2013 Invasive Species & Native Arthropod Monitoring …€¦ · Page 1 of 66 2013 Invasive Species...

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2013 Invasive Species & Native Arthropod

Monitoring Report

Includes Results for Alien Arthropods and Wēkiu bug Monitoring,

Early Detection, Prevention, Rapid Response, & Control

OFFICE OF MAUNA KEA MANAGEMENT

Prepared By: Jessica Kirkpatrick, Fritz Klasner

May 21st, 2015

Office of Mauna Kea Management

2013 Invasive Species & Native Arthropod Monitoring Report of 66

Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 5

PREVENTION ................................................................................................................................................. 6

Inspections ................................................................................................................................................ 6

Study Area ............................................................................................................................................ 6

Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 6

Results and Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 6

2013 Invasive Species Inspections ....................................................................................................... 7

EARLY DETECTION ........................................................................................................................................ 8

Facility Surveys ......................................................................................................................................... 8

Study Area ............................................................................................................................................ 8

Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 8

Results & Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 8

Mauna Kea Science Reserve Facilities ................................................................................................. 9

Halepōhaku Facilities ........................................................................................................................... 9

Capture Abundance by Facility .......................................................................................................... 11

TMT Facility Compliance .................................................................................................................... 11

Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 12

Historic Property Surveys ....................................................................................................................... 12

Study Area .......................................................................................................................................... 12

Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 12

Results & Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 12

Arthropods Observed at Archaeological Sites................................................................................... 12

Vegetation Observed at Archaeological Sites ................................................................................... 13

Annual Alien Arthropod Surveys ........................................................................................................... 13

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 13

Study Area .......................................................................................................................................... 13

Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 14

Results & Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 15

2013 Alien Arthropod List by Trap Type & Location ......................................................................... 16

2013 Vegetation at Alien Arthropod Trap Sites ................................................................................ 20

TMT Compliance Survey Results ........................................................................................................ 20



TMT Compliance Site Vegetation (includes HP)* .............................................................................. 21

2013 Capture Abundance by Order ................................................................................................... 22

2013 Capture Percentage by Trap Type ............................................................................................. 22

2013 Arthropod Nativity By Locality .................................................................................................. 23

Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 23

Early Detection of Vertebrates .............................................................................................................. 24

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 24

Study Area .......................................................................................................................................... 24

Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 24

Results ................................................................................................................................................. 24

MONITORING ............................................................................................................................................. 25

Annual Wēkiu Bug Surveys .................................................................................................................... 25

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 25

Study Area .......................................................................................................................................... 25

Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 25

Results and Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 26

2013 Wēkiu bug Captures by location ............................................................................................... 26

Analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 27

Pu’uhaukea Wēkiu bug Capture History ........................................................................................... 27

Wēkiu bug Capture History- All trap locations .................................................................................. 27

Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 27

Honey Bee Monitoring ........................................................................................................................... 28

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 28

Study Site ............................................................................................................................................ 28

Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 28


Vertebrate Monitoring ........................................................................................................................... 28

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 28

Study Site ............................................................................................................................................ 28

Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 29


2013 Incidental Vertebrate Reporting ............................................................................................... 30



RAPID RESPONSE ........................................................................................................................................ 31

Case 1: Trechus obtusus ......................................................................................................................... 31

Management Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 31

Case 2: Pheidole megacephala .............................................................................................................. 31


Case 3: Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi ......................................................................................................... 32


CONTROL .................................................................................................................................................... 33

Vegetation Control ................................................................................................................................. 33

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 33

Study Area .......................................................................................................................................... 33

Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 33


Invasive Weed Species Pulled by Volunteers .................................................................................... 34

Invasive Weed Species Pulled by Maunakea Rangers ...................................................................... 34

Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 35

Arthropod Control .................................................................................................................................. 36

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 36

Pheidole megacephala ....................................................................................................................... 36

Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi .................................................................................................................. 36

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 37

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 38

APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................ 39

Annual Survey Locations ........................................................................................................................ 41

2013 Annual Alien Arthropod & Wēkiu bug Trap Locations* ............................................................... 52

2013 Wēkiu Bug Capture Data ............................................................................................................... 55

Wēkiu Bug Abundance ........................................................................................................................... 57

Wēkiu Bug Capture Per Trap Day .......................................................................................................... 59

Arthropods Captured in 2013 Annual Survey........................................................................................ 65



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Office of Mauna Kea Management (OMKM) manages State of Hawai‘i owned lands leased to the

University of Hawai'i (UH) on Maunakea, Hawai'i. Management areas include the Mauna Kea

Science Reserve (MKSR), mid-level facilities at Halepōhaku (HP), and the Summit Access Road

Corridor encompassing a total of 11,288 acres. The Comprehensive Management Plan (CMP) is the

guiding management document and provides management framework for UH to address measures

to protect the cultural, natural, and scientific resources on UH managed lands. The Natural

Resources Management Plan (NRMP) is a sub-plan of the CMP and addresses natural resources on

UH managed lands. The NRMP requires an Invasive Species Management Program/plan to prevent

the establishment of new invasive species and control and monitor established invasive species.

The Invasive Species Management Plan (ISMP) was approved in early 2015. The work done in

calendar year 2013, as described in this report, reflects initial program plans and procedures which

are incorporated in the approved plan. See the ISMP for a definition of ‘threats’ as identified

throughout this report. The organization of this report documents invasive species actions

(including native species monitoring) in calendar year 2013, and is organized similar to the ISMP.

Sections in this report include Prevention, Early Detection, Monitoring, Rapid Response, and

Control. During the 2013 year over 28 inspections were conducted, early detection of plants and

arthropods were surveyed at 140 different sites (capturing over 5,700 arthropods, 4,900 of which

were wēkiu bugs that were captured and released), over 300 facility traps were placed and

retrieved, and rapid response and control procedures for a newly detected ant species were

implemented.

NOTE

The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) Conservation District Use Permit (CDUP) requires monitoring of

invasive species at the TMT site, its access way, the Batch Plant parking lot, and Halepōhaku

locations (locations where TMT activity occurs). TMT contracted the Big Island Invasive Species

Committee (BIISC) to prevent and monitor invasive species at TMT activity locations. As specified

in the CDUP, monitoring efforts are conducted regularly at TMT activity locations and mirror

OMKM’s prevention and monitoring methods. BIISC/ TMT CDUP compliance efforts are included in

this report but in most cases are displayed as separate tables.

This report documents implementation of protocols that were not finalized and approved as of

2013 and that are (or were) still under development. Some of these methods may have changed

during the course of the year. Future year report content and organization will be updated to

reflect the entirety of approved ISMP content and organization. Wēkiu bug and alien arthropod

monitoring portions are a continuation of work done previously by the Bernice Pauahi Bishop

Museum.



PREVENTION Preventative measures are the first line of defense for invasive species management on Maunakea.

The prevention procedures for plants and arthropods are based on a comprehensive effort to

identify and analyze the risk associated with potential invasion pathways. Management actions

include inspection requirements, strict sanitation procedures for contractors and staff, and early

detection surveys (See Early Detection section below) throughout UH Managed Lands. The main

purpose of inspections is to reduce the risk of introducing new invasive species on Maunakea. This

section documents all inspections conducted by OMKM (for all facilities except TMT) and BIISC

(TMT inspections) staff. Pre-inspection sanitation procedures are found in the Maunakea Invasive

Species Management Plan (ISMP). Rapid response plans described later in this report ensure that

new invasive species are treated swiftly and appropriately, anywhere they are found.

Inspections

Study Area

Most inspections occurred in Hilo at facility base yards and warehouses. Some of the items that

were inspected included snorkel booms, scissor lifts, low boy trailers, semi-trucks, wooden crates,

vents, chiller units, and lumber.

Methods

Inspections are conducted to ensure that the delivery, materials, supplies, and or vehicle(s) are

clean and free of animal (including arthropods), plant, and earthen materials. Inspections are done

by observation and in some cases involve baiting. If the inspection item is on a pallet, the lower

corners of the pallet are observed, if the item is in a crate of some sort, the crate is opened and

observed inside including corners and crevices. Vehicles, machinery, and equipment are inspected

in usual dirt collecting areas such as wheel wells, tires, the grill, mudflaps, and around the outside of

the vehicle.

Bait is used when delivery item(s) are stored outdoors for more than a week. Peanut Butter, Jelly,

and Spam on index cards are left out for at least 20 minutes and observed for arthropod activity.

Results and Discussion

A total of 28 inspections were conducted by OMKM staff plus 19 inspections conducted by BIISC

staff, both with staff approved as Biological Inspectors by the Department of Land and Natural

Resources (DLNR).

