2014 logbook

54

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final submission Constructing Environments University of Melbourne

Transcript of 2014 logbook

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Constructing environment logbook

Week1

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Week1

E- learning: (W01 m1 Introduction to

Materials , 2014) Introduction to material:

Strength: strong or weak

e.g Steel is a stronger material than timber

Stiffness: stiff, flexible, stretchy or floppy?

e.g. concrete is a stiff material

Shape: mono-dimensional (linear),

bi-dimensional or

tridimensional

Material Behaviours: isotropic or anisotropic?

Economy & Sustainability: How expensive? How

valuable?

Discoveary of Melbourne:

Materials are used in Melbourne: Bluestone= basalt

(Indian rock: from volcanoes)

There are some wheel ruts found on the bluestone,

which are caused by water damage, impact damage

and stiletto heels damage.

An example in Melbourne: Town Hall,

Bluestone is a hard and stiff material, but it was

made in detail in the Town Hall building. It should

be spent much money to make it.

*Sydney= sandstone

Load path: (John Wiley & Sons, 2008)

Using arrow to represent the force, which has

direction, sense and magnitude.

Live load: is supplied

It can be a person or a book case etc.

The load transfers into the beam in two direction and

go through the columns. The whole structure is stable,

thus the ground is supply an equal to the structure,

which an opposite force is produced.

Forces: (Newton, 2014)

Basic structural Forces: direction, scale

Tension forces:

- move apart->stretch and elongate

the material.

Compression forces:

- The opposite effect of a tension

force. Results in the shortening of the

material.

Glossary:

- Load Path - Reaction Force

- Masonry - Point Load

- Beam

- Compression : a characteristic

of mass construction

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Tutorial:

Scale:

1:500 / 1:100 -> Use for location, e.g. Google map

1:100 -> Use for plans and section

1:20 / 1:10 -> Use for detail

1:5 -> Use for construction components

Brick:

Blocks:

Lecture:

Students are required to use a sheet of paper to make an

object which can support a brick.

The height, wide and the shape have to consider. This activity

may lead students to think about the compression force and the

tension force.

bed

header stretcher

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Weekly task: Students are required to use small wooden blocks to build a tower with an opening and a roof.

Step one:

The group started the foundation with a circular shape( fig 2). Every two wooden blocks are leaving a small space to form a curve shape (fig 1).

Fig.1 Fig.2

Step two:

Since the group found out one layer wall was too easy to collapse, thus, they double the wall (fig 3), in order to make it firmer.

Moreover, the circular base was formed with the same length of diameter for a stronger foundation of a tall tower (fig4).

Fig3. Fig4.

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Step three:

As the building process progressed, the tower started to narrow. An opening was constructed step by step. After the door was built,

the group started to form a roof and built it taller. (refer to Fig.5&6)

Fig5. fig6. Fig7.

Step four:

The group was required to remove the blocked and create the windows. Even the outside layer was removed, the tower was

still stable and sturdy. (refer to Fig7.)

Task analysis:

Using small wooden blocks to construct a tower can explore students to consider how the forces associated with the blocks, for

example, how to form a sturdy base for a further construction. Moreover, every detail elements, such as materials, structure and the

shape will be considered through the building processes.

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Constructing environment logbook

Week2

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Week2:

Glossary:

Structural joints

Stability

Tension

Frame

Bracing

Column

e- learning: (W02 s1 Structural Systems, 2014)

Structural systems:

Solid structure:

Find in early period

Working with stones, bricks or mud.

Compression is the main structural action.

Frame system:

A very efficient and cheap system.

For example, using for covering a large extend of area.

Construction systems:

Enclosure systems:

Structural systems:

Service systems:

Construction systems considerations:

Performance requirements:

Performance of comfort

Protection of rain/ Water vapour

Resistant of sound

Perform over time, it needs to be easy to maintain

Aesthetic qualities:

Proportion, colour, kind of service quality

Economic efficiencies:

Affordable. Initial cost?

Environmental impacts

Environmentally Sustainable Design (ESD) considerations: (ESD and Selecting

Materials, 2014)

ESD strategies:

Thermal mass

Solar energy

Frontal ventilation

Water harvesting

Insulation

Life cycle: recycled in to other products

Stages: raw material acquisition> primary Processing and Refining>

Manufacturing> Delivery> Construction Use and Maintenance> final Disposal

Co2 commission:

Carbon footprint: a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases generated

during the fabrication.

