2014 Post-Mao China

China: From

Mao to Now

• Mao Zedong VS Deng Xiaoping?• Is the China that emerged in the 1990s the type

of China that Mao Zedong had envisioned and worked toward?

• To what extent did Deng Xiaoping’s policies and crackdowns change China?

• How are communism and capitalism existing side by side in China today?

• The post-Mao political order was given its first vote of confidence at the Eleventh National Party Congress, held August 12-18, 1977.

• Hua was confirmed as party chairman, and Ye Jianying, Deng Xiaoping, Li Xiannian, and Wang Dongxing were elected vice chairmen.

• The congress declared the end of the Cultural Revolution, blamed it entirely on the Gang of Four, and reiterated that "the fundamental task of the party in the new historical period is to build China into a modern, powerful socialist country by the end of the twentieth century."

• Many contradictions still were apparent, however, in regard to the Maoist legacy and the possibility of future Cultural Revolutions.

The Post-Mao Period, 1976-78 • The jubilation following the incarceration of the

Gang of Four and the popularity of the new ruling triumvirate (Hua Guofeng, Ye Jianying, and Li Xiannian) were succeeded by calls for the restoration to power of Deng Xiaoping and the elimination of leftist influence throughout the political system.

• By July 1977 the Central Committee exonerated Deng Xiaoping from responsibility for the Tiananmen Square incident (posters criticising Mao and the Gang of Four at Zhou’s memorial).

• Deng admitted some shortcomings in the events of 1975, and finally, at a party Central Committee session, he resumed all the posts from which he had been removed in 1976.

Who Was Deng Xiapoing?

Deng Xiapoing

Deng: Making a Communist Bureaucrat

• Grows up in well-off family in Sichuan Province (southwestern China)

• To France 1920-26 for work/study education program: "To learn knowledge and truth from the West in order to save China." – The 1500 Chinese students sent to France for this program

bred many of the leading Chinese revolutionaries in later years.

– Works in factories, including Renault plant near Paris: “The bitterness of life and the humiliating treatment by foremen or capitalist running dogs had exerted a deep impact upon me.”

Deng: Making a Communist Bureaucrat

• To USSR and “Communist University of Toilers of the East” 1926-27

• Back to China, participates in the Long March of 1934-36, rises in the ranks of the Chinese Communist Party– At right: Deng in 1941

• In Communist regime under Mao Zedong, Deng is pragmatic more than ideological.

Deng Xiaoping Purged• At start of China’s Cultural Revolution, Deng is exiled to

work in a tractor factory.• Returns to influential position in 1974 but in 1976 is

attacked again and loses party leadership role.

1967 Cultural Revolution poster slogan: "Thoroughly pulverize the Liu-Deng reactionary line!“ [Liu was another moderate leader who was purged.]

Background to Deng Xiao Ping• Participated in the Long March with Mao• Rose to power in the CCP as the general secretary• Views on economics differed from Mao

– Mao = egalitarian, Deng = focused on economic development• During the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Deng suggested

allowing privatization of farms to increase food production (Lenin’s NEP?)

• Survives all of Mao’s purges – Deng utilized free market to revive the economy from GLF– Back to politics in 1973 with the help of Zhou Enlai

• 1978 becomes the Chairman of the PLA (People’s Liberation Army) – key to controlling China– He is 74 years old at the time!!!

Man of the Year

• 1980: Deng Xiaoping became the leader of China

• New focus: economic not political concerns

Decentralization

• The death of Mao Zedong brought about the rise of Deng Xiaoping in 1978.

• He began the process of Decentralization.• “Eating in Separate Kitchens”

Decentralization (cont.)

• A strong central government is more capable of meeting basic needs of people.

• The Government does step in when needed.• The political factor is not given enough weight.

• The new balance of power clearly was unsatisfactory to Deng

• Deng sought genuine party reform • Soon after the National Party Congress, he took the

initiative to reorganize the bureaucracy and redirect policy.

• His longtime protege Hu Yaobang replaced Hua supporter Wang Dongxing as head of the CCP Organization Department.

• Educational reforms were instituted, and Cultural Revolution-era verdicts on literature, art, and intellectuals were overturned.

