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RIG SEISMIC 112: CONTINUOUS

GEOCHEMICAL TRACERS

(CGT), NATURAL PROCESSES AND ANTHROPOGENIC INPUTS TO SEAWATER OFF SYDNEY

BMR PUBLICATIONS COMPA&~ (LENDING SECTION)

RECORD 1993/10

-

Corrections to AGSO Record 1993/10.

1. page 97 at the end of the first paragraph. The concentration of dissolved oxygen should read 3271lM.

2. pages 98-100. There is no Table 5, and it should read Table 4.1.

3. page 104, first paragraph. The following sentence should read" Furthermore, increased levels of THC and depleted dissolved oxygen were found near the ocean outfalls."

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Rig Seismic Survey 112: Continuous Geochemical Tracers

(CGT), natural processes and anthropogenic inputs to

seawater off Sydney

AGSO Record 1993/10

Project 121.37

D. T. Heggie, G. P. Bickford and J. H. Bishop

Australian Geological Survey Organisation

Program in Marine Geosciences and Petroleum Geology

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES AND ENERGY

Minister for Resources: Hon. David Beddall, MP Secretary: Greg Taylor

AUSTRALIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ORGANISATION

Executive Director: Harvey Jacka

© Commonwealth of Australia

ISSN: 1039-0073 ISBN: 0 642 19222 7

This work is copyright. Apart from any fair dealings for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review, as pennitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written pennission. Copyright is the responsibility of the Executive Director, Australian Geological Survey Organisation. Inquiries should be directed to the Principal Information Officer, Australian Geological Survey Organisation, GPO Box 378, Canberra City, ACT, 2601.

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... iv

List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... vi

L· fP' .. 1st 0 19ures ........................................................................................................................ Vll

List of Enclosures .................................................................................................................. xi

1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1

Objectives .................................................................................................................. 2

CGT Methods .................................... : ....................................................................... 2

SDL system measurements ............................................................................ 3

2. Vertical profiles of continuous geochemical tracers (CGT): seawater

oxygen, pH and hydrographic data (temperature and salinity) .............................................. 20

North Head Ocean Outfall (VP's 112002, 112013) ................................................... 20

Entrance to Port Jackson (VP's 112003,004,005) .................................................... 20

Bondi Ocean Outfall (VP's 112006,112007) ............................................................. 29

Malabar Ocean Outfall (VP's 112008,112009,112015,112016) ................................ 29

Entrance to Botany Bay VP's 112010,112017 ........................................................... 39

Offshore Bate Bay VP112018 ................................................................................... 39

3. Longitudinal profiles of continuous geochemical tracers (CGT):

temperature, conductivity (salinity), dissolved oxygen and pH ............................................ 48

Line Bate Bay (a composite line of 112003 and other data) ...................................... 48

CGT tow-fish at 5 m water depth (survey lines 112004, 112005,

112006, 112007) ........................................................................................................ 48

CGT tow-fish at 25 m water depth (survey lines 112008, 112009,

112010, 112011) ........................................................................................................ 60

CGT tow-fish at 10-15 m altitude above the seafloor (survey lines

112016, 112017) ........................................................................................................ 73

iii

4. Combined DHD (light hydrocarbon) and SDL (temperature, salinity,

dissolved oxygen and pH) data .............................................................................................. 74

Longitudinal profiles ofTHC and DO ....................................................................... 74

Chemical Oceanography in the coastal zone offshore Sydney .................................. 91

5. Summary ............................................................................................................................ 102

6. References ......................................................................................................................... 105

7 . Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. 106

Appendix 1. Description of the SDL data acquisition system

Appendix 2. Vertical profiles of SDL data: temperature, salinity, dissolved

oxygen and pH

Appendix 3. Longitudinal profiles of SDL data: temperature, salinity,

dissolved oxygen and pH

iv

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Executive Summary

Rig Seismic Survey 112 (September-October, 1992), collected temperature, salinity,

dissolved oxygen and pH data with a Yeo-Kal submersible data logger (SDL),

simultaneously with Direct Hydrocarbon Detection (DHD) data, from the coastal zone

between Broken Bay and south of Garie Head. The primary objective of this aspect of

the survey was to test for other potential tracers of plumes from the ocean outfalls

operated by the Water Board (Sydney), and hence to provide the Water Board with

data to test hydrodynamic models of plume dispersion.

This Record presents these data in a simple visual format and a preliminary

interpretation of part of the data set. Approximately 500 line-km of data were

collected, using dGPS (differential Global Positioning System), from eighteen survey

lines. The survey lines near the ocean outfalls were repeatedly profiled at different

water depths including 5 m, 25 m and 45 m. Surveying was conducted near the

entrance to Botany Bay and Port Jackson, and a line was run into Bate Bay (south of

Botany Bay). In addition fourteen vertical proflles of SDL data were acquired.

Variations in all parameters measured in the SDL (temperature, salinity, pH and

dissolved oxygen content) were measured over the survey area. Seawater temperature

varied over a range of 30 Ce1cius, and seawater salinity varied over a range of

<0.050 /00, and the lowest temperatures and salinities were detected in the vicinities of

the ocean outfalls. Discontinuities in the vertical profiles of all parameters measured

are consistent with a seafloor source of low salinity, relatively cold water.

Anomalies in seawater dissolved oxygen and pH were measured in the vicinity of the

ocean outfalls and south of Botany Bay. The lowest oxygen concentrations measured

on the survey were depleted by about twenty percent from typical ambient

concentrations. Low seawater pH values were coincident with low dissolved oxygen

v

concentrations. A preliminary estimate of the dissolved oxygen inventory indicates

that simple mixing of an oxygen depleted sewage effluent with supersaturated oceanic

surface seawater cannot explain the observed oxygen depletions (approximately 70 Il

M) below ambient concentrations around the ocean outfalls. When total hydrocarbons

- a tracer of ocean outfall discharge - and dissolved oxygen data from those lines in

the vicinities of the ocean outfalls are displayed together, local decreases in dissolved

oxygen and pH are found where THe anomalies are evident. These observations

suggest that particulate organic matter in the sewage when discharged into the sea

undergoes microbial oxidation, a process which depletes the local seawater oxygen

inventory and adds metabolic carbon dioxide (lowering the pH of seawater), and

anthropogenic nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus to seawater. Nutrients released to

seawater in this way may be an important component of the dissolved nutrient

inventory and as such influence coastal marine primary productivity.

The data collected aboard Rig Seismic during this survey represent the first continuous

real-time measurements of geochemical tracers around ocean outfalls, located in the

Australian coastal zone (and perhaps elsewhere). These data contribute to the

development of environmental monitoring strategies, by helping to define processes,

and parameters that link 'causes' of environmental change (anthropogenic inputs) with

'effects' of environmental change, in this case oxygen consumption in the water

column, oxidation of particulate anthropogenic organic matter and release of

anthropogenic nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus and the attendant implications

thereof.

vi

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List of Tables

Page

Table 1.1. Locations of vertical profiles conducted near the

entrances to estuaries and ocean outfalls. 10

Table 1.2. Summary of data collected for the vertical profiles. 11

Table 1.3. Navigation data for the CGT survey 12

Table 1.4. Summary of data collected from the survey 15

lines along the coastal zone between North Head and Port Hacking.

Table 4.1 Simplified water column mass balance components

of a two end-member (sewage and seawater) marine system. 99

vii

• • • List of Figures • Page • Figure 1.1 Reprint of the BMR Research Newsletter article • of the pilot survey conducted aboard Rig Seismic during • September/October 1991. 5 • • Figure 1.2 Schematic of the Continuous Geochemical Tracer • (CGT) capability within AGSO Marine Program. 7 • • Figure 1.3. Schematic of the CGT system installed and operated • aboard Rig Seismic. 8 • • Figure 1.4 Map of the locations of vertical CGT profiles • conducted off Sydney. 9 • • Figure 1.5. Cruise track of the CGT survey with the tow-fish • at 5 m water depth. 16 • • Figure 1.6 Cruise track of the CGT survey with the tow-fish • at 25 m water depth. 17 • • Figure 1.7 Cruise track of the CGT survey with the tow-fish • at 45 ill water depth. 18 • • Figure 1.8 Cruise track of the CGT survey with the tow-fish • 10-15 m above the seafloor. 19 • • Figure 2.1 Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity. pH and dissolved • oxygen from VPI12013, in the vicinity of the North Head ocean outfall 21 • viii • •

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Figure 2.2 Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved

oxygen from, VP112004, near the entrance to Port Jackson.


25

oxygen in the vicinity of the Bondi ocean outfall, VPl12006. 31


oxygen in the vicinity of the Malabar ocean outfall, VP112008. 35


oxygen near the entrance to Botany Bay, VP11201O. 40


oxygen, offshore of Bate Bay, VP112018. 44

Figure 3.1 Longitudinal profiles of temperature, conductivity (salinity), pH,

dissolved oxygen content and tow-fish depth from survey line Bate Bay. 50


dissolved oxygen content and tow-fish depth from survey line 112005,

at 5 m water depth. 55



at 25 m water depth. 61



ix

• • • at 45 m water depth. 68 • • Figure 4.1 Total hydrocarbons (THe) and dissolved oxygen • concentrations along, survey line 112004 at 5 m water depth. 78 • • Figure 4.2 Total hydrocarbons (THe) and dissolved oxygen • concentrations along survey line 112005 at 5 m water depth. 79 • • Figure 4.3 Total hydrocarbons (THe) and dissolved oxygen • concentrations along survey line 112006 at 5 m water depth. 80 • • Figure 4.4 Total hydrocarbons (THe) and dissolved oxygen • concentrations along survey line 112007 at 5 m water depth. 81 • • Figure 4.5 Total hydrocarbons (THe) and dissolved oxygen • concentrations along survey line 112008 at 25 m water depth. 82 • • Figure 4.6 Total hydrocarbons (THe) and dissolved oxygen • concentrations along survey line 112009 at 25 m water depth. 83 • • Figure 4.7 Total hydrocarbons (THe) and dissolved oxygen • concentrations along survey line 112010 at 25 m water depth. 84 • • Figure 4.8 Total hydrocarbons (THe) and dissolved oxygen • concentrations along survey line 112011 at 25 m water depth. 85 • • Figure 4.9 Total hydrocarbons (THe) and dissolved oxygen • concentrations along survey line 112012 at 45 m water depth. 86 • •

x • • /'

• • • • Figure 4.10 Total hydrocarbons (THe) and dissolved oxygen

• concentrations along survey line 112013 at 45 m water depth. 87

• • Figure 4.11 Total hydrocarbons (THe) and dissolved oxygen


• • Figure 4.12 Total hydrocarbons (THC) and dissolved oxygen


• • Figure 4.13 Total hydrocarbons (THe) and dissolved oxygen

• concentrations along survey line Bate Bay. 90

• • Figure 4.14 Dissolved oxygen and pH from all survey lines on the

• coastal grid. 94

• • Figure 4.15. T-S diagram from the coastal grid. 101

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List of Enclosures

Enclosure 1. Map of the locations of vertical profiles conducted

during the survey 112.

Enclosure 2. Map of the ship survey track with the tow-fish at 5 m water depth. The

survey lines around Bate Bay are also shown, although the tow-fish depth varied

between about 5 m and 15 ffi.

Enclosure 3. Map of the ship survey track with the tow-fish at 25 m water depth.


Enclosure 5. Map of the ship survey track with the tow-fish altitude at 10-15 m above

the seafloor.

xii

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1. Introduction

A pilot project conducted in October 1991, from Rig Seismic (AGSO Survey 104),

utilising the continuous geochemical tracer [CGT] capability, showed that the

analyses of oceanic waters for light hydrocarbon content provides a useful method for

characterising pollutants from various sources (BMR Research Newsletter, 16). The

offshore Sydney component of Survey 104 was conducted between Botany Bay and

North Head. Light hydrocarbon anomalies were detected from each of the three

deepwater ocean outfalls operated by the Water Board. The results suggested that the

molecular compositions of different hydrocarbon mixtures may be useful indicators of

hydrocarbon 'sources' mixed together in the coastal zone. A reprint of the BMR

Research Newsletter article of the pilot survey is reproduced in Figure 1.1.

The usefulness of the CGT equipment, demonstrated during that pilot project, resulted

in an additional survey (Survey 112), conducted on Rig Seismic during

September/October 1992 (Heggie et al., 1992), which combined scientific staff from

AGSO and the Water Board (Sydney). Scientific activities on Survey 112 included: (i)

seafloor sampling, to gather environmental baseline information on the nutrient and

contaminant (heavy metals and organochlorines) status of sediments, and also

sedimentology of the nearshore region and, (ii) water column analyses, comprising

approximately 500 line-Ian of CGT data (light hydrocarbons in seawater

complemented with temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH) collected in the

vicinity of the deepwater ocean outfalls.

The purposes of this Record are to: (i) provide a description of the edited

hydrographic (temperature and salinity), oxygen and pH data and, (ii) combine these

data with some of the light hydrocarbon (DHD) data. Sediment and DHD data

collected during Survey 112 are addressed in other AGSO Records (Heggie et al.,

©Australian Geological Survey Organisation 1993

2

1993a; Heggie et al., 1993b). A separate part of Survey 112, conducted with scientific

staff from Sydney University, the NSW Geological Survey and the Ocean Sciences

Institute, between Newcastle and Wollongong provides a regional context for those

observations focussed about Sydney. The preliminary results of that part of Survey

112 are included in Bickford and Heggie et al. (1993).

Objectives

The primary objective of this aspect of Survey 112 discussed here was:

1a. To test if continuously gathered (real-time) data on hydrographic parameters,

including seawater temperature and conductivity (salinity), pH and dissolved oxygen

contents could be used as tracers of the plumes from the Bondi, North Head and

Malabar deepwater ocean outfalls.

Because this equipment had not been installed and used on Rig Seismic prior to this

survey, a secondary objective related to systems development was:

1 b. To develop and test the integration of the SDL data into the DHD data collection

capability, and thus expand the geochemical tracer capability aboard Rig Seismic.

CGTMethods

A flow diagram of the CGT system is shown in Figure 1.2. CGT refers to two

different types of simultaneous data collection:

1. DHD or Direct Hydrocarbon Detection refers to analyses of light (C 1 to C8)

hydrocarbons in seawater.


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3

2. SDL (submersible data logger - an acronym coined by Yeo-Kal instruments and

retained here) data include continuous measurements of temperature, conductivity,

dissolved oxygen and pH in seawater (salinity and seawater density are calculated

parameters) .

A schematic of how this system is installed and operated on Rig Seismic (and

potentially other smaller vessels) is shown in Figure 1.3.

SDL system measurements

The SDL is a computer related device, with its own clock, to enable 'real-time' data

acquisition. The data can either be stored in the SDL's computer memory and

downloaded at a later time, or be transmitted directly from the sensors to the PC in the

shipboard laboratory. During this survey, hydrographic data (recorded at 15 second

intervals) were obtained in 'real time', and simultaneously with the light hydrocarbon

(DHD) data. SDL and DHD data were stored, together with navigation data, on a

personal computer. The instruments contained within the SDL unit include: a

dissolved oxygen probe, a pH probe, a high speed temperature thermistor, a

conductivity probe, and a depth transducer. The details of this system are summarised

in Appendix 1.

The probes in the SDL were calibrated by Yeo-Kal prior to the survey, and no

independent calibrations were carried out. Because the tow-fish was lost during the

survey (on an unknown submerged object), calibrations of the probes were not carried

out post-survey. All raw data were converted to final data using the algorithims

provided by Y eo-Kal, for each parameter.

Fourteen SDL and eighteen DHD vertical profiles were conducted during the survey,

both in the vicinities of ocean outfalls and near the entrances to estuaries; Broken Bay,


4

Botany Bay, Port Hacking and Port Jackson, as well as offshore Bate Bay. The

locations of the vertical profiles are shown in Table 1.1, and Figure lA, and in detail

in Enclosure 1. The data collected are summarised in Table 1.2. DHD data were

collected at all stations. However, SDL data were not collected at the following

stations for the reasons shown:

VP112001 SDL not operational

VPl12014 data lost from the computer

VP'sl12019/020 loss of 'tow-fish'

A single survey line was conducted in the vicinity of Broken Bay. The main focus of

the CGT longitudinal survey was located between the North Head ocean outfall and

Port Hacking, where the CGT tow-fish was operated at four different water-depths,

including 5 m, 25 m and 45 m. Data were to be collected near the seafloor, with the

DHD tow-fish varying in a narrow range between about 1O-to-15 m altitude above the

seafloor, but only one survey line was completed in this way when the tow-fish

became snagged on an unknown object near the Bondi outfall and was lost. The way

points for this survey are summarised in Table 1.3, and a summary of the data

collected presented in Table 104. Cruise tracks for this survey, for each depth of the

CGT tow-fish, are shown in Figures 1.5 through 1.8 (and Enclosures 2 through 5).


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BMR detects hydrocarbon pollution off Sydney Geochemical equipment on BMR'sRV Rig Seismic, designed to detect seepage of petroleum hydrocarbons from sub-seafloor accumulations into the bottom-waters of the Australian continental shelf, recently demonstrated its potential for environmental monitoring in a novel pilot survey with the Sydney Water Board (SWB). The survey was undertaken to test the continuous geochemical profiling equipment aboard Rig Seismic for use in environmental geochemistry and oceanography. High concentrations of light (CI-C6) hydrocarbons were measured in seawater off Sydney, indicating anthropogenic (man-made) additions to the coastal zone. The hydrocarbons appear to emanate from Botany Bay, the inner part of Port Jackson, and the SWB ocean outfall sites located at Malabar, Bondi and North Head. The ratios of various light hydrocarbons in the plumes provide one approach to delineate

potential sources of hydrocarbons.

The equipment (previously described in BMR Research Newsletter. 10. 12-13. 1989) consists of a tow-fish from which seawater is continuously pumped into the geochemical laboratory aboard Rig Seismic. Light (CI-Cg) hydrocarbons are continuously extracted from the seawater and analysed by gas chromatography. Total volatile hydrocarbons (THC) are measured every 30 seconds. ClC6 every two minutes. and Cs-Cg every eight minutes. At a ship speed of 5 knots. C l-C6 concentration-data are collected each 300 m of seafloor traversed. and continuously displayed in the ship laboratory and stored on a PC for subsequent processing and analysis. Hydrographic data (temperature and salinity). the. altitude of the tow-fish above the seafloor. and the depth of the tow-fish in the water column are also continuously displayed and recorded.

The survey collected data over approximately 60 km from the vicinities of the en-

Hydrocarbons (ppm) o 10 15 25 20 Or----------r--------~----------+_--------~--------_i

10

20

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~ 40 .c

J: 50

60

70

80

" \, I ... -"'j --.....

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r-" i-" I .. 'II I . a·a-._a

Fi~. 30. Vertical proriles of total volatile hvdrocarbons (THC) and methane in seawater f~om off the entrance to Uotany Bay and south of the SWU ocean outfall site at Malabar.

THe

121156-5/3

trance to Botany Bay. and the SWB ocean outfall sites at Malabar. Bondi and North Head. including a tr.lOsit line into Port Jackson as far as Fort D.:nison. Also included was

a vertical profile. in about 80 m water depth. south of the Malabar ocean outfall site and off the entrance to Botany Bay.

