2013 Electric Power Scheme Proponent Nyangani ...for the Pungwe B hydroelectric power scheme on the...

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Pungwe B Hydroelectric

Electric Power Scheme

2013

Proponent Nyangani Renewable Energy

Date January 2013

Document Title ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Report

for the Pungwe B hydroelectric power scheme on

the Pungwe River in the Honde Valley, north

eastern Zimbabwe

Black Crystal Consulting Private Limited

EMA Reg. No. 00004/2011 1 Fairbairn Drive Mt Pleasant Harare Box 9111 Harare Phone: (04) 33 43 61 / 2912645

Black Crystal Consulting Private Limited EMA Reg. No. 0000071/2013 1 Fairbairn Drive Mt Pleasant Harare Box 9111 Harare Phone: (04) 334 361/ 307 458/ 2912645 Fax : (04) 307466 Mobile : +263 779 394 179 E-mail: [email protected] www.blackcrystal.co.zw



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Copyright © 2013 by Black Crystal Consulting (Private) Limited

This report is the sole property of Nyangani Renewable Energy and Black Crystal Consulting. All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the proponent and the consultants, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is produced here.



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CONSULTANT DETAILS: Black Crystal Consulting Private Limited EMA Reg. No. 000071/2012 Harare Office: No. 1 Fairbairn Drive Mount Pleasant HARARE. P O Box 9111, Harare. E-mail: [email protected] www.blackcrystal.co.zw Phone: (04) 334 361/ 307 458/ 2912645 Fax : (04) 307466 Mobile : +263 779 394 179 Bulawayo Office: P O Box FM 493, Famona Bulawayo Mobile +263 772 126 963



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CONSULTANT TEAM MEMBERS:

ECOLOGIST: Ms S.L. Childes BSc Hons (Botany & Zoology) MSc (Ecology) ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL SCIENTIST: Ms N Mararike BSc Hons (Environmental Science & Geography) MSc (Environmental Science) ARCHAEOLOGIST & GEOGRAPHER: Mr R Burrett BSc Hons (Archaeology & Geography) MSc (Archaeology) ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTIST: Mrs S Waterworth BSc Hons (Environmental Science & Biology).



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PROPONENT DETAILS

Project Name

Pungwe B (Phase 2) Hydroelectric Electric Scheme

Names and Addresses of

Proponents

Nyangani Renewable Energy (Pvt.) Ltd 21 Mold Crescent Avondale Harare Phone: 0773 179495 Company Registration No. 5141/2007

Location of proposed

development

Pungwe River, Honde Valley, Manicaland Zimbabwe

Company Profile

Electrical and Civil Engineering Hydroelectric electric power generation and supply

Names and Details of Contact

Persons

Mr. Ian McKersie E-mail address: [email protected] I.D.No: 63-711302-P00 Mr Rob Goddard Email address: [email protected] I.D.No: 63-951581-M00

Environmental Prospectus

Reference Number

6069 dated 10 December 2012



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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

DDF

District Development Fund

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMA Environmental Management Agency

EMP Environmental Management Plan

GWh Giga Watt hours

IPCC International Panel on Climate Change

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

ML Mega litres = 1 000 000 litres or 1000 m3 and is a measure of volume. Flow rate is measured as m3/s or 1000 litres/s. 1.0 m3/s = 1000 l/s

NMMZ National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe

MTP Medium Term Plan

MOEPD Ministry of Energy and Power Development

MW

Mega Watt

NEP National Energy Policy

RDC Rural District Council

ZETDC Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company

ZERA Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority

ZINWA Zimbabwe National Water Authority

ZPC Zimbabwe Power Company

ZPWMA Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority



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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................................ XII

1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 EIA CONSULTANTS ................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.1 Study Team ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Project Linkages ................................................................................................................................................ 2

1.2 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT ..................................................................................................................................... 3

2 PROJECT BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................. 4

2.1 PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE ............................................................................................................................................. 5 2.2 POWER GENERATION LICENCE ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 GENERAL PROJECT AREA.......................................................................................................................................... 6 2.4 PROJECT LOCATION .................................................................................................................................................. 8 2.5 ALTERNATIVE SITES .................................................................................................................................................. 9

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................................. 11

3.1 STAGE IN PROJECT CYCLE ...................................................................................................................................... 13 3.2 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.1 Water Supply ................................................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.2 Roads and Tracks ............................................................................................................................................ 13 3.2.3 Power Supply ................................................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.4 Communications .............................................................................................................................................. 13

3.3 ADDITIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRED ................................................................................................................ 14 3.3.1 Water Supply ................................................................................................................................................... 14 3.3.2 Roads and Tracks ............................................................................................................................................ 14 3.3.3 Power Supply ................................................................................................................................................... 14 3.3.4 Fireguards ........................................................................................................................................................ 14

3.4 PROJECT TIMELINE ................................................................................................................................................. 14 3.5 PROJECT COST ...................................................................................................................................................... 15

4 REGULATORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................................. 16

4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................................... 16 4.1.1 Environmental Management Act, Chapter 20:27 ............................................................................................. 16 4.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Policy Guidelines, (1997) ........................................................................ 17 4.1.3 Environmental Management (EIA and Ecosystems Protection) Regulations, 2007 ........................................ 17

4.2 CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION OF NATURAL HERITAGE ................................................................. 17 4.2.1 Parks and Wildlife Act 20:14 ............................................................................................................................ 17 4.2.2 National Monuments and Museums Act 25:01 ................................................................................................ 18

4.3 WATER MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CONTROL ...................................................................................... 18 4.3.1 Water Act 20:24 ............................................................................................................................................... 19 4.3.2 Environmental Management (Effluent and Solid Waste Disposal) Regulations, 2007 SI 6 ............................. 19 4.3.3 Environmental Management (Importation and Transit of Hazardous Substances and Waste) Regulations,

2009 S.I. 77 .................................................................................................................................................................... 20 4.4 INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................................................................................... 20 4.4.1 Roads act chapter 13:18 .................................................................................................................................. 20 4.4.2 Electricity Act chapter 13:19 ............................................................................................................................ 21



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4.5 DEVELOPMENT POLICIES .......................................................................................................................................... 21 4.5.1 Medium Term Plan (2010-2015) ...................................................................................................................... 21 4.5.2 National Energy Policy ..................................................................................................................................... 21 4.5.3 United Nations Convention on Biodiversity (1992) .......................................................................................... 22 4.5.4 United Nations Millennium Development Goals (2000) ................................................................................... 22 4.5.5 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) ................................................................ 22 4.5.6 SADC Protocol on Shared Water Resources (2000) ....................................................................................... 23 4.5.7 The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) (1995) ........................................................................................... 23

4.6 SUMMARY OF PERMITS REQUIRED ................................................................................................................. 23

5 BASELINE SETTING..................................................................................................................................................... 25

5.1 BIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................................. 25 5.1.1 Climate ............................................................................................................................................................. 25 5.1.2 Topography, Geology and Soils ...................................................................................................................... 26 5.1.3 Drainage and Hydrology .................................................................................................................................. 27

5.2 AQUATIC ECOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................. 29 5.2.1 River Morphology ............................................................................................................................................. 30 5.2.2 Aquatic Fauna .................................................................................................................................................. 31 5.2.3 Vegetation / Flora ............................................................................................................................................ 34 5.2.4 Wildlife / Fauna ................................................................................................................................................ 35

5.3 ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................... 36 5.3.1 Archaeological and Ethnological Background ................................................................................................. 36 5.3.2 Heritage Assessment ....................................................................................................................................... 36

5.4 BASELINE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................ 39 5.4.1 Administrative Setting ...................................................................................................................................... 39 5.4.2 Population ........................................................................................................................................................ 39 5.4.3 Social Setting ................................................................................................................................................... 39 5.4.4 Economic Setting ............................................................................................................................................. 40 5.4.5 Resource Utilization ......................................................................................................................................... 43 5.4.6 Settlements and Shelter .................................................................................................................................. 43 5.4.7 Health and Health Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 44

6 KEY STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ...................................................................................................................... 45

7 ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ........................................................................................ 48

7.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE .................................................................................................................................... 51 7.1.1 Climatic Considerations ................................................................................................................................... 51 7.1.2 Drainage and Hydrology .................................................................................................................................. 51 7.1.3 Soil erosion and slumping ................................................................................................................................ 51 7.1.4 Vegetation Clearance ...................................................................................................................................... 52 7.1.5 Disturbance / Loss of Wild Life ........................................................................................................................ 52 7.1.6 Solid Waste ...................................................................................................................................................... 53 7.1.7 Dust: Construction Roads and Traffic .............................................................................................................. 53 7.1.8 Employment and skills transfer ........................................................................................................................ 53 7.1.9 Local Earnings ................................................................................................................................................. 54 7.1.10 Direct Cash injection ................................................................................................................................... 54 7.1.11 Improved standards of living ....................................................................................................................... 54 7.1.12 Impact on Tourism ...................................................................................................................................... 54 7.1.13 Communicable diseases ............................................................................................................................. 54 7.1.14 Loss of Water Supply .................................................................................................................................. 55 7.1.15 Loss of assets and fields ............................................................................................................................. 55



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7.1.16 Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Aspects ......................................................................................... 57 7.1.17 Land Use, Land Value ................................................................................................................................ 58

7.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE ....................................................................................................................................... 58 7.2.1 Climatic Considerations ................................................................................................................................... 58 7.2.2 Hydrology and Aquatic Ecology ....................................................................................................................... 58 7.2.3 Soils ................................................................................................................................................................. 62 7.2.4 Vegetation ........................................................................................................................................................ 62 7.2.5 Increase in Deforestation and land clearing .................................................................................................... 62 7.2.6 Wild Life ........................................................................................................................................................... 62 7.2.7 Changes in Water Quality ................................................................................................................................ 62 7.2.8 Contamination of Water by employees ............................................................................................................ 63 7.2.9 Solid Waste Generation ................................................................................................................................... 63 7.2.10 Power (electric) supply ................................................................................................................................ 63 7.2.11 Noise Levels ............................................................................................................................................... 63 7.2.12 Road Use and Traffic Increased ................................................................................................................. 64 7.2.13 Tourism and Conservation Awareness ....................................................................................................... 65 7.2.14 Movement of People and Livestock and Wildlife ........................................................................................ 65 7.2.15 Employment and skills transfer ................................................................................................................... 65 7.2.16 Income Generation for Buwu, Hauna and Honde Valley Area .................................................................... 66 7.2.17 Health and diseases ................................................................................................................................... 66 7.2.18 Access to electricity .................................................................................................................................... 66 7.2.19 Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Aspects ......................................................................................... 67 7.2.20 Changes to Surrounding Land Use and Land Value .................................................................................. 67 7.2.21 Loss of scenic value of landscape / aesthetics ........................................................................................... 67

7.3 PROJECT DECOMMISSIONING / CLOSURE PHASE ........................................................................................ 69

8 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ........................................................................................................................................... 70

8.1 UPGRADING OF EXISTING AND CONSTRUCTION OF NEW GRAVEL ROADS....................................................................... 70 8.1.1 Foot bridges and local community roads ......................................................................................................... 70

8.2 CONSTRUCTION OF EDUCATION FACILITIES ......................................................................................................... 71 8.3 EMPLOYMENT ......................................................................................................................................................... 71 8.4 SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING ....................................................................................................................... 71 8.5 LOCAL CONTRACTORS AND SUPPLIERS .................................................................................................................... 72 8.6 INDIRECT BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................................................................... 72

9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................................................................................................. 73

9.1 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................... 73 9.1.1 Work Plans ...................................................................................................................................................... 73 9.1.2 Site Mobilization ............................................................................................................................................... 74 9.1.3 Contractors Hand Over .................................................................................................................................... 74 9.1.4 Post Construction/ Rehabilitation Stage .......................................................................................................... 74

10 POST EIA REPORTING REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................................ 104

10.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS....................................................................................................................................... 104 10.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORTS ............................................................................................................... 104

11 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................. 104

12 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................. 105

13 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................................... I

APPENDIX A - DETAILED TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONSULTANTS ........................................................................................... II



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APPENDIX B - GENERATION LICENCE ....................................................................................................................................... VI APPENDIX C - BILL OF QUANTITIES .......................................................................................................................................... VII APPENDIX D - FLOW CALCULATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ XII APPENDIX E - CHECKLIST OF PLANTS .................................................................................................................................... XIV APPENDIX F - CHECKLIST OF BIRDS ....................................................................................................................................... XVI APPENDIX G - SIGNED STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION LETTERS ............................................................................................. XVIII APPENDIX H - RESPONSE LETTERS FROM STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................... XXII APPENDIX I - COMMUNITY ATTENDANCE REGISTER ................................................................................................................XXVI APPENDIX J - LETTER OF COMMITMENT FROM NRE (COMPENSATION LETTER)..........................................................................XXXI