• The year 1978 proved a crucial one for the reformers. • Two competing factions—

– that headed by Hua Guofeng (soon to be branded as a leftist)

– that led by Deng and the more moderate figures• Fifth National People's Congress was held in February

and March 1978. • Serious disputes arose over the development of the

national economy, the Hua forces calling for still more large-scale projects that China could not afford.

Deng’s Political Philosophy

Deng Xiaoping’s Ideologies"better to be poor under socialism than rich under capitalism."

(adage of Cultural Revolution)(“De-Maoization”)• Against the Cultural Revolution – 1979 declared a major

setback• Four Modernizations :industry, agriculture, science and

technology, and national defence • Deng’s policies were more practical and responsive to the

economic times – willing to alter communist ideologies for what’s best for the country

“a cat that catches mice is a good cat, whether white or black” – A policy of material gain as the goal– Not as concerned with political change/ revolution

• Unwilling to release control over the people

Deng: “less empty talk and more hard work”

• Four Modernizations– Agriculture– Industry– Science– Defense

• Praise for scientists and intellectuals vs. peasants• Peasants allowed to sell crops from their land• Special economic zones created to create more trade

and development.

Deng XiaopingChina’s leader 1982-1989

Emphasized and promoted the:

FOUR MODERNIZATIONS

1.INDUSTRY

2.AGRICULTURE

3.TECHNOLOGY

4.NATIONAL DEFENSE

5.Did not accomplish the fifth: Democracy

Corruption and special treatment for officials and communist party leaders lead city residents and students to demonstrate for democracy.

Deng Xiaoping interpreted the Tiananmen Square demonstration in Beijing as a demand to end the Communist party. He responded with military intervention of both troops and tanks.

Improvements in living conditions were noted also

among the peasants as

governmental restrictions were

loosened.

China and the Four Modernizations, 1979-82

• The culmination of Deng Xiaoping's re-ascent to power and the start in earnest of political, economic, social, and cultural reforms was the Third Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee in December 1978.

• The Third Plenum is considered a major turning point in modern Chinese political history.

• "Left" mistakes committed before and during the Cultural Revolution were "corrected," and the "two whatevers" policy ("support whatever policy decisions Chairman Mao made and follow whatever instructions Chairman Mao gave") was repudiated.

• The classic party line calling for protracted class struggle was officially exchanged for one promoting the Four Modernizations.

• In the future, the attainment of economic goals would be the measure of the success or failure of policies and individual leadership; in other words, economics, not politics, was in command.

• To effect such a broad policy redirection, Deng placed key allies on the Political Bureau while positioning Hu Yaobang as secretary general of the CCP and head of the party's Propaganda Department.

Deng’s Political Reforms

Political Reforms

• Criticism of Gang of Four led to greater criticism

• Democracy Wall becomes a forum for public dissent

• Pro-democracy advocates growing• “5th Modernization”

– Wei Jingsheng (show trial, 15 years)

More Political Reforms

• Deng travels, seeking new markets and allies

• Foreign journalists (like Jan Wong) allowed to report from within China

• Intellectuals allowed some criticism• 1986: students encouraged to

participate in government– Demonstrate for better conditions and

freedoms

Gang of Four on Trial

The Gang of Four on Trial

Gang of Four On Trial• The most celebrated defendant is Jiang Qing, 67, the widow

of Mao Tse-tung• The Gang of Four, led Mao's reckless and violent Cultural

Revolution from 1966 to 1976• They were arrested four years ago, shortly after Mao's death

in 1976• Deng had been critical of the Cultural Rev. & the Gang of

Four• 20,000-word indictment

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924552,00.html#ixzz1MR7HFRkm

The Gang of Four on Trial• One of the more spectacular political events of modern Chinese

history was the month-long trial of the Gang of Four and six of Lin Biao's closest associates.

• A 35-judge special court was convened in November 1980 and issued a 20,000-word indictment against the defendants.

• The indictment came more than four years after the arrest of Jiang Qing and her associates and more than nine years after the arrests of the Lin Biao group.

• Beyond the trial of ten political pariahs, it appeared that the involvement of Mao Zedong, current party chairman Hua Guofeng, and the CCP itself were on trial.