Example: softwood and clay have a high level of carbon footprint.

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Structural joints: (W02 s2 Structural Joints , 2014)

Roller joints

-vertical force

Pin joints

-vertical and horizontal

Fixed joints

Vertical, horizontal and rotation

Lecture:

Using stews and few pins to support a container, in order to test how

stiffness did the ‘ footing’ is by keep pushing / applying force onto the

container until it collapsed. This activity can inspire students to think about

what element, such as joints and length, should be consider to from a sturdy

structure.

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Weekly task: Students are required to Use balsa wood to make a model which is tall enough to reach the ceiling.

Step 1: Balsa wood was cut into thin and long battens.

step2: The group started the tower foundation with a triangle shape. A small triangle was sticked to the triangle base in order to increase

the stability and sturdily of the tower.

step 3: Vertical battens were built. Triangular prism shape was formed as a foundation for making sure that the tower was strong

enough to support the further constructing.

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Final product

Step4: The upper part of the tower was built in a pyramid shape since the materials were limited. Moreover, it reduced the weight of

the top and focused the force onto center.

Task analysis: Students can experience how to from a sculpture or building with limited materials, such as the amount of balsa wood,

tape and glue. Furthermore, they can learn how to share the material's weight evenly through the task.

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Constructing environment logbook

Week3

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Week3:

Glossary:

1. Moment 2. Strip footing

3. Retaining Wall 4. Slab on ground

5. Pad Footing 6. Substructure

Structural Elements

- Strut: compression

- Tie: tension

- Beam: combination of compression and tension

- Slab/plate

- Panels and wall

Footings and foundation: (W03_c1 FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS ,

2014)

Foundation:

Are found at the bottom of buildings where the building meets

the ground.

Transfer all loads acting on the building structure to the

ground

Footing and foundations should be designed to ensure that this

settlement occurs evenly and that the bearing capacity of the soil

is not exceeded.

Shallow Footings:

- Soil conditions should be stable while using

- Required soil bearing capacity is adequate close to the surface of

the ground

- Transfer loads vertically from the foundation to the ground

Deep foundation:

- Will be used while soil conditions are not stable

- The soil bearing capacity is inadequate

- Load is transferred from the foundation, through the unsuitable soil

and down to levels where bed rock, stiff clay, dense sand/ gravel is

located.

Pad footing:

To spread a point load over a wider area of ground

Strip footing:

A wall or a series of column is spread in a linear manner.

Raft foundation:

Provides increase stability by joining the individual strips together as a

single mat

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Mass construction: (W03_m1 INTRODUCTION TO MASS

CONSTRUCTION , 20144)

Mass materials:

Stone + earth + clay + concrete

Stone: hard: resists abrasion

Earth: compressive strength

Clay: good thermal mass

Concrete: durable

These materials are strong in compression but weak in tension

Mass construction can be in modular and non- modular:

Modular:

- Clay brick

- Mud brick

- Concrete block

- Ashlar stone

Non- modular:

- Concrete

- Rammed earth

- Monolithic stone

Masonry:

Stone + clay + concrete

Masonry refers to building with units of various natural or manufactured

products usually with the use of mortar as a bonding agent ( ching12:06)

Bond: the pattern or arrangement of the units

Course: a horizontal raw of masonry units

Joint: the way units are connected to each other

Mortar: mixture of cement or lime, sand and water used as a bonding

agent

Bricks:

Size: 110X230X76

Manufactured from clay or shale

3 main types of brick:

1. Extruded and wire- cut

2. Machine moulded

3. Handmade

Clay bricks uses:

Stretcher course

Header course

Brick-on-edge-course

Soldier course

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Blocks:

Concrete block:

Formed by cement, sand, gravel and water

Process involves mixing, moulding and curing

egg block: in special shape

clay block vs concrete blocks:

concrete blocks:

shrink(become smaller). The cement paste reduce in volume as it

hydrate when water is lost to the atmosphere.

Clay blocks:

tend to absorb moisture from the atmosphere and gradually

expand.