The vertical profile (Fig. 30). carried out at the beginning of the survey. shows methane and total volatile hydrocarbon (THC) maxima between 30 and 50 m water depth: hence the tow-fish was set at about 40 m for most of the remainder of the survey. The methane and THC concentrations measured in the midwater plume were all significantly (two-tothree-fold) higher than typical background values. suggesting anthropOgenic sources for the hydrocarbons. High concentrations ofhydrocarbons in the bottom-waters (>70 m water depth) suggest input from the sediments. The depth of the plume in the water column is probably controlled by a dynamic balance between the buoyancy of the plume and the density stratification (vertical profiles of temperature and salinity). Because the temperature and salinity (hence stratification) of the ocean waters vary seasonally. the depth and dispersion of the plume would be expected to vary also throughout the year.

The distribution of light hydrocarbons (at 45 m water depth) in seawater alOng the coastal transect is summarised in Figure 3 I. Total volatile hydrocarbons (THC) and methane (Fig. 31A) are at background levels in the most southern part of the survey area. rapidly increasing towards the entrance to Botany Bav. The highest concentrations of THC and me-thane w;re found near the SWB ocean outfall sites at Malabar. Bondi and North Heads. Methane was about ten times background near the outfall sites .

From the limited data. these plumes could be detected about 5 km alongshore from the out falls. Seh:ct C~+ hydrocarbons (ethane. propane and butan.:) :lre summarised in Figure 31 B. and show distribution different from those ofTHC and meth:me. Th.: highest concentr.ltions (more than tcn limcs background)

23

Figure 1.1 Reprint of BMR Research Newsletter article on pilot studies conducted

offshore Sydney.


of propane and butane were found in the southern sector of the survey. near the entrance to Botany Bay and south of the outfall site off Malabar. while minor amounts of ethane (about twice background) were associated with the entrance of Botany Bay and the outfall sites olf Malabar. Bondi and North Head. During the transit along Sydney Harbour. the highest concentrations of C2+ hydrocarbons were found toward the • inner' harbour. as Fort Denison was approached.

Hydrocarbons added to seawater are rapidly dispersed by mixing. so that their lateral distribution may not be a unique indicator of their source. To further investigate source, a variety of cross-plots of the hydrocarbon compositions in the plumes may be used. A cross-plot of ethane vs. propane for all data collected during the survey (Fig 32) shows the data falling into three sectors: a coastal transect. the vertical profile (off Botany Bay), and the Sydney Harbour transit. Typical backgrounds plot to the left origin. while trends to higher concentrations plot away from the background. reflecting the different potential sources of hydrocarbons contributing to the anomalies.

In the plot. two types of hydrocarbon source with different ethane/propane ratios can be identified. (1) A trend of increasing ethane concentration with minor propane increase includes data from the coastal transect (Botany Bay to North Head) - including the ocean outfall sites - and data from Sydney Harbour. (2) A distinctive trend of increasing ethane with very significant propane increase includes the coastal data off the entrance to Botany Bay and the vertical profile. Thus, different generic sources of hydrocarbons can be characterised by their distinctive molecular compositions in coastal seawater samples.

The equipment on Rig Seismic can detect parts per billion concentrations oflight hydrocarbons in seawater. The data from this pilot survey demonstrate that the equipment is very sensitive in both detecting and tracing the dispersion of light hydrocarbon plumes. Furthermore, the composition of the plumes may be used to identify generic sources of the hydrocarbons.

This continuous profiling capability aboard Rig Seismic is a unique tool with potentially wide application. For example. analytical instruments can be fitted to the tow-fish for continuous profiling of other parameters, such as dissolved oxygen fluorescence and turbidity in seawater, while. simultaneously, volatile compounds can be determined by instruments linked to the gas now extracted from the seawater. This gas can be collected for subsequent shore-based isotopic analyses. Other dissolved (but non-volatile) compounds. such as seawater nutrients (nitrogen, phosphate and silicon). dissolved organic carbon. and heavy metals. can be analysed at sea, in the tlowing seawater stream. or samples may

6

be collected for later shore-based analysis.

Furthermore, continuous geochemical tracer (CGT) data can be obtained on Rig Seismic simultaneously with remotely sensed high-resolution seismic reflection. side-scan

23 so -_THe

70-!- --0- Methane

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Offshore Botany Bay i i 30 i :l:

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·Fig. 31. A - Concentrations of total volatile hydrocarbons (THC) and methane in the coastal transect survey from Botany Bay to North Head. B - Concentrations of ethane, propane and butane in the coastal transect survey from Botany Bay to North Head.

Bondi North Head

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sonar and bathymetric data. These integrated data-collection systems have a wide range of applications in marine geoscience, including exploration for offshore resources and environmental monitoring.

Fig 32. Cross-plot of ethane vs. propane for all data collected during the survey. For further information contact Dr David Heggie. Mr Gary Bickford or Mr Jeremy Bishop at BMR (Marine Geosciences and Petroleum Geology Program).

Figure 1.1 Reprint of BMR Research Newsletter article on pilot studies conducted

offshore Sydney.


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7

AGSO C G T System

(Continuous Geochemical Tracers)

DHD

Direct Hydrocarbon Detection

Cl to C6 hydrocarbons every 2 minutes

C7 to C8 hydrocarbons

every 8 minutes

\

SDL

Yeo-Kal Submersible Data Logger

Temperature, conductivity


at 15 second intervals

I P C acquisition

Post survey data processing

and displays

Figure 1.2 Flow diagram of CGT (Continuous Geochemical Tracer) capability within

AGSO Marine Program.


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-0

.. • .,

t i i

Figure 1.3 S

chematic o

f the CG

T system

, including Direct H

ydrocarbon Detection

(DH

D) and S

DL

(submersible data-logger) installed and operated aboard R

ig Seismic.

©A

ustraIian Geological S

urvey Organisation 1993

• ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

E

€ ~ ~

E

e e ~,

~

~ ~ ~

~I ~ 'I

~I ~! f-I (.1 ~! I

..:.,1 ~I !

~\ 1

~! ~! ~! I

~! I

~~ I

~i

~: I

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

'"I1 SWB/AGSO VP ...... (JQ s:: 33 30 OOS 33 30 OOS (jl ..... ~

~ .g 0 H,

So ('D -0

@ 0

f ~ ..... 0

i-::s f/)

0 H')

~ ~ 0 ::+ ~.

...... 0

'lea l!!- e. J () ~.,'~ORrH HEAD OfF

0 5 e'~u", '< ~ g Q "0 ....

1-0 ::n ....... ('D

g f/)

0

~ 0 !:j Po s:: 0

34 00 DOS 34 00 ODS ~ ('D 0-

orc CABLE 0 elO ~ ::s-

OrC 0 .... C"/6' ('D

C/.l "(,~ '< 0-::s ~

34 12 ODS 34 12 ODS 151 00 OOE 151 30 OOE 151 50 ODE

PREPARED BY JENNIFER E BEDFORD fILE- SWBA4VPT.PIC DECEMBER 1992

10

Table 1.1 Locations of vertical profiles conducted near the entrances to estuaries and

ocean outfalls.

VP WP Lat. Long. WD Location (deg S) (deg E) em)

VP112001 WP2 33.569 151.323 49 Entrance to Broken B~ VP112002 WP5 33.808 151.348 65 1 nm north of North Head outfall VP112003 WP6 33.848 151.345 72 1.5 nm south of North Head

outfall VP112004 WP8 33.831 151.296 30 Entrance to Port Jackson VP112005 WP7 33.838 151.321 50 2 nm east of South Head VP112006 WP9 33.897 151.303 67 0.5 nm south of Bondi outfall VP112007 WP 10 33.898 151.327 71 1 .5 nm east of Bondi outfall VP112008 WP 11 33.990 151.289 85 1 nm south of Malabar outfall VP112009 WP 12 33.998 151.307 93 1 .5 nm south of Malabar outfall VP112010 WP 13 34.038 151.281 103 3 nm southeast of Botany Bay

entrance VP112013 WP35 33.832 151.334 62 0.5 nm southwest of North Head

outfall VP112014 WP36 33.824 151.340 60 Over the North Head diffuser

Ipipes VP112015 WP37 33.987 151.279 56 1 nm southwest of Malabar

outfall VP112016 WP38 33.999 151.265 54 1.5 nm southwest of Malabar

outfall VP112017 WP39 34.022 151.239 49 0.5 nm east of Botany Bay

entrance VP112018 WP26 34.075 151.238 100 3 nm southeast of Bate Bq'{ VP112019 WP34 33.827 151.338 60 Over the North Head diffuser

pipes VP112020 WP35 33.832 151.335 63 0.5 nm southeast of North Head

outfall


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • 11

• • Table 1.2 Summary of data collected for vertical profiles

• • • Vertical Profile DHO SOL Comments

• • • VP112001 Yes No SOL unit not functioning

• VP112002 Yes Yes



• VPl12005 Yes Yes







• VP112014 Yes No SDL data lost from the computer





• VP112019 Yes No tow-fish and SOL unit lost

• VPl12020 Yes No tow-fish and SOL unit lost

• • • • • • • ©AustraIian Geological Survey Organisation 1993

• 12 • • Table 1.3. Navigation data for the CGT survey • • • P# TIME POSITION W.G.S. DISTANCE COMMENTS

SSS.DDD.HHMMSS LASTW.P. • 112.266.102700 S33 34.147 E15119.418 S.O.L. BROKEN BAY C.G.T. • 112.266.104300 S33 34.205 E151 20.825 2.17km. • 112.266.113800 S33 38.834 E151 21.260 8.60km. E.O.L. BROKEN BAY C.G.T.

BROKEN BAY C.G.T. TOTAL 1O.77km. • • 112.268.010000 S34 01.334 E151 14.326 S.O.L. BATE BAY e.G.T. • 112.268.011200 S34 02.276 E151 13.806 1.92km.

112.268.014400 S34 03.363 E151 10.629 5.28km. • 112.268.015700 S34 03.951 E151 11.151 1.35km. • 112.268.023000 S34 04.514 E15I 14.145 4.71km. E.O.L. BATE BAY e.G.T. • BATE BAY C.G.T. TOTAL 13.26km.

• P #19112.268.080000 S34 04.327 E151 13.661 e.G.T. @ 5m. below surface • P #20112.268.091900 S33 58.342 E151 17.388 12.47km. • P #21112.268.102200 S33 53.268 E15I 17.644 9.41km.

P #22112.268.113800 S33 47.339 EI51 20.808 12.01km. E.O.L PT. 1 • P #23112.268.115800 S33 48.484 E151 20.869 S.O.L. PT. 2 C.G.T. @ 5m. • P #24112.268.125700 S33 53.154 E151 18.327 9.49km. • P #25 112.268.135500 S33 58.460 E151 17.862 9.85km.

P#26112.268.151400 S34 04.472 E151 14.273 12.42km. E.O.L. PT. 2 • #40112.268.170700 S34 04.677 E151 14.795 S.O.L. PT.3 e.G.T. @ Sm. • P#41112.268.174400 S34 01.968 E151 16.392 5.62km. • P#42112.268.183100 S33 58.586 E151 18.501 7.05km.

P #43112.268.193400 S33 53.309 E151 18.915 9.79km. • P #44 112.268.204500 S33 47.749 E151 21.764 11.19km. E.O.L. PT. 3 • P #30 112.268.210500 S33 48.725 E151 21.883 S.O.L. PT. 4 C.G.T. @ 5m. • P #29112.268.220200 S33 53.368 E151 19.592 9.29km.

P #28112.268.230000 S33 58.557 E15119.149 9.64km. • P #27112.269.003300 S34 05.907 E151 14.659 12.74km. E.O.L. PT. 4 • e.G.T. @ 5m. TOTAL I30.97km • • • •

©Australian Geological Survey Organisation 1993 •

• • 13

• • Table 1.3 continued.

• • #19 112.269.020000 S34 04.388 E15113.643 e.G.T. @ 25m. below the surface

• P #20 112.269.032000 S33 58.433 E151 17.333 12.47km.

• P #21 112.269.042400 S33 53.216 E15117.637 9.41km.

• P #22 112.269.054100 S33 47.321 E151 20.812 12.01km. E.O.L. PT. 1

P #23 112.269.060200 S33 48.425 E151 20.869 S.O.L. PT. 2 C.G.T. @ 25m.

• P #24 112.269.070400 S33 53.201 E151 18.312 9.49km.

• P #25 112.269.080300 S33 58.383 E15117.869 9.85km.

• P #26 112.269.092700 S34 04.509 E15114.266 12.42km. E.O.L. PT. 2

P #40 112.269.093800 S34 04.698 E151 14.713 S.O.L. PT. 3 C.G.T. @ 25m.

• #41 112.269.101200 S34 02.038 E151 16.351 5.62km.

• P #42 112.269.105500 S33 58.602 E15118.490 7.05km.

• P #43 112.269.115400 S33 53.325 E15118.924 9.79km.

P #44 112.269.130500 S33 47.728 E151 21.881 11.19km. E.O.L. PT. 3

• P #30 112.269.132500 S33 48.696 E151 21.894 S.O.L. PT. 4 C.G.T. @ 25m.

• P #29 112.269.143000 S33 53.362 E151 19.581 9.29km.

• P #28 112.269.154800 S33 58.486 E151 19.171 9.64km.

#27 112.269.175000 S34 04.903 E151 15.271 12.74km. E.O.L. PT. 4 C.G.T. @ 25m.

• C.G.T. @ 25m. TOTAL 130.97km.

• P #19 112.269.185700 S34 04.305 E151 13.669 e.G.T. @45 m. below the surface

• P #20 112.269.201300 S33 58.303 E151 17.368 12.47km.

#21 112.269.211300 S33 53.181 EI5117.661 9.41km.

• P #22 112.269.222600 S33 47.270 E151 20.856 12.01km. E.O.L. PT.l

• P #23 112.269.225200 S33 48.441 E151 20.878 S.O.L. PT. 2 C.G.T. @ 45m.

• #24 112.269.235700 S33 53.180 E15118.333 9.49km.

P #25 112.270.010900 S3358.412EI5117.844 9.85km.

• P #26 112.270.023700 S34 04.442 E151 14.286 12.42km. E.O.L. PT.2 C.G.T. @45m.

• #40 112.270.030900 S34 04.722 E15114.718 S.O.L. PT. 3 C.G.T. @ 45m.

P #41 112.270.034500 S34 02.034 E151 16.339 5.62km. • P #42 112.270.043200 S33 58.591 E151 18.474 7.05km

• P #43 112.270.053400 S33 53.300 E151 18.884 9.79km.

• P #44 112.270.065000 S33 47.704 E151 21.881 11.19km. E.O.L. PT. 3

#30 112.270.071300 S33 48.717 E151 21.890 S.O.L. PT. 4 e.G.T. @ 45m. • #29 112.270.082500 S33 53.394 E151 19.603 9.29km.

• P #28 112.270.093500 S33 58.462 E151 19.166 9.64km.

• • • ©Australian Geological Survey Organisation 1993

14

Table 1.3 continued.

twP#27 112.270.105900 S34 04.914 E151 15.231 12.74km.

CG.T. @ 45m. TOTAL 130.97km.

WP #27 112.270.122900 S34 04.905 E151 15.256

WP #28 112.270.150100 S33 58.542 E151 19.151 12.74km.

WP #29 112.270.l60100 S33 53.375 E151 19.581 9.64krn.

j\VP #30 112.270.170200 S33 48.725 E151 21.879 9.29krn.

MrP #44 112.270.172100 S33 47.763 E151 21.817

WP #43 112.270.183600 53353.318 E151 18.911 11.19km.

112.270.184200 S33 53.789 E151 18.876 0.87km.

CG.T. @15m. TOTAL 43.73m.

C.G.T. TOTAL 460.67km.


E.O.L. PT.4 C.G.T. @ 45m.

e.G.T. @ 15m. above sea floor

E.O.L. PT. 1 e.G.T. @ 15m.

S.O.L. PT. 2 + 1 n.m.

FISH LOST C.G.T. @ 15m.

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • 15

• • Table 1.4

• Summary of data collected from the survey lines along the coastal zone between

• North Head and Port Hacking.

• • Line Number DHD SDL Comments

• • 112001 Yes No Offshore Broken Bay

• 112003 Yes Yes Cape Solander via Bate Bay to

• offshore Port Hacking.

• 112004 Yes Yes 'tow fish' @ 5 metres depth












• 112016 Yes No 'tow fish' @ 10 metres altitude

• 112017 Yes No 'tow-fish' was lost

• 112018 Yes No Near North Head outfall

• 112019 Yes No Line abandoned.

• Bate Bay line Yes Yes Composite of 112003 and other

• data

• • • • ©Australian Geological Survey Organisation 1993

S 1 1 2 SCALE l' 200000

16

C.G.T SWB

@ 5m. EDITION OF 1992/10/02

~d ~--__________________________________ ~~~ ________________ ~ ......

,. .... ..'co'

:14', .. L.-_______________________________________________ ...J

-. .... iJ •• nflll'.,.. UIl .... IUCA'.1AI'tCIO I". "11M. _I c.at .'uU ... ~ ..

CQI'SI"Ur(R altAW1I ,.r 'HE D1YIS!CN OF

. .... n_JIIL"

111·u"

S 112 C. G. T. • 5 ...

SWS

.,

Figure 1.5 Cruise track of the CGT survey with the tow-fish at 5 m water depth.


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

17

S 1 1 2 C.G.T. @ 25m. SCALE 1.200000 SWB EDITION OF 1992/10/03

I,,'W

~... r-------------------------------------~~------------------, ......

,,'w ,,'w

'-------------------------------------------------------' "',,.

....... Ulmflllltwt

.1I ....... _~

1r11lI1ltIIUL...u-., Af Lalltwl"_

ca"'UIER ORA"" A' tHE OmStON OF

.... RINE GEOSC.IOCES , PUR~£Im GEOLOG,

. . .n. .. '",

. 1IoIUf1 ........ U

"

S112 C.G.T •• 25 ••

swa

"



S112 SCALE 1'200000

",."

,,'w

18

C.G.T. @

SWB 45m.

EDITION OF 1992/10/03

" ....

,,'00'

)t.I~ L....-_____________________________ ~ $<lOt"

....... lInlTlJi1tn

.. I ...... CICI;,.~

.n .... n&IL 1CII.1~

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ca..-uTER QRAW AT tHE DIVISION OF

..

SI 12 e.G. T •• 45 •• swa



• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

19

S 1 1 2 C.G.T. @ 15m. ABOVE SEAFLOOR seAL E 1. 200000 SWB EDITION OF 1992/10/03

1"-" ~~ r---------------------------------~~----------------~

,. ..... '--------______________________________________________ ....l

I"· ...

...... ".natDlltlt 1111 ...... fOlIA'. __ 5112 C.G.T •• IS •• ABOVE SEAFLOOR ,"ht.''''_'~ al ,,'IITM sa.

CO,.UTER DR~1I1I AT THE DIVISIO. DF ItAIIIOE GEOSCI£OCES , PETROLEUII GEOLOGY

1~~~-=~·======~ ____ ~======'~! ____ ~ . 1IMIt1CM.1II1."

SIo'8

Figure 1.8 Cruise track of the CGT survey with the tow-fish at 10-15 m above the

seafloor.


20

2. Vertical profiles of continuous geochemical tracers (CGT):

seawater oxygen, pH and hydrographic data (temperature and

salinity)

Seawater dissolved oxygen, pH and the hydrograpahic data were recorded

simultaneously with the DHD data acquisition on the shipboard computer. Data were

transmitted to the ship via the CGT umbilical cable.