List of Figures

Figure 1 Zimbabwe's Power Supply Balance, as at 21 December 2012 5 Figure 2 General Project Area 7 Figure 3 Map showing project location downstream of Pungwe / Nyazengu confluence and National

Park boundary 8 Figure 4 Alternative sites for power generation 10 Figure 5 Annual Precipitation data from Nyanga National Park Trout Hatchery 26 Figure 6 Mean flow for September before and after the Mutare pipeline was installed. MEF is 0.5m3/s 28 Figure 7 Pungwe B riverflow at offtake weir and max - min proposed offtake 28 Figure 8 Estimated mean monthly flow rates for Pungwe River at proposed weir site 29 Figure 9 View of the Pungwe River looking upstream from the weir site 29 Figure 10 A relic tree indicates the recent clearance of the forest for cultivation. 34 Figure 11 Cultivation on steep slopes on the left bank of the Pungwe River will cause soil erosion. 35 Figure 12 Looking North. Proposed site for the power station is on the green area between the two

rivers. 38 Figure 13 Route for the conveyance canal across open cultivated lands 41 Figure 14 Part of the crowd at the community meeting held on 15th January 2013 46 Figure 15 Part of the crowd at the community meeting held on 15th January 2013 46 Figure 16 Network Analysis of Environmental Impacts of the project 49 Figure 17 Network Analysis of Socio-economic Impacts 50 Figure 18 Available Flow for power generation after releasing minimum environmental flow (MEF) of

0.5m3/s 61 Figure 19 Examples of activity and sound levels 64 List of Tables

Table 1Cost and Relative Environmental Impact for each Alternative site for power generation 10 Table 2 Summary of Key Permits Required 23 Table 3 Water sample results 30 Table 4 Species List - Pungwe River Zimbabwe 33 Table 5 Census figures 2002 and 2012, Mutasa District 39 Table 6 Census Figures 2002 and 2012, Ward 5 Mutasa District 39 Table 7 List of Government Departments Consulted 45



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Table 8 List of people to be compensated 55 Table 9 Agritex compensation guideline prices 57 Table 10: Summary of potential impacts and their significance 68



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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Environmental Impact Assessment Report, prepared by Black Crystal Consulting, represents findings of an environmental & social impact assessment of a proposed hydroelectric power project on the Pungwe River in Hauna, Mutasa District in Manicaland Province. The project is being implemented by Nyangani Renewable Energy (NRE), a Zimbabwean registered company dedicated to the provision of renewable energy through the development of hydroelectric power schemes, while minimizing the disturbance to both the natural environment and people. The proposed project will consist of a 15MW hydroelectric power station with an estimated annual energy generation of the project of 52.7GWh. The project is designed to be permanent and has an anticipated life of at least 25 years, however, it is unlikely that the project will be de-commissioned, but there will be a need for replacement or an upgrading of power generating equipment. Three separate options for power generation were initially considered and through a cost benefit analysis and environmental impact assessment, the option discussed herein exhibited the lowest financial and environmental cost hence was chosen as the preferred option. Though the proposed option had the lowest environmental impacts, it was not totally void of significant negative impacts. The significant impacts identified include; potential changes in hydrological, aquatic ecology and habitat loss, vegetation clearing and localised soil erosion, temporary loss of farmland and socio-cultural changes. However, with mitigation, these impacts can easily be eradicated, managed and or prevented. Potential key positive impacts resulting from the proposed project will include; the generation of clean energy, employment creation which will result in a steady and constant income source resulting in an improved standard of living and skills transfer. Additional spinoff positive socio-economic impacts include; improved access to agricultural markets as a result of the construction and upgrading of access roads, from the Hauna turn off to the proposed Power House. Improved access to markets has meant improved earnings and increased agricultural activities, particularly the cultivating of bananas. Improved access will also stimulate tourism to the area. In terms of environmental flow, NRE will release 0.5m3/s as Minimum Environmental Flow. However, close monitoring of the water flow levels in the Pungwe River, is strongly recommended so that the minimum environmental flow is in fact sufficient to maintain downstream aquatic ecology. Although there is still a large potential for the generation of hydroelectric electric power in the Honde Valley, future hydroelectric power project proposals need to consider the accumulative negative impacts of these developments on the aquatic ecology in what are generally pristine rivers as well as the cumulative socio-economic impacts, both positive and negative. The generation of another ‘clean’ source of electric power in the Honde Valley will have positive benefits to both the national power supply and residents in the area in terms of an uplifting of livelihoods and also the NRE Corporate Social Responsibility programmes.



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1 INTRODUCTION

This Environmental Impact Assessment Report, prepared by Black Crystal Consulting, represents findings and Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of a proposed hydroelectric Power Project on the Pungwe River in Hauna, Honde Valley, Mutasa District, Manicaland Province. The proposed power project is being implemented by the Nyangani Renewable Energy (NRE). NRE are a Zimbabwean registered company (No. 5141/2007) dedicated to the provision of renewable energy through the development of hydroelectric power schemes, while minimizing the disturbance to both the natural and socio-cultural environment. The company is based in Harare and operates within the eastern highlands of Zimbabwe. NRE currently maintain and operate three mini hydroelectric generation plants in the Honde Valley (see section 2). The project will develop a 15MW hydroelectric power station with an estimated annual energy generation of the project of 52.7GWh. NRE are submitting this report to the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) for review, in line with legislative requirements. This EIA report follows on from an Environmental Prospectus Report compiled by Black Crystal Consulting and submitted to the EMA on November 2012. The Prospectus was accepted by EMA, Project Reference No. 6069 dated 10 December 2012, with the proviso that the bill of quantities for the project start up costs are provided before the commencement of the EIA. This requirement was fulfilled through the submission of a letter from the proponents, NRE, to EMA dated 21 December 2012. The Environmental Impact (EIA) study focused on assessing the potential impacts of the hydroelectric power project and associated infrastructure on people living in the immediate surrounds and the natural environment. The assessment does not include the route of the ZETDC power line that will link the proposed powerhouse to the national grid. This line is not developed by the proponent, but is carried out by the power authority itself and is subject to their own environmental impact assessment process. The following elements have been included in this EIA report: • Project description • Legislative and policy considerations • The environmental and socio-economic description of baseline environment of the project site • Discussion of considered alternatives • Public consultation and details of public consultation • Assessment of environmental and socio-economic impacts • An Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan • An estimate of project start up costs • Impact linkages with the first phase of the Pungwe A hydroelectric power project • Appendices which will include discussion notes, maps, ecological inventories, etc, flow rate

calculations, river sample results



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Please refer to Appendix A for detailed Terms of Reference. 1.1 EIA CONSULTANTS

Black Crystal Consulting was incorporated as a private limited company in January 2005; it consists of six full time staff and draws from a pool of specialist sub-consultants to work on various multi-disciplinary projects. Black Crystal’s key strength is in its ability to assemble these multi-disciplinary teams to work on a variety of developmental and environmental projects. Black Crystal Consulting is registered with the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) to undertake environmental impact assessments (Registration Number 7031). 1.1.1 Study Team

The specialists involved in this study were: Susan Childes Ecologist and Project Manager Ngoni Mararike Environmental Scientist and Social Scientist Sharon Waterworth Environmental Scientist Rob Burrett Archaeologist, Cultural Resource Specialist, Geographer John English Aquatic Ecologist

1.1.2 Project Linkages

This EIA report follows on from an earlier EIA report (Black Crystal, 2011) which described the development of the first phase of the Pungwe hydroelectric power generation. This report details the proposed construction of the second phase of the project: Pungwe B. 1.2 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

The consultants assume that the information supplied by the proponent, Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC), Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA) and the other stakeholders that were consulted, is accurate.



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1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

The report provides an introduction to the project and its location, and places the project in the environmental and socio-economic context, locally, nationally and internationally. The relevant legislative framework is given and the terms of reference are outlined. The report highlights some of the potential environmental issues facing the development and the possible mitigation measures. The appropriate values for a minimum environmental flow are discussed. An Environmental Management Plan for the Construction and Operational Phases of the Project are given together with a Management and Monitoring Plan. The Appendices contain biodiversity checklists, stakeholder consultation letters, a copy of the generation licence and water flow calculations.



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2 PROJECT BACKGROUND

The Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe comprise a chain of mountains extending for some 250 km along the international border between Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Numerous rivers arise on the mountain slopes and drop steeply down to the surrounding lower and flatter country. The combination of perennial river flow and rapid change in elevation provide good opportunities for the generation of hydroelectric power in this region. At present there are four mini hydroelectric electric power generation schemes in the Honde Valley: • 1.1MW plant on the Nyamingura River commissioned by NRE in July 2010. The power generated

is fed into the National Grid; • 35kW generator driven by water sourced out of the Nyamkombe River on Aberfoyle Tea Estate. Its

energy is utilized in the immediate area, the bulk being used by Aberfoyle Golf and Country Lodge. This is an old unit, installed some 50 years ago but was refurbished and re-commissioned in 1998 by Eastern Highlands Plantations Limited (EHPL);

• 2.8MW scheme (Pungwe A) which diverts water from a weir on the Nyamombe River through a pipeline and penstock down to the Pungwe River. This project has just been commissioned by NRE. Power is fed into the National Grid;

• 2.2MW scheme on the Duru River which is a tributary to the Honde River. This project is currently under construction by NRE. Power will feed into the National Grid.

This fifth hydroelectric power scheme is planned for a section of the Pungwe River, upstream of the Pungwe A power station. (Refer to section 3 for specific details).

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Pungwe B

Final Report

2.1 PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE

Zimbabwe, together with other countries in the swhich has far-reaching social, economic economy relies on the provision of this energy and the impact upon the economic competitiveness of the products. Zimbabwedefined in a series of short and medium term plans, the current one being the Medium Term Plan (2009)1 for the period 2010-2015. The primary objective of the Medium Term Plan is and transformation of capacities for sustainable economic growth and development”.

the key factors to enable the MTP to address Development (MOEPD) of Zimbabwe have recently published a National Energy Policy (NEP) which “seeks to promote the optimal supply and utilisation of energy for socio

safe, sustainable and environmentally friend

access to sufficient, reliable, least cost and environmentally sustainable energy services to support the transformation of the economy..:” Zimbabwe has international obligations as it UN Convention on Climate Change The bulk of Zimbabwe’s electrical energy is supplied from two main sources: Kariba Dam and coal-fired thermal power from Hwange Power Station. its power needs from neighbouring countries, Zimbabwe still has Figure 1 Zimbabwe's Power Supply Balance,

In light of the global concern with the use of fossil fuels for the generation of power, there is an increased emphasis on alternative and renewable 1 Medium Term Plan 2010-2015. (2009). Republic of Zimbabwe, Harare.2 National Energy Policy (2012). Ministry of Energy and Power Development, Harare.3 Zimbabwe Power Company (2012). www.zpc.co.zw

Hwange

34.27%

Power Supply Balance



PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE

Zimbabwe, together with other countries in the sub region, suffers from a shortage of electrical economic and environmental effects. Every productive sector of the

economy relies on the provision of this energy and the security and costs of the energy have a direct economic competitiveness of the products. Zimbabwe’s social and economic goals are

defined in a series of short and medium term plans, the current one being the Medium Term Plan 2015. The primary objective of the Medium Term Plan is

and transformation of capacities for sustainable economic growth and development”.

the key factors to enable the MTP to address its goals and priorities. The Ministry Development (MOEPD) of Zimbabwe have recently published a National Energy Policy (NEP) which “seeks to promote the optimal supply and utilisation of energy for socio-economic development in a

safe, sustainable and environmentally friendly manner”2. The specific goal of the NEP is to “increase access to sufficient, reliable, least cost and environmentally sustainable energy services to support the transformation of the economy..:”

international obligations as it is signatory to the SADC Energy Protocol (1996) and the Convention on Climate Change (1992).

Zimbabwe’s electrical energy is supplied from two main sources: hydroelectricfired thermal power from Hwange Power Station. Despite importing nearly 16% of

power needs from neighbouring countries, Zimbabwe still has a shortage of 10.13% of demand

Zimbabwe's Power Supply Balance, as at 21 December 20123

In light of the global concern with the use of fossil fuels for the generation of power, there is an increased emphasis on alternative and renewable clean energy sources. According to t

2015. (2009). Republic of Zimbabwe, Harare.

Energy Policy (2012). Ministry of Energy and Power Development, Harare. www.zpc.co.zw

Imports

15.92%Shortage

10.13%

Kariba

36.62%

Harare

P/Stn.2

1.40%

Munyati

1.66%

Bulawayo

0.00%

Power Supply Balance

Hydroelectric


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ub region, suffers from a shortage of electrical power, . Every productive sector of the costs of the energy have a direct ’s social and economic goals are

defined in a series of short and medium term plans, the current one being the Medium Term Plan 2015. The primary objective of the Medium Term Plan is “the restoration

and transformation of capacities for sustainable economic growth and development”. Energy is one of The Ministry of Energy and Power

Development (MOEPD) of Zimbabwe have recently published a National Energy Policy (NEP) which economic development in a

The specific goal of the NEP is to “increase access to sufficient, reliable, least cost and environmentally sustainable energy services to support the

y to the SADC Energy Protocol (1996) and the

hydroelectric power from spite importing nearly 16% of

ortage of 10.13% of demand.