Stone:

1. igneous: more for footing

2. sedimentary

3. metamorphic

uses:

walls

Wall and load bearing

- Mortar joints: usually 10mm

- vertical joints: perpends

- horizontal joints bed joints

Considerations: brick are permeable( non- water proof)

advantages:

- can be joined with water based mortar

- any wetness can escape

disadvantage:

- absorb moisture and expand overtime

- efflorescence Moment force:

(iley & Sons, 2011 e-book)

Mo= F X d

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Weekly activity: ‘on site’

Walking around the Parkville campus and introduced different building structural system and materials to students.

n

North court:

- typical frame system

- membrane uses as the roof

material which in high tension

forces

- steel frame is used

- Solid system: using

bricks

- Bluestone: with a

long history

building

- It is a steel truss

- The truss can support its own loads.

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- Frame system

- Concrete

- Double glass as the windows

University swimming pool:

-frame system with steel columns

-shear wall applied on both side

- deep foundation

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Constructing environment logbook

Week4

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Week4:

Tutorial:

Quiz 4:

- Cantilever: one point support

- Joist span: between bearer and foundation wall ( along the joist)

- Joist spacing: between joist and joist

Glossary:

- Beams and Cantilevers

- Span and spacing

- Structural elements in flooring

E- Learning:

(Beam and Cantilevers, 2008)

Beams:

A horizontal structural element.

The function of a beam is to carry loads along the length of the beam

and transfer these to the vertical supports.

- Supported at both ends of the beam

- Supported at many points along the length of beam

- Supported at points away from the ends of the beam

- Supported at only one end of the beam

Cantilevers:

Is created when a structural element is supported at only one end.

The function of a cantilever is to carry loads along the length of the

member and transfer these loads to the support.

It can be horizontal vertical or angled.

Flooring systems: (W04_c1 FLOOR SYSTEMS, 2014)

To transfer dead and live loads via horizontal members to supports.

Three types:

1. Concrete systems:

Slabs with two directions or one short direction

Consideration of choosing one way or two ways: cost and

efficiency( the columns) etc

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Material :

(W04_m1 CONCRETE, 2014)

Concrete

Components:

1. Cement: Portland and lime

2. Fine aggregates: sand

3. Coarse aggregates: crushed rock

4. Water

Provenance:

Chemical reaction: hydration

- If too much water -> weak

- If too little water -> too stiff

Advantage:

Fluid and shapeless ( before it hardens)

Formwork:

For temporary support and moulds to hold the liquid concrete

It can be built at the building site: in situ or in factory- pre cast

Curing process:

The formwork needs to be supported as the weight of the wet

concrete is very heavy.

- Achieved by using props and bracing

- Generally reaches 75% in 7days

*Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension->Reinforcement

(by using steel in the form of MESH or BARS)

2. Timber systems:

Board spend on joists and joists

And joists are supported by the bearers.

3. Steel systems:

Apply heavy gauge or light gauge

*Steel framing might combine with concrete slab system

- The particular benefits of steel framing and shallow depth floor slab

systems are desired.

- It helps determine the spacing requirement of the supports.

Beams and cantilevers:

Beams:

A horizontal structural element.

The function of a beam is to carry loads along the length of the beam

and transfer these to the vertical supports.

- Supported at both ends of the beam

- Supported at many points along the length of beam

- Supported at points away from the ends of the beam

- Supported at only one end of the beam

Cantilevers:

is created when a structural element is supported at only one end.

The function of a cantilever is to carry loads along the length of the

member and transfer these loads to the support.

It can be horizontal vertical or angled.

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Constructing environment logbook

Week5

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Week5:

E-learning:

Short and Long Columns:

Short columns Long columns

description shorter (length) and

thicker (cross section)

taller (length) and

slimmer (cross section).

Ratio of length

and the smallest

cross section

less than 12:1 More than 12:1

Differences: The way to fail

How does it fail? crushes buckling

Example: a 3000mm tall column

with a 450mm x

300mm cross-section

ratio = 10:1

a 6000mm tall column

with a 450mm x 300mm

cross-section

ratio of 20:1

Glossary:

- Stud - Lintel - Seasoned Timber

- Noggins - Axial Load - Buckling

Walls, grids and columns: (W05_c1 Walls, grids and columns, 2014)

Wall systems:

Three basic types:

Structural frames:

Concrete frames:

typically use a gird of columns beams connecting the columns together

Steel frames:

Use a grid of steel columns connected to steel and beams

- UC: Universal column:

Look like an I shape beam. It tries to make both directions equal.