North Head Ocean Outfall (VP's 112002, 112013).

The locations of the vertical profiles are shown in Table 1.1, and the data collected

shown in Table 1.2. Vertical profile VP112013 was collected within 12 hours of

VP112002. The data from VP112013 are shown in Fig. 2.1, as an example of a profile

in the vicinity of the North Head outfall. Data from VP112002 is shown in Appendix

2, Fig 1. The data from both stations suggest a well-mixed water column in the

surface waters <30 m depth, and the data from VP112013 show a discontinuity in all

vertical profiles at about 30 m water depth. Oxygen contents in bottom-waters are

depleted relative to surface waters and pH and temperature are lower in bottom-waters

as compared to surface waters.

Entrance to Port Jackson (VP's 112003, 004, 005)

The depth distribution of all parameters indicate a relatively well-mixed water column

at these stations, to depths of about 40 m (e.g VP112004; Fig 2.2). At stations

VP112003 and 112005, further to the east of 112VP004, bottom-water was depleted

in dissolved oxygen, below about 40 m water depth (Appendix 2, Fig. 2)


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

8 ~

8 0:

21

Figure 2.1 V

ertical profiles of tem

perature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen from

VP

l12

01

3 in the vicinity o

f the North H

ead ocean outfall.

©A

ustralian Geological S


~

x ~ 5: >

..c ...... Q

.. Q

) "'0 ..c en

:.0: I

::;: 0 ...... en ::l ~

Q)

>

.c 'c co (j)

C')

or-

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or-

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Q)

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~

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8 ..0 <'?

0 -

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8 I.(j <

'?

~

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<'? 0 c:i

r: . -

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c:i c:i

-N

22

.1 .i

lo

0 0

0 0

c:i c:i

g ~

<'? "<:I"

4ldep 4s!J-~oJ.

0 0

0 0

c:i c:i

~ g

r--a::J

s x en C

l <

'?

~

>

N

0-~

'0

tI)

(!) « - .c .Q> >. a. 0

~

Figure 2.1 V



VP

1120 13 in the vicinity of the N

orth Head ocean outfall.

©A

ustralian Geological Survey O

rganisation 1993

~ T

0 "" cO o <'? cO

o .r::.

C"! -

00

0

-0

) '"0

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:;:: 0

II. ••

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•

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.'....

23

() ...J X

:i c.. 0 <'?

~

>

o I.

N

-~

en u

~

~ 0

~ ~

0)

::x::8 (!)

>

Co cO

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0.

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>

~

~

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~

~ ~

~

r-... ~

a. >

0)

.5

0 ...J

c:q r-...

~

....:

~

....:

~ r-... 0

0 0

0 ci

ci ci

ci

-N

<

'?

0 0

0 0

0 0

q ci

g 9

ci ci

g 8

.,. r-...

00

4ldap 4SIJ-MO

J.

Figure 2.1 V



VP

l12013 in the vicinity of the N


©A



24

()

-'

x d

~ I 0 0 C

")

r~ .

~J

8: >

o 1 i •

III

R

• •

~ •

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Figure 2.1 V


perature, salinity, pH

and dissolved oxygen from

VP

l12013 in the vicinity of the N


©A



.c - c. 0

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+

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Figure 2.2 V



VP

l12

00

4 near the entrance to P

ort Jackson.

©A



.!: .... 0

. Q

)

"'0 .!: C

I) 1+=

I

:: 0 .... C

I) ::J ~

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26

: ... llO

di

~ +I--+--+--~-r~--~~--~~~

o o

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o .... o aJ

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Figure 2.2 V



VP

112004 near the entrance to Port Jackson.

©A


rganisation 1993

.s::. - c.. Q

) "C

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~

0 -rn :J

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27

+ •• _

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C\I

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Figure 2.2 V



VP

l12

00

4 near the entrance to P

ort Jackson.

©A



• 28

• • • ~

• x ~

~ T

0 0

• 0 ..r

~ •

!l t • •

~ +

(")

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) "tJ .r::

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) c ::i

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I

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I-I

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lUdap qSlJ-M

Ol

• • F

igure 2.2 Vertical profiles o

f temperature, salinity, pH

and dissolved oxygen from

• V

Pl12004 near the entrance to P

ort Jackson.

• • • ©

AustraIian G

eological Survey O

rganisation 1993

•

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

29

Bondi Ocean Outfall (VP's 112006,112007)

Some stratification was evident in temperature «20 C), pH (0.1 pH units), and

bottom-water oxygen contents were significantly depleted (<260 J.lM) relative to the

surface waters, e.g. VP112006 (Fig. 2.3 and Appendix 2, Fig. 3). There are

discontinuities in the vertical profiles at depths between about 40 - SO m with lower

temperatures, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen concentrations below these depths.

For example the bottom-water temperature is about 20C lower than surface waters,

similarly bottom-water pH is about 0.1 units below surface waters and dissolved

oxygen is depleted about 60 J.lM below surface water concentrations.

Malabar Ocean Outfall (VP's 112008,112009,112015,112016)

Temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen content all decrease with increasing

water depth e.g., VP112008 (Fig. 2.4 and Appendix 2, Fig. 4). VPl12008 was

occupied <2 km directly south of the Malabar outfall. There is a notable discontinuity

in all parameters below about 40- SO m water depths, with the lower 30-40 m of the

water column being more stratified than an upper, relatively well-mixed SO m. For

example bottom-water temperatures are about 20 C colder than surface waters,

bottom-water salinity is <0.20100 less than surface waters, pH is about 0.1 units lower

than surface-waters and bottom-water oxygen is depleted about 60 J.LM lower than

surface waters.

VP112009 was collected to the east of VP 112008 in a water depth approaching 100

m. Here, the vertical water column structure appears more complex than at

VP1i2008, with discontinuities in the vertical profiles of all parameters measured at

depths of about 40-50, and also at 70-80 m. As noted before, bottom-water


30

concnetrations of all parameters are lower than surface water concentrations.

(Appendix 2, Fig. 4a).

VP112015 was collected westward of VPl12008 in a water depth of about 60 m. The

water column was stratified in all parameters measured with bottom-water

concentrations being lower than surface waters (Appendix 2, Fig. 4b). VP112016 was

occupied north of Cape Banks, and the vertical profiles of all parameters here were

similar to those at VP112015, which was occupied closer to the Malabar outfall. At

depths of 50 - 60 m bottom-water oxygen concentrations were <260 J,LM, and pH was

depleted about 0.1 pH units below surface water values (Appendix 2, Fig. 4c).


~

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

.s:: - 0

-OJ

"0

.s:: CI'J

:;:::: I

~

0 -CI'J ::l CI'J .... OJ >

0)

.... ::l -~

<D Q

. E

OJ I-<

0 0 0 C

\I ..-..-0.. >

OJ c ::i

til .2 (J

8 d N

8 0:.

8 o::i

0 q r-.

8 .0

~ 8 rn C1I l!! C

l C1I

"C

u)

8 «i ~

8 M

8 N

~ 8 ~

31

p. ill ••

• .-

III .-..

f. · -;

• -.

. 1

1---1

-1 --t--;

o d o

0 '0

d

d d

~

N

C")

00

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~

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~

g g

g l,ndep qS!J-M

Ol

~

x·

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>

N

0-

0-

0 en (9

<

{

E 0>

.~

Q.

0

~

Figure 2.3 V


perature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen in the

vicinity of the B

ondi ocean outfall, VP

112006.

©A



.c

- c. Q.)

"0

.c

(J) :;:: • 3: 0

.-(J) :::l (J) I-

Q.)

>

.?:-'c ro (j)

<.0 0 0 C

\I .,.... .,.... 0.. >

Q.)

c ::J

~ 1 1i:l ..0 <

')

8 ..0 <

')

-g

g;..r:i C

'?

8 ..r:i C

'?

fiS ~

• • Ii

~+-

;:l; 0 d

• . J.-. • Iii

•

0 a

0 d

d d

-N

C

")

32

II "" • . ~

•

• • •

1 f--I--f-f--l

0 0

0 a

0 0

q d

g ~

d ci

g §

'<r

l""-e:>

4tdap 4SIJ-MO

l

~

x crj o 2 a: >

N

0-

0-

0 en <.!) « :E .Q

l >. a. 0

~

Figure 2.3 V



vicinity of the B

ondi ocean outfall, VP112006.

©A



.c

- a. Q)

'"0 .c

(/J

~

~

0 --(/J

::l ~

Q)

>

I a. CD 0 0 C

\I ..... ..... c.. >

Q)

c ::J

2 c:ci

o '<l" c:ci

o C')

c:ci

0 C\I

c:ci

0 -c:ci

:::E: 8 s:l.c:ci

~ r-.

0 ~ r-.

~

...:

~

...: l~ • • • •• •

33

I •• •

111 I.

• • • •

~ ~

J r-.

o 0

d d

o 0

0 0

0 0

00

0

~

g ~

g ~

R

g g

g 4

ldap

4sll-Mo.1

~

x :i 0.. o 8 ::c >

C\I

0-

0-

0 Cf)

(!) ~

- .c OJ ~

0.

0 u @

Figure 2.3 V

ertical profiles of temperature, salinity, pH

and dissolved oxygen in the

vicinity of the B


©A



.c

- a. Q)

"0

.c

C/)

;;: I

3: .9 C

/) ::J C

/) ~

Q)

> c::

g Q

)

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:>.

CI)

X

'0

0 E

"0

2

Q)

u >

E

(5

C

/) C

I)

(5 (0

0 0 C\I 'r"

"

..-a.. >

Q)

c:: ::i

34

8 <;T

g M

S5 M

0 v M

I • 0 N

;

M

• ~ •

.. . ~i

-. • • •

8 •

• • •

M

• I

•

0 co •

N

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A

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o ~

~

~

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R

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IJ-MO

,L

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0-

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0

~

Figure 2.3 V



vicinity of the B


©A



.J::

- 0.

Q)

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~

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/) ~

~

<D >

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<D c ::i

rJ)

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8 cO

8 .....:

8 .0

~ 8

rJ) C

I)

I!! Cl

Ql

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ui

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8 <"i

8 C\i

~ 8 d r o d

! ~

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0 d • !!

: -I

0 0

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N

.., 35

u ~ ~

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g -o It >

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.... Ii

N

0-

• 0

-~

,. 0

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• :' E

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--I 0

0 0

0 0

0 q

d g

~

d d

g 8

'<3' r-.

co

41dep 4 S!J-M

Ol

Figure 2.4 V


and dissolved oxygen in the

vicinity of the Malabar ocean outfall, V

Pl12008.

©A



.c

.-Q..

Q)

"0

.c

(/) ;:.;:::

3 o -(/) ::::l

~

Q)

>

.£

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8 r-.: C

")

55 ..0 C

")

8 ..0 C

")

_ 0

0.<

0

o.L

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8 L{) C

")

:75 -<i C

")

8 ~ 0 ci .. -= • .

.;

0 ci -

0 ci

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0 ci

C")

36

• •

~. -..

. • • iii

.... ~

• •

;j; j--f--j---/--t

0 0

0 0

0 0

q ci

g ~

ci ci

g 8

"1

"-co

-Ludep lI S

Y-MO

.L

~

x ~ ~ ~ >

s: 0-

g ~ :E CD .~

o ~

Figure 2.4 V



vicinity of the M

alabar ocean outfall, VP

l12008.

©A



.!: - 0

. Q

) "'0 .c: w

~

I

S 0

-W ~

~

Q)

>

:r: 0.

CO

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<ci

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l

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~

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c:i c:i

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N

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37

u ••

••• III

• I. • •• ..

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0 0

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S.l c:i

"'l' ......

4tdep 4SIJ-MOl

0 0

0 c:i

51 ~

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~

x ::C' 0.. C

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Figure 2.4 V



vicinity of the M


l12008.

©A



.r::. a Q

) -0

.r::. en ~

~ - en ::l en .... Q

)

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Q)

0>

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en en 0 co 0 0 C

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E

<.")

e .2

E

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~

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i ii

•

38

-. • • 'iI • • • •

• ..

• • • •

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o 2

~

g ~ ~ ~

R ~ ~

§ 1Ildep qSU- M

0.1

~

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0-

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~

Figure 2.4 V



vicinity of the M


l12008.

©A



• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

39

Entrance to Botany Bay VP's 112010,112017

Two stations were occupied as close as possible to the entrance to Botany Bay.

Because of shipping traffic these could not be located directly in the entrance, but are

close by (Fig. 1.4; Enclosure 1.). The offshore station VPI1201O, was occupied in a

water depth of about 100 m, approximately 8 km almost directly downstream of the

Malabar outfall, and these data indicate (Fig. 2.5), decreasing temperature, salinity,

pH and dissolved oxygen with increasing water depth. There is a noticeable

discontinuity in the data at a depth of about 40 m, and dissolved oxygen

concentrations are significantly depleted «240 JlM) relative to surface waters. The

inshore station I 12VPO 17 was occupied in a water depth of about 40 m, and the data

(Appendix 2, Fig. 5b), also indicate decreasing temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen

with increasing depth.

Offshore Bate Bay VP112018

One station VP112018 was occupied offshore Bate Bay (Fig. 1.4, Enclosure 1), in

about 100 m water depth. This station is about 13 km downstream of the Malabar

outfall. All parameters measured decrease with increasing water depth. There is a

noticeable discontinuity in the water column, in all parameters, below about 60 m

water depth. Oxygen contents measured here were the most depleted of all those

measured on the survey with concentrations at about 100 m depth <240 JlM (Fig. 2.6).


~ "'I1 t::J ..... q (fQ

§ c (a

(") ~ N - Vt

Line VP11201 0 Temperature versus tow"fish depth 0 t:d <: 0 ~ - ::t.

degrees Celcius ~ ..... (")

e:. 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 t:d "0

I I ~ '-!

I 0 0.0 @ ::n • ~ <: ...... ~

'"C en 10.0 • f. - 0 ~ - >-+>

N ft 20.0 0

£ - .g 'Ib • 9

0 ~ 30.0 1 1-1

r: -~ 40.0' I i .c • ~~ - +>-c..

500l III en Q)

0 'C '< e:. .c Q ..... 1/1

I'-

l-a. i I

9 {!. 60.0 t !iii "0 • g ::r:

70.0 + ..... § ~ 0.. I &. 80.0 T ••• en

roO} en 0

• ...... <: ~ • 0.. • 0 100.0

~ ~ t::J t::J ~

e; ©Copyright AGSO 1992 VPOlOlT.XLC

~ "

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

41

~

x u'i

8 0 0

~ T

5:

• >

• • ~

• .0 C

')

• • .!:

--- a. 0

)

8 •

-0

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en C

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~

0

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C\I

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• 0

-0

) -

>

c:.~ 0

>.

e :-

<f}

• •

II!. :

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It) .

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:S C

') «

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g. T

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O

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lri

0)

C')

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:.::i

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• C

')

• • 8

• .q

..! '\

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0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

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d d

d d

g ~

d d

g ~

• ~

C'l

C')

"I' ......

co

\lldap

lISU·M

0J.

• • • F



and dissolved oxygen near the

entrance to Botany B

ay, VP

l1201O.

• • • • ©

Australian G

eological Survey Organisation 1993

• 42

• • ~

• x :C

0 0

-

~ I 0

• ~ ~

>

• ~ t

• • ~ t

• • .c

~

1 •

-cO

0..

co •

• •

"0

• •

• •

.c

Ill!

(J) •

:;:: 0

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... ~

cO •

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• (J)

N

~

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::l •

~

~

(I,) :I: 8

• •

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• >

•

CI)

Co .

CD co

I <

• 0

.. :E

0 .f2i

...... >.

0 0

a.

• C\J

0-

0 ......

,...; ~

...... a.

• >

(I,) c

0 •

::J co ,...;

• 0

I

• r-.. r...:

• ~

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I

• • \B roo:

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q

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d d

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g ~

d d

g §

-C

'I C

') ...

r-.. a:l

t/ldap t/SIl-M

Ol

• • • F




• entrance to B

otany Bay, V

Pl1201O

.

• • • ©

Australian G

eological Survey O

rganisation 1993

•

.c

- a.

(J.) "0

.c

C

J) ;;:

I

:;: 0 - C

J) ::J ~

Ol

>

c: O

l 0

)

>.

X

0 "0

O

l >

(5

CJ) CJ)

is 0 y

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0 C\I y

o-

yo

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a.. >

Ol

c: ::i

~ ~

8 '<f

o co

'" ~

'" 0 '<f

'" 0 N

'"

~ 8 E

'"

E

.E

E

0 co N

~

N

0 '<f

C\I

0 N

N

~

43

+

• • •

• • • •

• • •

• •

• • •

• •

• • •

• •

• •

• II

•

• ••

o ~

@

~

~

~

~

R

g ~

§ 1Ildap lIS!J·MO~

~

x ~

o o o a ~ N

0-

0-

0 Cf)

c..!> <x::

- J::. Ol

.~

Q.

0

~

Figure 2.5 V



entrance to Botany B

ay, VP

l1201O.

©A



.c - 0

.. Q

) "0

..c. .!!2 -

I

~

0 -(/) :::J ~

Q)

>

Q)

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) 0

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T""

0 C\I

T""

T""

a.. >

Q)

c :.J

44

8 R I 8 0:

8 cO I • iii.

§ t • • •

ItI • • 8

III •• •

.0

.!I • III :::l "0

~ 8

~ .0

• III ..

• •• til III

" 8

. • .q

• Ii

• .J IilI

8 c-j

8 C\i

S ~ 8 c:i +

--t-

--t-

-t-

--;.t-

-I

I . a

a d

d a ~

a a

a a

g ~

g ~

4ld

ap

4S!j-MO

l.

a d r-...

a a

a g

g g -

~

x ~

<:0

~

>

C\I

0-~

0 <n

(!) « :E .Q> ;;. 0

. 0

~

Figure

2.6 V

ertical profiles

of tem

perature, salinity,

pH

and dissolved

oxygen

offshore of B

ate Bay, V

Pl12018.

©A



• • 45

• • ~

• x en 0

8 co

• ~ I

lr >

• • • fiS .0 M

• • ..c ......

• c. CD

8 "0

.s::

.0

• til

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I

s: •

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N

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0-

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>

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• IiI-_ i!

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<.!>

C

M

--

«

• (ij

-.. :E O

l (J)

• ~

co •

0.

• ..-

. . -:. .. ~

0 0

~ C

\I ..-

• ..-a.

8 >

Lri

CD M

• c

::::i

• • fiS

• .q M

• • • 8 ~

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 o

0

• d

d d

d d

g ~

d d

g' §

~

C'I

M

"" ......

co

• 4ld

ep 4SU

-MO

l

• F

igure 2.6

Vertical

profiles o

f temperature,

salinity, pH

and dissolved

oxygen

• offshore o

f Bate B

ay, VP112018.

• • • • ©

Australian G

eological Survey O

rganisation 1993

• 46

• • • ~

x

• ::C

0 a.

~ T

o

· co

• 8: >

• ~ +

• •

~ +

• • .c

~ +

•

- Cl.

Q)

"'0

~ t m

•••

III •

• .c

en

• .--

~

I-

-•

I

-~

0

--en

C\I

• --

().

:J

-£:

en .....