In light of the global concern with the use of fossil fuels for the generation of power, there is an energy sources. According to the NEP, there is

Munyati

1.66%



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potential for increasing the large scale and small-scale hydroelectric power on perennial rivers and dams within Zimbabwe to the level of 90-129GWh/a. Whilst it is acknowledged that the proposed hydroelectric electric power scheme described in this current project will not contribute significantly to reducing the overall national power shortage, it will have an important impact. In addition, although the application mechanisms through the National Climate Change Office are not yet in place, theoretically this type of project could apply for Carbon Credits through the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The generation of up to 52.78GWh electrical energy annually by the proposed project will contribute 0.2% of the national demand. Not only will the project have a long-lasting benefit to meeting Zimbabwe’s obligations to reduce carbon emissions from coal fired electricity generators but will generate employment in both the construction and post commissioning 25-year life of the equipment. New access roads will increase communication, employment and agricultural opportunities for the local communities, while increased power generation into the national grid will both reduce load shedding and subsequently encourage economic development within the Honde Valley itself.

2.2 POWER GENERATION LICENCE

NRE is registered with the Zimbabwe Regulatory Authority (ZERA) as an Independent Power Producer. A Generation Licence No.GC0015 for the Pungwe B Hydroelectric electric power plant has been issued to the proponent, NRE, for a period of 20 years. The effective date is 15th October 2010. See Appendix B. The main condition of the licence is that the proponent commences work on the project within one to two years. NRE has already completed the 1st phase of the project – the 2.8MW Pungwe A project. 2.3 GENERAL PROJECT AREA

The proposed scheme is shown as a black star on extract from the 1:250 000 scale Surveyor General map in Figure 2. It will be sited in the Holdenby Communal Land, Mutasa District, Manicaland Province and lies approximately 3.5 km north of Buwu School, lies about 0.5 km south outside of the southern boundary of the Nyanga National Park, and is downstream of the confluence of the Pungwe and Nyazengu rivers. It is about 2km upstream of the Pungwe A station. See Figure 3.



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Figure 2 General Project Area



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2.4 PROJECT LOCATION

Figure 3 Map showing project location downstream of Pungwe / Nyazengu confluence and National Park boundary

Nyanga National Park boundary

Pungwe Gorge

Pungwe / Nyazengu confluence



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2.5 ALTERNATIVE SITES

NRE examined three possible options for run-of-river power generation sites through a combination of desk study and site inspections: OPTION 1

This alternative diverts the water from the Pungwe River along the right hand bank via an open canal into a head pond and silt trap from which twin penstocks will deliver water to the power house located below on the right bank. . OPTION 2

This alternative scheme diverts the water from the Pungwe River along the left bank via both an open canal and enclosed pipelines to a head pond/silt trap from which twin 1m diameter penstocks deliver water to the power house below on the left bank. OPTION 3

This alternative scheme in a similar way to Option 2 diverts the water from the Pungwe River along the left bank via an open canal for approximately 1.3km. At this point, instead of continuing along the contour of the valley as in Option 2, water will instead enter a tunnel (that would have to be excavated in the mountains) and flow in a south east direction, exiting the tunnel at a position below Uzimba. At this point, a circular concrete reservoir will act as the head pond/silt trap from which twin 1m diameter penstocks will deliver water to the power house below on a left bank tributary to the Pungwe.



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Final Report Page 10

Figure 4 Alternative sites for power generation

Table 1Cost and Relative Environmental Impact for each Alternative site for power generation

Option Generation

Potential (GWh)

Relative Cost Relative Environmental

Impact

1. Diversion weir – canal on right bank– power station on right bank

60.3 Lowest lowest

2. Diversion weir – canal & pipeline on left bank – power station of left bank

63.9 Similar to 1 but considerably greater due to difficult terrain and accessibility

Similar to 1 but more disturbance due to access on left bank and steepness of valley side

3. Diversion weir – canal on left bank – tunnel – power station on a left bank tributary to Pungwe

92.3 Highest due to additional construction of tunnel and difficult terrain

Highest

Based on ease of access, cost and lowest potential environmental impact, NRE decided to pursue a modified version of Option 1, described below.



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3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The Pungwe B Hydroelectric Power project will divert water from the Pungwe River, via a diversion weir, into a conveyance canal and from there into a small capacity head pond. From the head pond the water will enter a steel penstock (sections will be underground and over ground depending on the terrain) which channels water under pressure to a turbine which drives a generator to produce electric power. This electricity is then stepped up to 33kV which is the voltage of the national grid at the connection point. It is estimated that the annual energy production will be 50.7GWh. The return flow from the turbine feeds directly back into the Pungwe River some 2.5 km downstream from where it was diverted. 100% of the water that is diverted at the weir is put back into the river at the power house. Key Project Technical Data:

River: Pungwe: A major river rising on the Nyangani Massif in Zimbabwe and

entering the Indian Ocean at Beira in Mozambique. Catchment Area: 133.5km2

Hydrological Zone: Zimbabwe zone FP (Pungwe) Mean Average Rainfall 1 434mm (as measured at the gauging station) Coeff. of Variation: 50% Offtake Weir: Masonry arch structure 20m high 80m wide located at Grid Reference

VQ837648 (on 1:50 000 map series – Inyangani 1832B4 & 1833A3) Founded on solid rock with 40m wide central overflow section, and large diameter scour outlet, diverting flow to a canal intake works on the right bank complete with scour outlet, trash screens and return spillway. Weir Full Supply Level (FSL) RL1100.0, High Flood Level (HFL) RL1104.0, with Maximum Probable Flood (MPF) of 864m3/s. Design Flood 640m3/s, with Return Period of 2000 years.

Canal: 2500m long trapezoidal shaped, concrete lined canal. Slope 1:2000,

bottom width 5m, top width 8m, with max water depth of 1.5m. Head Pond: 70m x 70m x 2.5m deep earth embankment lined with impermeable

membrane. Operating level RL1098.75 Penstock: 4 No 1.2m diameter Steel pipes running in parallel for 1200m length.

Intake Invert level RL1096.25. Outlet level RL910.0 Gross static head 188.75m to give a net head after friction losses in the steel pipe of no



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less than 184.6m. Steel pipe wall thickness 12mm reducing with distance away from the powerhouse to 5mm at the head pond. Stability of the penstock ensured by thrust blocks at all significant direction and grade changes. Maximum flow 12.0m3/s (4x3m3/s) with velocity of 2.65m/s.

Power house: 25 x 40 m steel framed building with brick under Chromadek sheeting.

Gantry Crane and roller shutter door to allow removal of components. Situated at Grid Reference VQ838621 (on 1:50,000 map series - Inyangani 1832B4 & 1833A3) – right bank of Pungwe River. Freeboard above Pungwe River bed 6m, with observed high flood level being 4 m above river bed level.

Turbine and Generator: 2 No 1092mm Turgo Turbines each of 7.776Mw with horizontally

mounted 8.34MVA generators. Control panels, protection, outdoor yard area and metering to suppliers details.

Outdoor Yard: 1 No 18MVA 6.6kV / 33kv step up transformer, feeding into ZETDC

approved protection and metering equipment before evacuation to National Grid.

Transmission Line: ZETDC standard 33Kv line 0.8km long from outdoor yard to existing

ZETDC 33Kv transmission line at VQ837616. Reinforcement of 27km of existing grid from Red Dragon to Selborne Substation (upgrade of conductors from 50mm2 to 100mm2).

Access Roads: 2 new low level river crossings required – Nyamombe and Pungwe

Rivers. 2.5km access road to the diversion weir and 1km access road to the power house. Existing access roads constructed for the Pungwe A project reduce length of new construction required. Roads to be all weather gravel surfaced.

Servitude: The complete area of the project falls under the authority of the

Mutasa Rural District Council and specifically Headwoman Muparutsa and Zindi. Servitude of access will be welcomed due to the dual benefit of improved access to both the local community and the project. Servitude approval from families directly affected by the roads, canal, penstock and powerhouse will require negotiation and compensation.

Water Permit: A permit to allow the non-consumptive use of the water diverted from

the Pungwe has been applied for. The only prior claim on the natural



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flow of the Pungwe River is 0.75 m3/s, allocated to the City of Mutare and this has been deducted from the river flows in calculating the energy potential.

3.1 STAGE IN PROJECT CYCLE

The project is at the final design stage. 3.2 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE

3.2.1 Water Supply

There is no infrastructure providing water, as the local households have their own independent systems of piping water from the nearby streams and rivers. There are also two natural wells located in the area through which the conveyance canal will run. This is discussed in the socio-economic section. 3.2.2 Roads and Tracks

There is an existing gravel road from Hauna Business Centre to Buwu School and the project site office. This gravel road has been extended down to the Pungwe A power station and to the diversion weir on the Nyamombe River. At present there is no road across the Nyamombe River to the new weir site or to the new power station site. Current access is via a footpath. 3.2.3 Power Supply

There is a 33kV transmission line from the Pungwe A power station to the substation at Hauna. 3.2.4 Communications

Limited cell phone communication already exists in the area.



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3.3 ADDITIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRED

3.3.1 Water Supply

Water for power generation will be temporarily abstracted from the Pungwe River and returned to the Pungwe River so there will be no loss of water nor will there be any other use of this water. Homesteads and farmers will continue to use the water from small streams for irrigation as they as have always done. 3.3.2 Roads and Tracks

The Buwu-Pungwe A road is gravelled, formed and concreted in the steeper places. A new 2.5 km access road will need to be constructed to the diversion weir and branching off this a 1km road to the Pungwe B power station. A low level causeway will be built across the Nyamombe River following the current footpath route. There are no homesteads along the site for the new roads which will go through an area of agricultural land. The roads will be all weather gravel surfaced. Existing access roads constructed for the Pungwe A project reduce the length of new construction required. The proponents are aware that, in terms of the Environmental Management Act Chapter 20:27, they shall “take all necessary steps to prevent soil erosion and other damage to the natural resources”. 3.3.3 Power Supply

The project will generate its own power. There will be a new ZETDC transmission line from the Pungwe B power house to join with the Pungwe A line which runs to Hauna. 3.3.4 Fireguards

The power station will be protected from wild fire damage by properly maintained firebreaks around the installation. 3.4 PROJECT TIMELINE

If the necessary statutory approvals have been given it is planned to commence construction in June 2013 so that the project is commissioned by December 2014.



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3.5 PROJECT COST

The estimated project start up cost for the construction of the diversion weir, canal, holding pond, penstock and power station, including access roads is summarised as follows:

Description Amount

Access Roads $520,000 Weir + Canal $2,539,000 Penstock $6,008,000 Power House $782,500 Transmission Lines $50,000

Labour $1,458,000 Preliminary and General Items $603,860 Total $11,961,360

A detailed Bill of Quantities has already been submitted to EMA with the Environmental Prospectus report and is included in Appendix C.



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4 REGULATORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

The EIA is governed by a number of pieces of legislation and policies for environmental management; planning; development; water use and supply; and waste (including waste water) management. This section provides the local, regional and international legal framework within which the proposed development and operation should be undertaken. It also presents several international and regional agreements which are pertinent to this project. A summary of Key Permits Required is also included.

Zimbabwean Legislation

4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

The Environmental Management Act, Chapter 20:27 and the accompanying Regulations and the Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 1997 form the legislative and policy framework guidelines for environmental management in Zimbabwe. 4.1.1 Environmental Management Act, Chapter 20:27

The Environmental Management Act (EMA), 2002 forms the basis for all Environmental Management in Zimbabwe. The Act repeals the Natural Resources Act, Chapter 20:13, the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, Chapter 20:03, the Hazardous and Articles Act, Chapter 15:05 and the Noxious Weeds Act. The Act translates the Environmental Policy Guidelines proposed in 1997 into a legally binding requirement for all specified developments under Part XI, section 97 and listed in the First Schedule, of the EMA. These include tourism developments. Failure to undertake an EIA for specified developments becomes an offence. The proponent becomes liable to pay a penalty or face 5 years imprisonment (Part XI, section 97, EMA, chapter. 20.27). This EIA is in fulfilment of section 97 of the Act. Section 106 of EMA (1) provides for the Environmental Management Agency to carry out periodic environmental audits on any projects for the purpose of ensuring that their implementation complies with the requirements of the Act. Section 107 (1) states that “every developer shall take all reasonable measures to prevent or if prevention is not practicable to mitigate any undesirable effects on the environment that may arise from the implementation of his project” – To this end, this EIA report contains an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan aimed at mitigating and managing potential environmental and social impacts resulting from the proposed development.