Gang of Four Trial

• The prosecution wisely separated political errors from actual crimes.

• The crimes included: – the usurpation of state power and party

leadership; – the persecution of some 750,000 people, 34,375

of whom died during the period 1966-76; and,– in the case of the Lin Biao defendants, the

plotting of the assassination of Mao.

Gang of Four Punishments• January 1981 the court rendered guilty verdicts

against the ten. • Jiang Qing received a death sentence with a two-year

suspension; later, Jiang Qing's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.

• Jiang Qing appeared to be protected from execution by Mao’s legacy.

• The same sentence was given to Zhang Chunqiao, while Wang Hongwen was given life and Yao Wenyuan twenty years.

• Chen Boda and the other Lin Biao faction members were given sentences of between sixteen and eighteen years.

Gang of Four Out of the Way

• They were sentence to death, • Later commuted to long-term

imprisonment• After a period of political indoctrination

Jian Qing was released in 1991 and died soon after –some reports say she committed

suicide

Trial Part of De-Maoization

• The trial further eroded Mao's prestige and the system he created.

• In pre-trial meetings, the party Central Committee posthumously expelled CCP vice chairman Kang Sheng and Political Bureau member Xie Fuzhi from the party because of their participation in the "counterrevolutionary plots" of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing.

• The memorial speeches delivered at their funerals were rescinded.

• There was enough adverse pre-trial testimony that Hua Guofeng offered to resign before the trial started.

Final Condemnation of Mao and Clarifying his Memory

• The plenum adopted the 35,000-word "Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China."

• The resolution reviewed the sixty years since the founding of the CCP, emphasizing party activities since 1949.

• A major part of the document condemned the ten-year Cultural Revolution and assessed Mao Zedong's role in it: "Chief responsibility for the grave `Left' error of the `cultural

revolution,' an error comprehensive in magnitude and protracted in duration, does indeed lie with Comrade Mao Zedong . . . . [and] far from making a correct analysis of many problems, he confused right and wrong and the people with the enemy. . . . Herein lies his tragedy."

• At the same time, Mao was praised:– for seeking to correct personal and party

shortcomings throughout his life, – for leading the effort that brought the demise of Lin

Biao, and – for having criticized Jiang Qing and her cohort.

• Hua too was recognized for his contributions in defeating the Gang of Four but was branded a "whateverist."

• Hua also was criticized for his anti-Deng Xiaoping posture in the period 1976-77.

• Several days after the closing of the plenum, on the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the founding of the CCP, new party chairman Hu Yaobang declared: "although Comrade Mao Zedong made grave mistakes in his later years, it is

clear that if we consider his life work, his contributions to the Chinese revolution far outweigh his errors. . . . His immense contributions are immortal."

• These remarks may have been offered in an effort to repair the extensive damage done to the Maoist legacy and by extension to the party itself.

• Hu went on to praise the contributions of Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, Peng Dehuai, and a score of other erstwhile enemies of the late chairman.

• The new party hierarchy sought to assess, and thus close the books on, the Maoist era and move on to the era of the Four Modernizations.

Deng and Foreign Policy

China’s Grand Diplomatic Strategy

• “Bide time, hide brightness, don’t take the lead, but do something.”

• Peaceful rise/development• To be a responsible great power

Comparison between Mao’s Cold War Mentality& Deng’s Post-

Cold War Mentality

• Mao: China should make preparations “for an early world war, a major war and nuclear war.”

If you are not with us, you are against us.

Deng: China’s foreign policy in the 1980s, and in fact in 1990s, even in the 21st century, can be summarized in two sentences. China makes efforts to maintain world peace and oppose hegemony. China always belongs to the third world.”

If you are not against us, you are with us.

The Open-Door Policy• Work hard to join the world• Welcome international trade & foreign direct

Investment • China entered the WTO in 2001• China’s tariffs dropped to 6% from an average of 41%

in five years• Study abroad

Deng Xiaoping in the US

Deng and Carter

Deng Xiaoping and Overseas Students

“Missions impossible” Accomplished in China

Centrally-planned economy transformed into market economy, with growth the fastest ever

New rising power has not resulted in a war, territorial expansion, or a challenge to the world order

Relations between China & other powers & neighbors better rather than worse

Deng’s Economic Reforms

Socialism or Capitalism? Democracy or Dictatorship?

