20130107 - Introduction: On Digital History
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Transcript of 20130107 - Introduction: On Digital History
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Inleiding - Digitale geschiedenisStudiedag Digitale Geschiedenis - KNHG/ Huygens ING
7 januari 2013
Gerben ZaagsmaHuygens ING / KNHG
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inleiding
“the new media are profoundly changing the ways most historians work, whether or not we are self-conscious about how we are becoming digital.”
Kirsten Sword in: "Interchange: The Promise of Digital History", The Journal of American History 95/2 (2008) 452-491.
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inleiding
“Tomorrow's historian will have to be able to program a computer in order to survive.”
“History that is not quantifiable cannot claim to be scientific.”
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, "L'historien Et L'ordinateur" in: Le Territoire De L'historien (Paris: Galimard, 1973) 11-14, 11.
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inleiding
Digital humanities zijn populair:
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inleiding
Digital humanities zijn populair:
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inleiding
Digital humanities zijn populair:
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inleiding
Digital humanities zijn populair:
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inleiding
Digital humanities zijn populair:
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inleiding
Evenals digital history:
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inleiding
Evenals digital history:
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inleiding
Evenals digital history:
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inleiding
Evenals digital history:
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inleiding
Evenals digital history:
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inleiding
Evenals digital history:
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inleiding
Evenals digital history:
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inleiding
• digital humanities/ digitale geschiedenis: definities• digitale geschiedenis in historisch perspectief• historisch onderzoek in het digitale tijdperk
1. digitale bronnenkritiek2. onderwijs & opleiding
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--> stelling: neiging tot technologisch determinisme in digital humanities: meer aandacht nodig voor methodologische en epistemologische zaken
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definities
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DEFINITIES
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definities
“Digital history is the use of digital media and tools for historical practice, presentation, analysis, and research. It is a branch of the Digital Humanities and an outgrowth of Quantitative history, Cliometrics, and History and Computing.”
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definities
“An emerging field of practice, Digital History is at the forefront of the so-called "digital turn" in the humanities, a genre of scholarship engaged in conceiving, researching, and developing historical interpretations by creating a new kind of analysis using digital tools and data.”
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definities
“we might define digital history as anything (research method, journal article, monograph, blog, classroom exercise) that uses digital technologies in creating, enhancing, or distributing historical research and scholarship.”
“Interchange: The Promise of Digital History”, The Journal of American History 95/2 (2008) 452-491, 454.
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definities
“At least for research, digital history can be defined as the theory and practice of bringing technology to bear on the abundance we now confront.”
Dan Cohen in: “Interchange: The Promise of Digital History”, The Journal of American History 95/2 (2008) 452-491, 454.
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definities
historical information science: “the discipline that deals with specific information problems in historical research and in the sources that are used for historical research, and tries to solve these information problems in a generic way with the help of computing tools”.
Onno Boonstra, Leen Breure and Peter Doorn, Past, Present and Future of Historical Information Science (Amsterdam: NIWI-KNAW, 2004).
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definities
„not a unified field but an array of convergent practices that explore a universe in which:
1) print is no longer the exclusive or the normative medium in which knowledge is produced and/or disseminated; instead, print finds itself absorbed into new, multimedia configurations; and
2) digital tools, techniques, and media have altered the production and dissemination of knowledge in the arts, human and social sciences”.
Jeffrey Schnapp and Todd Presner, Digital Humanities Manifesto 2.0 (Los Angeles: UCLA, March, 2009).
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definities
digitale geschiedenis bezien in context digital humanities:
• als array of practices geen veld of discipline -> focus op practices positioneert DH als integraal deel van alle geesteswetenschappen
• voorhoede gedachte: „the digital humanities often becomes a laboratory and means for thinking about the state and future of the humanities” (Patrik Svensson).
• meer dan werken met digitale bronnen & data, met behulp van bepaalde tools -> veranderingen in kennis productie
• geen aparte digital history/ digital philology etc; nadruk op gemeenschappelijke methodologische uitdagingen/problemen
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definities
McCarty: “a methodological commons for all to draw from”
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definities
John Unsworth’s scholarly primitives: “some basic functions common to scholarly activity across disciplines, over time, and independent of theoretical orientation”
• Discovering • Annotating • Comparing • Referring • Sampling • Illustrating • Representing
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ACHTERGROND
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achtergrond
Digital humanities/ digital history hebben een 60-jarige geschiedenis: humanities computing / history and computing
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1949: Roberto Busa en de Index Thomisticus.
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achtergrond
“To repeat: the use of computers in the humanities has as its principal aim the enhancement of the quality, depth and extension of research and not merely the lessening of human effort and time.”
Roberto Busa, ‘The Annals of Humanities Computing: The Index Thomisticus’, Computers and the Humanities 14/2 (1980) 83-90, 89.