Below is a table that shows inspections conducted from August 2013 through December 2013 for

each facility. Remediation actions were taken for inspections that were not initially approved.

Some facilities did not require inspections this year. All inspections that required remediation took

corrective action, and passed subsequent inspection.



2013 Invasive Species Inspections

Facility Majority of Inspection locations

Number of Inspections

Number of Remediation’s

MKSS Hilo 5 1 Gemini Hilo 4 1

IRTF Hilo & Saddle Junction 2 1 CFHT Saddle Junction 11 0 Keck Hilo & Saddle Junction 2 1

Subaru Hilo 3 0 SMA None 0 0 CSO None 0 0

JCMT None 0 0 UKIRT None 0 0 UH88 None 0 0 UH24 None 0 0 VLBA None 0 0 TMT Hilo 14 5 TMT Hilo & Saddle Junction 5 0



EARLY DETECTION An early detection system provides the opportunity to prevent establishment of new invasive

species on UH managed lands, whether they are new to the mountain or encroaching from lower

elevations. In the case of species new to the island, early detection and rapid response efforts may

also prevent UH Managed Lands from becoming the source of an invasive species moving outward

to adjacent lands. The goals of the early detection program are to detect new invasive species

before they become established on UH managed lands, and to prioritize new invasive species for

control. In 2013, early detection efforts emphasize the following taxonomic groups: arthropods,

plants, and vertebrates. In future years we anticipate these efforts will expand into other taxa and

intensify within existing taxa. Early Detection surveys are divided into 3 main sections: Facility

Surveys, Historic Property Surveys, and (Annual) Alien Arthropod Surveys.

Facility Surveys

Study Area

Facility traps were placed in all facilities on UH managed lands. In the Mauna Kea Science Reserve

(MKSR) traps were placed in all 12 telescope facilities, as well as the Summit lunch room, Batch

Plant parking lot, and the TMT site. At Halepōhaku (HP) traps were placed in the HP Common Area,

Kitchen, Dorms, Maintenance building, the parking lot, the Visitor Information Station (VIS), Ranger

station, and VIS storage warehouse/ presentation room.

Methods

The main purpose of facility trap surveys are to detect new arthropod species in or around

facilities, our main concern being ants and other predatory species. Identifications were made of all

arthropod species collected during the 2013 year, and were identified to the lowest possible

taxonomic unit necessary to determine if the species was a threat.

Halfway through the year, we experimented with outside facility traps and started conducting

perimeter searches. Facility monitoring now includes inside and outside traps, and a facility walk-

around with weed pull. Ants are closely associated with invasive plants, so removal of invasive

plants is often an effective way to detect ants.

HoyHoy cockroach traps were cut in half and baited with spam (protein), Jam (carbohydrate), and

Peanut Butter (lipid). Baited traps were placed in areas such as lounge rooms, loading bay doors,

near dumpsters, trash or recycle bins, parking lots, and any other areas with human activity and

food. Outside traps were placed outside facilities level with the substrate and a plastic container

placed over the trap for weather protection. Six facility traps in the common and kitchen area at HP

were left out throughout the year and replaced monthly, while all other HP and MKSR facility traps

(63 traps total) were placed quarterly, and retrieved within a week.

Results & Discussion

Only inside facility trap data is displayed below (outside traps were a test run, therefore data is

incomplete). The 2014 report will include both inside and outside facility traps. Facility surveys

ran from January - December 2013, with over 300 traps placed and retrieved, and 223 individuals

captured in 9 taxonomic orders. One new threat, Beaus latrodectus a wasp introduced as a bio-



control for brown and black widow spiders and likely present on-site for decades, was identified

during a BIISC survey (TMT compliance) at the TMT site. Below is a list of arthropods captured in

the Mauna Kea Science Reserve, Halepōhaku, and TMT facilities.

Arthropod threats, as defined in the Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan, are identified in

bold font. New species records1 are shaded. Species that are both threats and new records are

shaded with bold font. Nativity can either be non-native, native, or non-native & native within the

lowest identified taxonomic group.

Mauna Kea Science Reserve Facilities Order Family Genus & Species Nativity

Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native

Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Diptera Suborder: Brachycera Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Cecidomyiidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Fanniidae Fannia spp. Non-Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Haematobia irritans Non-Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Geocoris pallens Non-Native Hemiptera Rhopalidae Unknown Unknown Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Unknown Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Unknown Lepidoptera Geometridae Scotorythra paludicola Native

Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Unknown

Halepōhaku Facilities Order Family Genus & Species Nativity Acari Unknown Unknown Unknown Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Gnaphosidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native Blattodea Blattellidae Blattella germanica Non-Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Unknown Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Unknown Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Psychodidae Unknown Unknown Coleoptera Anobiidae Unknown Non-Native Coleoptera Carabidae Trechus obtusus Non-Native Collembola Unknown Unknown Unknown Hemiptera Aphididae Unknown Unknown

1 New records to the Management Area



Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Agrostis spp. Native Lepidoptera Tineidae Unknown Non-Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Unknown

Facility Capture By Order

The pie chart below shows the capture abundance by order for all facilities. The majority of

individuals captured were cockroaches and flies.



Capture Abundance by Facility

The graph below shows the percentage of individuals captured in each facility. Halepōhaku facilities

captured the most individuals, and had the highest diversity of orders. The numbers on the top

represent n (the number of individuals captured within that facility)

TMT Facility Compliance Order Family Genus & Species Nativity Acari Unknown Unknown Unknown Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Unknown Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Araneae Salticidae Unknown Unknown Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Unknown Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Unknown Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Unknown Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Unknown Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Unknown Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Unknown Hymenoptera Scelionidae Baeus latrodecti Non-Native Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Unknown Unknown Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Unknown Lepidoptera Noctuidae Agrotis spp. Unknown Psocoptera Psocidae Ptycta spp. Native



Conclusion

Facility traps mainly captured cockroaches and flies. A total of 223 individuals were captured, 8%

identified as threats, 4% natives, 60% non-natives, and 36% were unknown. Halepōhaku captured

the majority of arthropods and had the greatest diversity of orders. While both new species (to

Maunakea) and new threats were identified in 2013, all of these species are believed to have been

present on Maunakea for at least several years prior to detection.

Historic Property Surveys

Study Area

Early detection plant and arthropod surveys were conducted at historic properties concurrent with

State-mandated historic property monitoring. Historic property monitoring frequency is not

consistent throughout all sites, as they are monitored on a rotating panel basis; yearly, every 3

years, or every 5 years. In 2013 a total of 40 archaeological sites were monitored within the MKSR.

Although monitoring emphasized most frequently visited locations, specific site locations are not

disclosed for cultural resource protection.

Methods

The main purpose of arthropod and plant early detection surveys at historic properties is to detect

new invasive species threats and to document and monitor established invasive species at historic

properties. Identifications were made of all arthropod species collected during the 2013 year, and

were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit necessary to determine if the species was a

threat.

Arthropods

At each site, 4 vials baited with Spam, Jam, and Peanut Butter were placed in 4 opposing directions,

and a 10 minute hand search conducted no more than 10 meters out from each archaeological site

feature. Vials were placed for 5-10 minutes and then observed for arthropods. All known observed

arthropods were recorded, and unknown specimens were collected and identified.

Vegetation

Vegetation was observed within a 5 meter radius of the historic property for native and invasive

plants. When invasive plants were observed, they were pulled, documented, and disposed of. The

roots of pulled plants were carefully observed for ants and other invasive arthropods. All

vegetation was recorded.


Archaeological surveys ran from September 16th- September 20th, 2013, monitoring 40

archeological sites, and utilizing about 160 baited vials. No new threats were identified at historic

properties in 2013. Below are brief descriptions of capture results displayed for both arthropods

and vegetation at cultural sites in the MKSR.

Arthropods Observed at Archaeological Sites Order Family Genus & Species Nativity Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native



Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Aphididae Unknown Unknown Hymenoptera Bethylidae Sierola spp. Native

Vegetation Observed at Archaeological Sites Family Genus & Species Nativity Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Non-Native Asteraceae Scenecio madagascarensis Non-Native Asteraceae Taraxicum officinale Non-Native Asteraceae Tetramolopium humile humile Native Aspleniaceae Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Native Aspleniaceae Asplenium trichomanes Native Ericaceae Vaccinium reticulatum Native Poaceae Agrostis sandwicensis Native Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Native Woodsiaceae Cystopteris douglasii Native

Annual Alien Arthropod Surveys

Introduction

The Bishop Museum was contracted by the Office of Mauna Kea Management in previous years

(2007-2012) to conduct Biological Surveys that monitor native and established non-native

arthropod species and detect new alien arthropod threats. OMKM continued these surveys in 2013.