• 0

Q)

:r:: 8

_ _

18 -en

• >

Co

. -

_It (!)

co I

« C

l. E

• 0

)

.Q> ...-

>-0

0 a.

C\.I 0

• ().

~ ......

.....: ...-a..

• >

Q)

c:

~ t •

::J

• ~ t

• • ~ t

• • s:J

i •

.....: 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

• d

d d

d d

g 9

c:i d

51 8

N

CO? '<T

r-. co

4ldap 4SU-M

O.L

• • Figure

2.6 V

ertical profiles

of tem

perature, salinity,

pH and

dissolved oxygen

• offshore o

f Bate B

ay, VP

l12018.

• • • ©

Australian G

eological Survey O

rganisation 1993

•

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0 "I1 ~

..... f/l ~ ::r 0 Ci1 Ci1

~ 0 ...... 0\

t::d ~ -< 0 0 t::d ::4-

~ ..... n e.

-< "d 'i:I >-; 200 @ ..... 0

~ ..... ::n 0 ~

......

t-o ..... f/l 10

?O 0 ...... 20

~ ....... 0

0 .g 30

t .I:! 0 a 40 >-; Q) I

i 2: 'D .I:! 50

~Ci1 .!!l '< 1 ~ 60

f/l ~

1-e. ..... 70 e.

Il: 9 80 B

Line VP112018 Dissolved oxygen versus tow-fish depth

micro moles/litre

220 240 260 280 300 320 340

• • • • • • • • •

• • • •

•• •

• • • •

• • • • • •

• • •

360 380 400

.... "d 90 l§ ::c ••

• • . .-§ 100

0..

0.. ..... f/l f/l 0 ...... <: 0 0..

0

~ (JQ

©Copyright AGSO 1992 V018DDOM.XLC 0 ::s

48

3. Longitudinal profiles of continuous geochemical tracers (CGT): temperature, conductivity (salinity), dissolved oxygen and pH

The SDL data were collected along the lines summarised in Table 1.4. All data not

shown in the following text are summarised in Appendix 3. All figures show tow-fish

depth, temperature, conductivity (and calculated salinity), pH and dissolved oxygen

content. Variations in all parameters were detected along all survey lines. The

complete interpretation of these data is complex and beyond the scope of this Record.

Line Bate Bay (a composite line of 112003 and other data)

Survey line Bate Bay, began near the entrance to Botany Bay and traversed south

around Cape Solander into Bate Bay, turning toward the east off the entrance to Port

Hacking (Enclosure 2). Relatively low temperatures «16.50 C) were found south of

Botany Bay and corresponded with lower dissolved oxygen contents, lower

conductivity and pH (Fig. 3.1).

CGT tow-fish at 5 m water depth (survey lines 112004, 112005, 112006, 112007)

The cruise track and the directions these lines were surveyed is shown in Figure 1.5

and Enclosure 2. Relatively lower temperatures, lower conductivity, pH and dissolved

oxygen contents characterise part of the southern sector of the survey area, compared

to the northern sector (Appendix 3, Fig. 2). The data from survey line 112005, which

traversed directly over the ocean falls (Enclosure 2) are shown in Figure 3.2. This line

was begun in the north and increasing shot-point numbers indicate a southerly survey

direction. The temperature data (Fig. 3.2) indicate generally decreasing temperatures

from> 17 .50 C in the north to approximately 170 C near the Bondi Outfall (near sp 35).

There is no distinctive temperature signal from the North Head and Bondi outfalls.

However, beyond sp 60 (Malabar outfall) there is a significant temperature decrease


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

49

with temperatures decreasing rapidly south of the Malabar outfall to about 16.5oC,

and remaining depressed for more than 10 km south of Malabar. The signal from

Malabar is not significant in the salinity profile, although both pH and dissolved

oxygen concentrations are both noticeably depressed south of Malabar. These same

features are evident in all survey lines at 5m water depth, although the magnitude and

scale of the variations are different on all lines. Hence at 5 m water depth the

measured parameters show the effects of the ocean outfalls, with noticeable and

significant changes in temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen directly over and south

of the Malabar outfall.


0 "I1 ~

_. (fQ

(fQ c:: ""1 (1) (1) ::s w 0

0 -::s ~ CD 0 ::s ::s .....

(fQ § -. e-o.. 0.. ..... -. 0 ::s

~ :E ~ I

'd ::J"l til en (3

I-::r" ::J"l 0.. ..... (1) (1) 'd en

~ S- O

~ ......,

0 ..... ~. 0 (1)

e!. 8 .§

f en

~ c:: ':;! ~

'< ~ ~ r? .....

1--. 0 ::s (1) 0

t::d ::s § ~ @'

(1) 0 ..... t::d

c . '" <! ~

~ -. q ,......,. en ~ -. e. -< ::-'

~ 0.. -. C/l en 0 ..... <! (1) 0..

18.00

17.80

o 17.60

e 1740 9 . r 17.20

e 17.00

e 16.80

S 16.60

C 16.40

e 16.20

I 16.00

c 15.80 I 15.60 U S 15.40

15.20

15.00

0 10 20 30

Line Bate Bay Temperature

40 50

Shotpoint 60

©Copyright. AGSO 1992

70 80 90 100

1---Temp (C) I

BATEBAT.XLC

U1 o

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

~

:5 16 en 'tJ C

as ~.

os; ;: (J

::J 'tJ C

0 (,)

>-as III CD

- as III CD c ::i 1 • • .; .---.

8 ..0 ... • • '--. ( • ~ ,

{ ~ J ( • • .;.

"

8 ~

51

E

,...... ()

0. ...... en

0.

S '-"

>-

iJ -

c :£

0 0

U

en

I f i

88

8

~ -~

~

-E

(J

)-u

E-

8 ..0 C

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-(J

)«

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'-_

>

c.c

.--

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~ ~ ~ ;

8 ~

I ~

+ ~ 0 r--~ - C

'0

f?l c. '0

0 ...

+ g

+ ~

8 ~

0 o

.c (J

)

~

x ~ i:!:! ~

N

0-

~

Q

Ul « 1: .Q

l >. a. 0 ()

Figure 3.1 L

ongitudinal profiles of tem

perature, conductivity (salinity), pH, dissolved

oxygen content and tow-fish depth from

survey line Bate B

ay.

©A


urve

y Organisation 1993

52 rn 8 ~

• ~

• • • -<

15 • • • • • • • • •

a "-• ....... • • •

::r: ~

c. •

fa' ~

ED •

CD .--=

CiS ~

ED •

~ ... c

·0 55

Co

'6 .c (/J

CD C

•

:.J • =<:

a "'" •

• • .---= • ~

g

...... • • ~

@

:?-• a ~

0

a a

8 C

'oI

cO cO

cO :::t: C

o

Figure 3.1 L


perature, conductivity (salinity), pH, dissolved


survey line Bate B

ay.

©A



g x c.:: ~

~ C\I

0-

0-

0 en (!) « :E .QJ >. 0

. 0 U

c CI) C

)

~

o "C

~ '0

til til Q

fa' m

~ m

CI) c ::i

) { /

~. ~

~ 53

Q

-:2 2-o o I i

\ L. _

_ --,

~ ~

~ (u

wn

)oa

~ 15 N

~

a co

R

~

S5 C

'0 c. ... 0 .r:;

a en

"" g ~

a ~

a

Figure 3.1 L

ongitudinal profiles of temperature, conductivity (salinity), pH

, dissolved


survey line Bate B

ay.

©A



~

x c5 o ~ ~ N

0-

~

0 en <!> « E

.Q

l >-a. 0 ()

54

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x ,... E

....... .c

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. (J) Q

co

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• a:>

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• .c

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Q.

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+ i

N

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. 0

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

d~d~d~d~d~d~d~d~d~d~8'

~-NNC")C")~~~~~~~"~~~~

EC

D-

... C

I)0

Figure 3.1 L

ongitudinal profiles of temperature, conductivity (salinity), pH

, dissolved


survey line Bate B

ay.

©A

ustraIian Geological Survey O

rganisation 1993

55

~ X ~

r.. 0

L{)

~

8 N

0.

E

(J) l-I i -.-J

8 •

Ii·

• • .. '-+

~

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0

C

<

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---C

'?

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+ 0

• N

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J... 0

? 0

8 0

~

0 0

~ 0

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ij 0

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~

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... N

co

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U;

U;

U;

U;

U;

CC

IltD'-C

IlCllIII

UC

Il-U

-:=

1II

Figure

3.2 L

ongitudinal profiles

of tem

perature, conductivity

(salinity),pH

and

dissolved oxygen content and tow-fish depth from

survey line 112005, at 5 m w

ater

depth.

©A



56

~

x

""' E a ()

-- en 0

. E

'-

'

~ '-

' >

"tl

~ C

0

15 ()

<n

I 1 i

Figure 3.2

Longitudinal

profiles of tem


(salinity), pH

and



ater

depth.

©A



::E: Q

,

Il)

0 0 C'I

,.. ,.. CD C

.-..J

a C")

ex:) ~

ex:)

57

rn 1 I • • • • • • ~ • • • • • • • •

.> r-• ~ • • • : • • • • • • • • • • >

r-r-• ~

c.:::c

a ex:)

8

+ ~

+ ~ a r-..

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+ ~

8 ex:)

a '" a N

a -a

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en

u -l x cL

8 N

~

0-

0 en

~ :c Ol ~

a. 0

~

Figure

3.2 L


of tem


(salinity), p

H

and



ater

depth.

©A



• 58

• • ~

x

• ci

8 8

• ~

~ ~

~

t ~ •

~ If

• If

>

+ ~

• • •

l I

• \ .---

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•

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• ~

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+ ~

• ><

: 0 "C

III

II) III

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III -

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~

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en 8

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-< It)

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N

>

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III

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:; •

.. •

III • 0

~ ~

~ g

9 •

C'?

C'I

C\l

(J/wn) ue6A

xo pe"lo~a

• Figure

3.2 L


of temperature,

conductivity (salinity),

pH and

• dissolved oxygen content and tow

-fish depth from survey line 112005, at 5 m

water

• depth.

• • • • ©

Australian G

eological Survey O

rganisation 1993

•

59

~

x ci ,..,

ti)

E

'-'

.c 8 C

\J

1i Q

) C

l

I i L

8 • • • • •

0 + :

0-

• • • • • • • • as +

; • • • • • • • • 0

• ......

• • .c

• -

• c.

• • Q

) • •

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C\J

s:l •

0-

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~

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.. •

U)

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(])

== c

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•

«

.s •

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>.

0 •

0.

• C'\I

•

0

..... •

~

• .....

~

• • • Q

) c

• • .-

• • -I

• • • 0

• C

? • • • • • • • • •

0 C\J +~ • • • • • • •

S2 + , • • • • •

o 0

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

d~~~~~g~~~g~~~R~g~g~8

~

EC

II--CllC

Il

Figure

3.2 Longitudinal

profiles of tem


(salinity), pH

and



ater

depth.

©A



60

CGT tow-fish at 25 m water depth (survey lines 112008, 112009,112010,112011)

The cruise track for these survey lines is shown in Figure 1.6, and Enclosure 3. These

data from all survey lines are summarised in Appendix 3, Fig. 2. Data from survey

line 112009, which passes directly over the ocean outfalls is shown in Figure 3.3.

This line was surveyed from near North Head, travelling in a southerly direction

(increasing shot-point numbers in Fig. 3.3). Temperature decreases systematically

from >17oC north of North Head to temperatures near 15.5oC over the Bondi outfall

(at about sp40). Temperature increases systematically thereafter until the Malabar

outfall (sp 72) where temperatures systematically decrease in a southerly direction.

The lowest temperature measured «150 C is more than 2.50 C lower than temperatures

north of North Head. Similarly there are noticeable and distinct changes in pH over

the outfalls. pH values are lowered about 0.1 units south of Malabar. Dissolved

oxygen concentrations are high >310 IlM north of North Head, and generally lower,

although variable concentrations were measured near the North Head outfall (sp 17),

and a broad band of relatively low oxygen was measured around the Bondi outfall

(near sp 40), about 6 km in extent (north-south). Oxygen concentrations are not

lowered directly over the Malabar outfall, but there is a systematic lowering of oxygen

south of Malabar. Oxygen concentrations here are <250 IlM, and represent depletion

of about 70 IlM from ambient concentrations at this depth. There are distinct changes

in all parameters measured on all survey lines at this water depth, indicating the

influence of the ocean outfalls. There is a significant decrease in dissolved oxygen and

pH on survey line 112/010 that is apparently associated with the North Head outfall.

Data from the most easterly (offshore) survey line still indicate distinct lowerings of

all parameters measured, approximately 2 km offshore of the outfalis.


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0 "'I1 ~

.-. (1Q

(1Q w (l) w ::s n t"" 0 0

~ ::s Line 112009 Temperature (1Q ..... ::s .... .... t:::

§ &. ::s 0.. e:.. 17.40 .... 0 "d 17.20 ~ a I 17.00 -@ ::n ::n

J If"\. ! N\1(\ ~ en ....... ::r (l) o 16.80 en

~ ,g- O e 16.60 ...., • \ J ••••• [!j e- ft 9 16.40 · ,II·' . .N · \~ • ~ ,g r • ::r e 16.20 wvvr / \ ~

(l) \./ .. 0 '"1 e 16.00 ~. en Z s 15.80

\--- Temp (C) I I!!. ~ Ja 0'1

f ~ c 15.60 ......

~ n 0 e 15.40 '< ....... ::s

~ .-.

~ I • ::s c. 15.20

~ .. (l)

~. ..... 0 . I 15.00 • ..... <:

8 N ..... u 14.80 0 ~

s 14.60 0 .... :0 ,--..

* en

~ e:.. 14.40 ..... N ::s

14.20 ..... Ul ....

'-< 3 ':;-' 14.00

~ "d

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 ::I: ~ § Shotpoint (l) '"1

0.. 0.. (l) 0..

"d ..... p- en en

0 ....... <:

©Copyright AGSO 1992 112009T'xLC (l) 0..

62

~ E

~I

U

--g 0

. '-"

>-

-g ~

0 '0

()

U?

~

I f i

@

-

• : , •• [

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u S3!

0 :::s

-.. ~

"C

.. 0

r:: :

.s;;

." fi)

0 iI ..

0 •

0)

I 0

~

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\I

'= g

+

0 .....

"'" .....

: Q

) .-1.

r:: ::J

':0-.... )

fJ +

@

~ (

I I

I ~

I I

0

8 8

8 8

8 8

8 <i

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d

cO ..0

~

"'" q

"'" C

") C

")

-cn

lll--C-"

'»

a,a

,--

EC

Il-oE

Fig 3.3 L


perature, conductivity (salinity), pH and dissolved



ater depth.

©A



63

IT]

• .. ~~

..... ~

:;->

• • :t: a.

?-=

en 0 0 C\I

• • • • =

• ,.. ,.. C

I)

c

•

.-

.....

...I ~ •

a a

a ..,

N

cO cO

cO C

o:!:

?3

+ § a co ... c

'0 Co

... 0 .r:. (IJ

~

?3 a

8 cO

~

x a.: ~ s: ~ 0 (6 « E

.Ql

>. 0

. 0

~

Fig 3.3 L

ongitudinal profIles of tem




ater depth.

©A


rganisation 1993

64

~

x Q

~

§ C'I ~

• ~ t §

• • •

-•

~~

+ ~

~

c •

CD

~

C'I

C)

0-

~

•

~

..... -

0

0

c

•

'0

en

"C

•

S3s-<.D

~ .,.

0 «

..... .c

E

"0 ----II,

rn 0>

rn

•

~

rn

-. Q

.

S ..

0

-<; ()

CD

0

~

0 C"II ,.. ,..

+ ~

CD C

~

::J

2 +

~

~

-? :.....

I I

0

-S3

~ 2

C'I

f\l C

'I ~

(") J.x

pe"lossro <IIw

n) ua6

0

Fig 3.3 L





ater depth.

©A



.c: a C1) 'C

J:

rn

1 -CD o ~

"'"' "'"' C1) t: ::i

0 N

8 2

C

'0 S-~

o J:. en

~

?a

--.-• • I : • • • • • : • I - • : • • : • • • • • • " 'I • • .-• • : i • :: I :: • I I • .f ! • I - I • J i. I 'I • I

65

II Q)

0

J

o I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

g~g~~~~~~~g~~~~~g~g~§

EG

I-.. arlll

~

x ci

8 ~ ~ N

0-

0-

0 (J)

<.D « - .r:. O

l "§.. c. 0

~

Fig 3.3 L





ater depth.

©A



0 'Tl x _.

'< (Jq (JQ w ClI ::s w n r 0 0 ::s ::s .... (JQ Line 112009 Temperature ClI _. ::s .... .... ~

§ 0.. S·

0.. e. 17.40 .... 0 "0 17.20 ~ a

~ I 17.00

r1~!\ ' ]\/'1\ ~r\i ::n ::n

!i1 en -::r ClI D 16.80

~ en

0.. 0 e 16.60 ClI III '0

H) .... 9 16.40

~ .... ClI ::r a r ::t' "0 a 16.20 1 j If 0 0 ClI

1 a 8 e 16.00 .N V·· en .... S 15.80 ~ 1--- Temp (C) I f ~

~(jl 0\ ..., 0\

<! c 15.60 ClI n '< '< 0 a 15.40 ~ - ::s I

1-s· 0.. c. 15.20

~ ClI ~ n - .... I 15.00 .-_.

g N :S . u 14.80 • 8

.... lC

'< s 14.60 \0 -----~ en

Il) e. 14.40 .... _ . N

::s 14.20 -. VI ....

'< a ::-' 14.00

~ "0

0 20 Il) ::r: 40 60 80 100 120 (D Il) Shotpolnt ..., ::s 0.. 0.. ClI 0.. '0

_. .... en p- en

0

<" ClI ©Copyright AGSO 1992 112009T.XLC 0..

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

67

CGT tow-fish at 45 m water depth (survey lines 12012, 112013, 112014, 112015)

The cruise track for these survey lines is shown in Figure 1.7 and Enclosure 4.

Temperature, conductivity and salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen from 112013, which

passes directly over the ocean outfalls are shown in Figure 3.4. Line 112013 began

north of North Head and was surveyed in a southerly direction - increasing shot-point

numbers in Fig 3.4. The line was surveyed over about a four hour period between

2200 hrs 24/9/93 and 0002 hrs on 25/9/93. The data from other survey lines at this

water depth are summarised in Appendix 3, Fig. 3. On survey line 112013,

temperatures are depressed below typical surface water values, reflecting the general

decreasing temperatures with increasing depth in the survey area. Near North Head

temperature decreases markedly from >16.5oC to values <15.5 °C over a distance of

about 1 km and remain lowered for about 20 kIn encompassing the North Head and

Bondi outfalls. South of Bondi, temperatures increase again to values> 170 C, but then

decreases near the Malabar outfall (sp 79), and remain low for a distance of more

than about 15 km. pH values are significantly lowered along the length of this line

with values <8.1, depleted> 0.05 pH units, from surface water values. Similarly,

oxygen concentrations which are near 300 JlM north of North Head, decrease rapidly

near the North Head outfall and remain lowered for much of this survey line to

beyond the Bondi ocean outfall (approximately sp 45). There is no significant

depletion of oxygen over the Malabar outfall, but small and systematic decreases in

oxygen are evident beyond Malabar to the south. There are significant changes in all

parameters measured on these lines, although the largest variations were generally

detected on the inshore survey line 112/012, indicating the plume(s) from the outfalls

streaming toward the west over this survey period. Significant changes were also

detected on survey line 112/015 a distance of about 2 km offshore of the ocean

outfalls Appendix 3, Fig. 3.


