RECLINE CYCLE ERGOMETER USING THE WINGATE ANAEROBIC CYCLE TESTB. Fisher, J. Scott-Wright, S. Fish, and S. Stavrianeas. Willamette University, Salem, OR

The Wingate test is a valid and reliable means to measure anaerobic power using an upright cycle ergometer. No

protocols exist for measuring of anaerobic power on a recline cycle ergometer. PURPOSE: We assessed the validity of a new recline cycle ergometer for the anaerobic Wingate test against a previously validated upright cycle ergometer. METHODS: Participants (n=3 males and n=6 females, age 20.44±0.72 years) completed Wingate tests (maximal ef-fort for 30 sec, resistance at 7.5% of the participant’s weight) on both the upright cycle ergometer and the new recline ergometer with the same protocol. Heart rate (HR), Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE), peak blood lactate (BL), peak power (PP) and total work (TW) were recorded for each participant and compared across ergometers using linear least

squares regression and paired t-tests (a =0.05 for all tests). RESULTS: PP and TW were significantly correlated across cycle models (r = 0.860, p < 0.05 and r = 0.957, p < 0.05 respectively). However, only modest and non-significant correlations were found for measures of exertion between modalities: HR (r=0.499), RPE (r=0.363), and BL(r= 0.499). Interestingly, even though the measures of maximal effort were not sig-nificantly different across bike model, maximal effort was not always achieved by participants when on the recline ergometer. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the recline ergometer is valid as a means for Wingate anaerobic testing in terms of peak power and total work but the results cannot be compared to the upright cycle ergometer.

VALIDITY OF VO2MAX

TESTING ON A RECUMBENT ERGOMETER COMPARED TO TREADMILL H. Goodwater, A. Gendreau, E. Fleming, K. Friedrich, and S. Stavrianeas Willamette University, Salem, OR

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is a direct mea-surement of aerobic fitness and several testing protocols

have established the treadmill as a valid and reliable modality for this purpose. Accordingly, new exercise equipment are often compared to the treadmill regarding their efficacy in stressing the aerobic metabo-lism. PURPOSE: We determined the validity of a new recumbent cycle ergometer against a treadmill test to identify the feasibility of using the new ergometer for the determination of VO2max. METHODS: Partic-ipants (n=3 males, age 20.6±0.57 years, weight 68.6±13.8 kg and n=4 females, age 20.6±0.96 years, weight 59.3±8.13 kg) performed two VO2max tests in counterbalancing order, a week apart. The treadmill protocol consisted of a gradual increase in speed and grade every three minutes (initial 1.7 mph and 10%, 2.5 mph and 12%, 3.4 mph and 14%, 4.2 mph and 16%, and 5 mph and 18%) whereas the protocol for the recumbent cycle consisted of an initial load of 100 Watts increasing by 25 Watts every 2 minutes. Heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were the criteria used

to confirm VO2max. A paired-t test (p=0.05) was used to calculate differ-ences between modalities and a Pearson correlation was performed to examine the relationship between the treadmill and the cycle ergometer. RESULTS: All participants met the criteria for a valid VO2max on both tests. Even though the two modalities yielded a very high correlation (r= 0.97, p<0.05) there were statistically significant differences for VO2max (57.2±13.4 treadmill vs. 44.2±15.0 cycle, p<0.05) between the two ergometers. The participants reached lower VO2 values on the recum-bent cycle ergometer, and complained of localized fatigue rather than cardiorespiratory stress. CONCLUSION: Our results imply that different body positions between the exercise modalities will affect an individu-al’s aerobic capacity as seen between seated cycling and running and that the recumbent cycle ergometer does not produce accurate VO2max values as tested. Future investigation should explore different VO2max protocols for the recumbent cycle ergometer.

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VALIDITY OF VO2MAX

TESTING ON A RECUMBENT ERGOMETER COMPARED TO AN UPRIGHT CYCLE ERGOMETERA. Mendenhall, K. Rieger, J. Wong, and S. Stavrianeas. Willamette University, Salem, OR

Upright cycle ergometers are commonly used to measure VO2max. However, there is limited research regarding the

validity of using a recline cycle ergometer to assess aerobic fitness. PURPOSE: We assessed the validity of a new commercially available recline cycle ergometer to measure VO2max compared to an upright cy-cle ergometer. METHODS: Six female volunteers (age 20±1.15 years, weight 62.45±8.93 kg, height 162±3 cm) participated in two tests, days apart, on the two ergometers. The starting intensity was empirical-ly determined from the warmup pace (75 or 100Watts), and the work-load was increased by 10 Watts (for the recline cycle) or 15Watts (for

the upright cycle) every two minutes, until exhaustion. Difference in VO-

2max values between the ergometers was determined using paired t-test (a=0.05). RESULTS: The two tests yielded VO2max values that were highly correlated (r=0.892, p<0.05) and not statistically different (p=0.301). Even so, values of physiological measures (VO2, heart rate) were lower with the recline ergometer, and participants complained of localized fatigue during the recline ergometer tests. It is very possible that our results reflect VO2peak rather than VO2max. CONCLUSION: The recline cycle ergometer can stress the cardiorespiratory system, but further work is required in order to identify the best testing protocol to achieve VO2max.

CHRONIC PASSIVE HEAT THERAPY IMPROVES MICROVASCULAR NITRIC OXIDE-DEPENDENT DILATION DURING SKIN LOCAL HEATINGTM Eymann, VE Brunt, MA Francisco, BR Ely, CT Minson, FASCSM Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon

1 in 4 deaths in the US are attributed to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Vascular dysfunction, often caused by deficient nitric oxide (NO) pro-duction, is present in the majority of CVD and is first detectible in the microcirculation. Heat stress can increase NO production via heat shock protein expression, and so chronic passive heat therapy (CHT) may help improve microvascular health and lower the risk for CVD across multiple patient populations. The cutaneous circulation is both easily accessible and represents overall microvascular health. PUR-POSE: To observe the effect of 8 weeks of CHT on cutaneous NO-depen-dent dilation. METHODS: 6 healthy, sedentary subjects (age 22±1 yrs) were included in this study. Four subjects were immersed in 40.5°C hot water 4-5 times/week for 8 weeks to increase rectal temperature and maintain it at ≥38.5°C for 1 hour per session. Two subjects were immersed in 36.5°C water for the same duration (control). Prior to and immediately following the 8-week protocol, two intradermal micro-dialysis fibers were inserted into the forearm and infused with lactated Ringer’s solution (control) and L-NNA, to inhibit NO synthase. Local

skin heaters were placed at each site over the fiber and heated to 39°C at a rate of 0.1C/sec, increasing skin blood flow, which was measured using laser-Doppler flowmetry. NO-dependent dilation was calculated as the difference between the control and the L-NNA sites in each indi-vidual and expressed as a percentage of maximal cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC; flow/mean arterial pressure). Data are presented as the change in NO-dependent dilation from 0 to 8 weeks. RESULTS: In our subjects, NO-dependent dilation increased by 104%CVCmax (p=0.04). No improvement was observed in the control subjects. CON-CLUSION: In these subjects, our preliminary findings suggest that CHT increases cutaneous NO production and vasodilation. As such, heat therapy is capable of improving NO-dependent dilation in the human microcirculation, suggesting that continued exposure to passive heat may result in lower risk for CVD.


THE EFFICACY OF BRACING VS. KINESIOTAPE ON FUNCTIONALITY IN RECENTLY INJURED ANKLES M. Yamamoto, M. Silva, N. Mason, T. Brost, C. Lowrimore, R. Chavez, B. Higginson. Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA.