But the column still tends to buck the weaker and smaller side.

- CHS: Circular hollow section

- RHS: Rectangular hollow section

Timber frame:

Use a gird of timber posts or poles connected to timber beams.

K=0.5

K=0.7

K=1

K=2

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Load bearing walls:

- Concrete:

Achieved using either in situ or precast

- Masonry

1. Reinforced masonry

Can be constructed from CORE FILLED hollow concrete blocks

2. Solid masonry:

Can be create with single or multiple skins

Join together using bricks or with metal wall ties

3. Cavity masonry:

Formed from two skins of masonry

Advantages:

- Better thermal performance and opportunities for insulation

within the cavity

- Better waterproofing

Stud walls:

- Light gauge steel framing

- Timber framing

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Wood to timber (W03_m2 timber properties and consideration, 2014)

Provenance

Early wood Late wood

- Rapid growth at beginning of

growing season

- Light and thin cell

- Slower growth

- Often limited by lack of water

- Think small cell

Growth:

Generally one ring per year

Direction:

- Strong: parallel / Weak: perpendicular

Seasoning (drying)

- Adjust the moisture

- Provided increased dimensional stability

Free moisture and bound moisture is removed from the wood

Timber is seasoned in three ways:

- Air seasoning

- Kiln seasoning(20-40hrs to dry ~12%)

- Solar kiln seasoning

Type of timber:

Softwoods Hardwoods

- Radiate pine

- Cypresses pine

- Hoop pine

- Victorian ash

- Brown box

- Spotted gum

Hardwood stronger than softwood:

Since softwood-> plantation

- growth faster

hardwood:

- Old growth

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Weekly activity:

Students are divided into group and ask for making a 3D model base on a plan and section drawing with actuary scale.

The group prepared some

cardboard, balsawood and foam

as the materials

The group was

trying to build the

wall and floor.

And columns and

the beams on the

upstair.

Concrete wall

beam

column

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However, this model failed since students were not working on the structure of the building.

Students

should work

out all the

main structure

before building

up the walls.

Beams and

column should

be more

important in

making a

modeling.

From the

graph, it shows

the Z steel

beams are the

main support

of the roof.

And the floor

is supported

by a UB steel

beam,

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Constructing environment logbook

Week6

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Week6

Glossary:

- Rafter - Purlin - Alloy

- Cantilever - Portal frame - Top chord

- Eave - Soffit

Roof systems: (W06_c1 Roof Systems, 2014)

Flat roofs:

Pitch: 1°-3°

Pitched and sloping roofs

pitch >3°

Concrete roofs:

Are generally flat plates of reinforced concrete ( or precast with a

topping of concrete)

- with applied waterproof membrane (cover)

Structural steel framed roofs:

Flat:

- combine primary and secondary roof beams

heavier roof finishes such as metal deck

or combine roof beams and purlins

lighter sheet metal roofing

Sloping:

Structural steel roofs consist of ROOF BEAMS and PURLINS and

light sheet metal

v

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Portal frames:

Consist of a series of braced Rigid Frames (two columns and a beam)

with purlins for the roof and girts for the walls. ( finished with metal

sheets)

Trussed roofs:

- are framed roofs constructed from a series of open web type steel

or timber elements

- may steel or timber

- can be flat or shaped

Space frames:

are 3D Plate type structures that are long spanning in two direction

Light framed roofs:

- Gable roofs: are characterized by a vertical , triangular section of

the wall

- Hip roofs: same (but with corner?)