Q

0.. E

~

j

68

~

x !;:5

~ -

~

Figure 3.4. L


perature, conductivity (salinity), pH

and



ater

depth.

©A



~

:s "6 en '0

c o ~

~ :::J '0

c 8 (If)

~ ..-CD c

::::i

-0

'q

~

~

W::)/SW

69

p 0.

0.

""" £' .£; 0 C

I)

t

E

.g C

I)

g "0

c 8 t $ii!

co

'" ,ddA

JIUIID

S

-0

'" ~

0 'q

~

8 g S5 $ii! ~

o - c '0

f . VI

Figure 3.4. L


perature, conductivity (salinity), pH and



ater

depth.

©A



::E: c.

('I) ,... o C

'I ,... ,... CD c :J

0 0

C')

C'l

cO cO

70

rn II '"l • II =--. II

~ •

~

....-..-'

S! cO

Q.:J:

o :::!:

~

8 0 co

S5 0 '<;f

~

I 0

8 cO

- c (5

c.. - 0 .::: (/)

~

x ~ C

')

~

~

0-

0 Cf)

(!) « 1: .~ 0

. 0

~

Figure 3.4. L





ater

depth.

©A


rganisation 1993

71

~ ~

~

§ ....

, -l-

@

i. \ " +

§ ~ •••

c g, ~

0 0

N

co 0

-0

-....

-0

c "0

CIl

'C

Co

~

~

'0 .c

0 en en .-c M

(IJ

1:

~

0>

~ 9

0 N ~

0 ~

() CD

'!! c ::J

~

• +

~ =-=-==-

~

o

~ ~

~ ~

~ <IIw

n) ue6Axo pel\joSSJO

Figure 3.4. L





ater

depth.

©A

ustralian Geologica15urvey O

rganisation 1993

J:

- Co

CD "C

J:

(/)

1 ... c:

0 '0

a.

-...

C")

0 .c:

,... C

J)

0 C\I

,... ,... CD c ::i

72

E

'-'

..c 0. (J)

o j ~

0 +

.. -N

-. ~ -: jjI -. ~ Ii

8 -l-

-: ~ ~

.-I I

~~ 0 co

Ii

J ,!. Ii

~

=:. ~ .;

~~

t ~ +

.. '".r ~

~

0 +

~

N

~

.. ~

Cl

I :l

qq

qq

qq

qq

qq

qq

qq

qq

qq

qq

q

O~O~O~O~~~~~~~O~O~~~8

--NN~~

~

~~w~~_

EG

I ...... G

lIII

~

X

ci (')

o N

N

D-~

0 U)

CD « :c Q

>. Q

. 0

~

Figure 3.4. L





ater

depth.

©A



• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

73

CGT tow-fish at 10-15 m altitude above the seafloor (survey lines 112016,

112017)

The track map for these survey lines is shown in Figure 1.8, and Enclosure 5. During

survey line 112017, the CGT tow-fish became fouled on an unknown submerged

object and was lost near the Bondi ocean outfall. These data are summarised in

Appendix 3, Fig. 4. The data shown are the raw and unedited data, which were

collected at 15 sec intervals, and have not been edited to show data only at 2 minute

intervals (as have all other SDL data). Data from both survey lines show significant

variations in all parameters measured, and there is a significant variation in the water

depth of the DHD tow-fish.

©AustraIian Geological Survey Organisation 1993

74

4. Combined DHD (light hydrocarbon) and SDL (temperature,

salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH) data

During the survey, high concentrations of THC (total hydrocarbons) were often

observed, on the shipboard monitors, to be coincident with lowered dissolved oxygen

(DO) contents and depressed pH values on several of the survey lines.

This section of the Record presents the edited SDL and THC data graphically to

provide a visual examination of whether any association may exist between the

occurrences of identified plume tracers (light hydrocarbons), and the hydrographic

data (temperature and salinity), pH and dissolved oxygen data.

There has been no attempt in this Record to compare these observations with those

from other ocean outfalls elsewhere. To our knowledge, continuous real-time

measurements of plumes, and their dispersion in seawater, like those made on this

survey, have not been conducted elsewhere.

Longitudinal profIles of THe and DO

The DHD data from the survey indicated the light volatile hydrocarbons (THC

abundances) were shown to be sensitive tracers of anthropogenic hydrocarbons added

to the coastal zone. From the molecular compositions of the light hydrocarbon

mixtures, two sources of hydrocarbons were identified. One source was the ocean

outfalls, and the hydrocarbon mixture was comprised predominantly of methane with

minor amounts of the C2+ hydrocarbons (low percent hydrocarbon wetness values).

Another source of hydrocarbons was identified near the entrance to and south of

Botany Bay, and this was found to have higher proportions of C2+ hydrocarbons (high

percent hydrocarbon wetness values), than those hydrocarbon mixtures emanating


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

75

from the ocean outfalls. The percent hydrocarbon wetness parameter is one used

commonly by the petroleum exploration community to compare the relative

abundances of C2+ hydrocarbons in hydrocarbon gas mixtures. Percent hydrocarbon

wetness is defined as sum (C2+C3+C4)1sum (Cl+C2+C3+C4) x 100. The use of the

percent hydrocarbon wetness parameter is not meant to imply the presence of

petroleum hydrocarbons in the survey area, but has been retained as a matter of

convenience to represent the relative abundances of methane and the heavier C2+

hydrocarbons.

THC (total volatile hydrocarbons), therefore is a generic tracer of anthropogenic

plumes in seawater, and therefore potentially of other materials in the plumes, such as

dissolved organic carbon (perhaps particulate organic carbon) and of dissolved

organic toxicants (if present).

The appropriate data are shown in Figures 4.1 through 4.13. These Figures display

THC (total hydrocarbons) and dissolved oxygen concentration with the SDL shotpoint

along each line. The following should be noted about these data sets. First, DHD data

are collected and displayed at 2 minute intervals. These data are corrected for the

travel-time of the seawater through the DHD umbilical. The SDL data are recorded in

situ in the DHD tow-fish at 15 second intervals and displayed, in real-time, in the ship

laboratory. The two data sets have time as a common denominator. The following

plots show SDL and DHD data which were recorded only at common (2 minute) time

intervals.

For those lines that pass directly over the ocean outfall diffuser outlets; survey lines

112005, 5 m; Fig. 4.2; 112009, 25 m, Fig. 4.6, and 112013, at 45 m, Fig. 4.10 these

data are presented with the locations of the ocean outfalls marked.


76

While each of these data plots are illustrated, each will not be described in detail.

Inspection of these data indicate that in many of these plots, increasing levels of THe

are coincident with decreasing dissolved oxygen concentrations. Specific data-points

often do not coincide, but in general the major trends of these two parameters do

coincide, and increasing concentrations of THe values are coincident with relatively

lower dissolved oxygen concentrations. When viewing these data it is important to

note the direction the ship was travelling when these data were collected. These are

shown in Figures 1.5 through Figure 1.8, and in Enclosures 2 through 5.

The data from survey line 112005 (at 5 m water depth, Fig. 4.2) shows very small

decreases in DO south of the Bondi outfall, coinciding with small increases in THe.

The trend toward lower DO values persists as the Malabar outfall is approached, and

lower DO values persist southward as THe values continue to increase offshore of

Botany Bay.

The data from 25 m water depth (Fig. 4.6) show depressed DO values at the North

Head, Bondi, and Malabar ocean outfalls, and these are coincident with local increases

in THe values. The lowest oxygen concentrations were found south of Malabar.

The data from 45 m water depth (112013) are particularly interesting (Fig. 4.10).

Here, distinctive decreases in DO values are associated with distinctive increases in

THe near the North Head outfall. DO values remain depressed and THe remained

relatively high toward the Bondi outfall. DO remains depressed near Bondi, and THe

clearly increases. At this water depth on this line there is, however, no strong evidence

of the Malabar outfall (THe values are about twice background concentrations). The

most noticeable changes in the vicinity of the Malabar outfall were observed on

survey line 112/012 (Fig. 4.9) where THe concentrations (up to 60 ppm) or about six

fold background concentrations are evident near Malabar, although there is, as

elsewhere, significant decoupling of the THe and DO profiles. In the vicinity of the


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

77

Bondi outfall on Fig. 4.9, (sp 50-60), there is a very close coincidence ofTHC and DO

profiles that are consistent with the plume from the outfall streaming south, as

predicted from the plume modelling when this line was surveyed.


78

~

x

E: ~

:J 'o

J

() 0

j:!: C

l

~

t I • I

(IMn

) 00

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( £J

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: : U

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m

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0.

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...

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@

m

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>-~

.c m

)

~

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-{!. 'd'

0 ~

.cf -I-

G~ 0 C

'I ..... .... (1)

r ~

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c :J

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8 8

-8

-8

8 8

8 d

d 8

d ~

ij d

d .;r

C\I co

C\I -

.... (w

dd) OH~

Figure 4.1

Total hydrocarbons (T

He) and dissolved oxygen concentrations along,

survey line 112004 at 5 m w

ater depth. This line w

as surveyed south-to-north.

©A


urve

y Organisation 1993

0 ~

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Figure 4.2 T

otal hydrocarbons (TH

e) and dissolved oxygen concentrations along,

survey line 112005 at 5 m w

ater depth, with the locations of the ocean outfalls

indicted. This line w

as surveyed north-to-south.

©A


urve

y Organisation 1993

0 ~

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C?

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. •

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Figure 4.3 T


e) and dissolved oxygen concentrations along

survey line

112006, at

5m

water depth.

This

line w

as surveyed

south-to-north.

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Figure 4.4 T



survey line

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Sm

water depth.

This

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©A


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y Organisation 1993

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Figure 4.5 Total hydrocarbons

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Figure 4.6 T




ater depth with the locations of the ocean outfalls

indicated. This line w

as surveyed north-to-south.

©A


rganisation 1993

84

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survey line 112011, at 25

III water depth. T

his line was surveyed north-to-south.

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CD en ~

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Figure 4.9 Total hydrocarbons (T

He) and dissolved oxygen concentrations along

survey line 112012, at 45

m w



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ater depth, with the locations o

f the ocean outfalls

marked. T


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Figure 4.11

Total hydrocarbons (T

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) and dissolved oxygen concentrations along




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• F

igure 4.12 Total hydrocarbons (T

He) and dissolved oxygen concentrations along

• survey line 112015, at 45 m

water depth. T


• • • • ©

Australian G

eological Survey O

rganisation 1993

r:n ~ s:: ..... :;! ~ (1)

Cil '< ...... !>-..... ~ ...... Line Bate Bay Total hydrocarbons and Dissolved oxygen w to >-3 ~ 0 (1) .-. to e. 140.00 340

~ ~ 1/1"1- ~ .... \ ........... ~ Er 120.00 @ 0 v ~

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& ~. 0 ::s r:n e. 0 © Copyright AGSO 1992 BATETDOM.XLC ::s

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•••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

91

Chemical Oceanography in the coastal zone offshore Sydney.

The following is presented to provide a brief explanation for the observations of

oxygen-depleted seawater in the coastal zone. It has been well-documented in the

oceanographic literature that the primary cause of oxygen depletion in the ocean

results from microbial oxidation of particulate organic matter. The equation for this

reaction in seawater has been well established for almost three decades (e.g., Redfield

et al., 1963; Richards, 1965, and numerous citations since, confmning these early

observations), and is shown below, using natural marine organic matter as the primary

'food source' for marine microbial communities.

Equation 1:

106(CH20)16(NH3)1(P04)+ 13802~106C02 + 16N03 +H3P04 + 122H20

This equation above shows that 138 moles of oxygen are consumed for every 106

moles of organic carbon oxidised. During this process, 16 moles of nitrogen (as

nitrate) and 1 mole of phosphorus (as phosphate) are liberated to seawater.

Sewage is probably a major source of both dissolved and particulate organic carbon.

When added to seawater, the organic matter is a potential 'food' for the local microbial

community, and because of respiratory activities, oxygen is consumed during

microbial oxidation of sewage-sourced particulate organic matter. The equation for

the recycling of organic matter, and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), from sewage

could be written similarly to Equation 1, but the ratios of C:N:P (in sewage) are

probably different than typical marine organic matter. This reaction for sewage can be

written when the C:N:P ratios in Sydney sewage have been determined.


92

The locations of the observed oxygen depletions in seawater, measured on this survey

near the ocean outfalls, suggest that the anthropogenic inputs of dissolved and

particulate organic matter from the ocean outfalIs are implicated.

During the oxidation of marine organic matter, 106 moles of carbon dioxide are

liberated (Equation 1). Because of its reaction in seawater, the addition of carbon

dioxide liberates a proton (increased acidity) - resulting in a lowering of the seawater

pH during organic carbon oxidation (Equation 2).

Equation 2:

C02 + H20 ~ HC03- + H+~ C032- + 2H+

If detectable changes in seawater pH are found, and there exists a relationship between

pH and DO, then two parameters have been defined - one on the reactant side of the

Equation 1 (DO), and the other on the product side of Equation 1 (carbon dioxide - or

pH) - that are indicative of particulate organic matter oxidation in seawater. Both pH

and DO could be used to provide independent estimates of the extent of this reaction,

Equation 1. The extent of this reaction, or an estimate of the amount of sewage

organic matter oxidised in seawater, could be investigated via the use of chemical

oceanographic reaction-transport modelling, but this work is beyond the scope of this

Record. Once estimated, the oxidation rate of particulate organic matter when

combined with the stoichiometry of sewage particulate matter can provide an estimate

of the amount of anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus liberated to seawater.

Summarised in Figure 4.14 is a plot of dissolved oxygen and pH from all survey lines

on the coastal grid. Clearly, dissolved oxygen and pH are related, with oxygen

concentrations varying between about 340 and 260 micromolellitre of seawater and

pH varying between 8.0 and 8.2. These data are evidence in support of a reaction,

similar to that shown in Equation 1, although Equation 1 would have to be rewritten,


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

93

replacing the stoichiometry of marine organic matter (the mole abundances of carbon:

nitrogen: phosphorus), with the mole abundances of these elements in sewage-sourced

organic matter, occurring in the coastal zone. These data and the locations of the

observed oxygen depletions near the ocean outfalls indicate that the ocean outfalls are

providing a source of anthropogenic, metabolisable organic matter to the coastal zone.

The oxygen depletions noted south of Malabar, but offshore Botany Bay potentially

implicate Botany Bay as a possible source of anthropogenic materials, although these

data are insufficient to identify what these may be.


"T1 ..... (JQ ~ @

~ ...... ~

t:I ..... en en 0 -<: (1)

@ 0..

~ 0 x

t '< (JQ

(1) ::l

~ § 0 0.. ~. "d I!!. ::I:

f ::j> 0

'< S ~

1-e:.. -en

g ~ .... ~ :2l

~ I-" s· (]) en

0 ::l

~ ()

0 P' en ..... e:.. ~ ..... p..

8.20

8.15

i 8.10

8.05 •

CGT composite survey Dissolved oxygen v pH

o o

IIII.UClO

• 1.'om.~:~~:'1.u'ilI. I.. • +0. .. .. ~~~jOl'tD«.nx.Y«'W),»>O«>)) II II I II II I

O. IJI rno'7LD1ti11l".!.'ICItl!IIXI:D+I:+t+:-t+I-!I@:+t+-:0++ -• (J) ••• £I8).A).I![lt..O~ )JI(( JI() lI+ JI(

• llIl • • .000 CD ltOClQl:IJXm(lJ). ¢()

• ,<>, .0:. (e tll)(l()4.> CXlX110 O. I.

,. • .... ()I()(l;!G(jII. <t> at •

... <3) 0 0 • o¢OOoo ¢<) 0

• • • 00 .. ~

8.00+---------------~--------------~--------------+_------------~

260 280 300 320 Dissolved oxygen (micro moles/litre)

©Copywrlte AGSO 1992 PDOM.XLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

95

Shown in Figure 4.15 is a plot of temperature and salinity for the survey on the coastal

grid. Temperature varies between about 18.5oC and 150 C, with the lowest

temperatures always found near the seafloor. Salinity varies between 35.70100 and

35.250100, a change of <0.50100 over the survey area. If the temperature and salinity

of the sewage discharge and the oceanic source water, the two probable end-members,

are known then estimates of the dilution of the sewage in the survey area may be

made, because under most conditions temperature and salinity are conservative

properties in the sea. Although the vertical temperature distributions in the survey area

indicate discontinuities in the vertical profile consistent with a discharge of relatively

cold water (compared to surface waters) at the seafloor, heat exchange across the air

sea interface and an unknown temperature for the sewage effluent, preclude using

temperature as a unique and quantitative tracer of effluent discharge in relatively

shallow continental shelf waters,

Salinity is a conservative tracer and when two end member sources of contrasting

salinities are mixed together, the relative proportions of each end-member can be

calculated from a simple salt balance. This is expressed below.

Water balance

Salt balance

fraction of freshwater [f(fw)] + fraction of seawater [f(sw)] = 1.

:. [f(sw)] = { 1 - [f(fw)]}

Salinity measured [SCm)] = ([f(fw)] * [S(fw)]} + ([f(sw)] * [S(sw)]}

where [S(fw)] = salinity of freshwater

[S(sw)] = salinity of oceanic water

Now [S(fw)] = 0, therefore

[f(fw)] = ([S(sw)] - [S(m)]}1 [S(sw)]

©Austra1ian Geological Survey Organisation 1993

96

For values of [S(sw)] = 35.70 0/00 (the highest salinity measured and the assumed

oceanic end-member, and [SCm)] = 35.3 0/00 (the lowest salinity measured during the

survey), we estimate that the maximum amount of freshwater (or sewage effluent)

detected at the water depths surveyed is about 1 %.

These observations are preliminary, considering the assumptions utilised, but these

types of data and calculations help to identify the scale of effluent dispersion in the

coastal zone. These types of data particularly provide a way to determine the depth

and areal integration of the proportion of effluent discharge stored in the coastal zone.

This is important because it provides a means to estimate the seawater inventories of

dissolved anthropogenic materials stored in the coastal zone with a continuous supply

of effluent discharge. With a knowledge of the average concentration of any

anthropogenic matter in the discharge, the integrated inventory of this compound

stored in the coastal zone can be estimated. Particularly for dissolved inorganic and

organic nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, this is an important calculation, because

the potential impacts of these discharges may be predicted when compared to the

natural or background inventories of these nutrients. Furthermore, inventories of

materials when combined with a knowledge of rates of input (and export) can be used

to assess the potential residence times of these materials in the coastal zone.

Similar equations can be written for the oxygen balance, including the predicted

oxygen concentrations when oceanic source water is mixed with sewage effluent.

The predicted oxygen concentration [02 predicted] = [f(fw)] [02fw] + [f(sw)] [02sw]

where [02fw] = the oxygen concentration of effluent water.

[02sw] = the oxygen concentration of oceanic source water

Assuming the oxygen content of the sewage effluent is zero, then

[02 predicted] = [f(sw)] [02sw].