• Deng favored moderate reforms in political life but advocated one-party rule by the Chinese Communist Party and a strong role for the Chinese military.

• Dissidents continued to suffer repression

Early Post-Mao: Economic Changes

Four Modernizations (agriculture, national defense, science and tech, and industry)

dismantling of the commune system

open door policy Free markets, state-owned

enterprise reform Gradual emergence of a

market economy and the embracing of globalization

10 Year Plan (way better than 5)

• Driven by incentives and catching up• Military:

– Modernize technology• Science and Technology:

– Reform education, send students overseas• Industry:

– Heavy industry, SOE’s, limited autonomy• Agriculture:

– Mechanize, Household Responsibility System

Intensification of economic reforms in 1992 with Deng Xiaoping’s “southern tour”

Move toward a market economy and the gradual removal of the “iron rice bowl” (铁饭碗 )

Establishment of a new ideology of entrepreneurship and globalization

Collusion between PRC state and global and domestic capital

Entrance into the WTO (2001) and fuller integration with the global economy

Market Reforms and Globalization

Deng changes communism by “restructuring” the Chinese economy

"to get rich is glorious"

“Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”

Economic Reform in China

“Black Cat, White Cat, it doesn’t matter as long as the cat catches mice”

The Reforms of Deng Xiaoping

Phase 1: Reform the Countryside, 1974-1978• Private plots and state farms in agriculture• Higher state procurement prices• Quota at state prices, excess for market prices• Sale of surplus for cash

The Reforms of Deng Xiaoping

Phase 2: Financial and Enterprise Reform• 1983, SOEs must meet negotiated targets, but

can then sell in markets.• Managers set wages, make investments, retain

profits.

The Reforms of Deng Xiaoping

• An “open door policy” announced 1979– Four “Special Economic Zones” were created

with• Tax incentives• Foreign exchange provisions• Lack of regulations• Markets function!

Deng’s Four Modernizations

“De-Maoization” and Four Modernizations

• Against the Cultural Revolution – 1979 declared a major setback

• Four Modernizations :industry, agriculture, science and technology, and national defence

• Deng’s policies more practical and responsive to the economic times

• Willing to alter communist ideologies for what’s best for the country

Deng: “less empty talk and more hard work”

• Four Modernizations– Agriculture– Industry– Science– Defense

• Praise for scientists and intellectuals vs. peasants• Peasants allowed to sell crops from their land• Special economic zones created to create more trade

and development.

Four Modernizations• Drawing on contacts in the

Communist leadership and disillusionment with radical failures, Deng climbed back to power in the late 1970s

• He pushed for the “Four Modernizations”—agriculture, industry, defense and technology– Poster caption: “Struggle to

Realize the Four Modernizations”

Deng and Unemployment

Deng Xiaoping and the Rural Workforce

• Initially, the peasant framers loved Deng Xiaoping.

• This changed when the CPC Central Committee passed “China’s Economic Structure Reform.”

• Rural farmers were left with a surplus of output.

Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin’s Policies Towards the Urban Unemployed

• Unemployment was originally unheard of.• The Government had to compensate for

workers effected by the economic transition.• They were divided into 3 categories: the

Unemployed, the Xiagang, and the Newly Indigent

Unemployed

• Workers started being hired only on limited term contracts.

• One percent of wages had o go to an unemployment fund.

• Unemployment insurance could only go to state enterprise workers.

Xiagang

• This term refers to workers who were no longer needed but still associated with their firm.

• Workers were retrained in this program, then redistributed.

• Program was scrapped in 2001.

Newly Indigent

• This was the name given to the urban poor who were unable to get a job.

• In this plan ties were severed with their former employer and they were given assistance.

• People who worked for firms not directly owned by cities were not receiving the aid.

Effects of Four Modernizations

Improvement of Living Standards

• Since 1978 400 million people have been lifted out of poverty in China—about 75 percent of the world's total poverty reduction over the last century.