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4.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Policy Guidelines, (1997)

The purpose of these guidelines is to ensure that environmental consequences of any development proposals (mining, housing, industry etc) are understood and adequately considered in the planning process of the project. The guidelines provide check lists to be considered during project development. 4.1.3 Environmental Management (EIA and Ecosystems Protection) Regulations, 2007

These regulations stipulate regulations for ecosystems protection, conditions for clay and sand extraction and lays out conditions for the submission and review of environmental impact prospectus and reports. Part III, states the period for review of a prospectus to be 20 working days, and 60 working days for an EIA report. According to Part III (4) the developer should carry out wide consultations with stakeholders, and the Director General has a right to verify whether full stakeholder participation was undertaken. Part II 3 (1) states that a permit is required for the extraction of clay and sand deposits for commercial purposes. Application for the permit is made to the Agency. The Agency considers each application with the local authority and a local inspector and ensure that the applicant together with the local authority develop a detailed excavation and environmental rehabilitation plan. Failure to adhere to these regulations may result in a fine or imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years. Once issued, a permit for extraction is valid for a period of one year and is not transferable. The proposed contractor to obtain permits through the EMA for the extraction of clay and sand deposits for construction, and the extraction of gravel for the roads in accordance with requirements of these regulations. With regard to fire, any land user, owner or designated authority is required to put in place appropriate fire prevention measures on their land/premises. The regulations also prohibit (a) the deliberate lighting of fire that cannot be extinguished and causes damage to the environment, property or life and (b) the lighting of fire outside residential or commercial premises during 31 July to 31 October of each year. 4.2 CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION OF NATURAL HERITAGE

4.2.1 Parks and Wildlife Act 20:14

The Parks and Wild Life Act should be read in conjunction to the Environmental Management Act, Part XII that advocates for the protection and conservation of the natural environment. The Parks and Wildlife Act, aims to establish (1) areas of wildlife conservation through the establishment of national parks, sanctuaries, safari areas and recreational parks, (2) areas of natural flora, natural landscape and scenery through the establishment of botanical reserves, gardens etc. The sixth and seventh schedules



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of the Parks and Wildlife Act highlight specially protected animals, and specially protected indigenous plants respectively. 4.2.2 National Monuments and Museums Act 25:01

The National Museums and Monuments Act Chapter 25:01 protects all areas of historical, architectural, archaeological and paleontological value predating 1890 and any other site so specified by the Executive Director of National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe (NMMZ). Such sites cannot be altered, excavated or damaged and material on them cannot be removed without the written consent of the Executive Director of the NMMZ. The recent SI updates the Act and reiterates the importance of these same principles in the context of any Impact Assessment. Several clauses of the National Museums and Monuments Act are of particular relevance to this project: • Article 21 makes it mandatory for the immediate reporting of any “discovery of ancient

monument or relic” to the NMMZ indicating location, description, and details of the discoverer and landowner/user thereof. Contravention is a proscribed offence.

• Article 24 specifies that excavation or alteration of any site of archaeological, cultural, historical and paleontological presence cannot be undertaken without the prior written consent of the Executive Director NMMZ. In addition no artifacts or specimens from such sites may be removed from their original contexts without such permission. Only approved persons are entitled to undertake such work as directed by the Executive Director of the NMMZ. Contravention of any of these requirements is an offense.

All human actions have left behind material expressions that reflect their maker’s cultural and social values. These are the artifacts, features and other remains that are studied by archaeologists. It is important to stress that it is not just the artifacts themselves that are significant; rather it is the wider contexts within which they are discovered which provides archaeologists the basis of their interpretation. Any inadvertent damage to such associations would deprive us of our ability to understand the past. NMMZ and EMA now insist that heritage research is included in all impact management procedures. Only academics with a background in this research and approved by NMMZ are allowed to undertake the work. 4.3 WATER MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CONTROL

The pollution of natural water resources is generally regulated by two pieces of legislation. These are the Water Act and SI 6. Reference should also be made to the ZINWA Pollution Control Operational Guidelines.



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4.3.1 Water Act 20:24

Under this Act discharging or disposing of effluent into public streams or any other surface water or ground water either directly or indirectly through seepage becomes an offence. This act also removes the onus for pollution control from the Government to the polluter. It introduces the ‘Polluter Pays Principle’ where the responsibility for pollution control and detection lies with the polluter. Under the new system a polluter has to apply for a permit to pollute. Part IV, section 32 states that any person wishing to abstract water for any purpose other than primary purposes should do so under a permit, issued through ZINWA. The Act does not specify the use of water for the generation of hydroelectric power. The Water Act designates Catchment Areas to be administered by Catchment Council, an elected body of stakeholders that has been created through Statutory Instrument 209 of 2000, to control and administer water affairs in the catchment. Each Catchment Area is subdivided into sub catchments, to provide for water management by an elected sub catchment council within a more localized river subsystem. The Pungwe Sub catchment in Zimbabwe falls within the jurisdiction of the Save Catchment. The principal functions of the Catchment Council are: 1. To prepare a Catchment Outline Plan (COP) for its river system. 2. To determine and grant water use permits. 3. To regulate and supervise the exercise of rights to the use of water. 4. To ensure proper compliance with the Act and to supervise sub catchment councils (SCC). The

SCC regulates and supervises the rights to water within the area for which it was established. In addition to its secretarial and advisory responsibilities, ZINWA has other core functions related to engineering services for the provision of water supply, hydrological data collection and analysis, as well as pollution control. 4.3.2 Environmental Management (Effluent and Solid Waste Disposal) Regulations, 2007 SI 6

These regulations repeal the Water (Waste and Effluent Disposal) Regulations, 2000. The primary objective of the regulations is to regulate and prohibit the disposal “of waste water or effluent into a public stream or into any other surface water or ground water, whether directly or through drainage or seepage except under a permit”. A permit will also be required for the disposal of solid waste. Under these regulations the following activities will require permits:



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• Any effluent released directly into rivers, streams or onto land (applies to individual operations, sewerage treatment plants and landfills);

• Disposal of solid wastes anywhere other than a municipal refuse site; • Disposal of natural soil or rock that has the potential to contaminate water resources through

leaching because of its mineral content. Otherwise disposal of solid rock would not normally require a permit

• During the construction and operational phase, all measures should be undertaken that no effluent, waste water or waste is disposed into public stream or water sources by the contractor unless under the prescribed permits as follows: Permit classification Criteria

Blue Environmentally safe

Green Presents a low environmental hazard

Yellow Presents a medium environmental hazard

Red Presents a high environmental hazard

Section 22 of these regulations requires that general waste or hazardous waste be disposed of at a licensed general landfill or a hazardous landfill. Any person, who is found guilty of contravening any part of these regulations, will be subject to a spot fine from EMA.

4.3.3 Environmental Management (Importation and Transit of Hazardous Substances and

Waste) Regulations, 2009 S.I. 77

The SI 77 of 2009 section 7 (1) (b) states that any person who causes any spillage of hazardous substances or waste into the environment shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding level fourteen or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding one year or to both such fines or imprisonment. 4.4 INFRASTRUCTURE

4.4.1 Roads act chapter 13:18

Part VI section 29 (1) (a) of the Roads Act (Chapter13:18) states that any local road authority or person who wishes to have reasonable access to any place by means of a regional, primary, secondary road may apply to the minister in writing for a declaration of a regional, primary or secondary road or diversion of a road, as the case maybe. The Roads Act also stipulates that any persons that suffer loss or deprivation during any road upgrading and or construction should have the right to claim compensation. (Part IV, section 54)



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Part IX, section 55 states that a copy of notice should be served to any person or owner of land that is going to be affected by road upgrade and construction. 4.4.2 Electricity Act chapter 13:19

This Act provides for the establishment of the Zimbabwe Electricity Regulatory Commission, its functions and management and the licensing and regulation of the generation, transmission, distribution and supply of electricity. Part VIII section 42 sets the terms and conditions for a Generation Licence which permits the licensee to ‘construct, own, operate and maintain a generation station for the purposes of the generation and supply of electricity’. A generation licence holder may also supply electricity to any transmission, distribution or supply licensee who purchases electricity for resale and .with the approval of the commission, to any one or more consumers. 4.5 DEVELOPMENT POLICIES

4.5.1 Medium Term Plan (2010-2015)

The Medium Term Plan (MTP) was developed in response to the Global Political Agreement for the restoration of economic stability and growth in Zimbabwe. The key priorities for the MTP are:

i. Promote economic growth and ensure food security ii. Guarantee basic goods and services iii. Strengthen and ensure the rule of law and respect for property rights iv. Advance and safeguard basic freedoms through legislative reform and the constitutional

process v. Re-establish international relations with western countries

The first priority is particularly relevant to this project as the provision of electricity will facilitate economic growth. 4.5.2 National Energy Policy

The National Energy Policy aims to address the supply and distribution of electrical power within Zimbabwe through some of the following: a) Increase usage of and investment in renewable energy b) Promote renewable energy as an environmentally friendly form of energy c) Diversify supply options d) Increase access to modern energy in rural areas



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The proposed project and the previous NRE projects that is Nyamingura, Pungwe A and Duru Hydroelectric power project fulfil all of these aspects.

International and regional policy and obligations

Zimbabwe is party to several international and regional agreements which are pertinent to this project. 4.5.3 United Nations Convention on Biodiversity (1992)

The objective of the Convention on Biodiversity is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. It is regarded as the key document for sustainable development. 4.5.4 United Nations Millennium Development Goals (2000)

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that all 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. They include eradicating extreme poverty, reducing child mortality rates, fighting disease epidemics such as AIDS, and developing a global partnership for development.4 The eight MDGs are:

1. Extreme poverty and hunger eradication. 2. Achieving universal primary education 3. Promoting gender equality and women empowerment 4. Reducing child mortality rates 5. Improving maternal health 6. Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7. Ensuring environmental sustainability 8. Developing a global partnership for development

4.5.5 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)

The UNFCC seeks to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions and encourage carbon emissions trading between developed and un-developed countries through the Clean Development Mechanism (IPCC, 2007). The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) provides for emissions reduction projects which generate Certified Emission Reduction units (CERs), commonly known as Carbon Credits, to then be traded. The Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) formerly the Voluntary Carbon Standard is a 4 www.un.org/milleniumgoals/



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quality standard for voluntary carbon offset industry. Based on the Clean Development Mechanism, VCS establishes criteria for validating, measuring, and monitoring carbon offset projects. Run-of-river hydroelectric projects are amongst those potentially applicable for VCS carbon credits. 4.5.6 SADC Protocol on Shared Water Resources (2000)

This agreement aims to regulate the impact of water use by member countries on trans-boundary water resources. One of the outcomes of this initiative is the Integrated Water Resource Management Plan (IWRM) for the Pungwe River (SWECO, 2005). As the source of the Pungwe River is within Zimbabwe, any developments on the river in Zimbabwe will have an impact on the outflow into Mozambique. The IWRM Plan attempts to balance the development requirements of both countries, without compromising on the environmental sustainability of any projects The IWRM Plan for the Pungwe was developed by a group of consultancy organisations, led by SWECO in association with ZINWA. However, the plan does not discuss in details issues on water allocation criteria, efficiency and economic benefits (http://www.gwptoolbox.org/index.php?option=com_case&id=226). This project, being a run of river project without any storage will not have any impact on this resource in

respect of Mozambique as all the water used will be returned to the same river without any detrimental

effect on either quantity or quality

4.5.7 The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) (1995)

This was founded under the auspices of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The members of SAPP have created a common power grid between their countries and a common market for electricity in the SADC region. 4.6 SUMMARY OF PERMITS REQUIRED

In light of the above legislative requirements, the table below highlights some of the environmental permits which NRE would need to obtain.

Table 2 Summary of Key Permits Required

Aspect Permit/Consideration Issuing Authority

Environmental protection

Environmental Impact

Assessment Certificate

Environmental Management Agency. Note: Permit valid for 2 years from the date of issue; If it becomes apparent that development will not be implemented before certificate’s period of validity expires, or if there is any change in the project which is likely to affect the environment



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or impacts being considerably different from those outlined in the EIA report the developer is required to inform the Director General EMA; EIA certificate to be kept and shown to an Agency upon request any time during the project development and any time after project completion. Applications for amendments or extension of an EIA certificate to be made to the Agency in form EMA C2 with 6 months before the expiry date of the license.

Resource utilisation

Extraction of sand, gravel or clay permit

Environmental Management Agency and Mutasa RDC – Permit valid for 1 year from the date of issue

Transport and storage of Hazardous Substances

Fuels and oils for construction vehicles

Permit may be required

Water abstraction for use other than primary purpose

Water permit Pungwe Sub Catchment Council Note: Permit valid for 20 years or longer or shorter period as the Catchment Council may fix; If for a continuous period of 3 years, the holder of a permit fails to make use of the permit, the Catchment Council may cancel the permit or if the holder of a permit makes partial use of the permit, the Catchment Council may amend the permit by reducing the quantity of water allocated under the permit.