The overall study area for the 2013 field season slightly differed from other years (just as sites

locations evolved in previous years). Additional survey locations were added, and a few locations

were removed due to cultural sensitivity, discussion with experts, and previous capture results.

Early detection vegetation surveys were also integrated in the 2013 sampling effort. Complete

methods will be documented in the ISMP standard operating procedures.

Study Area

Alien arthropod surveys were conducted concurrently with wēkiu bug monitoring surveys to

minimize environmental impacts. See Monitoring section below for a review specific to wēkiu bug

results. Arthropod abundance in this section includes wēkiu bug results, as traps are designed to

target wēkiu bugs they capture a variety of species. Alien arthropod study areas included the

Halepōhaku Visitor Information Station (VIS), staff headquarters at 2,850 m (9,300 ft) elevation, the

Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve (NAR), the road corridor, the Mauna Kea Science Reserve

(MKSR), and pu’u (cinder cone) within the Astronomy precinct that range to the summit at 4,205 m

(13,796 ft). Tables in the Appendices contain GPS coordinates, elevations, and trap types of survey

locations.

Unless otherwise stated, pu'u names were derived from USGS geology maps, and Geographic Names

Information System (GNIS). WGS 84 datum was used for recording GPS locations. Many pu'u have

not yet been given official names, and when possible these cinder cones are identified by altitude,

nearby landmarks, or distinctive features. These names should not be viewed as official, but



instead allow us to more easily identify specific areas of the vast summit region of Maunakea.

Altitudes were determined by the GPS unit.

Methods

The objectives for the 2013 fieldwork were to document alien species found within UH managed

lands and neighboring lands (especially Natural Area Reserve) and identify species that could

threaten cultural and natural resources and human health and safety. Identifications were made of

all arthropod species collected during the 2013 field trip with comparisons to previous catches (See

Appendices), and were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit necessary to determine if

the species was a threat.

To accomplish our objectives we sampled previous monitoring sites over a broad range of habitats

at the summit, focusing on various pathways whereby alien arthropods might first become

introduced. We also sampled a wide variety of undisturbed habitat types where wēkiu bugs are

historically known to have high concentrations, and nearby disturbed habitat types that are

associated with past or present human activities. Each trapping area had between 1 and 12 sites,

with each site containing at least one trap type. Trap locations (areas) were defined using NRCS

Soil Survey data (http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx). Exceptions

were made to address logical management impacts such as the road corridor or TMT site.

Trapping methods were very similar to 2012 methods, but with the elimination of the yellow sticky

cards. 2013 traps included Yellow Pan traps, Baited Pitfall traps, Un-baited Wet Pitfall traps, and

Peanut Butter, Jam, and Spam Sticks (PBJS Sticks). All species collected in traps were kept for

further analysis (except wēkiu bugs which were captured, recorded, and released).

The TMT survey methods followed the methods below, but were done by BIISC staff periodically

throughout the year as stated in TMT permit requirements. A separate table in the results section

display these results.

Yellow Pan Traps

Yellow pan traps were used to capture flying insects that are attracted to the color yellow, and the

dilute food-grade propylene glycol used in the pans. Pan traps were placed directly on the

substrate. Propylene glycol prevents freezing during nighttime temperatures, is safe for the

environment and is a preservative that keeps specimens from rotting. Traps were retrieved within

3-4 days.

Un-baited Wet Pitfall Traps

Un-baited wet pitfall traps were used to capture crawling arthropods and were constructed as in

previous alien arthropod trapping efforts. In an attempt to reduce wēkiu bug mortality, we did not

place un-baited wet pitfall traps in wēkiu bug habitats. A hole was dug in the determined location,

and a plastic cup placed level with the substrate. Once the cup was set, about 1/4 of the cup was

filled with the propylene glycol-water mixture. A cap rock was placed over the traps to prevent rain

or snow from filling the traps. Traps were retrieved within 3-4 days.

Baited Pitfall Traps

Baited pitfall traps were used to capture crawling arthropods that are attracted to bait. These traps



keep arthropods alive by providing them with food and water until they are retrieved and were

constructed as in previous alien arthropod and wēkiu bug trapping efforts. Traps were baited with

tuna this year instead of shrimp paste because tuna is easier to work with, isn't quite as salty as

shrimp paste, and studies have shown that tuna capture just as many wēkiu bugs as shrimp paste

(J.Eiben [pers. comm], 2014). Baited pitfall traps were placed in all habitats. A hole was dug in the

determined location and 2 plastic cups, one with a hole and wick in the bottom, the other with no

hole, were placed level with the substrate. Once the cups were set, about 1 cm of water was placed

into the bottom cup (with no hole), and the 2nd cup with the wick was placed inside the bottom

cup. A few rocks are placed in the cup (no more than ½ full) and the rim and cap rock is baited with

tuna. The baited cap rock is placed over the trap to prevent rain or snow from filling the traps.

Traps were retrieved within 3-4 days.

Peanut Butter, Jam, & Spam Sticks

PBJS sticks are used to survey for ants, and the different baits allows for attraction variation in ant

preferences. Chopsticks are baited with Peanut Butter, Jam, and Spam, encompassed by a wire

cylinder to keep the trap secure. Traps are retrieved within 3-4 days.

Vegetation

A five meter radius out from each site was observed for native and invasive plants. When invasive

plants were observed, they were pulled and documented. The roots of pulled plants were carefully

observed for ants and other invasive arthropods. All vegetation within MKSR, native and non-

native, was recorded.


OMKM alien arthropod surveys ran from June 21st - July 1st, 2013, surveying 99 sites, setting 300

traps and collecting a total of 6,133 arthropod individuals (including wēkiu bugs) in 14 taxonomic

orders. 5,290 of those individuals were wēkiu bugs. 9 new arthropod taxa were identified in the

management area including 3 natives (Sierola spp., Nesodynerus spp., Thyrocopa spp.), 3 with

unknown nativity (Cicadellidae, Stratiomyidae, Bdellidae), and 3 new potential threats

(Pteromalidae, Tapinoma melanocephalum, Encyrtidae). The potential threats were found at 3

different sites; Pu‘upōhaku2, TMT site3, and Halepōhaku4. The Encyrtidae and Pteromalidae are

wasps; a taxon group with “low” control feasibility as identified in the Maunakea Invasive Species

Management Plan. The Tapinoma melanocephalum is a species of ant identified as a “high priority

threat” with “high” control feasibility. After additional follow-up sampling we concluded that the

ant (T.melanocephalum) individual most likely was cross contaminated with our field supplies in

the office and did not come from the site.

TMT Compliance surveys5 identified one new threat, Trichogrammatidae. Trichogrammatidae is a

wasp; a taxon group with “low” control feasibility. We continue to monitor these new potential

threats.

2 Pu‘upōhaku is not managed by UH and is identified as a “Medium Priority Site” in the ISMP. 3 TMT site is within the Astronomy Precinct identified as a “High Priority Site” in the ISMP. 4 The Halepōhaku area is identified as a “Low Priority Site” in the ISMP. 5 For additional information on TMT compliance surveys, contact OMKM.



Below are brief descriptions of capture results displayed for arthropods in the MKSR, NAR, HP, and

TMT compliance surveys labeled by location, and results displayed for vegetation in the MKSR, and

NAR. Vegetation at HP was not recorded because it was not the focus of this survey. If the trap type

is not listed in the table, then the trap was not placed at that location.