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

97

The previous analysis indicated that in the survey area, only about 1 % of sewage

effluent was detected (assuming this is predominantly freshwater with a salinity of

zero). Hence, in the survey area the oceanic source water comprised about 99% of the

water balance. Using a value of 330 J..lM for the oceanic dissolved oxygen end

member, the predicted oxygen concentration for a parcel a water which is 1 % sewage

effluent is 337 J..lM.

The lowest oxygen concentration measured on the survey of the coastal grid was about

260 J..lM. This value is considerably lower than that which is predicted from simple

mixing considerations of an oxygen depleted sewage end-member and an oceanic end

member supersaturated in dissolved oxygen. This result indicates a depletion in

dissolved oxygen concentrations of the order of about 70 J..lM, by some process. This

result and the considerations above on the observed changes in pH and dissolved

oxygen over the survey area both support an argument that ambient seawater oxygen

concentrations are depleted over the survey area during oxidation of particulate

organic matter.

Our calculations above are subject to several assumptions and uncertainties. First, the

fraction of oceanic source water and, by difference the fraction of sewage effluent

detected over the survey area is dependant upon the determination of the oceanic end

member salinity. In this calculation we have simply used the highest salinity measured

on the survey, and the choice of a higher salinity would result in increased proportions

of sewage effluent in any parcel of water in the coastal grid. This calculation is most

sensitive to the choice of the salinity of the oceanic end-member. Similarly, we have

assumed that the oceanic end-member oxygen concentration is that of surface water.

A lower dissolved oxygen concentration for the oceanic end-member results in an

oxygen concentration lower than that predicted above. However, the depletion of

about 70J..LM detected is significant, representing about a 20% depletion in the ambient


98

oxygen concentration, and our deduction that the oxidation of particulate organic

matter is required to explain this depletion, other than a simple mixing-model of

sewage and oceanic end-members, is reasonably well constrained.

The mixing models presented here are simplistic, but help to identify key processes

and provide preliminary evaluations of the scope and scales of those physical and

biogeochemical processes, which are important in determining the potential storage

and impact of sewage-sourced materials to the coastal zone. These types of data when

contoured and examined via image processing techniques should provide new

additional insights into sources of effluent and the physical and biogeochemical

processes of dispersion and storage of sewage effluent throughout the coastal zone

Nutrients released to seawater represent just one component of a mUlti-component

system comprising the nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) inventory in the coastal

zone. In a simplified two end-member system comprising seawater and sewage

effluent discharge, the total sewage nutrient (nitrogen and phsophorus) inputs can be

summarised as :

Total sewage N and P input = Dissolved N and P + Particulate N and P.

When the natural background inventories are included, simplified components of

nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) mass balances in the water column are shown in

Table 5. It should be noted that no consideration is given here of the sedimentary

components of the Nand P mass balances, but the outcomes of biogeochemical

processes occurring in the water column are important in constraining the input (flux)

of sewage N and P to the sediments (see below). Similar comments can be made of

the organic carbon mass balance.


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

99

Table 4.1. Simplified water column mass balance components of a two-end member

(sewage and seawater) marine system.

1 Dissolved inorganic N &P in sewage discharge

2 Dissolved organic N&P in sewage discharge

3 Particulate N&P discharge in sewage.

4. Remineralised dissolved organic and inorganic N&P from

seawater oxidation of sewage particulate N&P

5 Natural background inventory of particulate and dissolved

N&P

The preceeding discussion identifies item 4 in Table 5, offshore Sydney - the potential

for a remineralised component of anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus derived

from oxidation, in seawater, of sewage particulate organic matter containing nitrogen

and phosphorus. The reason this term may be important in understanding the N and P

mass balances can be seen from the following relationship.

Remineralised N&P + Residual particulate N&P ~

Total particulate N&P discharge from sewage

Hypothetically, if the remineralised Nand P component is comparable to the total

particulate N and P discharge from sewage, then the residual particulate N and P - that

material which ultimately settles to the sediments, and part of which becomes stored

in the sedimets - will be small, and under these conditions the sediments of the coastal

zone would not be sensitive indicators of environmental change because the sediment

inventories of anthropogenic materials would be low. Hence, remineralised Nand P

from particulate sewage organic material, released directly to the water column

contributes directly to the dissolved nutrient inventory and directly influences the


100

local primary productivity. Consideration of various scenarios of the above assist in

targeting and defining experimental programs to evaluate the relative importances of

sediment versus water column biogeochemical processes and parameters as indicators

of both short and long term environmental change.

While the inventories of these materials are important, it must be emphasised that it is

the fluxes of those items outlined in Table 5 which are more important. First, the

fluxes of each (items 1 through 3), relative to each other are important in developing

treatment and discharge of waste management strategies. Second, the fluxes of those

materials in Table 5, relative to the natural background flux of N and P through the

coastal zone are what are important in predicting the impact of anthropogenic N and P

inputs into the coastal zone.


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .' •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

~ ..... O'Q

~ f"-...... Ul

~ I

en 0.. Temperature versus Salinity at tow-fish depth of 5, 25, and 45 metres ..... ~

O'Q '"I

@ S ~

::p 0

~ !3 ..... ~ ~ ~ en

~ 0 ::;! ~. ~ I!!.

f 0 t::1

s-'< ('»

Q ()

1 0 e; .....

Q; e. 8 O'Q

~ ::1. p..

18

x • Line 112014 18

x xai r DUne 112013

'" ~:iti~ ~I· .~. .2 17 • • Line 112015 0 a; • 0 • o Line 112012

• ~ 17 X'~~i~~8~ill e·~ ~ .t. Line 112009 ...... C) 0

.t. 6!! ~~o .t.

0

)~ 16 ......

D. Line 112010 I

o B~~t~~o 0 0

~ .2 16 o 000 0 gOo~ 0

• Line 112011 e ° °eo l! .t.

o . o Line 112008 0

! 15 i .t. 0

.t. 0 x Line 112004 0

0 :;( Line 112006 15 0

+ Line 112005

14 I I I I - Line 112007 35.25 35.3 35.35 35.4 35.45 35.5 35.55 35.6 35.65 35.7

Salinity - ppt

102

5. Summary

As part of Rig Seismic survey 112, conducted jointly with the Water Board (Sydney),

approximately 500 line-km of seawater temperature, conductivity (salinity), dissolved

oxygen and pH data were collected between Garie Head (south of Port Hacking) and

Broken Bay. The line-km of data were collected by surveying with the tow-fish at

water depths of 5 m, 25 m and 45 m. Additional survey lines were to be run with the

tow-fish at 10-15 m altitude above the seafloor, but this survey was abandoned when

the tow-fish was lost on an unknown object near the Bondi outfall. In addition,

fourteen vertical profiles of temperature, conductivity (salinity), pH and dissolved

oxygen were occupied in the vicinity of the deepwater sewage ocean outfalls, and also

near the entrances to Port Jackson, Botany Bay, and Port Hacking. These data were

collected with a submersible data logger (Yeo-Kal Instruments) fitted into the AGSO

submersible CGT tow-fish.

This was the first time the submersible data logger had been used as part of the

continuous profiling capability being developed within the AGSO Marine Program

(for a variety of resource and environmental applications). Hence a secondary

objective involved systems development, at sea, to integrate these data with the DHD

(Direct Hydrocarbon Detection) capability aboard Rig Seismic. The data logger was

installed into the AGSO submersible tow-fish to provide continuous readings (at 15

sec intervals) of seawater temperature, conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen

concentrations. All data were continuously displayed on a personal computer in the

shipboard laboratory and stored, on the computer, for subsequent processing. All SDL

data were recorded simultaneously with measurements of light hydrocarbons in

seawater (the AGSO DHD system) in the shipboard laboratory.


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

103

This Record presents a preliminary description of all SDL data. The SDL data have

also been combined with the light hydrocarbon data to investigate if anthropogenic

inputs to the coastal zone can be identified with other potential tracers. The

significant findings from this preliminary analysis of the data are summarised below.

1. Temperatures measured during the survey varied over about a three degree range,

between 150 C and 180 C. Seawater salinity (calculated from conductivity data) varied

between 35.250 /00 and 35.70 /00, a range of <0.50 /00, over the survey area, with low

temperatures and salinity being noted on the longitudinal profiles of SDL data near the

ocean outfaIls.

2. Oxygen concentrations in the water column varied between about 340 J..lM and 260

11M. Oxygen was depleted in the water column in the vicinities of the ocean outfalls,

and in the southern sector of the survey area offshore Botany Bay. Similarly, pH

values varied between 8.0 and 8.2. Low pH values were measured where oxygen is

depleted, and these results are indicative of the microbial oxidation of anthropogenic

particulate organic carbon in the coastal zone.

3. A simple salt balance suggests that the lowest salinities measured on the survey

were indicative of about 1 % of the effluent discharge from the outfalls. This result is

sensitive to the choice of end-member oceanic source water salinities. Similarly,

simple mixing of sewage effluent water and oceanic end-member seawater indicate

that the measured depletions of oxygen in the water column could not be accounted

for by simple mixing processes. The oxidation of particulate organic carbon in

seawater, noted above, probably derived from the sewage effluent (below) we suggest

is responsible for the unaccounted oxygen deficits.

4. When dissolved oxygen concentrations and total hydrocarbons (THC), in seawater

are plotted together, for those survey lines on the coastal grid, regions of increasing


104

THe appear associated with depleted oxygen concentrations in the water column.

Other results from the survey indicate that THC (total hydrocarbons) was a tracer of

anthropogenic inputs to the sea. Furthermore, increased levels of THC and dissolved

oxygen were found near the ocean outfalls. These data indicate the ocean outfalls are a

source of anthropogenic and metabolisable organic matter to the coastal zone.

The biogeochemical processes identified here provide new insights into the

degradation and dispersion of anthropogenic organic carbon and nutrients in the

coastal zone. The extent of the reactions identified here are important in determining

the input flux of anthropogenic organic carbon (and associated elements) into the

sediments, and as such focus attention on the relative importances of water column

versus sediment processes and parameters as indicators for the retention of

anthropogenic materials and of environmental change in the coastal zone.

5. To our knowledge, continuous real-time measurements of the parameters presented

here (together with the light hydrocarbon distributions) have not been made around

ocean outfall discharges. The data from this survey provide the Water Board with new

information on potential tracers of the ocean outfalls, and of the physical and

biogeochemical processes occurring in the vicinity of the ocean outfalls. An

understanding of these processes is essential to develop appropriate mass-balance

models of organic carbon and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), and subsequently

to the development of environmental monitoring strategies in the coastal zone

offshore Sydney.


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

105

6. References

Bickford, G., Heggie, D., Birch, G., Ferland, M., Jenkins, C., Keene, J. and Roy, P.

Preliminary results of AGSO RV Rig Seismic survey 112 Leg B: Offshore Sydney

Basin continental shelf and slope geochemistry, sedimentology and geology. AGSO

Record 1993/5.

Heggie, D.T., Bickford, G.P., and Bishop. J.H., 1992 Offshore Sydney Basin and

NSW continental margin geochemistry and sedimentology: natural processes

anthropogenic contributions and non-renewable resources. AGSO Record 1992/35.

Heggie, D.T., Hansen, J., Schneider, Bickford G.P. and Fagan, P. 1993. Rig Seismic

Survey 112, Modem Processes and Environmental Monitoring Strategies offshore

Sydney: a Joint Program between The Australian Geological Survey Organisation and

The Water Board (Sydney). AGSO Record 1993/8

Heggie, D.T., Bickford, G.P., and Bishop, J.H. 1993. Rig Seismic Survey 112,

Preliminary results of Direct Hydrocarbon Detection (DHD) and anthropogenic inputs

to the coastal zone off Sydney. AGSO Record 1993/9.

Redfield, A.c., Ketchum, B.H., and Richards, F.A. 1963. The influence of organisms

on the composition of seawater. In: The Sea vol 2. (ed., M.N. Hill), Interscience

Publishers.

Richards, F. A. 1965. Anoxic basins and fjords. In: Chemical Oceanography (eds

J.P. Riley and G. Skirrow) Academic Press.


106

7. Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the contribution to the survey by Water Board staff. We would like

to thank the AGSO non-seismic group for their assistance in producing the track maps

for the survey. Jennifer Bedford produced all of the Petrosys maps. Colin Tindall and

Greg Sparksman assisted with the production of spreadsheets and charts. We would

also like to thank both the AMSA crew and the AGSO crew for their skills, expertise

and assistance aboard Rig Seismic during the survey. The survey participants are listed

below.

AGSO complement.

Stephen Dutton, Andrew Hislop, David Sewter, John Roberts, Chris Lawson, Claude

Saroch, Colin Tindall, Leo Kalinisan, Simon Milnes, Richard Schuler, Heather Miller,

Peter Davis, Janusz Lazar (16 - 22 September 1992), Jon Stratton, Tony Hunter,

Vojciech Wierzbicki

SWB complement.

Judi Hansen, Ron Johnstone, Janine Dolton, Ellen O'Brien, Peter Schneider, Simon

Davey, Anne Stockenberg, Peter Fagan ( 22 - 24 September 1992)

AMSA complement.

Bob Hardinge, Cedric Hellier, Roger Thomas Ian McCarthy, Bob Dickman, Phil

Hutchinson, Tony Dale, Mike Pitcher, Graham Pretsel, Bill Fowler, Geoff Conley, Pat

Hutchins, Mark Cummer, Trevor Walters (16 - 24 September 1992), Bill Orgill (24 -

29 September 1992)


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Appendix 1. Description of the SDL data acquisition system

The SDL unit incorporated into the CGT 'tow-fish' was manufactured by Yeo-Kal

instruments. The SDL is a computer-related device that is able to store data in the

computer's memory, or the data can be down-loaded (in 'real-time') to a computer via

an umbilical cable. The SDL components are built into a pressure housing capable of

deployment to 300 metres. The high-speed probes contained within the SDL were

essential for this type of continuous profiling.

The SDL, as configured on Rig Seismic, contained the following probes:

a conductivity probe,

apHprobe

a high speed temperature thermistor

a pressure transducer

and a dissolved oxygen probe.

The SDL unit was inserted into the CGT 'tow-fish,' together with a submersible pump

and an echo sounder. The 'tow-fish' is connected to the 'tow-vessel' via a hollow

umbilical. SDL and DHD, together with navigation data are collected in 'real-time' by

specially written software running from personal computers. The SDL is battery

powered and the batteries are changed every few hours. The data, during this survey,

was transmitted every 15 seconds to the on-board laboratory. Complete details of the

SDL are available in the operational manual, including the algorithms used to convert

and present data in a digital format.


Appendix 2. Vertical profiles of SDL data: temperature, salinity,


Appendix 2. Fig. 1 Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen

content from the North Head ocean outfall, VP112002.


content from the entrance to Port Jackson, VP112005.

Appendix 2. Fig. 3. Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved

oxygen content from the Bondi outfall, VP112007.


content from the Malabar ocean outfall, VP's (a)112009, (b) 112015, (c) 112016.


oxygen content from the entrance to Botany Bay, VP's 112010,112017.


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


content from the North Head ocean outfall, VP 112002.

©AustraIian Geological Survey Organisation 1993

10.00 11.00 12.00

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

..s:: 40.0 -C-

Ol "C ..s:: 50.0 II) ;;::

I

~ 0 60.0 I-

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Line VP112002 Temperature versus tow-fish depth

13.00 14.00

degrees Celcius

15.00

©Copyright AGSO 1992

16.00

•

..

!ill il

•

ii

• J!I

• Ii

17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00

VP002TT.XLC

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Line VP 112002 Salinity versus tow-fish depth

ppt

34.00 34.50 35.00 35.50 36.00 36.50 37.00

0.0 1I!i!!i

.". @ 10.0 ~ • ~ . ~ ~ 20.0

~ •• 0 30.0 ~. II

f!!.. II!I

r .s::: 40.0 - • a.

Q) iii '< "C Q .s::: 50.0 • 1-

(/J :;:: • I

~ g 0 60.0 l- • .... ~

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

©Copyright AGSO 1992 VP002DS.XLC

Line VP112002 pH versus tow-fish depth

pH

7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50

0.0 I I I I I I I I I I j

@ I

~ 10.0 t i

• ! ! ~

~ 20.0 T

i 0 I ~. 30.0 t eo • f

I

" ..c: I - 40.0 t • '< 0-

9 Q)

50.0 +-i

't:J

~. ..c: • II) ;

600f

•• t:r. I

§ ~ 0 .... l- • ~

70.0 + I

80.0 + I

90.0 I 100.0

©Copyright AGSO 1992 VP002DPH .XLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0,0 @)

~ 10,0

i 20,0 ~ 0

30,0 ~, e.

f ..c .... 40,0 c. QI

'< "C Q ..c 50,0

1-11/ ;;;: :: 60,0 8 0 t-

~ 70,0

80,0

90,0

100,0


micro molesllitre

200 250 300 350 400

+-----------------~------------------r_----~.~~~---------4I------------------~1 .;. ••• • ., •

.... • • • •

• 1ft

Copyright AGSO 1992 VP002DDO,XLC


content from the entrance to Port Jackson, VPl12005.


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

10.00 11.00 12.00

0.0

10.0

20.0 I

30.0 + I

.s::. 40.0 --I-..... 0..

sod (])

"0 .s::. (J)

:0:: • I

~ I

0 60.0 + l-I

i 70.0 T

1 80.0 !

90.0 1 100.0


13.00 14.00

degrees Celcius

15.00


16.00 17.00

jjI

!I!

• ~1

• I'. • ,.

18.00 19.00 20.00

VP005TT.XLC

Line VP 112005 Salinity versus tow-fish depth

ppt

34.00 34.50 35.00 35.50 36.00 36.50 37.00

0.0 I I I I 1 @ IlIIjI

~ 10.0

~ !!! ~ 20.0 -

~ • ~

0

~. 30.0 • /!!..

f .1.

.e: 40.0 .... • '< Co

Q Q) ••

"C

1-.e: 50.0 (f) ;;=

I g :5: 0 60.0 .... I-

~ 70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

©Copyright AGSO 1992 VP005DS.xLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

7.50 7.60 7.70

0.0 I 100 j 20.0

30.0 + I

..l: 40.0 I -0-

0) "0 ..l: 50.0 !Ii ;;::

I

~ 0 60.0 t-

70.0 1 80.0

90.0

100.0


pH

7.80 7.90 8.00 8.10 8.20

I I !iii

•• • • · • • •

•


8.30 8.40 8.50

I

VP005DPH.XLC

200 220 240

0

10

20

30

.c 40 -Co Q) 'tJ .c 50 en :0:: • == 0 60 I-

70

80

90

100


260 280

micro moles/litre

300 320

·1i1i!J

.I!I

• • •• •

•• • • ••


340 360 380 400

V005DDOM.xLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • e·

• • • • • • •


oxygen content from the Bondi outfall, VPl12007.

©Austra1ian Geological Survey Organisation 1993

10,00 11,00 12.00

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

..c: 40,0 -0.. Cl) "0 ..c: 50,0 CI) ;;:: , ~ 0 60,0 I-

70,0

80,0

90,0

100.0


13,00 14,00

degrees Celcius

15.00

•• • i

•


16.00 17,00

• ~ •

• ••

•

18,00

I

19,00

I

20,00

I

VP007TT.xLC

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Line VP112007 Salinity versus tow-fish depth

ppt

34.00 34.50 35.00 35.50 36.00 36.50 37.00

0.0 1i!1

@ 10.0 • • ~ ii ~ 20.0 • ~

~ 30.0 t I

0 • ~. • /!!..

f ..c •• OJ 40.0 c.. Q)

'< "0 •• ~ ..c 50.0 • 1-

CIJ • :;::: I. I

?; • g 0 60.0 iii I-

......