Roads Act Construction of road to diversion weir and power station

Application to be made through the Mutasa RDC and comply with Council specifications

Electricity Act Licence to generate power Licence valid for 20 years. Work has to commence within one year of date of issue.



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5 BASELINE SETTING

5.1 BIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

5.1.1 Climate

The Eastern Highlands are characterised by dramatic climatic variation, which results from the diverse topography and large range in relief. Generally, there is a graduation from the upland areas that are cooler and moister, down to the warmer, drier lowland regions. Aspect also has a marked influence on rainfall and temperatures, such that northern and western slopes are warmer, drier and sunnier than south and east facing slopes. A recent report compiled for NRE by Black Crystal (2012) reviewed the past and currently available precipitation data for the Nyangani Massif and surrounding areas. The Department of Meteorological Services is the national body responsible for the recording of climatic data. Over the past 30 years several of their recording stations around Nyanga have closed down and the remaining official stations that are currently recording meteorological data are: • Nyanga Experimental Station (synoptic data and rainfall); • Nyanga District Administration (rainfall); • Nyanga National Park Trout Hatchery (rainfall); • Chingamwe (rainfall); • Nyanga Luleche (rainfall). Although rainfall is orographic and strongly seasonal, with most of the rain falling during the summer months (November - April), at higher altitudes and particularly on the eastern and southern slopes, small amounts of precipitation are recorded in every month. Precipitation in winter accounts for up to 12% of the annual rainfall total in the higher areas, and the cooler temperatures also lead to reduced evaporation which ranges from 1380-1590 mm per annum (Pungwe IWRM Monograph, 2006). The Nyanga Trout Hatchery is situated close to the headwaters of the Pungwe River at an altitude of 1919m.a.s.l, but on the leeward side of the mountains. Precipitation data for the Nyanga National Park Trout Hatchery for the period 1986-2010, figure 5, showed an annual mean of 1356.3mm with a co-efficient of variation of 33.5%. Above average rainfall was recorded 8 times during the 24 years, with a maximum of 1995.8mm in 1998-99. Below average rainfall was recorded on 10 occasions, and the lowest amount received was 456.6mm in 1991-1992. Another rainfall recording site that is immediately above the Pungwe source is the Nyanga Experimental Station Potato Patch at an altitude of 2026m a.s.l. Here, the mean annual rainfall for the 12 year period 1987-1999 is 1403.1mm, approximately 50mm higher than the Nyanga National Park Trout Hatchery.



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Figure 5 Annual Precipitation data from Nyanga National Park Trout Hatchery

Temperatures over the elevated regions are pleasantly moderate, with maximum temperatures never exceeding 30°C. Winter temperatures can drop to -0.9°C, and ground frosts are common. In the lower altitudes, daily maximum temperatures of 35°C or higher can occur, and coupled with the high rainfall, this creates sub tropical conditions in the parts of the Honde Valley. 5.1.2 Topography, Geology and Soils

Granitic rocks that form part of the Basement Complex underlie much of Nyanga District, including the project area. As is the case elsewhere in the country, dolerite dykes and sills have subsequently intruded these granitic rocks. For example, much of the high plateau country extending to the north of Mount Nyangani is capped by a great thickness of dolerite. Elsewhere the dolerite sills tend to be thin (rarely exceeding 100m in width) but highly persistent (typically extending over 0.5 - 5km, but sometimes as far as 25km). These dolerite intrusions are frequently accompanied by localised thermal metamorphism (Stocklmayer, 1978). Parts of the district to the east are covered by more recent sedimentary rocks of the Umkondo Group. The topography is dominated by Nyangani Mountain to the north and the Chikurukutsi (Chikorokoto) Ridge to the North West at altitudes of 2591m and 1800m respectively. Further south east is the Pamushana ridge and Honde View. A major topographical feature of the area within the National Park is the spectacular Pungwe Gorge which is approximately 740m deep and 7km long. The general project area lies in a valley formed by ancient erosion of the Pungwe River as it cut back into the mountains. Along the right bank of the river are series of wide, gently sloping river terraces, which then drop steeply to the river, whilst the left bank has generally steeper slopes. There are numerous small streams that drain off the eastern and western ridges that flank the valley and flow through the project area and into the Pungwe (see Figure.3). A waterfall on the Pungwe lies just below

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the proposed weir site. These falls ware not named on the Surveyor General map but have a local name: Chikanda Falls. The soils in the valley and around the project site are alluvial and colluvial deep loamy sands with a high humic and nutrient content resulting from the dense forest which, until recently, covered the valley. Once the forest cover has been removed, the soils become vulnerable to erosion and lose their fertility within 5 – 10 years of continuous cropping. 5.1.3 Drainage and Hydrology

The Pungwe River is the major drainage feature in the area. It originates on Nyangani Mountain at an altitude of about 2200m, flowing southwest until it changes course at Pungwe Falls, a location renowned for its scenic beauty. Here the river enters the deep Pungwe Gorge and is joined by the Nyazengu river which drops to an estimated 91m in a single fall of water. The Pungwe changes course and flows south and then abruptly east, before meandering through the flatter valley floor of the Honde. It exits Zimbabwe near Katiyo at an altitude of about 579m a.s.l. and travels eastwards through Mozambique to Beira. Major tributaries of the Pungwe River in Zimbabwe are the Honde on the right bank and the Nyazengu, Chiteme, Nyamhingura, Nyawamba, Nyamukombe, and Rwera rivers on the left bank. The drainage area for the upper Pungwe is a combination of land in the Nyanga National Park as well as exotic forest plantations, with mixed agriculture practiced in the lower Honde Valley. The catchment area for the upper Pungwe is estimated to be 86km2 and that for its major tributary, the Nyazengu, is 48km2. Within Zimbabwe there are only two ZINWA hydrological monitoring sites on the Pungwe River: one at the Pungwe Causeway in the Nyanga National Park, and one downstream at the Pungwe River Bridge near Katiyo. In 1999 a pipeline that transfers water from the Pungwe River to the Odzani catchment (a part of the Save River basin) to augment supplies to the City of Mutare was constructed. The quantities involved are 0.7m3/s or 22million m3 per year. The agreement with Mozambique is that Mutare can abstract 0.7m3 provided there is always 0.5m3/s in the river. Van der Zaag (2000 in UNEP, 2009) contends that the diverting of 0.7m3 or 22 million m3 is significant as this is equivalent to 16% of the mean annual runoff. During the low flow season this is much larger, and equivalent to 50% of the mean annual runoff. A comparison of the September monthly flow data before and after the installation of the Mutare pipeline shows that in some years the remaining flow down the Pungwe is less than the stipulated minimum environmental flow of 0.5m3/s: 2004-05 and 2007-08. This is despite assurances by the City of Mutare that the minimum environmental flow would always be maintained. See Figure 6.



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Figure 6 Mean flow for September before and after the Mutare pipeline was installed. MEF is 0.5m3/s

Using ZINWA flow data from the Pungwe Causeway and taking into account adjustments for aspect, the pipeline offtake for Mutare and the estimated inflow from the Nyazengu, the estimated annual mean flow for the Pungwe River at the diversion weir is 5.842m3/s. The highest average monthly flows are 14.106 and 13.315m3/s in February and March respectively. The lowest monthly flow rates of 1.439 and 1.159m3/s occur in September and October. See Appendix D for flow rate calculations.

Figure 7 Pungwe B riverflow at offtake weir and max - min proposed offtake

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Figure 8 Estimated mean monthly flow rates for Pungwe River at proposed weir site

5.2 AQUATIC ECOLOGY

The biota of the upland streams draining the Nyanga highlands have evolved in relative isolation, separated from the surrounding lower areas by virtue of steep gradients, low temperatures and very low nutrient levels. Such environments are not common in Zimbabwe and have not been well studied. A UNEP (2009) assessment of hydrological and land use characteristics of the rivers draining into the Western Indian Ocean considered the Pungwe River to be pristine, but commented that there is a lack of information about the river quality.

Figure 9 View of the Pungwe River looking upstream from the weir site

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5.2.1 River Morphology

i. Nutrients and Water Chemistry/Quality

Water samples were collected from two points on the Pungwe River in the project area. The results are highlighted in the table 3 below: Table 3 Water sample results

Pungwe

River B

Weir site

Pungwe River B

Discharging

Site

WHO Guideline

Criteria For Drinking

Water

Parameter

Measured

Units Method Used

PH - Meter reading 7.2 6.73 6.5-8.5 Conductivity uS/cm Meter reading 72.4 196.5 1000 Turbidity NTU Meter reading 5 4 5

TSS mg/L Gravimetric method

4 8 1.0

TDS mg/L Meter reading 57.9 138.5 1000 BOD mg/L 5-Day. BOD

method 0.84 0.51 -

COD mg/L Titrimetric 0.18 0.20 - Phosphates mg/L Murphy- Riley

Method 0.4 8.55 -

Nitrates mg/L Cadmium Reduction Method

0.004 0.011 50 (Adults) 10 (Children)

Nitrites mg/L Diazotization Method

0.005 0.002 3.0 (acute), 0.2 (P) Chronic

Sulphates mg/L Gravimetric Method

0.25 0.21 250

Iron mg/L AAS 0.01 0.02 0.3 Calcium mg/L AAS 8.11 20.1 200 Magnesium mg/L AAS 5.3 9.3 150 Zinc mg/L AAS ND ND 3 Salinity ppt 0 0 - Sediment - nil nil Total Bactria

Count c.f.u Plate Count Agar >3000 >3000 <100/ml

Faecal Coliforms c.f.u MacConkey Broth medium

150 93 0

E. Coli - Brilliant Green bile Medium

Positive Positive 0

5 Red category effluent discharge standard is ≤ 5



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The Total Suspended Solids in both samples are well within the Zimbabwe effluent disposal management guidelines but outside the WHO recommended level of less than 1.0 mg/L for drinking water. Pungwe River B Discharging Site recorded a high level of phosphates, 2.5 mg/L, which is in the red category of the Zimbabwe effluent classification disposal management guidelines. It is evident that this sample is contaminated with phosphates possibly from laundry activities. The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in both samples is on the high side for drinking water, but lies within the blue category of the effluent disposal management guideline. BOD is a measure of the water pollution caused by water organic matter. Organic pollutants in water are oxidised by aerobic bacteria using dissolved oxygen. If biochemical oxygen demand is high it will deplete dissolved oxygen in water. The two water samples are microbiologically contaminated as shown by the high levels of total bacteria counts, faecal coliforms and the presence of E. Coli, possibly from humans and cattle. Temple and Payne (1993) report on chemical data and water temperatures that were collected from the Nyangombe River, at the main Rusape-Nyanga road bridge. They found that the water is well oxygenated, with low calcium, low conductivity and a poorly buffered, neutral pH. Conductivity values are a sensitive measure of the dissolved solids or ionic concentration of the water. The Pungwe River has similar characteristics to the Nyangombe River which allows the data provided by Temple and Payne to be extrapolated to this system. There is significantly less habitation and development in the Pungwe River catchment above the project site so lower nutrient levels would be expected for the Pungwe River affected by the Pungwe B project. ii. Water Temperature

Although the altitude of the proposed project site is situated between 1100m a.s.l and 910m a.s.l., water temperature recorded at the time of the field visit at midday on 8 December 2013 was 21.1⁰C. This is a direct consequence of a drop in altitude of some 650m over 11km. It is therefore possible to extrapolate temperatures recorded the Nyangombe river (Temple and Payne (1993)) which gives some idea of the seasonal range in temperatures which are 8.0-17.5⁰C within the upper reaches in the

national park, and 10.5-22.5⁰C at lower levels. 5.2.2 Aquatic Fauna

The Pungwe River is characterized by stretches of water where the current is rapid and the substrate comprises flat rock, boulders and stones. This is interspersed by large or small pools where the current is slower and the substrate more sandy. The distribution of the different substrates and the kinetics of the flow are important as regards the establishment and maintenance of aquatic faunal and floral populations. In flowing water, the friction between the water and the substrate causes turbulence,



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resulting in a boundary layer in which there is effectively no current. This factor is of great importance, in that it provides the habitat in which much of the aquatic fauna and flora live. The boundary layer can be 2-3mm thick, or more, if the current is faster. Colder water also possesses a thicker boundary layer than warm water. The more boulders and stones present, the greater the area of the boundary layer, and the more numerous the fauna and flora. Moreover, behind each boulder, stone or pebble an area of 'dead water' is found which provides a haven for many vertebrate and invertebrate species. Thus, fast flowing water generally supports greater biodiversity and higher population densities than slower flowing water (Minshull, 1998 in Pungwe A EIA report). Minshull (1998) made collections in a brief survey on the upper Nyangombe River. His findings are relevant to this project as the morphology and temperatures of the two river systems are similar: • In the splash zone at the edge of falls and rapids, and in large pools with constant wave action, the

aquatic invertebrates are exposed briefly to air. Midges and Black Flies, together with a few River Limpets heavily populate this zone.