Arthropod threats, as defined in the Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan, are identified in




2013 Alien Arthropod List by Trap Type & Location Trap Location

Trap Type Order Family Species Nativity

Puʻuhaukea Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Puʻuhau’oki PBJS Stick None None None None Yellow Pan Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native VLBA PBJS Stick None None None None Yellow Pan Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius blackburni Native Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hemiptera Miridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Un-baited PF Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Batch Plant PBJS Stick Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Yellow Pan Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native




Trap Location


Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Un-baited PF Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Pu‘uwai‘au PBJS Stick Hemiptera Lygaeidae Geocoris pallens Non-Native YP/Un-baited Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Bethylidae Sierola spp. Native Baited Pitfall Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Pu‘uwēkiu PBJS Stick Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native

Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Yellow Pan Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Geocoris pallens Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Road Corridor

PBJS Stick Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native

Yellow Pan Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius blackburni Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Homoptera Apididae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Colletidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Vespidae Nesodynerus spp. Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Oecophoridae Thyrocopa spp. Native Baited Pitfall Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Geocoris pallens Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius blackburni Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native



Trap Location


Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Un-baited PF Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native Poi Bowl Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Puʻupoli’ahu PBJS Stick None None None None Yellow Pan Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Baited Pitfall Coleoptera Dermestidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Pu'upōhaku PBJS Stick Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Yellow Pan Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hemiptera Miridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Cicadellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Bethylidae Sierola spp. Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Chalcididae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Pteromalidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Baited Pitfall Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Un-baited PF Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Pu'ukea PBJS Stick None None None None Yellow Pan Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native



Trap Location


Baited Pitfall Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Un-baited PF Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native TMT Site PBJS Stick Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Yellow Pan Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Geocoris pallens Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius blackburni Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Colletidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Formicidae Tapinoma

melanocephalum Non-Native

Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Un-baited PF Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Halepōhaku PBJS Stick None None None None Yellow Pan Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Tribolium spp. Non-Native Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Non-Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Mycetophilidae Unknown Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Stratiomyidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Cicadellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Unknown Hymenoptera Colletidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Diadegma blackburni Non-Native Hymenoptera Pompilidae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Sphecidae Ectemnius spp. Native Hymenoptera Vespidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Pieridae Unknown Non-Native Thysanoptera Unknowm Unknown Non-Native & Native Trombidiformes Bdellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native



Trap Location


Baited Pitfall Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Non-Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Un-baited PF Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native Coleoptera Curculionidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Tribolium spp. Non-Native Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Non-Native Diptera Drosophilidae Drosophila suzukii Non-Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sphaeroceridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Oecophoridae Thyrocopa spp. Native Lithiobiomorpha Lithobiidae Lithobius spp. Non-Native & Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native

2013 Vegetation at Alien Arthropod Trap Sites

The table below only shows sites where vegetation was observed within 5 meters of trap locations. Most sites did not have vegetation.

Site Family Genus & Species Nativity Pu'uwaiau Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Non-Native Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Native Poaceae Unknown Non-Native & Native Road Corridor Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Native TMT Site Poaceae Agrostis sandwicensis Native

TMT Compliance Survey Results7 Trap Location Order Family Genus & Species Nativity Batch Plant Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Halepōhaku Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Tephritidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native

7 TMT surveys were separate from OMKM’s annual sampling. TMT surveys were conducted throughout the year as

required by their CDUP. Contact OMKM for TMT compliance details.



Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera Non-native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Thysanoptera Thripidae Unknown Non-Native & Native TMT Site Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Chrysomellidae Unknown Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-native Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Staphylinidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Drosophila suzukii Non-native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris pallens Non-native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris punctipes Non-native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius lichenicola Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hemiptera Miridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Rhopallidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Cercopidae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Apanteles spp. Non-native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Thysanoptera Thripidae Unknown Non-Native & Native

TMT Compliance Site Vegetation (includes HP)* Location Family Genus& Species Nativity TMT Site Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Non-native TMT Site Aspleniaceae Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Native TMT Site Poaceae Agrostis sandwichensis Native TMT Site Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Native HP Staging Area Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus Non-native HP Staging Area Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium Non-native HP Staging Area Onagraceae Oenothera stricta Non-native

*TMT surveys were separate from OMKM’s annual sampling. TMT surveys were conducted throughout the year as

required by their CDUP. Contact OMKM for TMT compliance details.



2013 Capture Abundance by Order

The pie chart below shows the capture abundance by order for all trap types. The majority of

individuals captured were wēkiu bugs, followed by flies.

2013 Capture Percentage by Trap Type

The graph below shows the percentage of individuals in each order captured by trap type. The

numbers on the top represent n (the number of individuals captured within that order). Yellow

pans captured predominantly wasps and flies while the baited pitfall traps mainly captured wēkiu

bugs and other crawling arthropods. The un-baited pitfall traps also captured crawling arthropods,

while the PBJS stick only attracted ladybugs.



2013 Arthropod Nativity By Locality

The graph below shows the nativity (using abundance) of species captured by locality. Locations go

from low elevation (at left) to high elevation (at right), grouped as previously disturbed habitats

and un-disturbed habitats. Native species abundance increased with elevation in both disturbed

and undisturbed habitats. The highest percentages of natives are found in wēkiu bug habitats.

Conclusion

The majority of arthropods captured in 2013 were wēkiu bugs. A total of 6,133 individuals were

captured, 3% identified as threats, 90% native, 3% non-native, and 7% with unknown nativity. The

yellow pan traps captured the greatest diversity of orders with the majority being flies and wasps.

Nativity increased with elevation in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats.



Early Detection of Vertebrates

Introduction

Non-native vertebrates can pose threats to native ecosystems, therefore detection of non-native

vertebrates is important. In 2013, OMKM early detection consists of documenting incidental

catches and observations that are reported by Maunakea users. OMKM also collaborates with

neighboring land owners about current invasive species issues on Maunakea.

Vertebrates include ungulates, cats, dogs, rodents, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Any new species

not previously documented is considered a threat. This Early Detection section only identifies

species that have not been previously documented on UH managed or neighboring lands.

Study Area

The study site includes all UH managed lands and neighboring land owners including Natural Area

Reserves, Forest Reserves, and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands.

Methods

Our method of vertebrate detection is by incidental reports and observations by Maunakea users.

Maunakea users include OMKM, researchers, Mauna Kea Support Services (MKSS) staff, Maunakea

Rangers, Visitor Information Station staff, observatory staff, and neighboring land owners (DHHL,

MKWA, NARS, DLNR). Maunakea users report anything that seems strange or out of place on the

mountain to OMKM.

Once OMKM receives the report, we follow up with the lead agency that handles vertebrate

incidents. The leading agency would then recommend management strategies to OMKM, or manage

the issue themselves. See Vertebrate Monitoring section below for agencies that would be notified

of vertebrate observations with previously documented species.

Results

No new vertebrate threats were identified in 2013.



MONITORING Monitoring of established species is important for understanding ecosystem changes through time.

Monitoring goals include documentation of the current status of invasive species and their trends

and determination of management effectiveness of both rapid response and control methods. This

section includes wēkiu bug surveys, and vertebrate monitoring (all other types of monitoring are

considered as early detection monitoring, and are found in the section above). In future years this

report will be expanded to include other taxonomic groups (such as plants).

Annual Wēkiu Bug Surveys

Introduction

As part of the continuing long-term study started by Hawaii Biological Survey of the Bishop

Museum, the Office of Mauna Kea Management (OMKM) continues monitoring wēkiu bug (Nysius

wekiuicola) populations, a species endemic to the Maunakea summit area of Hawai'i Island. The

objectives for the 2013 fieldwork were to document wēkiu bug populations found within UH

managed lands and neighboring lands (NAR).

Study Area

Wēkiu bug monitoring surveys were done concurrently with Alien Arthropod Monitoring to reduce

impacts to the environment. See Early Detection section above for alien species monitoring

methods and results. Wēkiu bug monitoring occurs in the alpine zone including both the MKSR and

NAR beginning at about 11,200 feet encompassing core wēkiu bug habitat that extends to the

summit at 4,205 m. See 2013 Sampling Locations table in the Appendices for sample locations, GPS

coordinates, trap dates, and trap types associated with captured species. WGS 84 datum was used

for recording GPS locations. Altitudes were determined by the GPS unit.

Unless otherwise stated, pu'u names were taken from the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. Many

pu'u have not yet been given official names and when possible these cinder cones are identified by

nearby landmarks or distinctive features. These names should not be viewed as official, but instead

allow us to more easily identify specific areas of the vast summit region of Maunakea.

Methods

We sampled previous trapping sites including core wēkiu bug habitats in the alpine region, focusing

on various pathways whereby alien arthropods might first become introduced. We also sampled a

wide variety of undisturbed habitat types where wēkiu bugs are historically known to have high

concentrations and disturbed habitat types that are associated with past or present human

activities. Each trapping area had between 1 and 12 sites, with each site containing at least one

wēkiu bug trap. Trap locations (see Appendices, 2013 Sampling Locations) were defined using

NRCS Soil Survey data (http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx).

Exceptions were made to address logical management impacts such as the road corridor or TMT

site.

All captured wēkiu bugs were recorded and released, while all other non-native species were

collected kept for further analysis. Identifications were made of all arthropod species collected

http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx



during the 2013 field trip with comparisons to previous catches, and by-catch was identified to the

lowest possible taxonomic unit necessary to determine if the species was a threat.