70.0 1 !i ~ ...

80.0

90.0

100.0

©Copyright AGSO 1992 VP007DS.XLC

200 220

@ 0 ~ ~ 10 §

~ 20 0 ~.

30 ~

f .c -Co 40 '< (1)

~ "0

1-.c 50 en :;::

I=t. ~ 8 60 .... 0

~ I-70

80

90

100


240

•• • iii

260

•

micro molesllitre

280 300

• • ••

•• • • •


320 340 360

."-.1 • •• iii

• ••

380 400

V007DDOM.xLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••


pH

7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00 8.10 8.20

0.0 I I I I Ii

10.0 • i

20.0 • · • • 30.0

I • • I

~ 40.0 J--c.. !!!

Q)

"C • ~ 50.0 (J) ;;:::

I

~

• • • • 0 60.0 f-

i

~

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

©Copyright AGSO 1992 VP007DPH.xLC


content from the Malabar ocean outfall, VP's (a)112009, (b) 112015,(c) 112016.

•

©AustraJian Geological Survey Organisation 1993

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


ppt

34.00 34.50 35.00 35.50 36.00 36.50 37.00

0.0 I~=~

~ 10.0 !il ~ -II. ~ 20.0 -~ .'1 -0 30.0

1 .. -f .t: 40.0 -0-

(I) .! '< " i .t: 50.0 If)

~. ;;::: \-I

=:: B 0 60.0 I- I!I .... '" ~

70.0 ." 80.0 Iii

.~

90.0 I 100.0

©Copyright AGSO 1992 "" VP009DS.xLC


micro moles/litre

200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

0 @ !!I' ~ 10

f- •••

~ 20 •

iii 0 • 1 30

i •• I!!J .c 40 -Co

.... &I rt Q) '0

1-.c 50 .~ .". -I 8 3: 0 60 .... I- ...!Jl

* 70 , .. 80 Ii

Ilil 90

100

©Copyright AGSO 1992 VOO9DDOM.xLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


pH

7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50

0.0

l1li. @

~ 10.0

f • 20.0 •

~ i • 0 30.0 T 1

40.0 1 ••

i .s:: ...., c..

Ii Q) '< "C

R .s:: 50.0 j I/) • ~. :;:: • I

~ g 0 60.0 I- ! ....

70.0 t ~ <.»

••

80.0 t i

i 90.0

100.0

©Copyright AGSO 1992 VP009DPH.XLC

10.00 11.00 12.00

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

.c 40.0 ..... a. Q) "0 .c 50.0 III ;;::

I

~ 0 60.0 I-

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


13.00 14.00

degrees Celcius

15.00

I.".


16.00 17.00

•

•

18.00 19.00 20.00

VPO 15TT.XLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


ppt

34.00 34.50 35.00 35.50 36.00 36.50 37.00

0.0

.. -!Ii- -

~ 10.0 fii • ~ ill

~ 20.0

~ .' 0 30.0 ~. iJI. e!.

i ..s:: 40.0 - -0-

Q) ~ '< 'U

9 ..s:: 50.0 !/) ;. ;;:: -!!' I

~ Q: 0 60.0 8 I-.... \0

lS 70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

©Copyright AGSO 1992 VPO 15DS.XLC


micro moles/litre

200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

0

•• !! ........ • 10

• • • • 20

• iii

30 • • •• •

.c 40 'E. • (I) • • " .c 50 en :;:: • • ••• ~ 0 60 I-

70

80

90

100

©Copyright AGSO 1992 V0l5DDOM.xLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

7.50 7.60 7.70

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

..c 40.0 +-'

0.. OJ

"'C ..c: 50.0 en ;;:::

I :r: 0 60.0 f-

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


7.80 7.90

pH

8.00

i.


8.10

.i •

• ••

• i.

i

8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50

VP015DPH.XLC

10.00 11.00 12.00

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

.s:: 40.0 Q. Q)

"C .s:: 50.0 1/1 ;j:

I

:s: 0 60.0 t-

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


13.00 14.00

degrees Celcius

15.00


i

16.00 17.00

-II

i.- •

-. Ii

18.00

I

19.00

I

20.00

!

VP016TT.xLC

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••


ppt

34.00 34.50 35.00 35.50 36.00 36.50 37.00

0.0 ill

@ 10.0 ~ ~

.~

~ 20.0

~ .'!!'

0 30.0

i i ·i I J .s::. 40.0 --L ..-

Co <11 r.

'< "C Q .s::. 50.0

1-(J)

l+= I

~ Q: 0 60.0 8 I-

:ii w 70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

©Copyright AGSO 1992 VPO 16DS.XLC


micro molesllitre

~ 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 !il 0 ~ • • • • • ~ 10 ~ •• • • 0 20 ~. • • • • ~

30 f ..c • • Ii a 40 '< Q)

~ "C • • 1-

..c 50 .~ -I

9 3: 60 0 .... I-

* 70

80

90

100

©Copyright AGSO 1992 V016DDOM.xLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

7.50 7.60 7.70

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

.l: 40.0 ..... C-Ol

"0 .l: 50.0 II) ;;::

I

;; 0 60.0 I-

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


7.80 7.90

pH

8.00


8.10 8.20

-.--

---i --

8.30 8.40 8.50

VP016DPH.XLC


oxygen content from the entrance to Botany Bay, VP 1120 17.


• • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • fit

• • • • •

10.00

0.0mg

^

10.0 —^ rillma

^

20.0 —^ ••-,•

^

30.0 —^ • ii• •

degrees Celcius

11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00

I I I II I I I Itt',11

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


..c151. 40.0 —cu

u)

60.0

70.0 —

80.0 —

90.0 —

100.0 —

©Copyright AGSO 1992^ VP0171T.XLC


34.00

0.0 ^

10.0

20.0

30.0

46. 40.0

50.0cn

0 60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

ppt34.50^35.00^35.50^36.00^36.50^37.00

@Copyright AGSO 1992^ VP017DS.XLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


pH

7.50^

7.60^7.70^7.80^7.90^8.00^8.10^8.20^8.30^8.40^8.50

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0 t

cu_c 50.047'

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

©Copyright AGSO 1992^ VP017DPH.XLC


micro moles/litreo^200^220^240^260^280^300^320^340^360^380^400>g^0 ^ 6[^ • • • •^•. • •

^1 0 —^.

• ii^IN

?a

• II^MN

V^20^ •^it

Ill^ r mi •

I'^., 30 —^ . . •••

sfCD^'EL

•

40 —2^z

1^co

I^60 —o1^

F.-70

80 —

90

100

_-

©Copyright AGSO 1992^ V017DDOM.XLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

•Appendix 3. Longitudinal profiles of SDL data: temperature,

• salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH•0^Appendix 3. Fig. 1. Longitudinal profiles of temperature, conductivity (salinity), pH

• and dissolved oxygen content and tow-fish depth, from survey lines

• 112004,112006,112007, with the tow-fish at approximately 5 m water depth.

0

• Appendix 3. Fig. 2. Longitudinal profiles of temperature, conductivity (salinity), pH







• and dissolved oxygen content and tow-fish depth, from survey lines 112016,112017,

• with the tow-fish at approximately 15 altitude above the seafloor (These are unedited

• data collected at 15 second intervals).

0

00

•©Australian Geological Survey Organisation 1993

Appendix 3. Fig. 1. Longitudinal profiles of temperature, conductivity (salinity), pH

and dissolved oxygen content and tow-fish depth, from survey lines

112004,112006,112007, with the tow-fish at approximately 5 m water depth.

@Australian Geological Survey Organisation 1993

I.IIUU

REIN•

III I,sa•k / •

•

0— Temp (C)

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Line 112004 Temperature

18.00

17.80

17.60

D 17.40

• 17.20

r 17.00

e 16.80

S 16.60

c 16.40

e 16.20

C 16.00

1

•

5.80

s 15.60

15.40

15.20

15.00

0

mason • .^/ ^g • ‘,„^ •^mi xam^\ •^MI j

NI^\.•

• .^

II^III j.,..\^ ,^-.....^.,.t ,.0

../\..j 7MN

i- ll^j /it •

J■1,^\.1\ ,A,,,...7lid •

20^40^60^

80Shotpoint

•MN

100^

120

©Copyright AGSO 1992^ 112004T.XLC

Line 112004 Conductivity and Salinity

46.00 — •01 W.

o>^44.00 —gE^m (N^ss, xk)^a/ 1 42.00 —1. C.1R.^mq)^

ni1^t 40.00

9

1^Y

I^P 38.00 —Pt

ontiniErairawraffir

^

mEmE^dirmErar%mai^ wan

maw • .11•Ertl"^ a^HalmEd^lir rip IrairalrilliIII MI

•— Cond (mS/cm)

0^ Salinity (ppt)

36.00 —EtEl MP= •11"11.111110^ D7OILLEIS-1:=WaTEMO

34.00

0^20^

40^

60^

80^100^120S hot point

©Copyright AGSO 1992^ 112004S.XLC

• • • • IP • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •^• • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Line 112004 pH

8.30 —

8.20

•^pH••11111111111111111111^ mom^ U.Ilia Id mud

ION^11111111111111 11

8.10

8.00

0 20^40^60Shotpoint

80^100^120

@Copyright AGSO 1992^ 112004P.XLC

Line 112004 Dissolved oxygen

340

0

320

3009^0

280

NOIR MUM.W....11 14110110,0111

more 1100.0.1/0%

10111.wan 111•11111^mu\ alio \id

• DO(uM/I)

2600^

20^

40^

60^

80^

1 00^

120

Shotpoint

^Copyright AGS01992^ 112004D.XLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Line 112004 tow-fish depth

Shotpoint

0^

20^40^60^

80^100^120

0.05.0

10.015.020.025.030.035.0

m 40.0e 45.0

50.0e 55.0S 60.0

65.070.075.080.085.090.095.0

100.0

om • 1001.11 oftmemomaymmammammosommoommiammormoinommelftmememmolumMOOMmwm en•ominve rsmaftsminwilmem

•^Depth(m)

@Copyright AGSO 1992^ 112004D.XLC


18.00 —

17.80 —

o^17.60 —

D 17.40 —

• 17.20 —F r 17.00

e

•

16.80

s 16.60 —

c 16.40 —e 16.20

c 16.00

(.0^ 15.80 —us 15.60 —

15.40 —

15.20 —

15.00

111.manila" MrWry

salmon. SUILIELLII.RIM^w millfrarre

%IMO 1.11^11We

d

srmarr,r. arsisiwt

I(w • Temp (C)

0^

20^40^60^80^

100^120^140

Shotpoint

@Copyright AGSO 1992^ 112006T.XLC

• 111 • • • • • • • • * • • • • • • • • • • 41) • ID • • • • • • • •

46.00 —

44.00 —

(sa

42' 00 —I init 40

'

00 —

y

P 38.00 —Pt)

36.00 —

mS/Cm

••4111400411010•••••••••000000•••••41110•••


officunlirmullfillmimorIA^ oralLILL^h ^IrIMILIIL Ilhill

11111M11. 11111rrr^. ALLruts!' rueriem-^

r Emir Lamm uniumaill

1

•^ Cond (mS/cm)

Ei^ Salinity (ppt)

01111:11[1:1

CCE=IEI

34.00 I

1

I

0^20^40^60^80^100^120^140

Shotpoint


8.00

Line 112006 pH

8.30

• pH1111111111M11111111Mill • • n^innono

onnummo^ rand^V V Id \111111111111111111111111111MMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII(^111111111111111111•

•1111111111•11111111.

Inn( Ind

8.20

8.10

0^

20^40^60^80^

100^

120^

140

Shotpoint

©Copyright AGSO 1992^ 112006P.XLC

• • 4111 • • • • • • •^• •^ft^•^lb II •^•

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


340

260

wEss maw En

M

0011110 • MU MOWNm^ow iriUMMUN m_^'mous.

max^MN

\^

wommeaum a ), NE

0 14020^40^60 80^100^120

Shotpoint

Copyright AGSO 1992 112006D.XLC

1011111 1101 WINIWARAWMillgommleimmir01000.00110:01m1,0100111~0 1AmimpwroomPum 00.0•

a— Depth(m)


0Shotpoint

20^40^60^80^100^120^1400.0

@^5.0>g^10.0

1^15.0

§)^20.025.0

i. 30.035.0

m 40.09^e 45.0

50.0e 55.0s 60.0

65.070.075.080.085.090.095.0

100.0

©Copyright AGSO 1992^ 112006D.XLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


18.00

17.80 —

17.60 —mo

1^ge^ ••• 111111..

111 1. 111 •01 11111%••••••ÎMIN ......"."111.11"

^

Mlle.^

1111.11111min.EM^17.20^ MEN.

r.kr17.00^

..\ii,

ILêe 16.80 —^ 1...

e,s 16.60 \i,I c 16.40 —

9

Iê 16.20 —1

I^c 16.00 —i

:*:û 15.80 —

s 15.60 —

15.40 —

15.20

^

15.00 IÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ

0^10^20^30^40^50^60^70^80^90^100Shotpoint

b. D 17.40 —^Nix^ •••••■g^ • mum,^ Ems•^•••••

• Temp (C)



46.00 —

@44.00g

1^m (S sI 42.00

a

1.^c IiE.^m nict,^40.00*c

9

p 38.00

36.00 —

34.00

.11111.111.111.11.••••••11111111. 111 111111110111finsememomMIIIIIIIMINIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIME .11.11111"11. 111••••••mininiMIN"

Cond (mS/cm)

ID^ Salinity (ppt)

=LAID^

0^10^20^30^40^50^60^70^80^90^100Shotpoint

^@Copyright AGSO 1992^ 112007S.XLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Line 112007 pH

8.30

8.20

INMA

•N( )11.•.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••111•••••••••••••••••••V•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••k )11k

UM ••^pH

8.10

8.00 I^1ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ

0^10^20^30^40^50^60^70^80^90^100Shotpoint

©Copyright AGSO 1992^ 112007P.XLC

0 20 40 80 100 120

112007D.XLC

60Shotpoint

Copyright AGSO 1992


Mg is..11..111.1111•111jelligillme111•11^P.M.

•p

▪

•omm."11 1%1 •

romeaum. - las•-• i• ME.••

▪

ENNUI. U

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • * • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

260

340

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


S hot poi nt

0^10^20^30^40^50^60^70^80^90^100

0 IÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ5^.. .1•00•••01••••• ••••1111 111 111 111. 1.••••••• 11 .11111111••••••••••••NOM 11 111. 111.1wEENIummum."..........

101520253035404550556065707580859095

100

•^ Depth(m)




112008,112010,112011, with the tow-fish at approximately 25 m water depth.

()Australian Geological Survey Organisation 1993

• • • • II • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


18.00 —

17.80 —

17.60 —o D 17.40 —gg:^

e 17.20

r 17.00

11\ ...

N^g

rk)êti.ê 16.80 —^ •

..'.'^ •,RI\I^

•S 16.60 —^•^

T

c 16.40^

iro. .••\ 7: 1 .

4^—^ )i \ 7'^1,1 „...,

g^10,1"rd mal \ 71.Î " IN,

• ••

9^ 1 I.p. A ive 16.20 _—.. TI.6011,....,111.11:..pin wwei

1Îc 16.00^

o^/ ^, Illrem\ •

^

11.1 .^•I, ClliIî^ . 1\.71'Os 3^

u 15.80 —

S 15.60

15.40 —

15.20

15.00 IÎÎÎÎÎ

^

0^20^40^60^80^100^120Shotpoint

• Temp (C)

140



46.00 —

roineinm.rrainerhirersr.,^ rs walluiror^weren't r^_ • •

r Lor. L mar

44.00

a42.00

t 40.

00

P 38.00 —P

36.00 —

• Cond (mS/cm)

0^ Salinity (ppt)

rou rlill mmmmmmmmmmmm miti lfilfirril•0 101 10 mmmm m 11•011111111141 lll ll 111 1•11 1111mnriessolinoilirihr•WillimarimillInwuro

34.00

0 20^40^60^80^100^120^140Shotpoint

©Copyright AGSO 1992 112008S.XLC

• • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Line 112008 pH

8.30

8.20

• pH

8.10

8.00

•.•.•IA i

d^ ink^Hi

...........nr aÎ. ..v.m............ MIIIIIM= ‘11 4. Illk• !mil it iikÂî

• MIN\

-\111/

. .^.....^:. . .nr.,/^.^.• •1•1•11111(1111\

%(‘.î''kii \..(\..c 'V ....t.

Î

PH

0^

20^40^60^80^

100^120^

140S hotpoint

@Copyright AGSO 1992 112008P.XLC

0 20^40^60 80 100 120 140

340

260


Shotpoint

Copyright AGSO 1992^ 112008D.XLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •

* • *^•^•^lb^• •


0 20 40

Shotpoint

60^80 100 120^140

0.0 15.0

10.015.020.025.0

!Frani rmalliral ni ro iron u Ira go I-. arr. all II Fan ran trig all'arcall Ing II tiff 01 lo 11 11 r am rartli Brats was I oti ll i snin s •30.0 - ILUU'

35.0m 40.0e 45.0

50.0 • Depth(m)

e 55.0s 60.0

65.070.075.080.085.090.0 -^

95.0100.0



18.00 —

17.80 —

o^17.60 —

i^D 17.40 —e

g^17.20 —

"en% wili,,,„P^gr 17.00 —^

ii\of.

iê16.80^ was^

NIe a^ • •^1^\V •\•^\ PI\ 711\^

1i volasv•

i^s 16.60 —ÎN* I..• "^V 'tiv• •• •111111 •

4^ w "I i \^ •1^1, • II9^c 16.40 — %mei* • '^ IN \and

16.201êI^

;1 IIIN

I^c 16.00

15.80 —us 15.60

15.40 —

15.20

15,00 ^

•— Temp (C)

0^

20^40^60^

80^100^120

Shotpoint

^

@Copyright AGSO 1992^ 1120101.XLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • * • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • * • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


46.00 —nuoirosnarveirmos\meiniuwarreirffrilurrrounliii

•Emma.^.1

ior • ewe ma own

o^44.00›-gE^m (

42.00

ssN^a

F.^/ 1

let^c .m I

a.^ni4'^

t 40.00

9^Y

11^P 38.00

P

1^t

)36.00

• Cond (mS/cm)

^ Salinity (ppt)

34.00

0

20 40 60

80 100^120

Shotpoint


@

~ ~ ~

~ 0

t i p '< H Sf

1 I:f.

8

~

Line 112010 pH

8.30

8.20

•••••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••••••• '" ., •• 1\. ,. ••• 1\. ,.., •• •••• , IJ V IJ rI Ii Ii ••••••••••• rI 'i. •••• rI 'i.rI •••• , .... ,

• • •••• 8.10

8.00 -+------+------+-------+------+------+--------1 o 20 40 60

Shotpoint


80 100 120

[---PH [

112010P.xLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


340 —

320

F 30007)

280

•^ miaruiV^Nit^pie\

111)11/11101111^JR11.1

IN'MN

260

0^

20^40^60^

80^

100^120Shotpoint

Copyright AGSO 1992^ 112010D.XLC

metreS

0.05.0

10.015.020.025.030.035.040.045.050.055.060.065.070.075.080.085.090.095.0

100.0

-

-

_

0

oilMltorimillaIIIWIIIIIIIIIIIIERffniumoIII.NMNRIIIIM.IIIIMIIMII.RIII/RIIIIIIIIMOLIIIIIIIIgRIIItmllnlNIIIIIIwolNallMIEMIIIMRIIINNWslIllIllM

Shotpoint20^40^60

IÎÎ

80

1100^120

IÎ


• Depth(m)

©Copyright AGSO 1992^ 112010D.XLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• Temp (C)

..11/ruL1u1 1rrl.!.