• The zone below remains permanently under water. This is heavily populated by Caddisflies (especially Hydropsychids), Mayflies (especially Beatids) and River Limpets.

• In pools where there are sandbanks under water, burrowing Gomphid larvae are abundant, together with some Midges.

• In stretches of flowing water, all rocks and stones are covered with a slippery surface of closely cropped brown and green algae. The embedded and loose stones and pebbles, generally in the centre of the current, are host to many specialised flattened forms, such as Water Pennies, Flatworms, Riffle Beetles, Libellulids and Heptagenids. The Pyralid Moth, Hydropsychids and a Midge construct fixed cases of sand grains on the sides, backs and beneath stones. Other Caddisflies construct cases out of fine sand grains and use silken threads to anchor themselves when not moving in the boundary layer. Midges also use silken threads as safety ropes. River Limpets are also abundant on the stones. Aeschnid larvae and Crab, Potomonautes perlatus, shelter under or between the stones. Beatids are numerous.

The Nyangombe River has considerable development upstream of Minshull’s study site, namely two trout farms, a large commercial orchard, six dams, two rest camps, a hotel and numerous dwellings all of which contribute significantly to nutrient loading of the river system. Such development is largely absent from the Pungwe River system upstream of the project site and in consequence the aquatic fauna and flora in the river, while similar in composition, is significantly less abundant than in the Nyangombe River.



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The Pungwe system has 22 species of fish recorded (Bell Cross & Minshull, 1988). Refer to table 4 below: Table 4 Species List - Pungwe River Zimbabwe

Species Common name

Anguilla bengalensis labiata African mottled eel Hippopotamyrus ansorgii Slender stone basher Parasalmo mykiss Rainbow trout Salmo trutta Brown trout Kneria auriculata Southern kneria Hydroelectriccynus forskahlii Tigerfish Barbus annectens Broadstriped barb Barbus eutaenia Orangefin barb Barbus lineomaculatus Linespotted barb Barbus manicensis Yellow barb Barbus marequensis Largescale yellowfish Barbus paludinosus Straightfin barb Barbus tangandensis Redspot barb Osparidium zambezense Barred minnow Varicorhinus nasutus Shortsnout chiselmouth Varicorhinus pungweensis Pungwe chiselmouth Leptoglanis rotundiceps Spotted sand catlet Amphilius natalensis Natal mountain catfish Amphilius uranoscopus Stargazer mountain catfish Clarius garipinus Sharptooth catfish Chiloglanis emarginatus Pongola rock catlet Chiloglanis neumanni Neumanns rock catlet Some of the species listed in the Pungwe River are most likely to occur in the lower reaches of the river where it crosses into Mozambique at an altitude of 580m a.s.l. The Chikanda Falls, approximately 1km below the Nyanga National Park boundary, currently acts as a barrier to upstream movement of many of the species of fish found in the river system with the exception of the African Mottled Eel (Anguilla bengalensis labiata) the elvers of which are known to ascend the Pungwe Falls to populate the upper Pungwe River. Specimens of the Stargazer Mountain Catfish (Amphilius uranoscopus) and Southern Kneria (Kneria auriculata) were collected during a field trip to the project site in December 2012. Largescale Yellowfish, (Barbus marequensis) and Rainbow Trout (Parasalmo mykiss) have been caught by sport anglers below the Pungwe Falls.



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5.2.3 Vegetation / Flora

The natural vegetation in the project area was once moist lowland evergreen forest (Figure 10). This has been highly modified through slash and burn cultivation and very little now remains except as a narrow strip along the Pungwe River of 25m+ tall trees and along the base of the hillsides. It is important to note that very little of this lowland forest still exists, neither in Zimbabwe nor in

Mozambique, so the remaining areas in and outside the National Park require intensive

protection to preserve their biodiversity value.

Figure 10 A relic tree indicates the recent clearance of the forest for cultivation.



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Figure 11 Cultivation on steep slopes on the left bank of the Pungwe River will cause soil erosion.

Tree species found in the remnants of this riparian forest are Mussaenda arcuata, Albizia gummifera, Khaya anthotheca, Bridelia micrantha, Erythroxylum emaginatum, Breonardia salicina, Rawsonia lucida, Rapanea melanophoeos, Aidea micrantha and the pioneer species, Macaranga capensis, Trema orientalis and Newtonia buchananii. The trees support numerous species of epiphytic ferns and orchids (Polystachya spp. and Bulbophyllum spp). The cultivated areas carry a mixture of maize, bananas, yams and numerous weedy species such as Tagetes minuta, Commelina sp., Bidens pilosa. On the left bank of the river, are clumps of an indigenous bamboo, Oxytenanthera abyssinica. Several specimens of the common tree fern, Cyathea dregei were noted around the weir site. Tree ferns and epiphytic orchids are Specially Protected Indigenous Plants (Seventh Schedule, Parks & Wild Life Act, 1996). Due to the clearing of natural vegetation, there has been a spread of alien invasive plants in particular, Lantana camara and Psidium guajava. 5.2.4 Wildlife / Fauna

Human predation has resulted in a dramatic decrease in the numbers and diversity of wild animals and birds in the project area. The loss of habitat has had a serious impact on the forest species and only a few, mostly common, bird species were noted. A flock of Silvery-cheeked Hornbills were seen flying along the remnant of forest at the base of the western ridge and Livingstone’s Turaco and a Wood Dove, probably Blue-spotted, were heard calling.



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Other birds noted were mostly small seedeaters that feed in the cultivated areas and grasslands. (See Appendix E 5.3 ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE ENVIRONMENT

5.3.1 Archaeological and Ethnological Background

The Nyanga region is extremely rich when it comes to archaeological heritage. For many years it has been known for its ruined stone structures – terraces, pits and stone enclosures, as well as its pre-colonial water-control mechanisms (cf. Summers 1958; Burrett 1998; Soper 2002 & 2006). The Black Crystal Consulting team considered it possible that such remains could be present in the proposed project footprint based on indications on the relevant 1:50 000 topographical map, as well as a prior knowledge of the heritage to be found on the Chikorokoto and Pamushana ridges and within and adjacent to the Mtarazi National Park. The ethnographic history of the area concerned has been poorly documented, although the paper by Beach (2002) does go some way to analysing those who lived in the region in the historical era and their associated socio-economic structures. This suggests that the immediate area of the proposed project was outside of the region traditionally occupied by the Unyama Dynasty and its associates: these groups are usually held responsible for the Nyanga Ruins Complex. On the contrary this section of the Pungwe River was historically sparsely occupied members of the Manga group - a sub-clan of the Manyika Dynasty whose origins lie further to the south (Beach 2002). They do not seem to have built settlements and agricultural infrastructure like their northern and western neighbors. 5.3.2 Heritage Assessment

All references shown below are on the 1:50 000 Surveyor-General’s topographical map INYANGANI 1832B4. The field assessment was carried out on 22nd November 2012. During this the consultant, accompanied by two representatives of the developer as well as three other Black Crystal staff, walked the project footprint. This ensured that the correct locations were covered. The areas assessed are shown in Fig.3 and include: 1. The offtake Weir on the Pungwe River. 2. The relatively flat midslope section west of the Pungwe River. It is through this that the proposed

Conveyance Channel will pass, together with an access road for maintenance. 3. The headpond. 4. The penstock and the powerhouse

A preliminary investigation of the records of the Archaeological Survey of Zimbabwe (housed in the Museum of Human Sciences, Harare) revealed no known archaeological sites in the immediate area. Most records are to the east in the Nyanga Highlands proper. Research undertaken by the University of



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Zimbabwe in Nyanga was also checked providing a further nil return. This institution investigated several areas further north but it was hoped that they might have noted something in their work on aerial photographs and historical records (cf. Soper 2002). It is also worthy to mention the two other heritage assessments already undertaken by Black Crystal Consulting for NRE in the region – Pungwe A on the Nyamombe Stream that is just south of the present proposed scheme (March 2011) and Duru River further south but also on the escarpment (February 2012). In both cases no archaeological sites were located along the footprints of the HEP scheme. This reflects the steep relief and general inaccessibility of the areas concerned. In the case of the former project two heritage sites were noted, but these occurred on the wide valley floor of the Honde River. They were within the footprint of the road access rather than the power generation component. While a possible indication of the absence of heritage sites in these areas, such nil returns from known archaeological records should be treated with caution. There has been limited archaeological research in many parts of Zimbabwe given that there are few suitable trained archaeologists. It is equally possible that this apparent absence is a research anomaly; it has simply not been looked at as yet. For this reason, and based on personal observations of ruined structures on the adjacent high ground (both forested and grassland), the Black Crystal Consulting team felt that it was necessary to investigate the project footprint. The team located no sites in the area that is to be developed. We were somewhat surprised in this, as the relatively flat mid-slope sections of the western bank of the Pungwe River looked liked an ideal location. It has good soils, a reasonably gentle relief and is well watered. For these reasons we thought that this would have attracted earlier farming utilization. Today it is extensively cultivated and the open fields at the time of our investigation offered good visibility, Figures 10 and 11.



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Figure 12 Looking North. Proposed site for the power station is on the green area between the two rivers.

Despite our presumptions, not a single ceramic sherd (fragment), stonewall nor stone tool was seen during the field assessment. The size of the forest trees that are now limited to the western side up of this plateau against the adjacent steep rock face probably offer some answer. We believe that this section of the valley was not used in the archaeological past as it was too thickly vegetated. The forests were not easily cleared and people would have made use of locations more accessible and easily cultivated. Only in the more recent past has this area been cleared and cultivated on a rotational basis. Refer to the socio-economic section. The immediate valley of the Pungwe River is very steep and we found no evidence that it was used in the past. There are several pools and waterfalls in this section of the river, but we could establish no heritage significance of to these features. It is Black Crystal’s belief that there are no sites of heritage significance in the proposed project

footprint, and during the public consultation meeting held on Tuesday 15th January 2012 at the NRE

site offices; no sites of cultural significance were mentioned.



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5.4 BASELINE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

5.4.1 Administrative Setting

The proposed project is located in Kashiri village, Ward 5 Mutasa District which falls under Manicaland province whose Provincial capital is Mutare. The Governor of Manicaland province is Mr Mushohwe and the Provincial Administrator is Mr Mbetsa .The District Administrator for Mutasa district is Mr Dhliwayo. Traditionally Kashiri village is under the jurisdiction of Kraal Head Kashiri who is under the leadership of Headwoman Muparutsa. The area where the conveyance canal will pass through and where the weir will be is referred to as Domwe. 5.4.2 Population

According to the preliminary populations census results (2002 and 2012), Mutasa District has a total population of 169, 756 of this figure 79 825 are males and 89 931 are women. Ward 5 has a total population of 7 677 people; of this 3 442 are males and 4 235 are women. Refer to tables 5 and 6 below:

Table 5 Census figures 2002 and 2012, Mutasa District

Census 2002 Census 2012

Total Female population 88 176 89 931 Total Male Population 78 470 79 825 Total Population 166 646 169 756 Source ZimStats, 2002, 2012

Table 6 Census Figures 2002 and 2012, Ward 5 Mutasa District

Census 2002 Census 2012

Total Female population 4 248 4 235 Total Male Population 3 457 3 442 Total Population 7 705 7 677 Source ZimStats, 2002, 2012

According to the 2012 population estimates, Ward 5 has an estimated 1 812 households with an average household size of 4.2 people. There are approximately 137 households in Kashiri village (2011). 5.4.3 Social Setting

The majority of the population in the project area are originally from Mozambique. They migrated from Mozambique to the Honde valley as a result of the 1900 local uprising and subsequent action by the



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Portuguese. They have become the dominant ethnic group and referred to as Manyika. Other ethnic groups include: Karanga, Zezuru and Ndau.