Baited pitfall traps were used to capture wēkiu bugs. These traps keep wēkiu bugs alive by

providing them with food and water until they are retrieved and were constructed as in previous

alien arthropod and wēkiu bug trapping efforts. Traps were baited with tuna this year instead of

shrimp paste because tuna is easier to work with, isn't quite as salty as shrimp paste, and studies

have shown that tuna capture just as many wēkiu bugs as shrimp paste (J.Eiben[pers. comm],

2014). A shallow hole was dug in the determined location, and 2 plastic cups one with a hole and

wick in the bottom, the other with no hole were placed level with the substrate. Once the cups were

set, about 1 cm of water was placed into the bottom cup (with no hole), and the 2nd cup with the

wick was placed in the bottom cup. A few rocks are placed in the cup (no more than ½ full), and the

rim and cap rock is baited with tuna. The baited cap rock is placed over the trap to prevent rain or

snow from filling the traps. Traps were retrieved within 3-4 days.


A total of 5,290 wēkiu bugs were collected during the 2013 field survey, with a total of 290 trapping

days for an average catch of 18.2 wēkiu bugs per day. Of those 5,290 individuals, 415 of them did

not survive, whereas all other wēkiu bugs individuals were released back into their habitat. The 3

locations with the highest wēkiu bug concentrations include Poi Bowl, Puùwēkiu, and Puùhauòki.

See table below for wēkiu bug captures by location. Captured alien arthropod specimens are shown

in the Early Detection section above, Annual Alien Arthropod Surveys. See 2013 Wēkiu Bug Capture

Data table in the appendices for wēkiu bug concentrations, and capture rates per individual trap

site.

2013 Wēkiu bug Captures by location

Location Total Traps Wēkiu Captures Trap Dates Total Trap Days Pu‘uwēkiu 10 1,781 24-27 Jun 30 Pu’uwai‘au 2 7 25-28 Jun 6 Pu‘uhaukea 14 788 25-28 Jun 42 Pu‘upoli‘ahu 7 33 27 Jun- 1 July 26 Pu‘upōhaku 6 25 25-29 Jun 24 VLBA 13 45 21-24 Jun

25-28 Jun 39

Pu‘uhau‘oki 8 850 25-28 Jun 25 TMT Site 9 122 27 Jun- 1 July 36 Batch Plant 7 8 25-28 Jun 21 Pu‘ukea 2 95 25-28 Jun 8 Poi Bowl 7 1,535 21-24 Jun 21 Road Corridor8 4 1 21-24 Jun 12 Totals 89 5,290 290

8 Only listed Road corridor traps within the MKSR in this table.



Analysis

Below is a summary of wēkiu bugs captured at Pu’uhaukea (within the Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural

Area Reserve) cinder cone from Bishop Museum related studies since 2001. Data includes using a

combination of glycol (inadvertent capture in invasive species traps) and shrimp pitfall data for all

years except 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010 when only shrimp paste was used. In 2013, traps were

baited with tuna.

Pu’uhaukea Wēkiu bug Capture History

Year & Month of Trapping event

Total Wekiu bugs

Trap Days Bugs/ trap day

2001 (June) (Polhemus 2001) 473 40 11.8 2002 (Sept) 13 48 0.1875 2004 (July) 0 90 0 2005 (April/May) 20 144 0.14 2006 (April/May) 56 80 0.7 2007 (June) 217 78 2.8 2008 (July) 43 60 0.7 2009 (July) 1 60 .02 2010 (June) 261 60 4.35 2011 (May/June) 207 60 3.4 2012 (July) 720 60 12.0

2013 (June/July) 788 42 18.8

Wēkiu bug Capture History- All trap locations9

Year of Trapping event

# Wekiu Captured Trap Days Bugs / trap day

2007 537 252 2.13 2008 70 120 0.58 2009 118 285 2.42 2010 3,047 300 10.16 2011 3,084 300 10.28 2012 2,430 300 8.1

2013 5,290 290 18.2

Conclusion

Wēkiu bugs were abundant in 2013 with the highest number of captures ever recorded in an

individual field survey. Climatic factors and influences may have allowed for a more productive

year.

9 The table above shows results starting from 2007, when methods and locations became consistent.



Honey Bee Monitoring

Introduction

Monitoring for honey bee activity allows for understanding the growth and health of a population,

while also keeping an eye on public safety. Honey bees in Hawaii have had many threats in the past

few years including the varroa mite and the small hive beetle. The Hawai’i Department of

Agriculture (HDOA) has a series of honey bee hives around the island, to monitor threats, and

understand the health and growth of Hawai’i populations.

In May 2012, a honey bee swarm was reported inside of the VIS facility. HDOA came up and

relocated the swarm, and placed two swarm traps near the VIS. The purpose of the swarm traps is

to attract the honey bees away from areas of human activity. Once a swarm trap becomes

populated, we allow for pupa establishment and HDOA tests for pests and diseases and relocates

the swarm. OMKM monitors swarm traps at HP for honey bee activity.

Study Site

The study site includes two swarm traps mounted to Māmane trees; one above the utilities building

at HP and the other below the VIS near the ranger cabins.

Methods

A vial of pheromones were placed in each swarm trap to attract honey bees. Swarm traps were

monitored monthly for bee activity by simple observation. All activity was documented and

reported to HDOA. Other incidental observations by Maunakea users were also documented.


No bee activity was observed in 2013. We did have an issue with a spider in the upper swarm trap

that was later removed. There was one incidental observation in late August 2013 from VIS staff

whom reported 30-40 bees near the leaky water fountain at the VIS. We recommended to fix the

leak, and eliminate any standing water. Once the fountain was fixed, bees were no longer observed

in the area.

Vertebrate Monitoring

Introduction

OMKM records and documents incidental catches, and observations that are reported by Maunakea

users. OMKM also collaborates with neighboring land owners about current issues on Maunakea.

Vertebrates include ungulates, cats, dogs, rodents, birds, reptiles, amphibians. Any new species not

previously documented will be considered a threat and would be in the Vertebrate, Early detection

section above. This section only covers species that are established.

Study Site

The study site includes all UH managed lands, and neighboring land owners; NARS, DLNR, and

MKWA.



Methods

Survey methods and reporting are not consistent throughout vertebrate types.

Ungulates

Ungulates including mouflon sheep (Ovis musimon), domesticated sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra

hircus), cattle (Bos taurus), and feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are sparse on UH managed lands, but are

occasionally observed. Maunakea users report sightings and observations of ungulate activity to

OMKM which is then documented for further analysis and reported to NARS and DLNR.

Cats

Feral cats (Felis catus) are sparse at ~9,200 ft. and above, but are occasionally observed. When cats

are observed, it is recorded and MKSS staff put out live traps that are checked daily for cat activity.

Captured cats are documented and taken to the Hawai’i Island Humane Society.

Dogs

Feral dogs (Canis familiaris) are rarely observed, with no reports in the past 2 years. Occasionally,

hunting dogs will get lost. Feral dog sightings are reported to DOFAW, DHHL, and BIISC.

Rodents

Rodents include mice, rats, and mongoose. There are 4 known established rodent species on UH

managed lands; the black rat (Rattus rattus), mice (Mus musculus & Mus domesticus), and mongoose

(Herpestes auropuntatus). Rats and mongoose are not very common and rarely observed. Mice

seem to be more common on UH managed lands and observed in seasonal cycles, likely with food

availability (seeds). When rodent sightings increase, VIS staff put out snap traps baited with peanut

butter or granola bar around the inside of their facility. Snap traps are checked daily, and carcasses

are disposed of in the rubbish can. Currently VIS snap trap captures are not documented, but will

be documented in the near future. All other incidental rodent observations and captures by

Maunakea users were documented.

Rabbits

Rabbits (Lepus curpaeums) are rarely reported and we’ve only received reports on DHHL lands.

When rabbits are observed they are reported to DOFAW, DHHL, and BIISC.

Birds

See the Natural Resources Management Plan (NRMP) for bird species on UH managed lands. The

occasional dead bird is not typically documented. Large mortality events of non-native birds are

reported to DOFAW. All dead native or banded birds are collected in a ziploc bag and reported to

OMKM and DOFAW.

Reptiles & Amphibians

Reptiles are not known to be established, but the occasional coqui frog, gecko, or lizard does come

up on vehicles. Reported sightings are documented.