•46 VIP V an r rturr a Ih rt ••

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


18.00 —

17.80 —

17.60

D 17.40 —e

17.20 —gr 17.00 —ee 16.80 —

s 16.60 —

c 16.40 —

e 16.201c 16.00

15.80 —Us 15.60 —

15.40

15.20

15.00 ^

Lt^ •^P!VNs / .•\ /6 11

ov ular/ \vir

III •• 1-11^1.

0^ 50^ 100^ 150Shotpoint

^©Copyright AGSO 1992^ 112011T.XLC

34.00


46.00

17,IN^MO • 1,11 •v rutin \/^

111'Orr-11filumitilirmilrrearmafimIrirst erma 0011 row^ottreiresminirgell^ roma.

• U^ •^•a>^44.00ga^m (g^sS

a/ 1 42.00

I^nti.^c .1m^m

ia,^t 40.00-.4

.2^If1I^P 38.00

Pt)

36.00

• Cond (mS/cm)

0^ Salinity (ppt)

B I 333 111111111ralfilallavapt01111.114m1IMIlai illigEMS111111 lllll HUM irttralers l.IØIIIIIIIIIIUIUUIIIIItIL IIracism

0 50 100 150

Shotpoint


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • lb • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Line 112011 pH

8.3

@

~ ~ ~

8.2 ~ 0 ~. /!!..

f p '< H S?

1-g 8.1

• • •••••••• 11{" •• ~ ••• , ••• ~ • J ••••••• " , •••••••• ~, ••••••••••••• ~,. " r·J~··J ~ ••• ~ •••••• .{ ~ •••• ..• .......J J ... J\ , ~ ~. • • ~,. \,.~ , ....•

\I V. ~ · · .m

•

I-·-PH I

.... ~ w

8 ~-----------------------+------------------------+-----------------------~

a 50 100 150

Shotpoint

Copyright AGSO 1992 112011 P.xLC


340

320...

zC0o)>.x 300o.oco>oaa

280

260

0^

20^40^60^

80^

100^

120^

140Shotpoint

Copyright AGSO 1992^

112011D.XLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


Shotpoint

0 50 100 150

0.0 5.0

@ 10.0

~

I-15.0 20.0

~ 25.0 0 30.0 ~.

35.0 e.

i m 40.0 e 45.0 '<

S( t 50.0

1-r e 55.0

-.- Depth(m)

g s 60.0

~ 65.0 70.0 75.0

80.0

85.0

90.0 95.0

100.0

©Copyright AGSO 1992 112011 D.xLC

••



112012,112014,112015 with the tow-fish at approximately 45 m water depth.


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

17.00

16.80

16.60

o 16.40 e 9 16.20

r 16.00 e e 15.80

s 15.60

c 15.40

~ 15.20

c 15.00

i 14.80 u s 14.60

14.40

14.20


••

\i.~ .• • • •• I \ .-,iI I .. -

- -, . " .... \ • A '" j_' A. \... .... J \ .. n, P- V -if /\ r · · ... -\. ~ - I -V •

14.00 ~--------~------~---------+--------~--------4-------~

o 20 40 60

Shotpoint

80


100 120

I --- Temp (C) I

1 12012T.XLC

/' \ r

~ Iii ~ !1:1

[ 0

~. e-

J !(

1-r:r. g .... ~


46.00

44.00

m ( 5 s

•• •••• •• ••••••• 1·.1\ ~~ j .................... .... , I~' 1'4. , .... /. , " 'i- 11/ 'pi r1 \ .... J.Jf... • • • , •.• •••• /J.. • •••• ·~l ~ w

I ~ 42.00 c . m'

n i t 40.00

Y

P 38.00 p t )

36.00

34.00 +---------4---------4---------4---------~--------~------~

o 20 40 60

Shotpoint

80


100 120

-.- Cond (mS/cm)

--0- Salinity (ppt)

112012S,XLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

· ~ ............................... .

@

~ ~ §

~ 0

1 p

f H '< S(

1-8 ......

~

Line 112012 pH

8.30

8.20

8.10

.~ •• 1\. / •• \ /.~ 'if _I\. ~ .1\. •• •• .~ • • •••••• ,/\

In..~ j •• ,\ A· J \I 'if \ ~ , ~ j\ . \ · "\ " r \ J ~. • .. 1" j.1 ~"\..I\ \ Ji\.j~ · .. j •• ~. ~ \ V ~.

8.00 -+------1-------+-----\-----/--------1[--------1

o 20 40 60

Shotpoint


80 100 120

112012P.XLC

line 112012 Dissolved oxygen

340

320

.".\., ...... N · .. \.\ •

280 •

260+---------+---------+---------+---------~--------+-------~

o 20 40 60

Shotpoint

Copyright AGSO 1992

80 100 120

1 1 201 2D.xLC

. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0.0 5.0

@ 10.0

~ 15.0

~ 20.0 ~ 25.0

~ 30.0 0 ~. 35.0 I!!- m 40.0 , e 45.0 '< t

50.0 i r ;. e 55.0

Q: s 60.0 8 65.0 ~ \D

70.0 \D w

75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0

100.0

o 20

•


40

Shotpoint

60 80 100

r/\ ,............ .,.. i .... II \ j\ • \1 II··

• •• ~ ••••••• Iii

~ •••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ••• i. •••••••••••••••••••••••••• J ~.(


120

I -- Depth(m) I

1 12012D.XLC

18.00

17.80

17.60

o 17.40 e 9 17.20

r 17.00 e e 16.80

s 16.60

c 16.40

~ 16.20

c 16.00

~ 15.80

s 15.60

15.40

15.20

15.00

o 20 40


1--- Temp (C~ 1

60 80 100 120 140

Shotpoint

©Copyright AGSO 1992 112014T.xLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


46.00

@ 44.00

~ m ( ~ S 5 § a ~ I I 42.00

c . 0

m l

i n -.- Cond (mS/em) r i

t 40.00 -0- Salinity (ppt) '<

Q y

1- P 38.00 9 P ... t '" ~ )

36.00 ~DIIJall~IIIIIIIUIII]lOctr:ru.tll'IIIIIIITt:UILliatIJ

34.00

o 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Shotpoint

©Copyright AGSO 1992 112014S.xLC

Line 112014 pH

8.30

@

~ ~ ~

~ 6' ~.

8.20

e!.

~ P '< H i ~. I=f. g 8.10

• • /\ /\ •••••• • •••••• •••• •••••• ..'\ ...................... '\ •••••••• 11\ , ••• \

*'},{ ~. '\ III. j 'krl.rf •••••••• I('~ j Ii' ,. • ~ •• • .rf_. • ...... \ .)1

'krl· VJ I---PH I

!il (,r.)

8.00

o 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Shotpoint

©Copyrighf AGSO 1992 1 120l4P.XLC

•••• Cit •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


340

@

f 320 ~ Q

~ -:E ~ :I -

<§. c ~ n m /!!. >-

f M 300

" '<

~ Q

1-0 .!!I

g Q

280 ~

2~ +----------+----------4-----------~--------~----------+_--------~r_--------~

o 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Shotpoint

Copyright AGSO 1992 1 120l4D.xLC


Shotpoint

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0.0 @ 5.0

~ 10.0

i 15.0 20.0

~ 25.0 0 ~. 30.0 I!.

r 35.0 m 40.0

'< e ~ 45.0

1-t

50.0 r

8 e 55.0 ... s 60.0

1--- Depth(m) 1 * 65.0

70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0

100.0

©Copyright AGSO 1992 112014D.xLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

18.00

17.80

@ o 17.60 ~ ~

e

~ 9 17.40

~ r e

0 e 17.20 ~. l!!- s

i 17.00 '< c ~ ~ 16.80

1- c 8 i 16.60 .... ~ u

s 16.40

16.20

16.00

0


\r ......... i~ • • J.. r{·-"""\~ ~"'.'\r. •• ttl/","-, 1--- Temp (C) 1 --\ lV-.- --I· ~\ /- - · -- ~.v.. • -\- • •

20

I j~)J~_. JI.-.' -

ii" • I · ". • - ·l-

40 60

Shotpoint

80


100 120

112015T.xLC

46.00

~ fi1

44.00

~ m ( ~ S s

~ I ~ 42.00 0 ~. c .

I e.. m

i n i

'< t 40.00 Sf

1-y

g P 38.00 .... P ~ t

)

36.00

34.00

o


• ••••••••••• •• •••••••••••••••••• ......... .. •• ,...... ...... ..L'i( .................................... . ). I ''ill'. \,., .".. ............ Ii ••• ~ ... ,1

20 40 60

Shotpoint

80


100 120

-.- Cond (mS/cm)

-0- Salinity (ppt)

112015S.xLC

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

~ Iii ! ~

~ 0

1 f p

H '<

~

1 r:r. g .-~ ~

Line 112015 pH

8.30

8.20

. . ........ , ... . \ .............. , .. , ... I' ......................... .(" ... · .............. .( ). ............. . . .( . / . .( \ ,... ';/ " "

~.. il

8.10

8.00 4------------4------------~------------~-----------+------------~----------~

o 20 40 60

Shotpoint


80 100 120

---pH

112015P.xLC

@

~ ! ~

~ t§. e. i '<: !(

1 ~ g ..... ~ w

line 112015 Dissolved oxygen

340

320

~ :E / ............ .a c ." CD

~ ~ 300 '0

~

.. ..,., ,.,. JI. • -.. ... .. -\ J\ III _ II ••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••• Jv'v 1/' ............. ............ • 111/"" •

V 0 .t!I Q

280 •

260 +-------------~------------1-------------+-------------+-------------r_----------~

o 20 40 60

Shotpoint

Copyright AGSO 1992

80 100 120

112015D.xLC

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0.0

5.0

~ 10.0 ~ 15.0 ~ § 20.0

~ 25.0 0 30.0 ~. e!.. 35.0

f m 40.0 '< e 45.0 Q t

50.0

1-r e 55.0

p; 60.0 g s .... 65.0

* 70.0

75.0

80.0

85.0

90.0

95.0 100.0

0 20


40

Shotpoint

60 80 100 120

Jill............ .. . . • ..•.• ••• ' ,.. ~.'Jl •• \ • •• •••• ';1 .... • \ •••••••• - ••••••••••••••• ' • I. .. .... . ".. ..J. 'II I II . ..... ........... - )/"... ....... ..


1-·- Depth(m)

1120l50.xLC


and dissolved oxygen content and tow-fish depth, from survey lines 112016,112017,

with the tow-fish at approximately 15 altitude above the seafloor (These are unedited

data collected at 15 second intervals).


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

@

~ ~ 'Ci)' § ::7

~ '0 CD

0 0 ~. ti> e. CD

f :g CD ...

'< ::7 ~ '5

1-... CD 0. E

8 CD -....

*

18.0

17.5

17.0

16.5

16.0

15.5

15.0

14.5

14.0

o 200

Line 112016 - Sample Number versus Temperature

400 600

Sample Number

800


---TempCC)

1000 1200

11216TM.xLC

@

~ ~ III

~ 0 ~. l!!-

f '< r;;>

1-g .... '" ~

Line 112016 - Sample Number versus Conductivity and Salinity

46 •

44

t: Q. -~ 42 :5 e U)

I

E 40 ~ E :t; 38 c 0 [

0

36 £1-

34 +-----------~--------_4----------~----------+_--------_4----------~

o 200 400 600

Sample Number

800


1000 1200

-.- Cond (ms/em)

-0- Salinity (ppt)

11216CS.XLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Line 112016 - Sample Number versus pH

8.5

8.4

8.3

8.2

8.1

:a 8.0

7.9

7.8

7.7

7.6

7.5 +------------r------------r------------r------------r------------+----------~

a 200 400 600

Sample Number


800 1000 1200

11216pH.xLC

400

@ 380

~ i 360 i :!::

~ ~

(J) 340 '0 0' E ~. 0 320 I!!. ...

0

f g 300 '< C ~ (J)

1 ~ 280 0

g '1J 260 (J) .... > $ 0 w

.~ 240 '1J

220

200

o 200

Line 112016 - Sample Number versus Dissolved Oxygen

400 600

Sample Number

800


• - ~. - .. t .... r •• !! ,.Jji l~fi

•• 1_

"I ;:;

1000

-.- DO (uM/I)

1200

11216DO.xLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

@

~ ~ ~ i ~ ... a; 0

E ~. -I!!. .s:.

f a CD

'< " Q .c

1- 9 ~ g -

~

Line 112016 - Sample Number versus Depth

40

20

o +-----------+-----------~----------~----------_+----------_4----------~ o 200 400 600

Sample Number

800


1000 1200

-.- Depth(m)

11217DP.xLC

Line 112017 - Sample Number versus Temperature

18

~ Iii 17.5

J. ~

~ :::J :§ 17 0 Q)

~. 0 e. 0,

~ Q) 1J

16.5 -'< Q)

i ... :::J

~. '5 ... Q)

1=1". a. 16 g E

-.- Temp (C)

.... Q) \Q -~

15.5

15

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Sample Number

©Copyright AGSO 1992 11217TM.XlC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

a .s

46

44

~ 42 T c '0 en

.!. 40 E

i '0 38 c o o

36

34

o 50

Line 112017 - Sample Number versus Conductivity and Salinity

100 150 200 250 300

Sample Number


350

• Cond (ms/em)

o Salinity (ppt)

11217CS.xLC

Line 112017 - Sample Number versus pH

8.5

@ 8.4

~ 8.3 i

~ 8.2

~. 8.1 f!!,.

f ::E: 8 '< 0-

~

1- 7.9

Il'. g 7.8 .... ~ "'" 7.7

7.6

7.5

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Sample Number

©Copyright AGSO 1992 11217pH.xLC

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ .

Line 112017 - Sample Number versus Dissolved Oxygen

400

380

~ G) 360 Iii ... :t:

~ ~ ~ Q) 340 '0 ~ E 0 E 320 ~. 0 !. g 300 i c

Q) '<

~ 280 S?

1- 0 "0 260 p; ~ g

.... 0

~ .!a 240 "0

-.- DO CuM/I)

220

200

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Sample Number

©Copyright AGSO 1992 11217DO.xLC

Line 112017 a Sample Number versus Depth

60

@

~ 50

~ ~

~ "ih' CD 40 ..

0 Gi ~. e. E -i ..c a. 30 '< CD

-.- Depth(m)

~ " 1 ..c 9

g ~ 20 -..... ~

10

o +---------+---------+---------~-------+--------_+--------_r------~ o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Sample Number

©Copyright AGSO 1992 11217DP.XlC

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

SWB/AGSO VP 33 30 005 r-------------n-::::::----rr----r;;------'-""T--r--acr----.--------------------------------, 33 30 005

SYDNEY

34 00 DOS

.11

I. 19-. NORTH HEAD OUTFALL

.'3. 20 .5

..... HALABAR OUTFALL

.15 .8 ••

.10

OTC CABLE

+ 34 00 005

OTC CABLE

34 12IgrSo,~0~0n.0"E~~-----------------------------------------------------------------~----------------------·--------------------~~----~1~571~503bok2 DOS

....... IT ... IFDr~ FlU I """'.PIC DlClJeU'IN

Eoclosme 1. Map of the locatiOlll of ~ prolik:r Conducted during the runey 112.

1.200000 B 12

~ I LllttETRES'

16 !

20 !

I'EACAto. ""J[cn • .... IRAl.M ",Al.OIIA1.. If"MUOID

LATUUD[ III ,.vi: SCAl[ U DO 005. C[J1J1lAL !'£JIGIAII III DO 00(

SWB/AGSO CGT 5M DEPTH SURVEY JJ3000S1 Jl }? ?-,

33 40 OOS + ~

Ill! ~ ~~ ~

JJ 10 001

If ..... fMUI"'" DUf'M.L

.TC CAlLI

_DI auT'ALL

34 00 OOS +

34 10 001 + +

34 1I1r.10~ ooE lSi I~ OOI! lSi a~ OOE lSI as Dot:

.... _ ...... .,. ...... PIUo -"'.'1. _ , __ 1CALa' 0.1 M tweernz.PlC "..,., lIN

Enclosure 2. Map of the ship survey track with the tow-fish at 5 m water depth. The

survey lines around Bate Bay are also shown, although the tow-fish depth varied

between about 5 m and 15 m )

"IDOOOO 4. •• I, ,

IILDMTMI --.. -.._"'"-.---1Mt~·-"'··"~_t .. _

5 I1ETRE DEPTH

SWB/AGSO CRUISE 112

SWB/AGSO CGT 25M DEPTH SURVEY 33 ;JO DOS I I \ I } 77 \ } 00.....J

33 40 001 +

II~:: ' , " . ... ... : !

33 50 00'

"DIn

rMLMM OUr'ALL

+

!

34 10 oes + +

34 IIIF:~ OOE 151 10 ODE 151 2~ ODE lSI 25 OOE

..... ...-a If ..... ,.. r IfDnMD

!'ILII r.c8Un.,11I JMI'UItIlf Ita MXALf' a .• AI IWCInm.'IO nlllUMf Ita


'1'00000 , ... __ ' If '1~._.

-. .. ......,. .. -... .... " ......... Wi ............. _. _filii. _m ..... _

25 METRE DEPTH

SIIB/ACSO CRUISE 112

SWB/AGSO CGT 45M DEPTH SURVEY n ~o 001 I ] ( I ) 7? \.--;oJ

~~ 40 001

~~ 50 005

".If

!! !

+

~4 ".grs05 OOE .5 •• 0 OOE

...-- .. '-1" 1-.. PILI' -'., .... .-.. ... 1UCAL1' I.' AI IWCIUsrl,'IC 'DRUMt' UN

+

+

+

.5. 20 GO!

~ .. Ie -::!

IIOR," ItI[AI Wr'M.L

.5. 25 00£


'110000I •• 10

~ILOIC'IIII' , _ ....... .. . -'M.,_ .. , .... .-!I,

Wl ........ -....& ......... -. ...... _

45 METRE DEP'TH

SWB/ACSO CRUISE 112

SWB/AGSO CGT 10M ALTITUDE SURVEY ~nooosl n 11 77 \: ) GCJ

~~ 40 OOS

~~ 50 OOS

- tw.A1A1 au"ALL

J4 00 OOS +

f

J4 10 OOS + +

J4 111~p50~ OOE 151 I~ OO! 151 a~ OO! 151 as OOE

... -.,.-~ ...... PI .... ...." ............. ,_ .ncM.I. 0.' 'IUt twcerl.n"11 ,...,., lIN

"100000 4. I. I •• _.' ,

IULIIIC._

- ....... 1 • .......... , ..... -.-.. uri"" ......... -. _na _ ....... _

10 METRE ALTITUDE

SWB/ACSO CRUISE 112

Enclosure 5. Map of the ship survey track with the tow-fish altitude at 15 m above the

seafloor.

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