• Agriculture tax exempt in 2006 • Free education up to 9th grade• life expectancy reached 73 by 2010

Economic SuccessesEconomics• Farmers were allowed to produce more food on their

own initiative• Private ownership is allowed• Borrowed from foreign states to boost infrastructure

(failure?)• 1979 Special Economic Zones instead of borrowing

money– First four cities Shenzen, Zhuhai, Shantou, Xiamen near HK

and Taiwan were given administrative independence and legal freedom to conduct foreign trade

Special Economic Zones

• Special tax incentive for foreign investment in the SEZs

• Greater independence is provided for International trade activities

• Products are primarily export oriented • Market driven economic activity • Attracts and utilizes foreign capital • Means to China’s booming manufacturing

industry flowing through these zones

SEZs located in:

• Guangdong Province • Fujian Province • Hainan Province • Hunchun • Pudong Development Zone (Shanghai)

Billboard in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ)

The Purposes of SEZs

• As a laboratory to provide experience for inland regions’ economic reform and development. • Promote Inflows of foreign investment,

technology, and managerial techniques

Policies in the SEZs

• Domestic decentralization, no planning or regulation from center

• Tax incentives to foreign investors

The Result: an Example

• Shenzhen, a small border town, changed into a modern city

• In the early years, the average annual growth rate was over 80 percent

The Result: an Example

• Per capita GDP was 7 times the nation’s average

• Foreign investment and exports have been the primary engines of economic growth

Shenzhen: The Early 1970s

Shenzhen: Today

The Reforms of Deng Xiaoping

Phase 2: Financial and Enterprise Reform• The economic boom continued, but…• There was political rebellion (Tiananmen Square,

1989) and subsequent retrenchment

But Communistic Legacies Remain

• The State-owned enterprises remain a part of contemporary China, and they need reforms.

• The Communist Party of China remains and needs reforms.

• Authoritarian methods and bureaucratic traditions likewise remain.

Economic Successes

• 1984 successful negotiation to return Hong Kong to the Chinese

• Agreed that HK would be returned to China in assurance that it would keep its economic and social systems

• Leads to mass emigration (a lot to Richmond) in fears of the changeover – 80’s and 90’s

• HK acts like a SEZ• Instead of China bringing down HK, it seems that the success

in HK has become a model for China to follow

Economic Successes

• Tenure was abolished and many made way for more qualified people to take government positions

• 1984 revives China to a point that it is self sufficient on food

• 1984 successful negotiation to return Hong Kong to the Chinese

• Mao re-unified China, Deng pushed its economy forward

RESULTS

Consumer product growth

Foreigners invest more

China joins the WTOUS trade imbalance

GDP grows

More RESULTS

Rich/poor gap grows

Environmental Degredation

Rural/urban gap grows

The Chinese Economic Miracle

(late 1980’s to 2010)• the privatization and contracting out of much state-

owned industry• lifting of price controls, protectionist policies, and

regulations, • But: state monopolies in sectors such as banking and

petroleum remained. • But: The conservative Hu Jintao Administration more

heavily regulated and controlled the economy after 2005, reversing some reforms.

China’s Economic Miracle 1. GDP has grown at an annual average rate of 10 %

for 30 years2. China becomes world’s second largest economy 3. Largest exporter, second largest importer, second

largest trading nation in the world4. Foreign reserves: $2,447 billion (Mar 2010; ranked

1st), 1 billion per day

An Economic Miracle

• China’s economy has grown at about 8% yearly per person for the last 30 years—about a tenfold increase in output per person.

• By some measures, China now has the second-largest economy in the world.

• When Deng became leader, over half China’s population was poor by global standard. Now the figure stands at 10% or less.

• At the same time, there are about 28 Chinese billionaires today.

Policy of Reform and Opening• New economic incentives and private initiative• Population planning: one child policy • Liberalization of decision making• Greater role of market economy• Establishing special economic zones• Inviting direct foreign investment• Exploiting cheap labour force from countryside• Reorganization of big state companies• Emphasize on export oriented industries

Results of Reform Policy• Very fast economic growth since 1978: average

growth rate more than 9% per year• Growing regional differences between

developed coastal regions and inland China• Growing social differences between rich and

poor: GINI index: 41.5 – higher then India• Growing pressure on ecosystems, as well as

energy and raw material resources• Big migrant workers’ population: 211 million

Changing Economic Structure• GDP composition: agriculture: 9.6%, industry:

46.8%, services: 43.6%• Fast growth of export: $1.508 trillion in 2010• Reserves of foreign exchange: $2.622 trillion on

December 31st 2010 – No. 1 in the world• External debt: $406.6 billion Dec. 31st, 2010• Direct foreign investment: $574.3 billion Dec.