Ankle injuries are common amongst athletes and sedentary individuals. Specifically, ankle sprains account

for up to 73% of all ankle injuries and have functional consequences including ankle instability and sprain reoccurrence. Two common treatments are bracing and ankle taping with athletic tape. Due to large restrictions in ankle range of motion as well as discomfort, there has been an interest in seeking another effective treatment, leading to the development of kinesiotape (KT), which claims to promote greater internal stability and joint awareness. PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of KT and bracing (B) on recent ankle sprains in terms of proprioception and internal stabilization. METHODS: Fifteen male subjects (21.1 ± 1.1), who experienced an ankle sprain within the last

six months, participated in the study. Subjects completed one trial with KT, one with a brace, and one with placebo tape (athletic tape, AT). The blindfolded individual stood barefoot on the affected ankle for ten seconds. The average muscle activation of the lateral gastrocnemius, peroneus longus, and the tibialis anterior were measured. The subject then sat in a chair, blindfolded, and placed the injured ankle on a core stability board. A researcher rotated the board from neutral position into 5° of plantarflexion (PF), 5° of dorsiflexion (DF), 5° of inversion (INV), and 5° of eversion (EV). The subject then walked for two minutes on a treadmill at a self-selected pace. Afterwards, as the researcher rotated the board, the subject estimated when he believed his ankle had reached the targeted angle for each motion. This was repeated

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with 10° of each motion. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the acquired data. RESULTS: Upon application of AT and KT, subjects estimated the target angle to be 4.33° and 4.23° during 5° PF (p=0.017, p=0.044), and estimated 5.7° and 6.03° during INV (p=0.017, p=0.21). Subjects had approximated 6.10° during 5° INV (p=0.041) and 6.13° during EV (p=0.025) upon application of

B. There were no effects seen for any intervention on proprioception of 10°. Muscle activity did not differ from the control with the implemen-tation of the treatments, except for B on the tibialis anterior (p<0.05), which increased by 59.1% relative to the control. CONCLUSION: KT tape and ankle bracing are not different in promoting internal stability and joint awareness.

EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL MASS ON RESTORING NORMAL GAIT PARAMETERS DURING UNDERWATER TREADMILL WALKING J Travis, P Linedecker, B James, E Townsend, G Stocker, L Sullivan, S Reynolds, B Higginson Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA

INTRODUCTION: Body weight (BW) is unloaded from the lower extremi-ties while walking underwater, resulting in altered gait kinematics when compared to walking on land. PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare gait kinematics of walking on land, underwater, and underwater reload-ed to 100% land BW to determine if reloading returns gait kinematics to those of walking on land. METHODS: 20 male subjects, age (21.0±0.8 yr), weight (81.3±7.1 kg), and height (185.5±1.9 cm), performed three experimental trials of 5 min of walking (0.78±0.02 m/s pace). Trial one was performed on a land treadmill, trials two and three on an under-water treadmill. In the third trial subjects were reloaded to 100% land BW using a weight vest. Measured variables included knee and ankle angles at heel strike and toe off, step length, and cadence. RESULTS: During heel-strike significant decreases were found in knee angle and ankle angle in the loaded condition (-3.0%, p=0.001; -3.2%, p=0.001, respectively) as well as ankle angle in the unloaded condition (-1.0%,

p=0.031). During toe-off, knee angle in the unloaded condition signifi-cantly increased (+4.09%, p=0.001). In the loaded condition, knee and ankle angles during toe-off were not significantly different from land values (p=0.421; p=0.699, respectively). In the unloaded condi-tion, knee angle during heel-strike and ankle angle during toe-off were not significantly different from land values (p=0.058; p=0.535, respec-tively). Step length significantly increased in both the loaded (+1.7%, p=0.047) and unloaded (+16.7%, p=0.005) conditions. Cadence sig-nificantly decreased in the loaded (-10.2%, p<0.001) and unloaded (-17.7%, p<0.001) conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Reloading subjects to 100% land BW underwater did not correct all changes in gait mechan-ics seen in unloaded underwater treadmill walking when compared to land. Reloading does not account for all gait changes seen in un-derwater walking, suggesting that other factors, such as hydrodynamic resistance, affect gait kinematics.

EFFECTS OF BRACING AND TAPING ON EMG AND 2-D KINEMATICS FOR A UNIPLANAR THROWD. White, K. Hashimoto, R. Jarvie, A. Phillips, K. Quigley, H. Berkoe, S. Newman, R. McCulloch Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA

Tennis elbow is a form of tendinitis affecting primarily wrist extensor muscle origins near the lateral epicondyle of the

humerus. It is the most common work-related musculoskeletal disor-der, affects 40-50% of tennis players, and is brought on by repeated contraction of the arm muscles. It is managed through structural sup-port, most commonly bracing (B) and taping (T). PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether B or T would be more effective in supporting the elbow in a repetitive overhand throwing motion in the sagittal plane. METHODS: Eight male and 8 female college students (21.1 ± 0.5 yr.) with no previous upper extremity injuries participated in this study. In an orientation session, average speed over three maximal throws was measured while controlling for accuracy. On another day, subjects participated in a control (C), T, and B trial where they com-pleted overhand throws within 10% of the established maximal throw velocity in each condition. Electromyography was used to measure the recruitment of key muscles during an overhand throw: biceps brachii (BB), lateral head of the triceps (LHT), extensor carpi radialis brevis

(ECRB), and extensor digitorum communis (EDC). Two-dimensional motion analysis was used to assess peak elbow angular velocity and maximum elbow angle. All data analysis was conducted in Excel and SPSS, and used repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Least Significant Difference post-hoc tests. RESULTS: In a compari-son of T vs. C, muscle activation of the ECRB was higher, and maximum elbow angle and peak angular velocity were lower (Percent diff. from control:109.2%, 6.1%, 19.0%; p=0.021, 0.04, 0.004 respectively). B was significantly greater than C for the ECRB and EDC (102.8%, 48.6% difference p=0.012, p=0.043 respectively). B was significantly higher than T for the LHT (25.0% difference, p=0.016) CONCLUSIONS: T is a more effective means than B of supporting the elbow as it resulted in a larger decrease in elbow angular velocity and maximum angle, both of which are factors related to tennis elbow. However, T may cause com-pensations in muscle activation at adjacent joints. B may also be a beneficial method of support compared to no intervention based on similar trends in elbow kinematics and muscle activation.

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EFFECTS OF PERIPHERAL AND CHEST WEIGHT ON METABOLIC RESPONSES WHILE WALKINGA. Zuehlsdorff, K. Gale, S. Fein, J. Baker, A. Burk, A, Ziemann, D. Thorp Department of Human Physiology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA

There is an emerging interest in augmenting forms of less strenuous exercise in order to increase energy expendi-

ture while maintaining the benefits of a low-impact activity. A popular means of achieving this is adding weight to the body while walking. However, previous studies to date have failed to compare effects of load placement on energy expenditure. PURPOSE: To investigate the metabolic effects of adding weight, either peripherally or centrally, on normal walking activity. It was hypothesized that load placement at the periphery would elicit greater energy expenditure than no weight or weight located centrally. METHODS: 11 female students (20.5 ± 0.7 yr) participated in a randomized study with a repeated measures design. Stature (169.1 ± 5.7 cm) and body mass (62.4 ± 5.8 kg) were col-lected before exercise protocol commenced. Each subject performed three walking trials (control, central and peripheral) on a treadmill at 4.8 km/h with 0% grade. The control trial consisted of normal walking without any added weight. The peripheral trial consisted of subjects walking with added weight placed at the wrists and ankles using stan-dard exercise weights. The central trial consisted of subjects walking with added weight placed at the trunk with the use of a weighted vest.

10% of body mass was used as the weight for both intervention trials (weight was distributed evenly at the four sites (i.e. 2.5%) for the pe-ripheral trial). Expired gas fractions were collected using a metabolic cart to determine oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and ventilation (VE) for each protocol. Heart rate (HR) was also collected throughout. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA and a Bonferroni correction were run to detect differences among outcome variables across trials. RESULTS: It was determined that there was in an increase in the following variables during the peripheral trial compared to the control trial (listed as con-trol; peripheral, all p<0.05): VE: 18.29 ± 2.29 L∙min-1; 21.21 ± 3.59 L∙min-1, VCO2: 0.65 ± 0.06 L∙min-1; 0.76 ± 0.14 L∙min-1, VO2: 0.81 ± 0.08 L∙min-1; 0.93 ± 0.16 L∙min-1, HR: 113.30 ± 10.34 min-1; 124.11 ± 13.68 min-1 and METs: 3.75 ± 0.56; 4.30 ± 0.90. No differences were detected for all measured variables between control and central trials or central and peripheral trials (all p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of added weight on the ankles and wrists is a viable way of increasing energetic demand during exercise while maintaining the benefit of a low-impact activity.

THIGH MUSCLE ACTIVITIES IN ROW ERS DURING SINGLE AND LINKED DYNAMIC ERGOMETER TRIALS B. Duermit, D. Van Wyck, I. O’Connor, J. Baker, A. Burk, A. Ziemann, B. Higginson Department of Human Physiology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA.

Rowing ergometers are an effective mode of cross train-ing when on water (OW) rowing is unavailable. Ergometer

design has much capacity for advancement. PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to investigate if differences in leg muscle activation exist-ed in an individual rowing on a single dynamic ergometer (SDE) versus a linked dynamic ergometer (LDE). It was hypothesized that there would be no change in muscle activation if power output (PO) and stroke rate (SR) were held constant. METHODS: Nine subjects from a collegiate rowing team performed two 1000m trials at an average PO of 200W and a SR of 22 strokes/min on a Concept2 Class D ergometer placed on Concept2 slides. Muscle activation of the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and biceps femoris (BF) were recorded using electromyog-raphy (EMG) during the 500m and 750m segment of the total 1000m.

