20140102 Geothermal Hydro and Ocean Wave

8/12/2019 20140102 Geothermal Hydro and Ocean Wave

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Introduction of Geothermal,

Ocean and Hydro Power

Jiun-Jih Miau

Department of Aeronautics and

Astronautics

National Cheng Kung University


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The Geothermal Resource

Below the Earth's crust, there is a layer of hot and molten rock

called magma. Heat is continually produced there, mostly fromthe decay of naturally radioactive materials such as uranium and

potassium. The amount of heat within 10,000 meters (about

33,000 feet) of Earth's surface contains 50,000 times more

energy than all the oil and natural gas resources in the world

Enhanced geothermal system

1:Reservoir

2:Pump house

3:Heat exchanger

4:Turbine hall

5:Production well

6:Injection well

7:Hot water to district heating

8:Porous sediments

9:Observation well

10:Crystalline bedrock

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy


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How Geothermal Energy Is Captured

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-

choices/renewable-energy/how-

geothermal-energy-works.html


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The largest geothermal system now in operation is a steam-driven

plant in an area called the Geysers, north of San Francisco,

California

Today, owned primarily by California- utility Calpine and with a net

operating capacity of 725 MW, the Geysers facilities still meets nearly

60 percent of the average electrical demand for California's North Coast

region (from the Golden Gate Bridge north to the Oregon border)

http://www.geysers.com/img/geothermal_lg.gif


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Turbines are designed to operate with steam at 350 degrees

Fahrenheit and 100 ponds of pressure per square inch. About two

million pounds of steam per hour are necessary to operate a 110-megawatt-generating unit. After passing through the turbine, spent

steam goes through a condenser where it is cooled and turns back

into water. With existing technology, Calpine recycles

approximately 25 percent of the water back into the steam

reservoir with the remainder lost to evaporation

A panoramic view of the

Geysers geothermal power

plant in Geysers, Calif. Thesite, located above Santa

Rosa, is the largest

geothermal development in

the world.

(From Google search)


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The Geysers is a complex of 22 geothermal powerplants, drawing steam from more

than 350 wells, located in the Mayacamas Mountains 72 mi (116 km) north of San

Francisco, California. The largest in the world, the Geysers has 1517 MW of active

installed capacity with an average production factor of 63% (955 MW). Calpine

Corporation operates and owns 19 of the 22 active plants in the Geysers and iscurrently the United States' largest producer of geothermal energy.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geysers


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Geothermal Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Indonesia

1. Geothermal power in Indonesia is an increasingly significant source

ofrenewable energy. As a result of its volcanic geology, Indonesiahas 40% of the

world's potential geothermal resources, estimated at 28,000 megawatts (MW).

2. Currently Indonesia is the world's third largest geothermal electricity producer

after the United States and the Philippines. Installed production capacity (2011) is

almost 1,200 MW from six geothermal fields in Java, North Sumatra andNorth Sulawesi. In 2007, geothermal energy represented 1.9% of the country's

total energy supply and 3.7% of its electric power.

3. At the 2010 World Geothermal Congress in Bali, President Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono announced a plan to build 44 new geothermal plants by 2014, morethan tripling capacity to 4,000 MW. By 2025, Indonesia aims to produce more

than 9,000 MW of geothermal power, becoming the world's leading geothermal

energy producer. This would account for 5% of Indonesia's total energy needs.


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Geothermal Taiwan

http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aall/201306250017.aspx

Geothermal energy challenging but worth trying

Taiwan is rich in geothermal resources and should make

better use of geothermal energy despite its limited

production at present


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Environmental effects

-Dissolved gas

-Hot water from geothermal sources may hold in solution trace amountsof toxic elements

-Direct geothermal heating systems contain pumps and compressors,

which may consume energy from a polluting source.

-Plant construction can adversely affect land stability.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy#Environmental_effects


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Marine energy or marine power(also sometimes referred to

as ocean energy or ocean power) refers to the energycarried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean

temperature differences. The

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_energy

Marine current poweris a form of marine energy obtained

from harnessing of the kinetic energy of marine currents, such

as the Gulf stream.

Osmotic poweror salinity gradient poweris the energy

available from the difference in the salt concentration betweenseawaterand river water.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature

difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface ocean

waters to run a heat engine and produce useful work, usually in the formof electricity.


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Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropowerthat

converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power - mainly

electricity.

Tidal stream generators (or TSGs) make use of the kinetic energy

of moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to wind turbines

that use wind to power turbines.

Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy in the

difference in height (or head) between high and low tides.

Dynamic tidal power (or DTP) is an untried but promising

technology that would exploit an interaction between

potential and kinetic energies in tidal flows.


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The Oyster wave device is one of the marine renewable energy systems

tested at EMEC. Image courtesy of Aquamarine Power.