31st, 2010• Investment abroad: $278.9 billion Dec. 31st, 2010

New Trends in Chinese Economy

• The shift from autarchic towards open economy: export from 2% to 25% of GDP

• Most of domestic commodity markets reached saturation by the end of 20th century

• Increasing role of concurrence on domestic markets

• Growing need to expand the welfare system in order to stabilize domestic markets

• Growing importance of urbanization in the process of social changes

The Process of Urbanization

• In 2010 about 53% of Chinese population still lived in rural areas

• The ratio of urbanization is rising by about 1% a year

• The same pace of urbanization should continue for the next 10 to 20 years

• Urbanization brings largest support to the growth of domestic demand

• Urbanization is the largest potential driver for future development.

Integration into global economy

• Member of World Bank• Member of International Monetary Fond• Member of WTO since 2001• World second biggest exporting country• China’s purchases of crude oil and raw

materials influence world prices• Growing importance of China as investor in

Africa and Latin America

The Concept of Neo-liberalism in Global Economy

• Promoted by USA as world’s leading economic power

• Designed to bring biggest benefits to most developed countries

• Big countries like China and India could ensure a certain degree of protection

• Suits the interest of fast growing developing countries with cheap labour

• China and India happened to be most successful players

Aftermath of the World Financial Crisis

• China will give greater importance to the growth of domestic demand

• China will increase the income of workers• China will gradually introduce social security

system for its working force• Labour intensive production will become less

competitive• China will have to change the structure of its

export industries

Deng’s Cultural Reforms

China’s Progress in Technology

• Canton-Wuhan high-speed train at speed of 165 miles per hour; 4 hours from Beijing to Shanghai (600 miles)

• It now has the second largest R & D budget

• China’s GPS • Walk in the space

Examples of Speed of Development

1. Total length of highways: 39th in world in 1997, 2nd in 2002; The total length of China's expressways is 65,065 km in 2009 (1989-2009), the second longest only after the United States.

2. Number of telephones: 83 million in 1997, 1.1 billion in 2010

3. 5 million college graduates a year, including 700,000 engineers, 10 times as many as the U.S.

4. Largest auto maker and consumer (more than 10 million in 2009)

• In two decades China has experienced the same degree of industrialization, urbanization and social transformation as Europe did in two centuries - Newsweek, Issue 1, 2008

“Rome is not built in one day.” But a new “Manhattan” appeared in Shanghai in 15 years.

Early Post-Mao: Cultural Changes

Official sanctification of “liberalization” at the Fourth Congress of Writers and Artist (1979)

Spread of openness to political realm

Democracy Wall movement of 1978-79: Wei Jingsheng (魏京生 ) and the Fifth Modernization: Democracy (第五个现代化民主与其他 )

liberalization in CCP cultural policy

Cultural explosion characterized by experimentation

Western influences

Above: police intervene at Democracy Wall; left: copy of dissident journal Today

Rise of Popular Mass Culture in the PRC

Guangchang 广场 (Square) 1980s > to Guangchang (Plaza) 1990s

Education Successes

Education:• Tries to reverse the “uneducation” of the Cultural

Revolution – encourages studying abroad– intellectuals sent to the farms during the Cultural

Revolution, Hundred Flowers and Great Leap Forward were allowed to reunite with their families

• Promotes learning in universities and scientific research

*studied in France in his 20s

Resume the college entrance examination in 1977

Wall Poster Attacking Deng as an Old Emperor: Spring 1989

Tiananmen Square

Architect: Deng XiaopingTime: early 1980’s

Tiananmen Square Massacre 1989

• Leaders of the 1986 demonstration were painted as hooligans and were misleading other students

• Hu Yaobing (General Secretary) had been tolerant of student demonstrations and dies in 1989

• Students gather to mourn Hu’s death

Tiananmen Square

• People wanted political reform

• 1978, people began to criticize the gov’t

• 1986 arrested key leaders

• April 1989, students held a demonstration in Beijing.