PO and SR were recorded from the ergometer(s) in use. In one trial the subject rowed independently on a SDE. In another trial the subject was randomly paired with a partner and completed the same protocol on an LDE with subject on the front ergometer. RESULTS: No significant differ-ence was found in maximum, average, and total muscle activation of the RF, VL, and BF (p>.05), however there was a significant increase (36%, p=.016) in maximum activation of the VL during the recovery phase). CONCLUSION: The lack of significant differences in muscle activation in all muscles, except the VL during the recovery phase, provides evidence that there may be no increase in muscular training benefits in training on an LDE versus a SDE.

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2015 Masters Poster Presentations

ESTIMATION OF SLEEP QUALITY IN COLLEGIATE CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS USING WRIST-WORN ACTIVITY MONITORS AND STANDARDIZED SURVEYS W. Zhu, L. Hultin, J.L. Wheeler, D.P. Heil FACSM Montana State University, Bozeman, MT

Poor sleep quality and nightly sleep duration are associated with in-creased stress and an increased risk for many chronic health problems. For collegiate students-athletes, who experience considerable academic and training stressors, poor sleep quality may also influence academic and performance abilities. PURPOSE: the primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between several measures of sleep quality within collegiate cross-country (XC) skiers throughout a semes-ter. METHODS: Fifteen XC skiers (10 women, 20±2 yrs, 22.9±2.3 kg/m2 BMI, 50.8±4.2 ml/kg/min VO2MAX; 5 men, 21±1 yrs, 22.5±1.2 kg/m2 BMI, 62.4±1.7 ml/kg/min VO2MAX) from the Montana State University (MSU) Nordic Ski Team were recruited. Each month from September to December, 2014, subjects used a wrist-worn activity monitor (AW) for seven consecutive nights, while self-reported sleep and training logs and on-line surveys were completed at select times each month. Total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (SE) were calculated from the AW, whereas the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epsworth Sleep-iness Scale questionnaire (ESS) were used to assess sleep quality and daytime sleepiness, respectively. Differences in TST, SE, PSQI, ESS and

hours of training recorded in the training logs (TL, hrs) throughout the four measurement trials (T1, T2, T3, T4) were evaluated using two-factor repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test (0.05 alpha). The Pearson correlation was also used to examine relationships be-tween TST, SE, PSQI, ESS and TL. RESULTS: TST for T1 was less than that for T2 or T3 (T1 = 7.7 hrs/night; T2 and T3 = 8.1 hrs/night; P<0.05), whereas T4, 7.9 hrs/night, was not significantly different from the other TST measures. ESS increased steadily (T1 < T2 < T3 < T4; P<0.02) as the semester progress, but no significant change was observed in PSQI. TL differed significantly between all measurement Trials (T1 > T4 > T3 > T2; P<0.001) and tended to negatively correlate with PSQI, ESS, and SE, although not significantly. PSQI was positively correlated with TST (R = +0.2686, P = 0.04) and ESS (R = +0.40, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Poor sleep quality, as indicated by higher PSQI values, may have led to increased nightly sleep duration and daytime sleepiness. These findings also provide preliminary evidence that training volume may serve as a moderator that tends to cause elevated TST, and thus ameliorate PSQI, ESS, and SE.

CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION PRECEDING POST-EXERCISE SYNCOPE D. Sieck, M. Luttrell, S. Romero, M. Ely, J. Halliwill FACSM University of Oregon, Eugene, OR

Adequate cerebral perfusion is necessary to maintain consciousness in the upright human. Following maximal

anaerobic exercise, cerebral perfusion can become compromised as ev-ident by post-exercise syncope. It is unknown whether post-exercise re-ductions in cerebral perfusion lead to cognitive deficits prior to the on-set of syncope, which would be of utmost concern in populations such as emergency workers and soldiers. PURPOSE: Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to determine if reductions in cerebral blood flow velocity induced by maximal anaerobic exercise and head up tilt lead to visual/cognitive deficits prior to the onset of syncope. We hypothesized that a modified Wingate test followed by a head-up tilt would reduce cerebral blood flow velocity and result in visual/cognitive deficits prior to the onset of syncope. METHODS: Ten recreationally active volunteers were subjected to a symptom-limited 60° head-up tilt for up to 16 min

before and after a 60-s Wingate test. Blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery was measured via transcranial Doppler ultrasound and a visual decision-reaction time test was assessed in the peripheral vi-sual field. All measures were analyzed using independent T-tests with a significance value set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Cerebral blood flow ve-locity decreased as tilt progressed from 49.6 ± 3.2 to 46.2 ± 2.4 cm/s (mean ± SE; p < 0.05). Also, peripheral decision-reaction time in-creased as tilt progressed from 363.7 ± 12.7 to 385.3 ± 18.4 ms (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the reduction in cerebral blood flow velocity following maximal anaerobic exercise contributes to cognitive deficits as evidenced by the concurrent increase in peripheral field decision-reaction time prior to syncope.

Support provided by NIH grant HL115027

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PILATES EXERCISES FOR QUALITY OF LIFE OF AN INDIVIDUAL WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: A CASE STUDY I. Majdalane, P. Roquetti Fernandes Universidad Pedro de Valdivia, Chile

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system causing unpredictable

symptoms that affects the person’s quality of life. PURPOSE: To inves-tigate the effects of Pilates exercises using apparatus in quality of life of an individual with diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. METHODS: Case study, female, 37 years old, diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The intervention consisted of Pilates exercises using Reformer, Cadillac and Ladder Barrel planned according to participant’s needs, twice a week, 50min/session, during a period of 3 months. The partic-ipant was evaluated at baseline and after 3 months. Quality of life was measured by Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Inventory (MSQLI) and

participant weekly self-report. RESULTS: The participant reported signif-icant decrease of fatigue and spasticity, improvement on bower/blad-der incontinence and mobility. According to MSQLI scores at baseline and after 3 months of Pilates, improvements were observed in Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (53 vs 16), MOS Pain Effects Scale (17 vs 9), Bladder Control Scale (9 vs 1), Bowel Control Scale (6 vs 2) and Per-ceived Deficits Questionnaire (39 vs 29). CONCLUSION: This case study showed positive changes in the perception of quality of life, suggesting that Pilates exercises using apparatus may be feasible and beneficial for people with Multiple Sclerosis but larger studies are required to confirm these findings.

METABOLIC COST AND PERCEIVED EXERTION WHEN ADDING 9 KG TO WILDLAND FIREFIGHTER PACKS M. Schleh, S. Gaskill, FACSM, K. Cochrane, M. Cramer, M. Dorton, T. Gallo, T. Hampton, M. Powell, E. Simpson, J. Sol, T. Squires, J. Domitrovich. Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula MT.

Wildfire suppression includes arduous tasks such as uphill hiking, line digging, and lifting for prolonged periods. The U.S. Forest Service asked us to evaluate the effect of adding 9kg to a stan-dard 16 kg wildland firefighter (WLFF) pack on task perceptions and work rates. PURPOSE: To examine the metabolic cost and perception of task difficulty between a 16 vs. 25 kg WLFF pack to simulate the addition of an enhanced fire shelter, and how this will affect work rates of WLFFs. METHODS: Twenty-Five WLFFs (28.0±5.8 years) par-ticipated and had VO2max values of 53.5±5.7 ml*kg-1*min-1 and VO2 vt= 37.1±6.1 ml*kg-1*min-1. Experimental sessions included: 1) 10 minutes carrying each pack (16 or 25kg) at 3 mph up 2.5% and 7.5% grades. 2) Line digging tests consisted of a standardized 10 minute

“Pullaski Treadmill” test with each pack, and 3)10 minutes simulated lifting of 7 and 18 kg objects. Average VO2, HR, perception of effort scales and other data were recorded for each task. Statistical differenc-es were evaluated using a dependent t-test, p<0.05. RESULTS: Heavier packs resulted in significantly increased VO2 during uphill hiking at both 2.5% (16kg=20.0±1.7 vs 25kg = 22.32±1.79 ml*kg-1*min-1, +11.8%,

p<0.01) and at 7.5% (16kg=23.0±1.4 vs 25kg = 25.3±1.59 ml*kg-

1*min-1, +10.1%, p<0.01) but not for lifting tasks or line digging. When subjects were asked “How difficult would it be to maintain this work for 6-8 hours?” their perception was significantly greater for each mode of exercise when carrying the heavier pack. Hiking difficulty increased 23.2±18.0%, line digging difficulty increased 15.8±19.9%, and lifting difficulty increased 17.5±16.6%. CONCLUSION: Adding 9kgs to a 16kg WLFF pack results in increased metabolic cost for hiking but, because of how the pack is carried, does not increase VO2 cost for lifting or line digging. However, the heavier pack was perceived to make all work modes more difficult especially when the work duration increased. Ad-ditionally, less fit WLFFs had a much greater increase in VO2 cost and perceived difficulty with the heavier pack. There is no doubt that heavier packs will result in a greater safety risk and decreased work production for WLFFs and especially for lower fit firefighters.