EMEC, the Orkney based European

Marine Energy Centre,

http://www.google.com.tw/imgres?imgurl=http://www.maritimejournal.com/__data/assets/image/0016/143152/01_Renewables_EMEC.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.maritimejournal.c

om/news101/marine-renewable-energy/guidelines_agreed_for_marine_energy_development&h=800&w=1600&sz=345&tbnid=rgAOiUgsEyT6gM:&tbnh=66&tbnw=132&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dmarine%2Benergy%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=marine+energy&usg=__3ITtuHI8aQaJ40dK_s_cHyfeNiw=&hl=en-

TW&sa=X&ei=0A_PUNuJMKybmQXOk4GwAQ&ved=0CCQQ9QEwAQ


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Scottish Government has awarded a share of 7.9 million pounds to five major

marine energy companies to build wave and tidal energy prototypes.

http://www.google.com.tw/imgres?imgurl=http://blog.visas2unitedkingdom.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/uk-blog.jpg&imgrefurl=http://blog.visas2unitedkingdom.com/m

arine-energy-companies-get-7-9-billion-pounds-from-

government&h=400&w=450&sz=62&tbnid=xGbuq280pBTg7M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=101&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dmarine%2Benergy%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=mari

ne+energy&usg=__FDDyXWsSr0wBBFTOD5Swzf0Hx0c=

&hl=en-TW&sa=X&ei=yg7PUI7BFO7jmAXs_oDgBA&ved=0CCYQ

9QEwAg


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http://www.google.com.tw/imgres?imgurl=http://powershift.anetce.com/tidal_turbines.jpg&imgrefurl=http://powershift.anetce.com/tidal.htm&h=294&w=400&sz=42&tbnid=zucAXxA7KIr3CM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=122&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dmarine%2Benergy%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=marine+energy&usg=__MR5UCX

kcTZfXFMZJeSZsErQ5q8c=&hl=en-TW&sa=X&ei=0A_PUNuJMKybmQXOk4GwAQ&ved=0CCgQ9QEwAw

Marine Current Turbines Ltd (MCT)


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Wells turbine

http://www.google.com.tw/imgres?imgurl=http://www.see.murdoch.edu.au/resources/info/Tech/wave/image002.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.see.murdoch.edu.au/resources/info/Tech/wave/index.html&h=503&w=387&sz=24&tbnid=iv_gR3XdvjugXM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=66&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwells%2Bturbine%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=we

lls+turbine&usg=__7aadP9ZWS4iwjamrNLOHG6XOIic=&hl=en-TW&sa=X&ei=yxPPUP7uOIeemQX_goGAAw&ved=0CCoQ9QEwBQ

Oscillating Water Column

The Oscillating Water Column (OWC)

generates electricity in a two step

process. As a wave enters the column,it forces the air in the column past a

turbine and increases the pressure

within the column. As the wave retreats,

the air is drawn back past the turbine

due to the reduced air pressure on theocean side of the turbine (see Figures

1a and 1b). Irrespective of the airflow

direction, the turbine (referred to as a

Wells turbine, after its inventor) turns in

the same direction and drives agenerator to produce electricity.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is the term referring toelectricity generated by hydropower; the

production of electrical power through the

use of the gravitational force of falling or

flowing water. It is the most widely used

form of renewable energy, accounting for

16 percent of global electricity

consumption,

The Gordon Dam in Tasmania is a

large hydro facility, with an

installed capacity of 430 MW.


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Most hydroelectric power comes

from the potential energy of

dammed water driving a waterturbine and generator. The power

extracted from the water depends

on the volume and on the difference

in height between the source and

the water's outflow. This height

difference is called the head. The

amount of potential energy in water

is proportional to the head. A large

pipe (the "penstock") delivers water

to the turbine.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Conventional_.28dams.29


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A typical turbine and generator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Conventional_.28dams.29


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_run-of-the-river_hydroelectric_power_stations

The Chief Joseph Dam, USA

Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small or no

reservoir capacity, so that the water coming from upstream must be used

for generation at that moment, or must be allowed to bypass the dam.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg

The Three Gorges Dam is the largest operating

hydroelectric power station, at 22,500 MW.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/File:Grand_Coule

e_Dam.jpg

Grand Coulee Dam is a gravity dam on the Columbia Riverin the U.S. state of

Washington built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation. It was

constructed between 1933 and 1942, originally with two power plants. A thirdpower station was completed in 1974 to increase its energy production. It is the

largest electric power-producing facility in the United States[3] and one of the

largest concrete structures in the world. (6.8 GW)


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-22.5

50-8581 1137.165MW

http://www.taipower.com.tw/TaipowerWeb//upload/files/32/d255.pdf

20140102 Geothermal Hydro and Ocean Wave

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