We didn’t receive many reports in the 2013 year. It should be assumed that not all dead reptiles

and amphibians (coqui frogs) were documented. Based on our results, it seems like cats were



common at HP in June, dead red-billed leiothrix and rodent sightings increased in the winter, and

coqui frogs were common in the summer time. These results are by no means complete, but given

the reports that were made, these are the results and patterns that we can assume. 2013 incidental

vertebrate reporting results are shown below.

2013 Incidental Vertebrate Reporting

Vertebrate Species Reported

Reporter Date(s) Location Report

Ungulates Mouflon sheep OMKM 2/5/13 DHHL Large heard of Mouflon sheep near runaway truck ramp on MK Access road

Cats Feral Cats MKSS 5/10/13 5/14/13 5/31/13 6/4/13

Outside HP Kitchen

1 cat trapped at each date and taken to Hawai’i Island Humane Society. 4 cats total

Dogs None NA NA NA NA Rodents Mouse OMKM 2/21/13

8/22/13 11/27/13

HP & VIS facilities

Traps chewed

Rabbits None NA NA NA NA Birds Red- Billed

Leiothrix Observatory Staff

11/22/13 Summit Reports of dead birds at the summit

Reptiles & Amphibians

Coqui frog OMKM Ranger, Researcher

6/25/13 6/26/13

HP Reports of live coqui, and coqui sounds.



RAPID RESPONSE Rapid response plans outline basic procedures to facilitate an efficient response to a new problem.

While it would be impossible to anticipate every contingency, we can be prepared for new invasive

species threats, and refer to established rapid response procedures. Rapid response procedures

come into effect when a specimen is identified taxonomically to be a threat. The goal of a rapid

response plan is to understand the invasive species life history, identify possible baiting and

trapping methods, determine its range and extent on Maunakea, and using expert advice and

opinion, formulate the most effective control options (if any) for dealing with this species. When

rapid response procedures are accomplished in a timely manner, control and eradication are more

applicable, thereby reducing threats to cultural and natural resources. This section discusses rapid

response cases, for the 2013 year.

Case 1: Trechus obtusus In July 2012, Trechus obtusus, an invasive Carabid beetle was discovered at Lake Wai‘au and along

Mana road on Maunakea by Bishop Museum Entomologists (Evenhuis& Eldredge, 2013). On

December 19, 2012 the presence of Trechus obtusus was re-confirmed at Lake Wai‘au in the NAR by

State Entomologist Cynthia King, UH Mānoa Entomologist Jesse Eiben, and OMKM staff Jessica

Kirkpatrick. T.obtusus was found under rocks near vegetation in the moist substrate, along the

shoreline of Lake Wai‘au while hand searching for arthropods. A total of 5 carabid specimens were

collected on December 19, 2012. Around the same time arthropod studies at the lower elevation

facility Halepōhaku found two T.obtusus individuals in pitfall traps under vegetation.

Life history studies and delineating surveys were conducted in March and April of 2013. T.obtusus

was not observed in the surveys, but was detected at Lake Wai‘au before and after the survey.

T.obtusus requires specific habitat (similar to HP and Lake Wai‘au; moisture and vegetation) that

seems to be non- existent in all selected survey locations except Puʻuwai‘au and at Halepōhaku.

Management Recommendations

Annual invasive arthropod monitoring should continue at Lake Wai‘au, throughout the MKSR, and

at Halepōhaku, with specific attention on T.obtusus. At this point in time T.obtusus seems to have a

minimal impact on habitat and native arthropods, and from our findings, is restricted to a specific

area at Lake Wai‘au and to areas with vegetation and soil. No treatment or control actions are

recommended at this time.

Case 2: Pheidole megacephala In April 2013, Pheidole megacephala (Big-headed ants) were observed on a delivery of speed

humps destined for the county-maintained road in front of the Visitor Information Station (VIS).

Ants were observed at the County Baseyard in Hilo.


Consultation with the Hawai’i Ant Lab, recommended that the speed humps be pressure washed

and treated with Talstar Professional insecticide prior to delivery at Halepōhaku. See Control

section below.



Case 3: Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi On May 22nd, 2013 Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi was observed in the lower parking lot at Halepōhaku

facilities by OMKM staff while inspecting a wood delivery from Lowes. Cas Vanderwoude, HDOA

tropical ant expert suggested that we conduct surveys, and spray Talstar insecticide around the

area. C. kagutsuchi has also been found on the Haleakalā volcano on Maui. Surveys were conducted

around the HP parking lot, and no ants were observed in the survey. Talstar was also applied in the

affected area (even though we did not find the ants), and re-surveyed. No ants were observed.

On July 27th, 2013 C.kagutsuchi was once again observed while pulling weeds in the lower paved HP

parking lot during a volunteer event. We conducted intense ant surveys throughout HP and along

the road and found C.kagutsuchi all along the Maunakea Access road from Halepōhaku, down to the

Saddle. This time we surveyed using a combination of baited vials and weed pulls. Ants were

observed within the roots of invasive weeds and shrubs, but never observed at baited vials. Spot

treatments of Talstar pesticide was applied to all areas on UH managed lands where ants were

observed. The roadside was not treated although ants were observed along the roadside below

Halepōhaku down to Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL). Peck & Banko (2011) reported

C.kagutsuchi at Hakalau National Wildlife Refuge and access roads as early as 2009. See Control

section below for pesticide application information. C.kagutsuchi has most likely been present at

Halepōhaku and along the access road below this area for at least several years, going undetected

as it is typically limited to intact plant root masses.


Ant monitoring should continue at Halepōhaku, and throughout UH managed lands. At this point in

time C.kagutsuchi should be considered a threat, and its range and extent should be observed

carefully. When an area is observed to contain ants, it should be documented and treated in a

timely manner with Talstar insecticide. Unfortunately, annual monitoring methods have not

successfully detected this ant.



CONTROL Control may be applicable to invasive species that are too widespread to eradicate. The goal of

control and management efforts is to reduce invasive species to more acceptable levels, with

effective management that prevents their spread or re-emergence. Once control and management

efforts are implemented monitoring must be documented through time to understand effects of

management efforts.

Arthropods are difficult to control because of their size, and mobility. The most common control

methods for arthropods include chemical treatment and biological control. We controlled both

vegetation and arthropods this year, somewhat as a test run to see if methods work and

accommodate management goals.

Vegetation Control

Introduction

Vegetation was controlled mechanically by volunteers, OMKM staff, and Maunakea rangers around

Halepōhaku and MKSR facilities. Removing weeds reduce habitat for invasive arthropods (such as

Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi), help detect new arthropods threats, and help to reduce the spread of

invasive species on UH managed lands. We are looking into other control options such as herbicide

application for long term management.

Study Area

Vegetation control focused on human pathways and traffic areas. Sites included parking areas

around Halepōhaku and the Visitor Information Station (VIS), along the Access Road, and around

facilities in the MKSR and Astronomy Precinct.

Methods

Vegetation control was achieved monthly through hand removal by volunteers, OMKM staff, and

Maunakea rangers. Hand removal served two purposes; the removal of the invasive (reduces seed

spread & habitat for arthropod threats) and detection of invasive arthropods associated with the

roots of removed vegetation. The most effective way to observe ants is by simply pulling weeds

because ants require invasive vegetation for habitat.

Volunteers were given vegetation removal instructions that included invasive plant identification,

proper removal and disposal methods, and identifying and reporting ants if observed. OMKM staff

supervised volunteer activities. Hand tools such as hand trowels, picks, and weeders were used to

remove vegetation and their roots. Removed vegetation was observed for ants, the excess dirt was

shaken off, and vegetation placed in trash bags taken to the South Hilo Sanitary Landfill. When

volunteers reported ants, the location was flagged, and documented for future survey locations, and

arthropod control (if applicable).

OMKM Rangers observe and remove invasive weeds in the MKSR and Astronomy precinct

throughout the year. When weeds are observed they are pulled and the species, number of

individuals along with their location are documented. The rangers record observations in a ranger

report sent daily to OMKM staff. Staff then review, and document invasive species observations.




The volunteer program engaged 236 volunteers, working 1,747 hours, removing about 363 bags of

invasive weeds. Invasive weed species that were pulled are shown in the table below. On one of

our volunteer events in May 2013, a volunteer observed ants in an area that had not been

previously known to contain ants. See section above, Case 2: Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi. See

Arthropod Control section below for control methods for this case.

Invasive Weed Species Pulled by Volunteers

Targeted invasive weeds that were pulled on volunteer events.