Funded by the US Dept. Agriculture/US Forest Service/Missoula Tech-nology Development Center

GRADUAL TRAINING INDUCES NOVEL KINETIC STRATEGIES DURING ASYMMETRIC SPLIT-BELT TREADMILL WALKING J.W. Hinkel-Lipsker, M.E. Hahn University of Oregon, Eugene, OR

Split-belt treadmill walking has previously been used as a means to investigate motor adaptations to gait asymmetries in both healthy and clinical populations. Gradual introduction of split-belt walking asym-metries has been shown to lead to better retention and transfer per-formance in healthy individuals compared to a sudden introduction. However, it remains unknown which kinetic strategies are implemented by the gradual training group to result in improved retention and transfer performance. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of gradual and sud-den training on hip and ankle kinetics during split-belt treadmill walk-

ing. METHODS: Sixteen participants were recruited for this study and randomly assigned to either the gradual training group (n = 8, 32.85 ± 8.71 years) or sudden training group (n = 8, 29.83 ± 6.15 years). Both groups were first given a 15 minute period of acclimation to tread-mill walking. The gradual training group then completed 720 strides of acquisition, where the belt speed started at a 1:1 ratio. Then, the dominant leg speed increased by 0.02 m/s at an acceleration of 0.001 m/s2 every 20 strides to reach a 2:1 asymmetry for the final 20 strides. The sudden training group was immediately accelerated at 10 m/s2

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from a 1:1 to a 2:1 asymmetry, and then the participants walked at this asymmetry for the full 720 strides. All participants returned 24 hours later for a readaptation trial, where they were immediately introduced to a 2:1 asymmetry and then walked for 400 strides. Kinematic and ki-netic data were recorded during both the acquisition and readaptation trials, and inverse dynamics were used to calculate work done at the hip during the initial swing phase of gait, and ankle work during late stance phase. Work performed at both of these joints on both the fast and slow were compared between groups using ANOVAs, and within-subject differences between acquisition and readaptation were assessed us-ing paired T-tests. RESULTS: The gradual training group performed less

work on the slower (non-dominant) hip during acquisition compared to the fast limb (p < 0.001), but increased work at the slow limb hip joint during readaptation to where it was not significantly less than the fast limb (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Gradual training caused a novel kinetic strategy to be adopted during the acquisition period. However, after 24 hours this strategy was resolved. This may be the mechanism in which gradual training leads to better retention and transfer perfor-mance compared to sudden training, and may help to benefit split-belt walking training in clinical populations as well as advance the concept of practice difficulty during training of locomotion.

Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs, grant #A4843C

CONTRARY TO POPULAR OPINION, BMI OFTEN UNDERESTIMATES OBESITYM. Johannsen, S.E. Gaskill FACSM, S. Domitrovich The University of Montana, Missoula, MT

It is often suggested and is popular opinion that the obesity standards for Body Mass Index (BMI) overestimate obesi-

ty in populations. However, contrary to popular opinion, BMI may also underestimate obesity in sedentary individuals with low lean body mass. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine how frequently BMI over- or under-estimates obesity in a normal population. METHODS: Body composition data using hydrostatic weighing with estimated residual vol-ume and BMI were collected on 415 males and 251 females. RESULTS: Descriptive Results-Males: age range 17 to 74, mean 28.9±12.9 years; body fat = 14.8±7.7%; BMI = 25.5±4.4 Kg/M2. Females: age range 18 to 68, mean 27.9±13.4 years; body fat = 23.1±10.1%; BMI =24.2±4.4 Kg/M2. Research Results-53 males (12.8%) and 34 females (13.5%) had BMI values <30 Kg/M2 (non-obese BMI values) but had % fat values of >20% and >30% (male and female obesity standards). Conversely,

22 males (5.3%) and 2 females (<1%) had BMI values > 30 Kg/M2 (obese BMI standard) but also had non-obese body fat of <20% males or <30% females. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to have false positive obesity classification using BMI (high BMI, non-obese %fat). This was true in only 3.6% of our total population. However, we identified false negative obesity classification using BMI in 13.1% of our population who had non-obese BMI values but were obese using % fat standards. Thus, while popular belief is that BMI overestimates obesity we found the con-verse. In our large population, with average BMI and % body fat, we found a much higher percentage of individuals who were obese (excess fat) but had non-obese BMI values and would not have been classified as obese using BMI. Failing to identify obesity in sedentary individuals using BMI measurements could mask risk for cardiovascular and metabolic disease and delay preventative measures.

NON-SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS RESPONSES TO ACUTE MILD COLD EXPOSURE IN OBESE AND NON-OBESE INDIVIDUALS A. McMillan, M. White Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

INTRODUCTION: In response to mild cold exposure, brown adipose tis-sue (BAT) produces heat via non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). It has been suggested that individuals with a greater BAT capacity may be better able to maintain their body weight. Forward Looking InfraRed (FLIR) cameras have been employed to assess temperatures in the su-praclavicular regions where larger BAT depots are located in humans. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: For healthy college-aged males it was hypoth-esised that obese relative to non-obese would have smaller metabolic and NST responses to acute mild cold exposure. METHODS: Eight college-aged non-obese males with 16.23 % percent body fat (BF) and 8 obese males with 30.88 % BF volunteered for the study that was ap-proved by the SFU Office of Research Ethics. Oxygen consumption (VO2, mL/min/kg body weight) was measured by indirect calorimetry with a pre-calibrated metabolic cart and rectal temperature (T

RE,°C) with

calibrated thermistors. Surface heat flux (HF, W m-2) and skin tempera-ture (TSK,°C) were measured with calibrated heat flux discs on 7 body surface sites including the right and left supraclavicular areas, chest, posterior shoulder, upper arm, abdomen and thigh. After an overnight

fast each volunteer, wearing only shorts, sat in a climatic chamber at 26°C for 90 min and then for 90 min at 19°C. RESULTS: The TRE in both groups remained at ~36.86±0.48 during each exposure. At 19°C the obese had a lower mean TSK of 29.12±0.38°C relative to the non-obese mean TSK 30.72±0.63°C (p < 0.05), a lower mean HF of 80.46±7.03 W m-2 relative to that of 97.50±6.15 W m-2 (p < 0.05) for the non-obese and a lower mean VO2 of 2.58±0.55m L/min/kg (p<0.05) relative to that of 4.16±0.57 mL/min/kg in the non-obese. Heat flux over the supraclavicular BAT depots was 84.01±18.49 W m-2 in the obese and this was lower (p < 0.05) than that of 113.93±15.39 W m-2 in the non-obese. At this same site the obese supraclavicular TSK of 30.70±0.53°C was lower than that of 32.66±0.73 ( p<0.05) for the non-obese. This was further confirmed by FLIR imaging of the supraclavicular regions. CONCLUSION: Obese individuals appear to have lower non-shivering thermogenesis relative to non-obese and this suggests they have a low-er BAT activation during mild acute cold exposure.