The dominate religion is Christianity with a majority of the population being members of the African Independent Churches which include: the new version Apostolic Church of Samarunda, the Apostolic Church of Johane Marange, and the African Apostolic Church of Paul Mwazha. Followers of Johane Marange Apostolic Church have more than one wife. i. Rates of Economically Active and Unemployed

The current census results (2012) for employment are not yet available, however, based on the 2002 Provincial Profile, Manicaland Province had an economically active population of 883 625. The unofficial unemployment figure was estimated in 2011 to be between 70 and 80 percent with recent official estimates (2012) being in the region of approximately 50%. NRE through the construction of the other 2 hydroelectric power projects (Pungwe A and Duru), has created employment opportunities for approximately 112 people for Pungwe A and 188 for Duru. ii. Literacy and Educational Facilities

The provisional population estimate results (2012) do not contain literacy and education facility indicators. However, according to the 2002 Manicaland Provincial Profile report, the literacy rate (those who completed at least grade 3) was estimated to be 96%. Holdenby communal area has a number of schools which include: St Columbus Mission (secondary school), Nyatsanza Primary School, Chitombo Primary School, and St Peters Primary School. Buwu and Ruda Primary Schools are within the project vicinity. Current primary school fees are $16 per term and high school fees at Muparutsa High School are $40 per term. As part of the Pungwe A project Social Responsibility plan, NRE have constructed a two-classroom school for pre-school and grade one pupils in Kashiri Village. In addition, the Headmaster from Buwu Primary school stated that there was an improvement in attendance and payment of school fees as a result of improved income earnings from employment opportunities created through the construction of Pungwe A and Duru hydroelectric power projects. 5.4.4 Economic Setting

The largest administrative and commercial centre in Honde is Hauna which started off as business centre but grew rapidly and was declared a growth point in 1984. As an official growth point Hauna has flourished housing various government department sub-extensions. Other settlements in Holdenby



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communal area are Chavhanga, Sagambe, Rupinda, Rori, Chigweshe, Samshinga, Makwasa, Muparutsa, Zindi, Ngarura, Fenga, Muterere, Bvute, and Gatsi. In Kashiri village there is a small business centre referred to as ‘Babylon’ which has a tuck shop, crèche and beer hall. As a result of the implementation of Pungwe A (2010 – 2012), employment was created resulting in an extra income source for approximately 112 households. This has resulted in the establishment of informal business activities which include small grinding mills and small truck shops to capitalise on the newly employed income earnings. The establishment of grinding mills within Kashiri village has seen a reduction of the distance people now travel to grind their maize.

i. Livelihoods and livelihoods opportunities

Agricultural activities, which are all year, are the main source of livelihood in Mutasa District, both substance and commercial farming. According to the Central Statistics Office (2002), 70.9% of the total population rely on agriculture followed by services (7.9%). Tea estates, timber and coffee plantations provide employment for most of the people in Honde. Katiyo, Eastern Highlands, Aberfoyle, Rumbizi and Chiwira Tea Estates are the well known estates in the area. Subsistence farming is practiced at household level; the main crops that families cultivate are maize, avocadoes, yams, pineapples, coffee, tea, banana and beans. Most farming plots are between three quarters of an acre to an acre plus grazing land. Avocadoes, bananas and vegetables are grown mainly for sale.

Figure 13 Route for the conveyance canal across open cultivated lands



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The proposed route for the conveyance canal crosses fields of maize, bananas, beans and yams. The fields were cleared for cultivation in May 2003 (Headman Kashiri, 15 January 2013). The fields are cultivated by a group of farmers who have formed themselves into an organisation known as Domwe farming project, comprising of 60 families from Buwu, Kashiri and Zvarevamambo villages. The fields tie in with a regional system of fields further west in the Holdenby Communal Land and across the international boundary in Mozambique. However, increased demographic pressure and a growing demand for land and agricultural produce have increasingly pushed people into this area on a permanent basis. During the public consultation meeting, Ms Jenifer Nyamangodo, stated that an area (approximately 5 fields) being cultivated by members of the Domwe project belonged to her family; the Chimuka family and therefore she wanted the land back. The matter was reported to have been in and out of the courts, Case Number 733/09 at the Mutare Magistrates Court. According the court’s ruling, the Domwe Project members were given permission to continue farming in the area. However, according to Ms Nyamangodo the land belongs to her family and she insists that she retains ownership to the 5 fields she is claiming. The area also contains two natural water sources used by the community for drinking and domestic use. One well is located in an area between the field belonging to Mrs Grace Chigonde and Mr Lloyd Chigonde. The other well is located in a Gwasha6 in a field belonging to Mr Edmore Mwarazi In addition to crop cultivation, households practice livestock rearing. Livestock reared include goats, cows, and chickens. Donkeys are used as a mode of transportation. ii. Agricultural Produce Markets

Bananas

Bananas are a major horticultural crop in Honde. The plants have a life span of 9 - 10 years and start producing after 9 -12 months. The bananas are sold at US$1 for 100. As a result of the upgrading of the 8.5km DDF road from Hauna turn off to the Pungwe B power station, and the additional 5km of new road constructed between the existing DDF road and various structures of the Pungwe A hydroelectric power there has been increased activity with respect to the sale of agricultural produce, in particular bananas, which are known locally as the new ngoda (diamond). Favco and Interfresh (horticultural concerns) are now able to access the banana market and farmers no longer have to travel long distances on foot or with donkeys to deliver their produce to Hauna for further sale to Harare or Mutare. Both Favco and Interfresh regularly collect bananas twice a month. Favco have a purchasing price of US$0.32 cents per kilogram and Interfresh offers a price of US$0.28 cents per kilogram. The improved accessibility by traders has also resulted in an increase of households now clearing land for the cultivation of bananas for sale.

6 Thicket of trees and shrubs



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Maize

In terms of maize households usually harvest approximately 2 tonnes of maize per hectare for subsistence and sale. Maize is usually sold for US$5 for a 20 litre bucket. Sugar Beans and Yams

A hectare of sugar beans produces about 2 - 2.5 tonnes which is sold locally at a price of US$1 for 2 cups (200g). Yams are sold at US$8 per 20 litre bucket which is approximately 10 kgs. A hectare of land produces 25 kgs of yams. Avocados

Depending on their size, avocadoes are sold for US$1 for 3-5 avocadoes. An avocado tree is capable of producing 300 avocado fruit per season depending on the age of the tree. The avocado trees have a life span of 30 years. 5.4.5 Resource Utilization

Firewood is the main source of energy for cooking in Ward 5 while paraffin is the main energy source for lighting. According to the 2002 Manicaland Provincial Profile, Mutasa District has a total 39 595 households and of these 92% rely on firewood, 6.5 % rely on electricity and 1.2 use paraffin for cooking. Refer to the table below:

Source of energy Percentage of households (%)

Wood 92.31 Electricity 1.2 Paraffin 6.25 Gas 0.14 Coal 0.06 Other 0.03

Source CSO, 2002

5.4.6 Settlements and Shelter

The settlement pattern in Mutasa District mainly consists of rural village communities with a few urban centres. The structures in Kashiri village consist in the main of pole and dhaka house structures with some housing structures constructed of brick with asbestos or corrugated iron roofing. As a result of the income earnings from employment opportunities created through Pungwe A, as well as the compensation packages, many people have modified their houses and or constructed new ones. Over 35 new houses with either asbestos or corrugated steel roofs have been constructed during 2011 and 2012.



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5.4.7 Health and Health Facilities

The main referral hospitals in Mutasa are at Hauna or Bonda Mission Hospital. Hauna is the nearest referral hospital to the project area. Gatsi and Ruda polyclinics are close to the project area. These offer primary health care and are under the supervision of nurses and nurse aids. Water and Sanitation

i. Water

Statistics on water and sanitation for the 2012 census are not yet available therefore reference is made to the 2002 census results. According to the Manicaland Provincial Profile 5.2% of the enumerated households access their water for drinking and cooking from taps inside their premises, while 17.4% had piped water outside their premises. About 32.15% accessed water from boreholes and protected wells with 8.6% accessing water from a communal tap. A further 36.43% of the household access water from unprotected wells and rivers. Households in the project area access water from wells and rivers.

ii. Ablution Facilities

Flush, Blair and communal are the commonly used type of toilets in Mutasa. According to the 2002 census report 7.5% of the households in Mutasa use flush toilets, while 45.24% uses the Blair toilet, with a total of 32.34% using pit toilets. Approximately 5.36% of the total households are reported to be using communal toilets and 9.55% had no access to toilets. As a result of the Pungwe A project, a total of 6 permanent Blair toilets were constructed for use by both NRE employees and the local community.



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6 KEY STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

Consultations to inform and solicit stakeholder views and concerns were undertaken. Those consulted include; representatives of various government departments (see table 7 listed below), local leadership and the local community. With respect to stakeholders from government departments, in addition to being consulted, they were also issued with a project notification letter which they had to sign and stamp as evidence of consultation. Copies are included in appendix H. A local community meeting was held at the NRE site offices in Kashiri Village. Approximately 134 people attended the meeting. Refer to attendance register in appendix I. In general stakeholders from government were in agreement and supportive of the project as a welcome development in the area. They stated that the project should be implemented in accordance to local legislation but take into account local customs and issues raised by the community. Table 7 List of Government Departments Consulted

Person/ Institution

Role

Interest

Governor Political appointee Overall provincial governance Provincial Administrator Provincial planning and

administration Project planning and management

District Administrator District administration and planning

Project implementation and management

ZINWA, Mutare Permit provision Water abstraction

ZINWA, Pungwe sub-catchment council

Permit provision Water abstraction and permit users

ZETDC Transmission and distribution of project electricity

Provision of electricity

Department of Physical Planning, Mutare

Planning Physical Planning

Chief Executive Officer, Mutasa Rural District Council

Administrative Impact of development on the area/service provision

Mutasa Rural District Council Engineer

Technical advice on road upgrade specifications

Road upgrade networks

Agritex Agriculture technical support to local farmers

Compensation for loss of crops to affected households

Ministry of Health Chief medical officer Public health Zimbabwe Republic Police Officer in charge Security Headman Kashiri, stated that the project was welcome and that already the community is seeing the benefits of the construction of Pungwe A project, which include; jobs, the primary school classroom block which consists of; two classrooms, two store rooms, two offices and road rehabilitation of the access road from Hauna to the Pungwe A diversion weir. He also stated that he had noted an



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improvement in the social and economic condition of households in his village from income earnings from employment. He noted that a number of households now owned radios. Solar panels and had also improved aspects of their house structures.

Figure 14 Part of the crowd at the community meeting held on 15th January 2013

Figure 15 Part of the crowd at the community meeting held on 15th January 2013



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The local community were excited about the Pungwe B, project as it promises to create opportunities in: • Employment and income • Socio-economic activities as well as agricultural activities • Improvements in education infrastructure The community also had aspirations that through the Pungwe B project, additional classroom blocks; and a poly clinic would be constructed in Kashiri Village. In a review of the implantation of the Pungwe A project; the community suggested that the following aspects related to project implementation should not be duplicated during the construction of the Pungwe B project: Employee Safety

One of the NRE employees was hurt in a rock fall during the construction of the diversion weir. In light of this, the community suggested that during the construction of Pungwe B: • NRE increase the number of watchmen; • Place barricades in the canal to halt the rock allowing employees working in the canal to make a

quick exit; • Increase information on health and safety to both employees and the local community;

Community Safety

There are sections were the water pipeline for Pungwe A are above ground, school children are currently using this as a walk way. The community was concerned about the safety of the children, and were wondering if NRE could fence or protect the pipeline from children.



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7 ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

This section presents the analysis of potential environmental and social impacts. It is divided into the three main phases of the project: construction, operation and decommissioning/closure. Mitigation or positive enhancement measures are given in the Environmental Management Plan that follows this section. Potential impacts arising from the proposed development have been identified based on: • Observations made during a field visit to the proposed site; • Discussions on the proposed project with NRE representatives and analysis of relevant

documentation, reports, maps, surveys etc; • Meetings with the relevant stakeholders. A Network Analysis has been used to show the likely environmental and social impacts of the project, see Figures 16 and 17.


Final Report

Figure 16 Network Analysis of Environmental Impacts of the project

Refer to the impacts section for detailed discussion. Red circles denote potential negative impacts

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Pungwe B Hydroelectric Electric Power Scheme

onmental Impacts of the project

Red circles denote potential negative impacts

Electric Power Scheme 2013

Page 49


Final Report

Figure 17 Network Analysis of Socio-economic Impacts

Refer to the impacts section for detailed discussion

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Pungwe B Hydroelectric Electric Power Scheme

economic Impacts

Electric Power Scheme 2013

Page 50


Hydroelectric Electric Power Scheme

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7.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

7.1.1 Climatic Considerations

Construction of the weirs and roads should ideally take place during the dry season to minimise loss of materials from flooding of the rivers. 7.1.2 Drainage and Hydrology

Short-term, Reversible, Localised, Fairly significant

The route for access road across the Nyamombe River will require a low level concrete causeway. This will result in very limited short-term disturbance to the drainage system which is not significant. The construction of the diversion weir will also result in some short-term, irreversible, localised significant disturbance to the Pungwe River flow. Mitigation: Construct roads and weir during low flow periods of water. 7.1.3 Soil erosion and slumping

Short-term, Irreversible, Localised, Fairly significant

(a) The access roads will require grading so there will be some localised disturbance to the soil which may potentially cause erosion.