Materials: (W06_m1 Introduction to Metals , 2014)

Metal:

Types:

- Ferrous: contain iron

- Non- ferrous: all other metals- more expensive

- Alloys: combinations of two more metals

Water related damage:

Oxidation and corrosion

Protect:

- Avoid prolonged exposure to moisture

- Seal against moisture (e.g. enamel or paint metal surface)

- Chemical treatment ( i.e. galvanized steel)

Ferrous metals:

Iron:

- significant and important magnetic properties

- Very reactive chemically

- Good compressive strength

Wrought iron: more widely used in windows and door

Cat iron: use more commonly in daily life

Iron alloys- steel:

Steel is an alloy of iron with carbon being the primary

additional alloy element

- Is a strong material

- And resistant to fracture

- Transfer heat and electricity

Steel- types and uses:

1. Structural steel:

Framing – columns, beams, purlins, stud frames.

Two main types:

Hot rolled steel:

- Element are shaped while metal is hot

- More material is required for this type of process

- Generally used as primary structural elements

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Cold formed steel:

- Elements are folded from sheets that have been previously

produced and cooled down

- More used in secondary structure

Reinforcing bars:

Use in conjunction with concrete to produce reinforced concrete.

1. Steel sheeting

Cladding and roofing must be protected from weather exposure

such as paint, enameled etc.)

2. Stainless steel alloys

- Chromium is the main alloying element

- Mainly used in sheets, plates, bars or wire. It may use in

kitchen as well

- Is very rarely used as primary structure due to cost.

Non ferrous metals:

Aluminium:

- Very light - Non- magnetic - Easily form

Pure aluminium is soft

Alloy with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon etc.

-> strengthen

Uses:

- Common for window frames, such as balustrades or handrolls

- Rolled aluminium is used for cladding panels, heating and air

conditioning systems

- Aluminium reacts with air creating a very fine layer of oxide

-> keep it from oxidation

Other finish treatment: power coating and anodisation

Copper:

- Electricity conductivity

Uses:

- Roofing material

- Hot and cold domestic water and heating pipework

- Electrical cabling

Zinc:

Present use in construction:

Painting the layers of zinc on to iron or steel as galvanizing

Useful in the production of roofing material

- Cladding for roofs and walls

- Conductor of electricity

Lead:

- Less common: can be toxic

Present use in construction: roofs, cornices, tank linings and

flashing strips for water proofing

- Poor electricity conductivity

- Very resistant to corrosion

Tin:

- Very rare today

- Only decorative

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Titanium:

- Very expensive material

- Used in strong light-weight alloys

- Result in attractive and durable cladding

- excellent corrosion resistance

Bronze:

- mix with copper

- use for bearings, clips, electrical connections and springs

- corrosion resistant

Brass:

- use for handles, locks etc

- low melting point and easy to cast

primary secondary

frames

timber Floor- bearer

Roof-

Joist

rafter

steel (hot rolled steel)

Floor- beam

(cold form)

Purlins

1->3 hours

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Presentation:

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Constructing environment logbook

Week7

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Week 7:

Glossary

- Drip - Vapour barrier

- Gutter - Parapet

- Down pipe - Flashing

- Insulation - Sealant

Stop water entering a building:

Drip:

Gutter:

when water full -> water fall away

Two type of gutter:

- Eaves gutter

- Box gutter

Detailing for heat and moisture (W07_c1 Detailing for Heat and

Moisture , 2014)

Detailing for moisture:

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Brick Cavity:

- Prevent water come in.

4. Using

M astics

Caulking

Sealant

Silicon

Rubber:

Natural rubber

Synthetic rubber: 10th century

Use of natural rubber:

- Seals

- Gaskets and control joins

- Flooring

Synthetic:

Epdm

Neoprene

Silicone

Plastic: (W02_m2 Plastic, 2014)

Form from carbon, silicon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chloride

Three main groups

1. Thermoplastics

–polyethylene- insulation of copper

Polymethyl methacrylate

- PVC

- polycarbonates

2. Thermosetting plastics

- Melamide formaldehyde- use for surfaces

- Polystyrene- insulation panels

3. Elastomers

- Similar to rubber properties

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Constructing environment logbook

Week8

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Week 8:

Glossary:

- Window sash - Door furniture

- Deflection - Stress

- Moment of inertia - Shear force

Openings: doors and windows:

Glass:

Components:

Formers: silica

Basic ingredient:

Any chemical compound that can be melted and cooled in to a glass

Fluxes: soda ash/ potash/ lithium Carbonate

Help FORMERS to melt at lower and more practical temperature

Stabilizers: limestone/ Alumina/ Magnesia

Keep the finished glass from dissolving or crumbling, Longer life

Properties:

- Non porous ( waterproof)

- Higher density of water

- Transfer heat and light but not electricity

- Hard

- High reusability

- High cost in transportation

Flat glass:

- Float glass ( most common one)

1. Clear Float Glass

Simple and cheap

2. Laminated Glass ( 2layers of glasses)

PVB is bonded together ( more safety)

3. Tempered Glass (toughened glass)

Heating ay ~650 C

Soften -> cooled(quenched) -> create a state of high

compression in the surface

( improve safety since glassed break into a smaller pellet pieces)

- Shaped glass

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Weekly activity:

Draw a full size section with construction elements and details.

drawing details will be presented in week 10 weekly activity.

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Constructing environment logbook

Week9

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week9:

Glossary:

- Sandwich panel

- Bending

- Skirting

- Composite beam

- Shadow line joint

- Cornice

Construction detailing:

Movement joints:

- Compressed

- As installed

- Elongated

Health and safety:

- Fire?

- Ageing gracefully

- Water damage:

- Choosing materials

- Appearance?

Repairable surfaces and resistance to damage

Cleanable surfaces:

-Butt cove for resilient

-Straight base for carpet floors

-Top set cove for any floorings

-Cove and cap strips

e.g.

Constructability

Considerations:

- Off the shell items

- Detailing to suit construction expertise

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Composite materials:

1. Monolithic materials are:

- A single material or

Materials combined so that components are indistinguishable

(e.g. metal alloys)

2. Composite materials are created when:

Two or more materials are combined in such a way that the

individual materials remain easily distinguishable.

A composite is formed from:

- Combination of materials which differ in composition or form

- Remain boned together

- Retain their identities and properties

- Act together to provide improved specific or synergistic

characteristic not obtainable by any of the original components

acting alone.

Types:

Fibrous

Laminar ( e.g sandwich panels)

Particulate

Hybrid

source from: http://www.consmos.com/EPS_Sandwich_Panel.html

Fiber reinforces cement(FRC):

Components: cellulose fibres, Portland cement, sand and water

Common forms: sheet and board product, or shaped product

Common uses: cladding for exterior or interior walls, floor panels

Benefits: will not burn, resistant to permanent water and termite

damage. Resistant to rotting and wraping

Fiberglass:

A mixture of glass and epoxy reins

Benefits: waterproof, relatively light weight and strong

Aluminum sheet composites:

Sandwich panels?

Form by aluminum and plastic

Benefits: Reduce amount of aluminum are required and light weight,

less expensive, weather resistant, unbreakable etc

Timber composites:

Cost effective

Fibre reinforced polymers:

Polymers(plastic)with timber, glass or carbon fibres

Processed products

High strength

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Weekly activity: “Off campus”.

Students went to some large scale unframed buildings to learn the building structure and different systems.

One of the sites is a primary school (The Kathleen Syme Education Centre) at 249Faraday Street . It is a heritage which built in 1986.

The Kathleen Syme Education Centre is a two floor building which constructs with brick system.

Fig. 1 fig.2 fig,3Source from:

http://www.carsondunlop.com/2011/12/brick-houses-solid-masonry-vs-brick-veneer/

fig.5

The Kathleen Syme Education center also used steel frame

system. Fig.5 indicates Steel beams (UB) are used.

Fig.4

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Constructing environment logbook

Week10

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Week10

Glossary

- Shear wall - Defect

- Soft story - Fascia

- Braced frame - Corrosion

- Lift cycle - IEQ

Lateral support:

Lateral forces: resistance to lateral loads is a major design

concern for building in many geographical locations.

Wind and earthquake forces have different effects on buildings.

Three strategies:

- Bracing of the building

- Shear wall

- Joists

Wind loads might affect thin and tall more,

But it also affects some big opening door.

A soft story exists in a building when one or more floors are

significantly weaker or more flexible than those above or below.

Soft story results in uneven load distribution and

non-uniform deflection in response to lateral loads.