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ARE PROXY MEASURES VIABLE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF GAIT TERMINATION?K. Ohm M. Hahn University of Oregon, Eugene, OR

Gait termination is an important part of daily activity, both in planned and unplanned stopping instances. While

planned stops are well understood thoroughly, unplanned stops cannot be truly studied in a traditional gait lab environment, where the stop-ping area is constrained above force plates. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test proxy measures for commonly reported vari-ables related to gait termination. METHODS: Nine able-bodied subjects (5M/4F, 27.4±6.9 yrs) completed this protocol. Subjects completed 10 successful planned stopping and 10 successful unplanned stopping trials on a 15m walkway. Success was defined as the subject coming to a staggered stop with the foot of the leading limb entirely on one force plate. Thirty percent of unplanned stopping trials did not include a stopping stimulus, to reduce subjects’ anticipation of the stopping stimulus. Data were collected from four in-ground force plates, plantar pressure insoles, and bi-lateral ankle-mounted accelerometers. Peak braking force (Fy) and anterior center of pressure (COPy) shift were cal-

culated from ground reaction force (GRF) data. Fy data were normalized to subjects’ body weight. Plantar pressure COPy shift and peak anterior acceleration (Ay) were extracted for comparison with the GRF-related measures. Linear correlation analyses were performed between GRF COPy shift and plantar pressure COPy shift, and between peak Fy and peak Ay. RESULTS: COPy shift from GRF data and plantar pressure COPy shift for all subjects did not demonstrate a linear relationship (R2=0.01). There was wide variation across subjects, ranging from no relationship to strong relationship (R2 values from 0.00 to 0.75). Sim-ilar trends were observed in the relationship between peak Ay and peak Fy, with group R2=0.09 and individual R2 values ranging from 0.00 to 0.40. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this analysis, using accelerometry and plantar pressure insoles in place of commonly reported gait termina-tion variables is not recommended due to both individual variation and measurement errors.

IMPACT OF A FLAME RESISTANT SYNTHETIC MATERIAL BASE LAYER ON HEAT STRESS FACTORS M. Dorton, J. Domitrovich, B. Ruby FACSM, C. Dumke FACSM. University of Montana, Department of Health and Human Performance, Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, Missoula, MT

Protective clothing worn by wildland firefighters (WLFF) may increase physiological strain and heat stress factors due to in-creased insulation and decreased ventilation. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of a flame resistant synthetic material base layer on heat stress factors. METHODS: Ten recreationally active males (25 ± 6.1 yrs, 80.9 ± 8.4 kg, 11.1 ± 5.3% fat, 4.4 ± 0.6 L·min-1 VO2 max) complet-ed two trials of intermittent (50 min walking, 10 min sitting) treadmill walking (2.5mph, 4% grade) over 3 hours in a climate chamber (35⋅C, 30% RH). Participants wore standard WLFF Nomex green pants, yellow shirt with either a 100% cotton base layer (C) or a flame resistant syn-thetic material base layer (S), while carrying a 35lb pack, hard hat, and gloves. Exercise was followed by a 30 minute rest period without pack, hard hat, gloves, or Nomex yellow shirt. Core (Tc) and skin (Tsk) tempera-ture were measured continuously throughout the trial. Skin blood flow (SBF) and skin temperature (DTsk) was recorded via laser doppler for two minutes prior to walking, five minutes during each break, and three, five minute periods during the 30 minutes following exercise. Physio-

logical strain index (PSI) was calculated. Water was scripted at 8 ml/kg/hr. Repeated measures ANOVAs were performed using SPSS 22.0. RESULTS: Significant main effects for time were found on Tc (p≤0.001) and Tsk (p=0.003). No significant trialXtime interactions were found in Tc (p=0.077) and Tsk (p=0.086). SBF showed significant main effects for time (p=0.001) and a trialXtime interaction (p=0.001). Significant main effects for time were found on DTsk (p=0.001). Comparisons for SBF and DTsk were made between peaks, nadirs, and the three post-ex-ercise periods for C and S. Significant main effects for time were found on SBF peaks (p=0.001), nadirs (p=0.028), and posts (p=0.001). Significant main effects for time were found on DTsk peaks (p=0.019) and posts (p=0.001). No significant trialXtime interactions were found between C and S. Significant main effects for time and trial were found on PSI (p≤0.001 and p=0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION: These data indicate that a flame resistant synthetic base layer may elevate SBF and possibly jeopardize indices of heat stress.

EVALUATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAINING LOAD AND LIFE STRESS IN COLLEGIATE CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERSJ. L. Wheeler, L. Hultin, W. Zhu, D.P. Heil, FACSM. Montana State University, Bozeman, MT.

Collegiate athletes experience a unique combination of stressors: ac-ademic, athletic, physiological, and social. The relationship between physiological stress due to training and perceived cognitive stress is not yet well-understood. PURPOSE: The current study evaluated the relationship between physiological and cognitive stress as represented

by training load and cumulative life stress using the College Student Athlete Life Stress Scale (LSS) for collegiate cross-country skiers, re-spectively. It was hypothesized that no significant relationship would be found between these two measures, indicating that physiological and perceived cognitive stress contribute independently to total stress.

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METHODS: Collegiate cross-country skiers (10 women: (Mean ± SD) 20 ± 2 yrs, 22.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2 BMI; 5 men: 21 ± 1 yrs, 22.5 ± 1.2 kg/m2 BMI) were recruited from Montana State University. Data was col-lected during four separate 1-week collection periods over the course of the fall semester, representing different parts of the skiers’ training cycle. Throughout each week, subjects recorded training within a log, noting each activity, duration, and session rating of perceived exertion (RPE; 1-10 scale). Training load (TL) was then calculated by multiply-ing the training volume (TV, hrs) of each activity by its session RPE. At the conclusion of each collection period, the subjects completed the LSS as part of an online survey. LSS, TV, and TL were analyzed using a 2-factor RM ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis (0.05 alpha), while TV and TL were also correlated with LSS using Pearson Correlations. RE-SULTS: LSS did not vary significantly across trials, but women tended to score higher than men (P = 0.07). TV and TL were both significantly

greater for men than women for all collection periods and varied as intended by the training cycle. LSS correlated weakly and negatively, but significantly with TV (R = -0.300, P = 0.02). The same correlational trends also existed for each of the 4 collection periods individually. LSS also correlated weakly and negatively, but non-significantly with TL (R =

-0.251, P = 0.053). CONCLUSIONS: At higher training volumes, skiers tended to self-report lower levels of cognitive stress. The direction of this relationship was unexpected, because both TV and LSS are under-stood to increase total stress. It is unclear whether TV causes lower LSS or if lower LSS allows for higher TV. Further, the correlation between measures of physiological and cognitive stress indicates that they do not contribute independently to total stress. Additional investigation is necessary to assess whether the relationship between TV and LSS is observed among other collegiate athletes.

2015 Doctoral Poster Presentations

THE EFFECT OF ACUTE L-CARNITINE AND CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON EXERCISE PARAMETERSB. Burrus1, B. Moscicki2, T. Matthews2, V. Paolone FACSM2 1 Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, 2 Springfield College, Springfield, MA

Chronic supplementation of L-carnitine (LC) and carbo-hydrate (CHO) has been reported to increase the content

of LC in skeletal muscle and have positive influences on exercise pa-rameters. CHO is thought to increase the uptake of LC into skeletal muscle against a significant concentration gradient via the action of in-sulin. Insulin stimulates the activity of the sodium potassium exchange pump, increasing extracellular sodium levels. The transport of LC into skeletal muscle is sodium dependent. The acute effect of supplemen-tation on exercise parameters has yet to be investigated. PURPOSE: To determine if acute supplementation of LC when coupled with CHO influences exercise parameters during a bout of cycling. METHODS: A total of 10 males (27.0 ± 4 yrs) completed two exercise sessions consisting of 40 min of cycling at 65% of VO2peak (peak oxygen con-sumption), immediately followed by cycling to exhaustion at 85% of VO2peak. Supplementation of either LC and CHO or a placebo and CHO occurred prior to the exercise sessions. LC or placebo was consumed 3 hr prior to exercise, and beverages consisting of 94 g of CHO were con-

sumed at both 2 hr, and 30 min prior to exercise. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to compare respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood lactate (BL), and power output (PO) across experimental trials and time. A repeated measures t-test was used to analyze differences between conditions and time to exhaustion (TTE) at 85% of VO2peak. RESULTS: RER was significantly lower (p < .05) prior to exercise with LC ingestion (.83 ± .05) compared to the placebo ingestion (.86 ± .06). BL was significantly lower (p < .05) after 10 min of cycling at 65% of VO2peak with ingestion of LC (35% change from baseline) compared to placebo ingestion (53% change from baseline). No significant differences were found for PO at any time point, and TTE at 85% of VO2peak did not differ between conditions. CONCLUSION: Despite lower BL levels after 10 min of cycling a VO2peak, no other differences existed between exercise conditions. Acute supplementation of LC and CHO did not influence exercise parameters, most likely due to a lack of sufficient change in the content of LC in skeletal muscle.