“understanding the computer as a machine to think with”.Willard McCarty, ‘In the Age of Explorations’, Closing keynote for Exploring the
Archive in the Digital Age, King’s College London, 8 May 2010.
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achtergrond
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tekst
1962: Burg Wartenstein in Oostenrijk: The Use of computers in anthropology
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achtergrond - VS
verschillende trajecten in Europe en VS afhankelijk van o.m. historiografisch trends waarbij computer al dan niet ingezet kon worden:
• VS: social science meets history vanaf 1960s • New Economic History/Cliometrics• AHA: Committee on the Quantitative Data of
History• journal Computers and the Humanities (1966)• vanaf late jaren ’70 kritiek• hausse is over midden jaren ’80
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achtergrond - Europa
“In short, the intellectual and source-orientation of European historians acted to stem enthusiasm for computer-aided history until computational techniques had advanced several generations”.
• UK: historische demografie Cambridge Group for Popula- tion Studies
• France: Annales had weinig invloed, wel hist demografie• Duitsland: 1973 --> CLIO/κλειω, Manfred Thaller• 1985: Association for History and Computing• in het algemeen minder kwantitatief dan in VS
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achtergrond - Nederland
• specifieke richting: Historische Informatiekunde• context debat binnen AHC: ‘plain IT’ versus ‘enhanced IT’• onderwijs: alfa-informatica• 1987: Vereniging voor Geschiedenis en Informatica• 1988: Nederlands Historisch Data Archief (DANS)• 1994-2005: Historia & Informatica• 1997-2005: Nederlands Instituut voor Wetenschappelijke
Informatiediensten (NIWI)• 2009: bijzondere leerstoel Grote historische databestanden
Erasmus Universiteit
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achtergrond - vanaf jaren ’90
Vanaf begin jaren ’90, tweede fase....: • opkomst personal computer• opkomst Internet: online informatie, mailing lists, bronnen
zoals databases en elektronische tekstedities• kennis representatie: hypertext/ hypermedia
... en derde fase:• online archives/libraries en ‘big data’• andere publicatie- en communicatievormen: blogs, etc.• collaboratie
echter: weinig verandering in computergebruik door gemiddelde historicus/a
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achtergrond - terminologie
Verschuiving in terminologie:• humanities computing --> digital humanities• history and computing• computational history• historische informatiekunde• digital history
Nederland: nadruk op aparte subdiscipline: historische informatiekunde
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achtergrond - terminologie
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geschiedenis
Overgang humanities computing / history and computing naar digital humanities / digital history
--> meer dan discursieve verschuiving:
• traditioneel: focus op tekst analyse (humanities computing) en databases (history and computing)
• nu: born digital bronnen, online archieven, etc.
• traditioneel: duidelijk afgebakende groep gebruikers• nu: nieuwe influx van deelnemers zonder ‘traditionele’
humanities computing achtergrond
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digitaal historisch Nederland
Wat gebeurt er in Nederland: • erfgoedinstellingen en digitalisering
(metadata aggregatie via DiMCoN en Nationale Aggregator -Digital Collectie Nederland)
• NHDA -> DANS (Data Archiving and Networked Services)• NWO CATCH programma: Continuous Access to Cultural
Heritage• CLARIN (Common Language Resources and Technology
Infrastructure)
--> sterk linguïstische focus en relatief beperkt aantal ‘historische’ projecten
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DIGITAAL HISTORISCH ONDERZOEK
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Vele vragen en uitdagingen:• onze intellectuele agenda?• hoe verandert de historische onderzoekspraktijk door het
werken met digitale bronnen en big data?• nieuwe type bronnen = nieuw type analyse• historische kennisproductie en representatie
Geschiedenis in digitale tijdperk = hybride:• balans tussen analoog en digitaal• de hybride historicus/a• van analoge naar digitale bronnenkritiek
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digitaal historisch onderzoek
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de hybride historicus/a
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de moderne historicus/a = analoog en digitaal
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agenda setting
“But nevertheless I feel confident in my general charge: to judge from the projects it produces, the digital humanities as formally constituted has been party to a concerted attempt to reinstate an outmoded and conservative view of the humanities.”
Andrew Prescott, “Making the Digital Human: Anxieties, Possibilities, Challenges”, Digital.Humanities@Oxford Summer
School (6 July 2012).
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digitale bronnen
Typen bronnen, digitaal en analoog door elkaar:• boeken, tijdschriften• beeldmateriaal• film/video• geluid• born digital: databases, email, web zélf (web archiving)
• selectie: age of abundance ja maar the infinite archive bestaat niet
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digitalisering
Source: Study Report Numeric- Statistics on digitisation of cultural materials in Europe (2009):http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/telearn-digicult/numeric-study_en.pdf.
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Natasha Stroeker and René Vogels, Survey Report on Digitisation in European Cultural Heritage Institutions 2012 (ENUMERATE, May, 2012).