Family Genus & Species Common Name Asteraceae Heterotheca grandiflora Telegraph Weed Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Cats Ear Asteraceae Scenicio madagascarensis Fireweed Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Common Dandelion Gerainiaceae Erodium cicutarium Pin Clover, Alfilaria Onagraceae Oenothera stricta Chilean Evening Primrose Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella Sheep sorrel Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus Common Mullein Scrophulariaceae Verbascum virgatum Wand Mullein

Invasive Weed Species Pulled by Maunakea Rangers

Maunakea Rangers observed and pulled 3 invasive weed species; Fireweed (Senecio

madagascariensis), Pin Clover (Erodium cicutarium), and Common Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) in

the MKSR. See graphs below for the Number of Individuals Pulled Monthly, and the Elevation of

Individuals Pulled. Mullein numbers were relatively low throughout the year, while the pin clover

and fireweed displayed seasonal variation. Pin clover increased during the spring while fireweed

increased in the spring, stayed consistent throughout the year, and increased again in the fall.

When plotted against elevation, mullein was observed at Park 1 (3617m) and Park 2 (3905m), pin

clover was only observed at Park 1, while fireweed was found at all elevations, with the highest

number of individuals observed at Park 1 and Park 2.



Conclusion

Volunteers and Maunakea Rangers serve as effective vegetation control and early detection agents

on UH managed lands. These efforts are essential for long-term control of invasive species on

Maunakea. Vegetation control along with occasional spot treatment for ants around Halepōhaku

and VIS facilities have been effective. Areas that have been pulled for invasive weeds, reduce the

risk of dispersal by Maunakea users, and eliminate ant habitat for at least a few months until more

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Nu

mb

er o

f In

div

idu

als

Month

Number of Invasive Individuals Pulled Monthly

Mullein Pin Clover Fireweed

3568 3599 3617 3635 3747 3780 3842 3905 4028 4034 4051 4068 4070 4148 4194

Mullein 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pin Clover 0 0 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Fireweed 0 4 41 11 2 1 9 48 10 8 1 1 4 5 9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Nu

mb

er o

f In

div

idu

als

Elevation (m)

Elevation of Individuals Pulled

Mullein Pin Clover Fireweed Linear (Fireweed)



weeds sprout up again. Eventually, continued vegetation control will allow for possible restoration

of native plant species, a management goal for Halepōhaku.

Arthropod Control

Introduction

As explained in the introduction paragraph of this section, arthropods are difficult to control, and

available options are few. This year we detected two invasive species Pheidole megacephala (Big-

headed ant) and Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi (a common ant). Control for both these species seemed

reasonable because the ants were confined to one area or found in patchy distributions in very

specific habitat. We controlled both ant species with Talstar Professional insecticide a liquid

formulation with Bifenthrin as the active ingredient, using a spot treatment method. All

applications were recorded in a detailed pesticide log, and all applicators were pesticide certified

by HDOA.

Pheidole megacephala

Study Area

See Rapid Response section Case 2: Pheidole megacephala for detection information. Speed humps

were treated at the County Base yard in Hilo, and Halepōhaku lower parking lot.

Methods

As recommended by entomologists, all speed humps materials were pressure washed, and treated

with Talstar Professional insecticide. Insecticide was diluted to 1 ounce per gallon. After

application treatment dried, it was loaded onto new wooden pallets, and taken up to Maunakea for

use in front of the VIS.


Pheidole megacephala has not been observed on speed humps or on Maunakea.

Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi

Study Area

A total of 4 main sites were treated. The sites that were controlled includes areas near the

Halepōhaku kitchen and lower HP parking lot, one site along the maintenance road, and one site

below the Ranger Station. Before applying insecticide, these areas were intensely surveyed to

determine species range, and identify areas to apply treatment.

Methods

Ant Surveys

We conducted intense surveys throughout HP, along roadways, parking lots and facility perimeters.

When ants were observed, we conducted micro-surveys in the detection area to understand the

amount of area we need to cover to determine accurate pesticide formulations and to be successful

at controlling the population.



Vials were baited with Peanut Butter, Spam, and Jelly, and placed throughout survey areas (roads,

parking lot, facility, and staging area perimeters), and observed within 15 minutes for any signs of

ant activity. While vials were being placed, invasive weeds were also pulled and observed for ants.

This particular species of ant C.kagutsuchi aren’t always attracted to the bait. Pulling weeds is our

most effective method for detecting ants. Ants are associated with the roots of invasive plants, and

appear to feed on aphids and mealybugs found on the roots. In many cases we found ants entirely

by pulling weeds, even when vials were less than a foot away. Areas that contain ants were flagged

off for later treatment.

Control

Ant areas were spot treated with Talstar Professional insecticide. Insecticide dilution followed all

label requirements and quantities applied were determined by the amount of area that needed to

be treated.


Monitoring for C.kagutsuchi continues.

Acknowledgements

We thank the Bishop Museum for their years of effort monitoring both invasive species and wēkiu

bugs on Maunakea. We appreciate all the hard work put into the survey design, making the survey

much easier for us. We thank Cynthia B. King for necessary collecting permits, Jesse A. Eiben for his

field assistance and arthropod identifications, field assistants Marleena Shefield, Domonique

Easter- Green, Amber Stillman, and Kerri Nakatsu. We would also like to thank the Maunakea

Rangers for keeping us safe, and Casper Vanderwoude and Springer Kaye for their efforts towards

the Maunakea Invsive Species Management Plan. Mahalo nui!



REFERENCES Preston, D.J., R. A. Englund, N.L Evenhuis, & C. Imada (2013). Results of the 2012 alien species and

Wekiu bug (Nysius Wekiuicola) surveys on the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii Island. Final report. Honolulu, Bishop Museum.

Evenhuis, N. L. and L. G. Eldredge (2013). Bishop Museum Occasional Papers: Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2012. N. Evenhuis. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. 114: 57.

Kavanaugh, D. H. and T. Erwin (1985). "Trechus obtusus Erichson (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a

European Ground Beetle, on the Pacific Coast of North America: Its Distribution, Introduction, and Spread." Pan-Pacific Entomologist 61(2): 170-179.

Liebher, J. K. and R. Takumi (2002). "Introduction and Distributional Expansion of Trechus obtusus

(Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Maui, Hawaii." Pacific Science 56(4): 365-375. Liebherr, J. and P. Krushelnycky (2007). Unfortunate encounters? Novel interactions of native

Mecyclothorax, alien Trechus obtusus (Coleoptera: Carabidae), and Argentine ant (Linepithema humile, Hymenoptera: Formicidae) across a Hawaiian landscape. Beetle Conservation. T. R. New, Springer Netherlands: 61-73.

Lovei, G. L. and K. D. Sunderland (1996). "Ecology and Behavior of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera:

Carabidae)." Annual Review of Entomology 41: 231-256. Peck, R. W. and P. C. Banko (2011). Survey of Invasive Ants at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife

Refuge, Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawaii at Hilo, Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center (PACRC).



APPENDICES



Annual Survey Locations



2013 Annual Alien Arthropod & Wēkiu bug Trap Locations* Location Site ID Trap Date Altitude

(meters) Latitude Longitude Trap Type

Halepōhaku HP01 24-27-June-2013 2851 19.76058994 -155.45603997 Alien








Pu’uhaukea Hkea01 25-28-June-2013 none 19.81571944 -155.47350000 Wēkiu

Pu’uhaukea Hkea02 25-28-June-2013 none 19.81621944 -155.47388056 Wēkiu

Pu’uhaukea Hkea03 25-28-June-2013 4124 19.81454996 -155.47332999 Wēkiu










Pu’uhaukea Hkea13 25-28-June-2013 4070 19.81257000 155.47385000 Wēkiu

Pu’uhaukea Hkea14 25-28-June-2013 4043 19.81190000 155.47429000 Wēkiu

Pu’upoli’ahu Poli01 25-28-June-2013 none 19.82389000 -155.47977000 Wēkiu

Pu’upoli’ahu Poli02 27-June-1-July-2013 4150 19.82214999 -155.48134997 Wēkiu





Pu’upoli’ahu Poli07 25-28-June-2013 none 19.82405 -155.48028333 Alien(Dry)

Pu’u’hau’oki Oki01 24-28-June-2013 4174 19.82636995 -155.47480999 Alien( Dry)

Pu’u’hau’oki Oki02 25-28-June-2013 4151 19.82607993 -155.47585999 Wēkiu




Pu’u’hau’oki Oki06 25-28-June-2013 none 19.82658997 -155.47548993 Wēkiu

Pu’u’hau’oki Oki07 25-28-June-2013 none 19.8271528 -155.47595278 Wēkiu

Pu’u’hau’oki Oki08 25-28-June-2013 none 19.82490000 -155.47691667 Alien(Dry)

Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu01 24-27-June-2013 4196 19.82157994 -155.46893000 Wēkiu









Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu08 24-27-June-2013 4148 19.81926997 -155.46979995 Alien(Dry)



TMT Site/SMA TMT01 27-June-1-July-2013 4044 19.83111997 -155.48087999 Alien



TMT Site/SMA TMT04 27-June-1-July-2013 none 19.82413333 -155.47705000 Alien(Dry)


TMT Site/SMA TMT06 27-June-1-July-2013 4106 19.82494 -155.47755000 Alien(Dry)




Road Corridor Rd01 21-24-June-2013 3753 19.80173998 -155.45600996 Alien






Batch Plant Batch01 25-28-June-2013 4106 19.82278995 -155.47686992 Alien




Batch Plant Batch05 25-28-June-2013 4080 19.82089000 155.47459000 Wēkiu



VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN01 25-28-June-2013 none 19.80153000 -155.45708000 Wēkiu

VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN02 25-28-June-2013 3776 19.80278998 -155.45694999 Wēkiu





VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN07 25-28-June-2013 3824 19.80540999 -155.45862998 Alien

VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS01 21-24-June-2013 none 19.80002000 -155.45662000 Wēkiu

VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS02 21-24-June-2013 3770 19.79993996 -155.45563999 Wēkiu







Pu’ukea Kea01 27-June-1-July-2013 4223 19.82291996 -155.46995996 Alien

Pu’ukea Kea02 27-June-1-July-2013 4213 19.82379000 -155.46937994 Alien

Pu’upōhaku Poha01 25-29-June-2013 4001 19.82537996 -155.48993999 Alien(Dry)

Pu’upōhaku Poha02 25-29-June-2013 4026 19.82494997 -155.49038993 Wēkiu



Pu’upōhaku Poha05 25-29-June-2013 4033 19.82431998 -155.49112997 Alien

Pu’upōhaku Poha06 25-29-June-2013 4044 19.82453993 -155.49201996 Alien

Poi Bowl Poi01 21-24-June-2013 none 19.82376000 -155.47563000 Wēkiu

Poi Bowl Poi02 21-24-June-2013 none 19.82381000 -155.47549000 Wēkiu

Poi Bowl Poi03 21-24-June-2013 4168 19.82562999 -155.47489992 Wēkiu





Pu’uwai‘au Waiau01 25-28-June-2013 3990 19.81121999 -155.47690999 Alien

Pu’uwai‘au Waiau02 25-28-June-2013 none 19.80999900 -155.47645400 Wēkiu

*Alien trap types include all traps, PBJS Sticks, Yellow Pan, Un-baited wet pitfall, and Baited Pitfall.

*Alien(Dry) trap types include 3 traps PBJS Sticks, Yellow Pan, and Baited Pitfall.

*Wēkiu trap types include only Baited Pitfalls.

*Almost all locations were derived from Bishop Museum Monitoring Surveys



2013 Wēkiu Bug Capture Data Location Site ID Altitude

(meters) Latitude Longitude # Wēkiu

Captures Trap Type

Pu’uhaukea Hkea01 none 19.81571944 -155.47350000 43 Wēkiu

Pu’uhaukea Hkea02 none 19.81621944 -155.47388056 68 Wēkiu

Pu’uhaukea Hkea03 4124 19.81454996 -155.47332999 28 Wēkiu










Pu’uhaukea Hkea13 4070 19.81257000 155.47385000 20 Wēkiu

Pu’uhaukea Hkea14 4043 19.81190000 155.47429000 2 Wēkiu

Pu’upoli’ahu Poli01 none 19.82389000 -155.47977000 10 Wēkiu

Pu’upoli’ahu Poli02 4150 19.82214999 -155.48134997 0 Wēkiu





Pu’upoli’ahu Poli07 none 19.82405 -155.48028333 1 Alien(Dry)

Pu’u’hau’oki Oki01 4174 19.82636995 -155.47480999 8 Alien( Dry)

Pu’u’hau’oki Oki02 4151 19.82607993 -155.47585999 14 Wēkiu




Pu’u’hau’oki Oki06 none 19.82658997 -155.47548993 168 Wēkiu

Pu’u’hau’oki Oki07 none 19.8271528 -155.47595278 20 Wēkiu

Pu’u’hau’oki Oki08 none 19.82490000 -155.47691667 17 Alien(Dry)

Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu01 4196 19.82157994 -155.46893000 796 Wēkiu







Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu08 4148 19.81926997 -155.46979995 15 Alien(Dry)



TMT Site/SMA TMT01 4044 19.83111997 -155.48087999 1 Alien



TMT Site/SMA TMT04 none 19.82413333 -155.47705000 4 Alien(Dry)


TMT Site/SMA TMT06 4106 19.82494 -155.47755000 3 Alien(Dry)






Road Corridor Rd01 3753 19.80173998 -155.45600996 1 Alien




Batch Plant Batch01 4106 19.82278995 -155.47686992 1 Alien




Batch Plant Batch05 4080 19.82089000 155.47459000 1 Wēkiu



VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN01 none 19.80153000 -155.45708000 2 Wēkiu

VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN02 3776 19.80278998 -155.45694999 1 Wēkiu





VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN07 3824 19.80540999 -155.45862998 0 Alien

VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS01 none 19.80002000 -155.45662000 1 Wēkiu

VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS02 3770 19.79993996 -155.45563999 4 Wēkiu





Pu’ukea Kea01 4223 19.82291996 -155.46995996 1 Alien

Pu’ukea Kea02 4213 19.82379000 -155.46937994 94 Alien

Pu’upōhaku Poha01 4001 19.82537996 -155.48993999 9 Alien(Dry)

Pu’upōhaku Poha02 4026 19.82494997 -155.49038993 3 Wēkiu



Pu’upōhaku Poha05 4033 19.82431998 -155.49112997 4 Alien

Pu’upōhaku Poha06 4044 19.82453993 -155.49201996 0 Alien

Poi Bowl Poi01 none 19.82376000 -155.47563000 76 Wēkiu

Poi Bowl Poi02 none 19.82381000 -155.47549000 400 Wēkiu

Poi Bowl Poi03 4168 19.82562999 -155.47489992 31 Wēkiu





Pu’uwai‘au Waiau01 3990 19.81121999 -155.47690999 1 Alien

Pu’uwai‘au Waiau02 none 19.80999900 -155.47645400 6 Wēkiu



Wēkiu Bug Abundance



*Abundance represents the number of individuals



Wēkiu Bug Capture Per Trap Day



Arthropods Captured in 2013 Annual Survey Arthropod threats, as defined in the Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan, are identified in




Taxa Order Family Genus & species Nativity 1 Acari Bdellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 2 Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 3 Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native 4 Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native 5 Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 6 Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native 7 Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native 8 Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native 9 Coleoptera Curculionidae Unknown Non-Native & Native

10 Coleoptera Dermestidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 11 Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Tribolium spp. Non-Native 12 Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 13 Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 14 Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Non-Native 15 Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 16 Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 17 Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native 18 Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 19 Diptera Drosophilidae Drosophila suzukii Non-Native 20 Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 21 Diptera Mycetophilidae Unknown Native 22 Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native 23 Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native 24 Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native 25 Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native 26 Diptera Stratiomyidae Unknown Non-Native 27 Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native 28 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 29 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Geocoris pallens Non-Native 30 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native 31 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius blackburni Native 32 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native 33 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native 34 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native 35 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native 36 Hemiptera Miridae Unknown Non-Native & Native 37 Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native 38 Homoptera Cicadellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 39 Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 40 Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera Non-Native 41 Hymenoptera Bethylidae Sierola spp. Native 42 Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 43 Hymenoptera Chalcididae Unknown Non-Native & Native 44 Hymenoptera Colletidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 45 Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 46 Hymenoptera Formicidae Tapinoma melanocephalum Non-Native 47 Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Diadegma blackburni Non-Native




48 Hymenoptera Pompilidae Unknown Non-Native 49 Hymenoptera Pteromalidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 50 Hymenoptera Sphecidae Ectemnius spp. Native 51 Hymenoptera Vespidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 52 Hymenoptera Vespidae Nesodynerus spp. Native 53 Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 54 Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 55 Lepidoptera Oecophoridae Thyrocopa spp. Native 56 Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris rapae Non-Native 57 Lithiobiomorpha Lithobiidae Lithobius spp. Non-Native & Native 58 Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 59 Thysanoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native

*Only includes species from the annual alien arthropod and wēkiu bug survey, does not include TMT compliance surveys.

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