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ESTIMATES AND APPLICATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DATA ARE NEGATIVELY IMPACTED BY LOW ACCELEROMETER ADHERENCER. McGrath, C. Vella FACSM, P. Scruggs, C. Williams, D. Paul. University of Idaho, Moscow, ID

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of low accelerometer adherence on the prediction of physical activity, and the subsequent application of the data. METHODS: One-hundred participants (age=25.5±7.9 yrs; BMI=24.8±3.2 kg/m2; body fat=21.7±8.9%) were asked to wear a tri-axial accelerometer 24 hrs/d, 7 consecutive days (raw). Height, weight, and body composition (Air Displacement Plethysmography technology) were also measured during the study. Low accelerometer adherence (10 HR; 10.4 ±0.5 hrs/d) was simulated by imputing zero counts for sleep times, then randomly imputing blocks of 60 min of zero counts during waking hours until each participant had 10 h of data. Seden-tary time was defined as <150 cpm, light physical activity (LPA) as 150-2,689 cpm, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) as ≥2,690 cpm. One-way ANOVA with a Tukey post-hoc test was used to analyze the differences between raw and 10 HR. Linear regression was then used to investigate the relationships between physical activity and body composition (BMI and %body fat) for raw and 10 HR. Absolute

percent error (APE) was also calculated to compare raw and 10 HR. RE-SULTS: Sedentary time (935.0±101.3 min/d) for raw was significantly lower (p<.0001) than 10 HR (1,138.9±56.3 min/d), with an APE of 23.3%. Raw LPA (429.5±88.1 min/d), MVPA (75.4±30.3 min/d), and total physical activity (520.3±139.9 cpm) were all significantly higher (p<.0001) than 10 HR (254.1±49.2 min/d, 47.0±19.2 min/d, and 318.5±84.2 cpm, respectively). APE for the differences in LPA, MVPA, and total physical activity were 40.7, 36.6, and 38.4%, respective-ly. Time spent in MVPA was significantly associated with %body fat for 10 HR (⋅=-.092; p<.048), but not for raw (⋅=-.050; p<.091). CON-CLUSIONS: The use of low adherence datasets consistently resulted in profound amounts of measurement error when compared to “true” physical activity, as measured by 24 hr/d. In addition, the subsequent use of low adherence data could potentially impact the prediction of health markers, including the presence of Type 1 errors.

CHRONIC PASSIVE HEAT THERAPY IMPROVES ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION AND ARTERIAL STIFFNESS IN YOUNG HEALTHY HUMANS V. Brunt, B. Ely, M. Francisco, C. Minson, FACSM University of Oregon, Eugene, OR

Exercise is a potent means of improving cardiovascular health; howev-er, many patient populations are unable to exercise to an appropriate extent. Passive intermittent heat exposure (“heat therapy”) results in elevations in core temperature and changes in cardiovascular hemo-dynamics, such as cardiac output and shear stress, that are similar to exercise and thus may provide an alternative means of improving car-diovascular health. The majority of cardiovascular diseases are charac-terized by disorders of the arteries, predominantly caused by endothe-lial dysfunction and arterial stiffening. PURPOSE: To assess the effects of 8 weeks of passive heat therapy on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and carotid and femoral arterial stiffness. METHODS: Six young healthy subjects participated in 36 sessions of hot water immersion in a 40.5°C bath over the course of 8 wks (4-5x/wk), sufficient to maintain rectal temperature ≥38.5°C for 60min. Before and after heat

therapy, we assessed brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) fol-lowing a 5-min forearm occlusion using Doppler ultrasonography and dynamic cross-sectional arterial compliance of the common carotid and superficial femoral arteries using Doppler ultrasound and applana-tion tonometry to relate changes in artery diameter to changes in blood pressure. Data are mean ± S.E. RESULTS: Heat therapy increased FMD from 5.6±0.5% to 10.6±1.2% (p<0.01) and femoral compliance from 0.07±0.01 to 0.10±0.01mm2/mmHg (p<0.05), indicating reduced ar-terial stiffness. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that passive heat therapy improves endothelium-dependent dilation and arterial stiffness. Accordingly, heat therapy may provide a simple and effective means for improving cardiovascular health in various patient populations.

Supported by AHA Grant #14PRE20380300 & the Eugene and Clarissa Evonuk Memorial Foundation

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Oral Presentations

2015 UNDERGRADUATE ORAL PRESENTAT ION

EFFECTS OF FLAME RESISTANT SYNTHETIC MATERIAL ON MEASURES OF HYDRATION

S. Ehrlich, H. Shovlin, D. Howell, L. Rossmiller, M. Dorton, B. Ruby FACSM, C. Dumke FACSM University of Montana, Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, Missoula, MT

Wildland firefighters (WLFFs) perform arduous labor in high-tempera-ture environments. Protective gear worn by WLFFs may decrease ability to dissipate heat – putting fluid balance, performance, and safety at risk. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of wearing a flame resistant synthetic material base layer shirt (under-neath typical WLFF outerwear) on measures of hydration. METHODS: Recreationally active male subjects (n=10) had VO2 max and body fat percentage assessed prior to testing (25 ± 6.1 years, 11.1 ± 5.3% fat, 4.4 ± 0.6 L·min-1 VO2 max). Subjects completed two trials of the exper-imental procedure, each with a different base layer shirt material: either cotton or the flame resistant synthetic material, underneath standard issue WLFF personal protective gear and a 35lb pack. During each trial, subjects walked on a treadmill (2.5mph, 4% grade) in a climate chamber (35°C, 30%RH) for three 50-minute sessions with a 10-min-ute seated break in-between each session. Water was provided at 8 ml/kg/hr. After the three hours were complete, subjects removed their outer WLFF gear and sat for 30-minutes. Skin temperature (Tsk) and

core temperature (Tc) were measured continuously. Hematocrit (Hct), urine specific gravity (USG), and body weight were measured before and after each trial. Repeated measures and one-way ANOVAs were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in Tsk (p=0.086) and Tc (p=0.077) between the cotton and synthetic shirts. Weight loss (1.2 ± 0.2 kg, 1.3 ± 0.2 kg; p=0.53), percent de-hydration (0.6 ± 0.1 %, 0.7 ± 0.1 %; p=0.54), and sweat rate (0.81 ± 0.03 L·min-1, 0.85 ± 0.04 L·min-1; p=0.40) were not different between the cotton and synthetic shirts respectively. There were no significant differences found on urine and blood markers between the two base layer shirts with USG (p=0.57) and Hct (p=0.48). Significant main effects for time were found with Hct (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that a flame resistant synthetic material did not com-promise the hydration status of WLFFs while providing them additional protection from their work environment.

USDA FS Msla Technology Development Center 14-CR-11138200-009.


KINEMATIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LAND AND SHALLOW-WATER SPRINTINGL. Huth, E. Schmidt, G. Killgore Linfield College, McMinnville, OR

Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of using aquat-ic-based (AB) running when compared to land-based (LB) running to produce similar gains. However, most studies have primarily focused on deep-water running styles rather than shallow-water sprinting. PUR-POSE: To compare lower extremity running kinematics of female college athletes in an AB shallow water sprinting environment and in a LB sprint-ing environment. METHODS: 15 female NCAA Division III athletes com-pleted this investigation. Each subject participated in a shallow-water sprinting familiarization session and completed both AB and LB sprint-ing tests. All trials were video recorded from the right sagittal view. RE-SULTS: T-test pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences be-tween LB sprinting and AB sprinting. Stride rates (SR) (p<0.000) were 1.90Hz(± 0.11) for LB and 0.97Hz(± 0.12) for AB. Significant differenc-es were also found in stride length (SL) (p<0.000) between LB sprinting (2.95m±0.19) and AB sprinting (0.88m±0.21). Additionally, the veloci-

ty between LB sprinting (5.58m/s ± 0.31) and AB sprinting (0.86m/s ± 0.25) were found to be significant (p<0.000) as was the calculated hip to foot relationship between LB sprinting (0.31m ±0.12) and AB sprint-ing (0.17 m ± 0.10) (p<0.004). However, single leg support time (SLS) and swing time (SW) did not exhibit statistically significant differenc-es (p<0.064) between LB sprinting (SLS:23.03±4.11% of gait cycle; SW:76.97±4.11% of gait cycle) and AB sprinting (SLS:20.21±4.42% of gait cycle; 79.79±4.42% of gait cycle). CONCLUSION: These data revealed that the AB sprinting style was found to have significant lower extremity kinematic differences when compared to the LB sprinting style for all of the kinematic variables that were measured with the exception of SLS and SW. The differences exhibited are due to fluid mechanics, e.g. drag, buoyancy, and hydrostatic pressure. However, the data assists with the understanding of the differences associated with sprinting in different media.