Tiananmen Square

• Gov’t officials refused to talk to students

• Demonstrations continued

• Martial law was imposed - citizens helped students

Tiananmen Square

• June 3, 1989, army began to use force

• Red Army moved in (700 –3,000 deaths)

• No democratic reforms occurred

Deng’s Social Reforms

One Child Policy

Success or Failure?

One Child Policy 1979• 1980 China has 1 billion people• Began as a temporary measure but lasts to

today and will continue (reassessment in 2010)

• Has been limited to urban populations• Fines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and

forced sterilization accompanied second or subsequent pregnancies

• In 2007 China contributed more to global growth than the United States, the first time another country had done so since at least the 1930s.

• Since 1978 400 million people have been lifted out of poverty in China—about 75 percent of the world's total poverty reduction over the last century.

• Lawrence Summers has recently pointed out that during the Industrial Revolution the average European's living standards rose about 50 percent over the course of his lifetime (then about 40 years).

• In Asia, principally China, he calculates, the average person's living standards are set to rise by 10,000 percent in one lifetime!

» Newsweek, Issue 1, 2008

Effects of One Child Policy• Caused a disdain for female babies

– abortion, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide • 114 males for every 100 females (world average is

105:100)• “Little Emperor Syndrome” of spoiled only children• Estimated to have lowered the population by 300

million• 80’s generation now of childbearing age and are

allowed to have two per couple (if you don’t have siblings)

Deng’s Successors

Deng’s handpicked successors

• First two– were selected as economic reformers– were purged for political liberalization

• Hu Yaobang– CCP General Secretary from 1978-87

• Zhao Ziyang– CCP General Secretary from 1987-89

Deng’s handpicked successors

• Last two– were selected as technocrats– politically “reliable”– economic reformers

• Jiang Zemin– CCP General Secretary from 1989

• Hu Jintao– CCP General Secretary since 2002

The Old Guard: Passing from the Scene?

Jiang Zemin, Deng’s heir to power

From Jiang Zemin to Hu Jintao

• CCP General Secretary (2002)– 16th National Party Congress– Hu Jintao replaced Jiang Zemin

• PRC State President (2003)– 10th National People’s Congress– Hu Jintao replace Jiang Zemin

• the first peaceful and orderly leadership succession in PRC history

China Under Jiang

NEXT

China Enters the New Millennium

China Under Jiang• In 1997, Deng dies; Jiang Zemin takes power• Hardliners want Jiang to move away from Deng’s

reforms• In 2002, Jiang steps down in favor of Zhu Rongji• Both Jiang and Zhu favor continued reforms

SECTION

5

Transfer of Hong Kong• Hong Kong—former British colony, city in China,

major economic power• In 1997, Britain hands Hong Kong back to China

NEXT

China Beyond 2000

Economics and Politics• Economic reforms reduce poverty in China• Though many countries have economic

problems, China’s economy grows• Many in China want political reforms• China is becoming more involved with other

countries

SECTION

5

The Party Today

Hu Jintao, Elected General Secretary of the CPC and President of the People’s Republic of China, March 15, 2003.

Political Leadership Since Deng

• The current regime feels fairly secure in having demonstrated peremptorily at Tiananmen Square a willingness to assume a “comply or die” stance.

Leadership Since Deng

• As a result, the party has probably guaranteed that those favoring political liberalization will never again give support freely.

• It is not highly probable that the CPC will be a part of a peaceful evolution all the way to democratic government.

Political Environment Since Deng

• The process of democratization began at the same time as the economic reforms, and modest progress has been made since.– Officials falling out of favor are retired rather than

executed.– Retirement permits promotion of younger officials

resulting in more harmonious government.

Political Environment Since Deng

– Purges no longer occur– The National People’s Congress has been

strengthened– The legal system has been reformed to prevent

any further cultural revolutions.

Individual acts of selective repression by the party continue, but mass repression has been absent since the Tiananmen Square debacle.

Political Environment Since Deng

• With the passage of time, stronger market and international forces will press the party for further human rights progress.

• The world’s focused on the Olympic Games of

2008 encouraged progress.