Soft story can be built at the ground

Bracing will be constructed with it to resistant the loads of

wind or earthquakes

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Collapses and failures:

Timber fascia:

- material selection: too wide-> it may cause crack

- Exposure to hot north sun

- Painted black on outside only

- Fastener

Flat steel sheeting on plywood:

- timber plywood glued to timber stud walls

- Flat steel sheet glued to plywood

- thermal differences

- blistering and peeling sheets

- cut edges

- Corrosion of cut edges

- Glue failures

- Galvanized exposed nails to fix sheeting?

- Reclad with exterior grade plywood

Consideration:

Suitability of material for the application

- Exposure

- Compatibility

- Strength and deflection

- Long term performance

- Maintenance

- Construction and detailing

Heroes and culprits:

Issues to consider when selecting materials:

- Health and IEQ

- Waste/ recycle

- Energy use

- Pollution and life cycle

How to choose a good material for health:

Reduce VOCS: Paints/ sealers/adhesives

Reduce particles/ dust: Horizontal shelves/ floor coverings/ loose fibre

products

Green cleaning practices: Vacuuming, Chemicals

How to choose a good material to minimize the waste:

Renewable and abundant resources

-. Agriculture products/ earth/ timber

Timber:

-. Recycled plantation

How to choose material to minimize energy

- Extraction/ manufacture/transport

Optimize lighting: General/ task / switching

Optimize appliances: Fridges/ dishwashers/ office equip

For pollution:

Do not choose the materials contain toxins

Choose natural materials or organic

Page 49: 2014 logbook

weekly activity: drawing section- function room ( Roof North03)

Page 50: 2014 logbook

Actual view of the roof which is location at the north of function room.

the section drawn into 3D.

Page 51: 2014 logbook

Materials->/

Properties

bricks blocks Stone concrete timber metal Plastic glass

Hardness Medium-high Medium-high Large range

igneous> metamorphic>

sedimentary

High Medium-low Varied Medium-low High

Fragility medium medium depends low Medium-low low Low- medium depends

ductility Very low Very low Very low (most of them) Very low low high high very low

Flexibility/

Plasticity

Very low Very low Rigid ( low) low high medium high Very high

Porosity/

Permeabilit

y

Medium-low Medium Large range medium high Generally

impermeabl

e

many Non-

porous

density medium Memedium depends Medium-high Depends high low Med-high

conductivity Poor

conductors of

heat and

electrcity

Poor

conductors of

heat and

electrcity

Generally poor poor poor Very good Very poor Heat bout

not

electricity

Durability/

Life span

Very durable Very durable Extremely durable Very durable depends Can be Can be Very

durable

Reusability/

recyclability

High medium Very high Medium-low Very high high high Very high

Sustainabilit

y & carbon

footprint

Tends to be

locally

produced

~ positive

reduction in

carbon

footprint

Transport energy is the

main factor

High

Non-

renewable

Very low

renewable

Very high

embodied

energy

Not a

renewable

resources

cost effective Effective but

high labour

cost

Depends on labour cost effective effective effective effective expensive

Page 52: 2014 logbook

Construction workshop:

Each group is asked to build a timber structure with at least 1000mm long, and test how much loads of the product can take.

The materials that my group can get are 1200 X 3.2 X90 mm Ply X2 and 1200 X 42 X18 mm Pine X2.

Students can join the wood by using sundry nails and screws by the hammers, saws and other tools.

fig.1

fig.2 fig.3

Two pine woods is cut into ~1100mm. main structure of the object

1200 X 3.2 X90 mm Ply

1200 X 42 X18 mm Pine

The group preferred using the

longer length as the height

instead of using the shorter side

since it can take more loads

because of the better

compression force.

Page 53: 2014 logbook

fig.4

fig.5

Using sundry nails to join the pine

wood together. However, the nails or

screws can destroy the structure of the

wood. It may make the timber easier to

buckle.

Sundry nails

The plywood is better in

tension force since it is more tin

and flexible. And therefore,

plywood cut into few pieces and

added onto the timber structure,

in order to share the load.

However, it cannot help much,

thus, the test is mainly testing

how much loads do the pine

woods can take. Lastly, the

timber structure almost can take

around 200 kilo forces.

Fig.6

From reading fig.6, it indicates the

timber finally cracked is related to

the nails that make it weak.

Page 54: 2014 logbook