8:30AM Saturday, Feb. 28




EFFECTS OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ON CLIMBING PERFORMANCE IN A MOUNTAIN ULTRA-MARATHON RACEA. Klocek, I. Foster, P. Singh, M. Rogers, S. Sangra, M. White

Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of climatic conditions on performance in a ~50 km mountainous trail running race. Anecdotal evidence suggests that increased humidity in forested race courses is associated with increased heat stress and decreased performance in ultra-marathoners. We hypothesized that slower climb times would be associated with elevated ambient vapour pressure (VP) and temperature during an ultra-marathon course with heavy tree cover. The rationale follows from body heat loss and cool-ing being largely dependent on evaporation of eccrine sweat, which is directly proportional to the VP gradient between the ambient air and that on the skin surface. METHODS: Eight healthy males and one fe-male volunteered for the study. Their mean height was 178.3±5.5 cm (mean±SD), weight 71.0±8.3 kg, Body Mass Index 22.4±2.1 ml/kg2, and age 49.7±8.2 years. The office of research ethics at SFU approved the study. Dry bulb (DBT) and wet bulb temperatures were assessed as well as relative humidity (RH) with an electronic humidity sensor. From these ambient VP was determined from a psychometric chart. Wind velocity was assessed with an anemometer. Globe temperature was

determined using a Vernon globe thermometer. Remote Omega sensors were used to measure temperature, RH and dew points at three course locations. The GPS coordinates of measurement sites were determined using a handheld instrument. First order linear regression analysis was employed for the analyses and the P value was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Over the race duration there were progressive increases in DB tempera-ture, RH and ambient VP. The mean DBT at the 3 maximum elevations in the race was 21.52±0.57°C and this was positively correlated to mean climb time of 72.26±9.76 min with an R2 = 0.92, p<0.05. The mean RH of 55.39±1.39% was negatively correlated to mean climb time with R2 = 0.47, p<0.05. The mean ambient vapour pressure of 10.73±0.28 mmHg, however, was positively correlated to mean climb time with R2 = 0.40, p<0.10. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, these preliminary results support the hypothesis that increased temperature and ambient vapour pressure are associated with a decrease in performance during strenu-ous climbs during an ultramarathon on a tree covered course.



THE INFLUENCE OF A DAILY NUTRITION SUPPLEMENT ON BLOOD TRIGLYCERIDES AND CHOLESTEROL IN HEALTHY ADULTS

C. Malcolm, M. Grant, D. Lee, L. Legidakes, J. Stilson, C. Kirven, L. Whalen, D.P. Heil FACSM Montana State University, Bozeman, MT

High triglycerides and cholesterol levels in the blood are often the first warning sign of an increased risk for heart disease and stroke. It is recommended by the American Heart Association that triglyceride (TG) levels be kept ≤100 mg/dL, while total cholesterol (TC) levels should be ≤200 mg/dL. In populations at greater risk for heart disease these guidelines are especially important. The easiest way to address high TC and TG levels in the blood is through nutritional interventions. PUR-POSE: The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the regular consumption of a nutrition supplement, which contains a pro-prietary blend of vitamins and minerals designed to decrease the TG and TC in the blood, would influence fasting blood lipid measures in healthy adults. METHODS: 47 college students were recruited and ran-domly assigned to either the Treatment (n=24; 13 women: (MeanSD) 224 yrs., 23.71.8 kg/; 11 men: 22 3 yrs., 25.74.7 kg/) or Control groups (n=23) 10 women: 202 yrs., 23.52.8 kg/; 13 men: 22 3 yrs., 25.14.2 kg/). Both groups consumed 6 capsules per day (2 capsules 3 times daily) during the 8-week double blind, placebo controlled testing phase, which included 5 lab visits (baseline + every two weeks thereaf-ter). During each lab visit, body mass was measured along with fasting

fingertip blood samples collected and measured for TC, low density lipo-proteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), TG, and blood glucose (BG). Data were analyzed using a two-factor (Group x Time) RMANO-VA and Sheffe’s post-hoc (0.05 alpha). RESULTS: Measures of TC (Mean182.05.6 to 160.5 5.2 mg/dL) and LDL (103.84.1 to 81.83.3 mg/dL) decreased significantly (P<0.05) for the Treatment group with no changes for the Control group. There was a non-significant decrease in TG for the Treatment group, while the Control group significantly in-creased (81.26.1 to 103.29.4 mg/dL; P>0.05). Lastly, there was a significant decrease in body mass for the Treatment group (76.23.6 to 72.32.7 kg; P<0.05), while the Control group experienced no changes. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these results indicate that resting blood triglycerides and cholesterol levels in young healthy adults benefited from daily consumption of the supplement. The Treatment group’s de-crease in body mass may reflect a secondary effect to increase daily physical activity energy expenditure. Therefore, this supplement could be an effective non-prescription preventative treatment for populations at greater risk for heart disease.

Supported by a grant from Meehan Formulations, LLC (Jackson, WY)

9AM Saturday, Feb. 28



2015 MASTERS ORAL PRESENTAT ION

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY-RELATED DISCUSSION BETWEEN PREGNANT WOMEN AND PRENATAL HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS

A. McMahon1, C. Connolly1, J. Pivarnik FACSM2, R. Schlaff3, M. Lewis2, R. Silver41Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 2Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 3Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, MI, 4University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT

Prenatal healthcare providers (HCP) are in an influential position to advocate for leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among pregnant wom-en. Previous research suggests when such discussions occur, they may lack accurate or complete information and may be perceived negatively by pregnant women. PURPOSE: To 1) assess pregnant women’s per-ceptions of physical activity discussion with their prenatal HCPs and 2) determine the relationship between these discussions and meet-ing current LTPA guidelines included in the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. METHODS: A survey (paper or online) was completed by 302 pregnant women. Participants answered questions regarding physical activity discussions with prenatal HCPs and their pregnancy LTPA behavior. Moderate LTPA was dichotomized as meeting guidelines [moderate LTPA ≥150 min/week] or not. Vigorous LTPA was dichoto-mized as performing any [vigorous LTPA >0 min/week) or not. Rela-tive frequencies were calculated for all categorical responses. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships among physical activity guideline discussions, meeting moderate LTPA guide-lines, and participating in any vigorous LTPA. These analyses adjusted

for prepregnancy LTPA and LTPA efficacy beliefs. RESULTS: Nearly two-thirds of participants (n=199) reported having discussed physical activ-ity with their prenatal HCP. However, current physical activity guidelines for pregnant women were addressed in less than half of those discus-sions (n=96). Pregnant women who discussed the current guidelines with prenatal HCPs had increased odds of participating in any vigorous LTPA (aOR=2.48, 95% CI: 1.28-4.81), but not for meeting the moder-ate LTPA guidelines (aOR=0.83, 95% CI: 0.45-1.55). Of those who did not report having physical activity discussions, 44.9% (n=48) reported the desire to discuss physical activity with their HCPs. Nearly 60% of the total analytic sample (n=180) reported their prenatal HCP as the source from whom they would most like to receive physical activity information. CONCLUSION: Physical activity discussion between preg-nant women and prenatal HCPs is related to vigorous LTPA participation. Prenatal HCPs are perceived by pregnant women to be an important and desirable source of physical activity information.

Supported by Michigan State University (College of Education, the Graduate School, Center for Physical Activity & Health)

2015 MASTERS ORAL PRESENTAT ION

INFLUENCE OF PLYOMETRIC AND RESISTANCE TRAINING ON STRENGTH, POWER, AND PREDICTED CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS IN ACTIVE ADULTS

C. Kirven1, E. Davila1, 2, K. Edwards1, A. Filipowicz1, L. Legidakes1, D. Nordman1, J. Perreault1, W. Robinson1, M. Tarantino1, B. Turnbaugh1, C. Vap1, D. P. Heil FACSM1

1 Movement Science / Human Performance Lab, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 2 Department of Fitness, Ridge Athletic Clubs, Bozeman, MT.