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Boonstra, Onno, Leen Breure and Peter Doorn, Past, present and future of historical informa4on science (Amsterdam, 2004), p17.
life cycle of historical information
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Boonstra, Onno, Leen Breure and Peter Doorn, Past, present and future of historical informa4on science (Amsterdam, 2004), p17.
crea)on
retrieval
analysis
life cycle of historical information
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creatie
• creatie wordt voorafgegaan door selectie:• welke collecties of delen binnen collecties worden
gedigitaliseerd?• redenen voor selectie:
• behoud van erfgoed & conservering van kostbaar/fragiel materiaal
• frequentie van gebruik door onderzoekers• academische onderzoeksagenda’s• publieke debatten over het verleden, herinneringspolitiek,
nationale belangen• selectie is verbonden met financiering
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digitalisering en de natie
Roy Rosenzweig:
“If national archives were part of the projects of state-building and nationalism, then why should states support post-national digital archives?”
Roy Rosenzweig, ‘Scarcity or Abundance? Preserving the Past in a Digital Era’, The American Historical Review 108 (2003) 735-762, 752.
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digitalisering en de natie
• Duitsland: systematisch inspanning om het gedrukte joodse verleden te bewaren voor de digitale toekomst
• voormalig Oostblok: hervonden nationale trots/onafhankelijkheid en veranderde verhoudingen in het post-communistische tijdperk
• Europa: creëren bewustzijn Europees verleden via digitalisering erfgoed + economisch belang
--> digitalisering niet puur functionalistisch verklaren maar de natie of supra-natie speelt wel een belangrijke rol in prioritering/onderzoeksagenda’s en/of financiering
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selectie: the infinite archive?
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focus op belangrijkste elites en bewegingen die het Duitse jodendom karakteriseerden en op emancipa8e-‐processen:
• klassieke historiografische visie • versterking master narra8ves
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de digitale paradox
Hoe zit het met ‘marginale’ en niet-nationale onderwerpen?
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de digitale paradox
Jiddisch hoort niet bij één land: wie neemt verantwoordelijkheid om transnationaal erfgoed te digitaliseren?
de digitale paradox: wordt marginaliteit versterkt?41
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creatie = curatie
Data curatie:
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historische kennisproductie
Historisch onderzoek en ‘big data’: meer dan data en tools alleen:
• schaalvergroting en technologische uitdagingen: “data driven history”
• samenwerking/ collaboratories/ VREs• gaat ook om verwetenschappelijking historisch onderzoek;
nieuwe claims wat betreft historische kennisproductie, meer “beta” -> patronen en structuren
• angst voor karakter geesteswetenschappen/geschiedenis
--> of-of dichotomie misleidend en simplistisch: meer dan kwantitatie vs. kwalitatief of positivistisch vs. narratief!
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retrieval & analysis
Werken met digitale bronnen:
• localiseren: meer dan Google• formaliseren onderzoeksvragen• digitale bronnenkritiek: extern versus intern -->
nadruk vaak vooral op authenticiteit & herkomst
andere dimensies: • verlies van materialiteit en dus kennis van onze bronnen• materialiteit en de historische verbeelding• bewustzijn van context verandert/ verlies van context
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context
Historical Jewish Press:Bulle4n de l’Alliance Israélite Universelle: full-‐text search = socialistes 45
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context
Historical Jewish Press:Bulle4n de l’Alliance Israélite Universelle: full-‐text search = socialistes 45
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context
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context
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context
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retrieval & analysis
Werken met digitale bronnen/ technieken:
• tekst en data mining• visualisering• netwerk-analyse• topical modelling • ruimtelijk/geografisch: GIS
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retrieval & analysis
Werken met digitale bronnen/ technieken:• van close naar distant reading• model Frédéric Clavert: voorbeeld van hybride aanpak
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retrieval & analysis
Werken met digitale bronnen: data en tool gecombineerd:
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retrieval & analysis
Werken met digitale bronnen: data en tool gecombineerd:
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onderwijs & opleiding
van humanities computing naar digital humanities/ van historische informatiekunde naar digitale geschiedenis:• digital immigrants en digital natives• nieuwe generatie met minder technische vaardigheden
(database constructie/ coderen) maar sterke motivatie om tools te gebruiken
• oude discussie ‘plain’ versus ‘enhanced IT’?• idee aparte (sub)discipline leidt tot neiging tot afsluiting en
exclusiviteit• Svensson’s laboratorium idee DH interpreteren als
wegbereider functie voor geesteswetenschappen i.h. algemeen
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conclusies
• digitale geschiedenis als practice• analoog + digitaal: de hybride historicus/a• historische kennisproductie: integratie kwantitatief/
kwalitatief en positivistisch/narratief• verder ontwikkelen digitale bronnenkritiek: staat nog
relatief in kinderschoenen• onderwijs: op meer hybride leest schoeien
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bedankt en een zeer productieve dag gewenst!
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