Plyometric training is largely used to improve speed, power, and strength in athletic populations. While recreationally active adults may not be concerned in the improvement of muscular power over strength, it is possible that plyometric training can elicit greater changes in cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF) when compared to resistance training alone. PURPOSE: This pilot study evaluated whether resistance and plyometric training combined was more effective than resistance training alone at improving strength, power, and predicted CRF in recreationally active adults. METHODS: Eleven active adults (two males and nine females) were pre- and post-tested for vertical jump (VJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), multiple 5-Bound (M5B), five-repetition maximum leg press (LP5RM), body fat (BF), treadmill time to exhaustion (TTE), and predicted VO2MAX (PVO2MAX = CRF) from TTE. Subjects were randomly split into treatment ((Mean±SD) 28±7 yrs, 23.6±2.7 kg/m2) and control groups (26±7 yrs, 24.5±1.5 kg/m2). The treatment group completed 6 weeks of plyometric and resistance training while the control group completed 6 weeks of resistance training only. Groups were compared

using a 2-factor (time x group) RM ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD post hoc test (⋅ = 0.05). RESULTS: There were no significant changes for VJ, CMJ, M5B, or BF (p>0.05), but TTE, PVO2mx, and LP5RM increased signifi-cantly (p<0.05) from pre to post. TTE and PVO2MAX changes were driven by significant plyometric group changes in TTE (Pre: 12.05±2.31 min, Post: 12.51±2.15 min), whereas TTE in the resistance training group did not change significantly (Pre: 12.19±1.39 min, Post: 12.39±1.59 min). LP5RM significantly improved in both groups: 370±120 to 477±143 and 394±100 to 520±128 for plyometric and control groups, respectively (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Both groups showed significant improvements in leg strength, while the addition of plyometric training resulted in no significant improvements in power or body fat when com-pared to resistance training alone. However, improvements in TTE and PVO2MAX suggest plyometric training may help improve CRF. Therefore, plyometric training may be beneficial for recreationally active adults looking to improve functional capacity and the ability to perform activ-ities of daily living.




2015 DOCTORAL ORAL PRESENTAT ION

MAXIMAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IS SIMILAR WITH DECREMENTAL AND TRADITIONAL INCREMENTAL PROTOCOLS IN RUNNERS AND TRIATHLETES

K. Taylor, J. Seegmiller, Z. McJannet, V. Martinez, D. Drummer, C.A. Vella, FACSM University of Idaho, Moscow, ID

For more than 90 years, researchers have utilized incremental protocols to measure maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). However, more re-cently there has been research to suggest that a decremental protocol may elicit a higher VO2max than an incremental protocol. PURPOSE: To determine whether a decremental protocol could produce higher VO2max values than an incremental protocol, and to understand the potential mechanism underlying this phenomenon. METHODS: 20 runners/tri-athletes (mean±SD: age 28.0±6.9 y) were randomized to one of two groups: incremental (n=10) or decremental (n=10). All participants completed an initial incremental VO2max test, followed by a verification phase. Participants in the incremental group then completed two further incremental tests on a treadmill beginning at 5.6 mph (4.4 mph for women) at a 5% grade. Participants in the decremental group complet-ed a second VO2max using the decremental protocol, which was based on the results of their initial incremental test. The decremental group also completed a third VO2max test using the incremental protocol. All testing was separated by at least 72 h. During each test VO2, VCO2,

ventilation, and heart rate were measured using a metabolic cart sys-tem and cardiac variables were estimated with thoracic bioimpedance. A 2x3 repeated measures ANOVA was conducted with an alpha level set at 0.05. RESULTS: There were no significant main effects for group or interaction over time (p>0.05). Average VO2max over three trials was similar between the incremental (56.4±0.9 ml/kg/min) and decremen-tal (60.8±0.9 ml/kg/min) groups (p>0.05). The average difference in VO2max across the 3 trials was 0.18 ml/kg/min for incremental and 0.24 ml/kg/min for decremental groups (p>0.05). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in average cardiac output (Q) or stroke vol-ume (SV) over three trials between the incremental (Q:23.9±0.6 L/min; SV:126.9±3.2 ml/beat) and decremental groups (Q:20.3±0.5 L/min; SV:108.1±2.9 ml/beat). CONSLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that a decremental protocol does not elicit higher VO2max values than an incremental protocol. However, there is evidence to suggest that a decremental protocol can be used as an alternative protocol to measure VO2max in runners and triathletes.


ASSESSING THE STATE OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS DECLARING A HEALTH-RELATED MAJOR

V. Martinez, R. McGrath, M. Vaartstra, A. Brown, A. Start, T. Johnson University of Idaho, Moscow, ID

Health-related majors such as exercise science are popular and grow-ing career paths. However, little research has attempted to determine what drives undergraduate student interest in health-related majors. PURPOSE: To investigate factors influencing undergraduate students to major in a health-related field, and determine whether such influences differ by classification. A second purpose was to investigate future plans after earning a bachelors degree in a health-related major. METHODS: Qualtrics was used to develop a self-administered, paper and online survey distributed to a list serve of undergraduate students majoring in a health-related field in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Positive and negative influential factors on decisions to major in a health-related field were rated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (no influence) to 5 (major influence). Descriptives and non-parametric tests were used for statistical analysis. 388 (M=20.9 ± 2.6 yrs) participants were included. RESULTS: The most positive influential factor reported was interest (4.63 ± 0.03), and the negative factor was difficulty of the major (1.77 ± 0.05). Working with hand on tasks (59.1%) and helping others (56.3%) in classes and/or future career was reported as the primary reason for selecting a health-related major. 82.4% reported planning to pursue a master’s (n=164) or doctorate (n=155) degree to

enhance their knowledge in a particular subject (52.7%) and improve their marketability (44.7%). Accumulating debt (23.3%) was the pri-mary reason not to attend graduate school. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to determine differences between positive influences in fresh-man (F) (n=66), sophomores (S) (n=75), juniors (J) (n=99), seniors (S) (n=95), and fifth year seniors/graduates (GS) (n=44). The results indicated that interests (χ2(4)=9.62, p=0.05), friends (χ2(4)=10.98, p=0.02), college advisors (χ2(4)=20.18, p=0.01), introductory courses (χ2(4)=13.72, p=0.01), and compensation in the field (χ2(4)=11.32, p=0.02) were significantly different between the groups. Post hoc anal-ysis revealed lower influence from discussion with friends in F compared to J (2.68 ± 0.15 vs 3.26 ± 0.12). College advisors had lower influence in F compared to J and S (1.82 ± 0.14 vs 2.66 ± 0.15 vs 2.70 ± 0.15), respectively. Introductory courses had lower influence in F compared to J and GS (2.29 ± 0.15 vs 2.82 ± 0.13 vs 3.14 ± 0.20). Compen-sation of pay scores was greater in F compared to GS (3.42 ± 0.15 vs 2.61 ± 0.20, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that length of study in health-related majors influence overall factors that motivate student’s major selection.

11AM Saturday, Feb. 28




HISTAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKADE DOES NOT INCREASE CREATINE KINASE CONCENTRATIONS FOLLOWING MUSCLE DAMAGING EXERCISE

M. Ely, S. Romero, D. Sieck, M. Luttrell, J. Halliwill, FACSM. University of Oregon, Eugene OR.

Case studies have documented the use of antihistamines in the hours preceding extensive and unaccustomed exercise that resulted in rhab-domyolysis. Histamine is a known mediator of inflammation caused by tissue damage. It is unknown if blockade of histamine actions during and immediately following muscle damaging exercise increases the se-verity of injury. PURPOSE: Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to determine if histamine receptor blockade during muscle damaging exercise affected the extent of injury. It was hypothesized that blockade of histamine H1 + H2 receptors would increase muscle damage as evi-denced by a higher creatine kinase (CK) concentration in the ensuing 72 hours in a histamine blockade group compared to a control group. METHODS: Volunteers (n=20, 4F) were randomly assigned to histamine blockade (n=10; 540mg fexofenadine; an H1 blocker and 300mg ranit-idine; an H2 blocker) or control (n=10; no drug) group. Muscle damage was induced by 45-min of downhill running (-10% grade) at a heart rate of ~150 BPM. Blood collected prior to, following, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercise was analyzed for CK concentrations. Comparison between groups and over time were determined by an unpaired repeat-ed measures ANOVA with a significance value set at p<0.05. RESULTS: CK concentrations for both groups increased immediately following ex-ercise (mean ± SE; 25.2 ± 4.8 u/L), as well as 6 (48.7 ± 6.9 u/L), 12

(62.2 ± 8.1 u/L), 24 (52.5 ± 8.4 u/L), and 48 (30.0 ± 5.0 u/L) hours over the pre-exercise concentrations (17.3 ± 3.3 u/L) (p<0.05). Al-though there was a slight increase in CK concentrations in the blockade group compared to the control group at 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours, the mean difference between groups (5.0 ± 10.1 u/L) was not significant. CONCLUSION: Thus, it appears that histamine receptor blockade does not increase the magnitude of muscle damage following moderate in-tensity eccentric aerobic exercise.

Support provided by NIH grant HL115027


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