Mitigation:

Access roads to be aligned correctly and appropriate soil protection measures (correctly formed gravelled roads with drainage, culverts and gabions) to be implemented. b) The conveyance canal will generally follow the contours along the valley. There will be localised disturbance of the soil and potential for soil erosion during construction. Mitigation: Incorporate appropriate culverts and drains into the canal design and construction to direct and control the flow of water from the uphill side. c) The construction of the headpond will cause localised disturbance to the soil in the immediate area.



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Mitigation: Appropriate measures to prevent soil erosion: drains, stabilisation of the soil by planting grass etc. d) The power station will be located at the bottom of hill, between the confluence of the Nyamombe and Pungwe Rivers. Slumping and erosion of the hillside may occur. Mitigation: Appropriate stabilisation measures e.g. formed drains, gabions etc. e) Penstock will be buried below ground unless in areas of solid rock. Mitigation:

Replace topsoil carefully and minimise mixing of sub soil. Putting in barriers to deflect flow 7.1.4 Vegetation Clearance

Long-term, Irreversible, Very Localised, Significant

(a) There will be some loss of indigenous riparian forest through the back flooding of waters from the weir. Mitigation:

As much of the natural vegetation has already been disturbed and there has been extensive removal of forest to make way for small-scale agriculture, the only remaining significant patches of forest in the project area are along the Pungwe River itself. This should be protected as much as possible. When trees are unavoidably felled, the epiphytic ferns and orchids should be trans-located to similar sites on living trees. (b) Several tree ferns at the weir site will be drowned following construction. Mitigation:

Carefully remove the tree ferns and transplant them to suitable areas upstream of the weirs. When transplanting the ferns, mark the north on the trunk and replant the fern facing the same direction as its original position. 7.1.5 Disturbance / Loss of Wild Life

Short-term, Reversible, Very Localised, Not Significant



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The construction of weir and roads will cause some noise and disturbance to the few remaining wild animals in the immediate area. This is not significant as they will soon adapt to the new conditions. Mitigation:

Construction workers to ensure that there is no hunting, destroying, trapping or snaring of animals or destruction of any beehives (as per the Parks and Wildlife Act). 7.1.6 Solid Waste

Short-term, Reversible, Localised, Potentially significant

The construction site and associated infrastructure will generate some solid waste. Mitigation:

All waste to be collected and removed from the site for disposal at Hauna or Mutasa refuse site. 7.1.7 Dust: Construction Roads and Traffic

Short-term, Reversible, Localised, Cumulative, Significant

The movement of construction vehicles on and off site will lead to an increase in noise and dust. Mitigation:

All vehicles to keep to the speed limits and should not be overloaded, in addition vehicle movements to be kept to a minimum. If the dust is excessive and affecting other road users, then the roads can be watered to minimise the dust. 7.1.8 Employment and skills transfer

Short-term, Irreversible, Localised, Cumulative, Significant

The proponent intends to employ as many local people as possible. There will be a limited transfer of skills and some level of training. This is a positive impact of the project.



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7.1.9 Local Earnings


The employment of local people drawn from the surrounding villages will increase local earnings directly and indirectly. This is also an important positive impact of the project.

7.1.10 Direct Cash injection

Short-term and long-term, Reversible, Cumulative, Significant

NRE estimates that as much as 6% of the total project cost is spent in the Honde Valley, either in the form of wages, payments to suppliers and or local authorities.

This is an important positive impact of the project.

7.1.11 Improved standards of living


Giving the local people first priority in terms of employment will see a slight improvement in their standards of living.

This is a positive impact

7.1.12 Impact on Tourism

Short-term, Reversible, Localised, Not significant

At this time there is no tourism in the immediate project area and no plans for any development. There may be some disturbance through the increased traffic on the Hauna-Aberfoyle road but this is not considered important. The proposed access road to the Pungwe offtake will provide access to the previously inaccessible Pungwe and Nyazengu gorges, allowing more effective utilisation of the National Park and better protection, possibly leading to reduced poaching and tree felling within the Park. 7.1.13 Communicable diseases

Short-term, Reversible, Localised, Fairly significant



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As there are several households that depend upon the river water for domestic use it is important that no waterborne diseases are introduced by the construction workers. Mitigation: Construction workers to be provided with adequate ablution facilities. 7.1.14 Loss of Water Supply

Potentially Significant

The steep sides of the Pungwe River banks in this section of the river preclude the removal of water for gravity-fed irrigation. Instead local farmers tap into the smaller streams that flow off the western and eastern ridges. There are no homesteads along this section of river so there will be no impact on the water for domestic purposes. However there are two natural water sources used by the community for drinking and domestic use located in Domwe the area of the proposed conveyance canal. One well is located in an area between the field belonging to Mrs Grace Chigonde and Mr Lloyd Chigonde. The other well is located in a Gwasha in a field belonging to Mr Edmore Mwarazi. Mitigation

Consider routing of the canal so that it will not affect the two wells in Domwe. 7.1.15 Loss of assets and fields

Short-term, Reversible, Localised, Significant

During the public consultation meeting, a number of fields will be affected by the construction of the conveyance canal and access road that runs alongside it. Families that will be affected are listed below. Once the survey for the conveyance canal is complete and the exact route known, the impacts on the fields will be confirmed. Table 8 List of people to be compensated

Name Size of Field Crops currently being cultivated

From weir off take site to the Nyangombe river crossing (listed as they occur from weir offtake site to Nyangombe river crossing)

1 Headman Kashiri 1.5ha Banana’s (over 100),yams, beans, cashew nut trees

2 Violet Mutambu 100m x 100m Mixed crops of maize, beans and banana 3 Moses Guta 150m x 200 m Maize, banana’s (20 years)



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4 Kenneth Mukosanjera

2 ha Banana, yams, maize, avocado tree (10 trees)

5 Kenneth Mare 100m x 100m Yams, maize 6 Webster

Nyakurimwa 100m x 100m Maize

7 Joseph Tagara 200m x 150m Maize, beans, yams, banana (approx. 50 plants), avocado trees (3 trees)

8 Pachawo Muteti 100m x 100m Maize and bananas (approx. 100 plants) 9 Anywhere

Chigonde 150m x 100m Maize and bananas (approx. 150 plants)

10 Jiros Smart Maisyandima

100m x 50m maize

11 Tonderai Mwarazi 100m x 100m Maize, bananas (8 plants), Yams, 2 avocado trees

12 Edmore Mwarazi 100m x 100m Bananas (approx. 100 plants), maize, yams, beans

13 Tafadzwa Chigonde 100m x 100m Bananas, maize, yams 14 Nhamo Mutikwa 80m x 100m Beans, bananas (4 plants), maize, yams 15 Ms Mafunga 80m x 100m Maize, beans, yams, avocado trees (4) 16 Thomas Mudzi 100m x 150m Maize, banana’s (over 100), Yams,

beans 17 Hamunyari

Magureyi 200m x 250m Banana (approx. 200), maize, beans

18 Taurai Nyamutsanga

100m x 150m Maize, banana, beans, yams, avocado

19 Patrick Chapungu 100m x 75m Banana, maize, beans, avocado 20 Lloyd Chigonde 100m x 100m Maize, beans, banana, yams 21 Grace Chigonde 100m x 70m Banana (more than 100), 5 avocado

trees, beans, maize, yams 22 Evlyn Siyakonza 100m x 100m Maize, banana (approx. 150 plants),

beans, yams 23 Thomas Chigonde 200m x 150m Bananas (approx. 120 plants), maize,

beans, yams, 15 avocado trees 24 David Mwandura 300m x 100m Currently not cultivated 25 Lameck

Nyamunokora 200m x 100m Maize, beans, bananas

26 Kenneth Chitsinde 100m x 100m Maize, beans 27 Willard Ushamba 100m x 100m Maize, bananas (more than 100 plants),

yams, beans, 6 avocado trees, 3 mango trees

28 Richard Ferembu 100m x 100m Bananas, maize, yams



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29 Kenneth Ziyani 100m x 100m Maize, bananas, Yams 30 Anna Mareya 100m x 100m Maize, Yams, Bananas (approx. 150

plants), 4 avocado trees 31 Maria Chisepo 100m x 100m Yams, Maize, bananas (approx. 100

plants) Power house area and powerhouse approach 32 Nobeth Mawe 300m x 200m Banana (more than 200 plants), yams, 4

avocado trees, beans 33 Kingston Mawadze 100m x 200m Maize, bananas, beans, yams 34 Paul Tombo 100m x 100m Maize, Yams, bananas (approx. 100

plants) Mitigation Measure

The project proponent is fully committed to compensate farmers for crop loss. Refer to appendix I for letter of commitment from NRE. Guidelines for crop compensation from Agritex (2012) are stated below: Table 9 Agritex compensation guideline prices

Type of Crop Compensation price in USD

Maize 855/ha Tomatoes 5 000/ha Potatoes 8 000/ha Bananas 5 250/ha Beans 1 500/ha Yams (madhumbe/magogoya) 2 500/ha Sugar cane 3 125/ha Avocado 2 500/ha 7.1.16 Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Aspects

Short-term, Irreversible, Localised, Unlikely to be significant

During construction there is the possibility of uncovering archaeological and historical artefacts and evidence. However based on our site survey this is very unlikely as nothing was noted as present. Mitigation:

If any evidence, possibly hidden below the surface in the ground, is located during construction then NMMZ are to contacted so that the resources can be recovered and



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dealt with according to standard archaeological procedures as required by the NMMZ Act. 7.1.17 Land Use, Land Value

Not significant.

There is unlikely to be any changes to the land use in the area around the project. 7.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE

The power generation licence is for 20 years. The major environmental impacts of the operational phase of this hydroelectric power scheme are given below. 7.2.1 Climatic Considerations

There will be a cumulative impact in the generation of clean energy from a series of mini hydroelectric electric schemes in the area. Although this clean energy will have a very minute impact on global climate change through a reduction in the use of fossil fuels, it is part of a growing national and global recognition of the threat of climate change and the need to use alternative energy sources. This is an important positive impact. 7.2.2 Hydrology and Aquatic Ecology

Long-term, Irreversible, Localised, Cumulative, Very significant

There will be long-term irreversible changes to the hydrology of approximately 3km of the Pungwe River through the diversion of water to the power station. The impact of the removal of water will be greatest during the late dry season. It will lead to a localised drying up of the riparian fringe and microclimates around the rapids and waterfalls along the river over this section. The damming of the water will also reduce the impact of sudden ‘flash floods’ and reduce their scouring effect on the river bed which will become less regular (Pungwe A EIA report, 2011).



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The discharge of water from the turbines into the Pungwe River is unlikely to have any significant impact. The river morphology and ecology have evolved to absorb the impacts of large volumes of water. Mitigation:

The ecology of the downstream environment needs to be monitored so that sufficient flows are released. The proponent is obliged to install water monitoring gauges on the weir and record river flow data. 7.2.2.1 Impact on Fish Movement

Long-term, Reversible, Localised, Cumulative, Fairly Significant

The environmental impacts of construction of a 20m high weir on this section of the river include altering the habitat upstream of the impoundment and inhibition of migration of fish in the river. The weir is expected to backup water for approximately 500m. Fish species inhabiting the fast flowing rapids that characterize this section of the river will be displaced but are likely to move upstream. The small impoundment will act in much the same manner as some of the deeper plunge pools below waterfalls along the river and will benefit those species preferring deeper quieter water. None of the fish species found in this section of the river will be significantly adversely affected. The approximate 30m-high, almost sheer Chikanda Falls just downstream of the proposed weir site already creates an effective barrier to migration of fish and as such limits any such additional impact the construction of the weir will create. However the weir could impact on the upstream migration of juveniles of the African Mottled Eel (Anguilla bengalensis labiata). These elvers migrate upstream from the Indian Ocean coast by utilizing fissures in the rock face of waterfalls. A sheer concrete face could impede such migration. Mitigation:

To mitigate against this impact on the Eels, the design of the wall should incorporate a section of masonry that is uneven and carry runoff water during the rains. This can be incorporated into the interface of the wall and riverbank and will allow the earthworm-like elvers to find purchase on the substrate and facilitate their migration upstream. 7.2.2.2 Minimum Environmental Flow

Long-term, Reversible, Localised, Cumulative, Very Significant



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The design capacity of the Pungwe B project is 12m³/s and as such it will draw a large portion of the water from the river for a significant portion of the year (Figure 7). Adequate flow downstream of the weir needs to be maintained to ensure that pools between the weir and the discharge point some 2.5km downstream maintain some flow and do not become stagnant, badly silted or warm up to the detriment of the aquatic population. The impact of significantly reduced flow in this section of the river will be great but no species of fish found within this short section of the river would be threatened. There is a small tributary entering the Pungwe River just downstream of the proposed weir and the Chikanda Falls which will, to a limited extent, help mitigate the impact of abstraction of water at the weir. Zimbabwe’s Environmental Management Act, Water Act and Electricity Act do not specify how much water should be retained in the river following diversion to a hydroelectric electric scheme. Enquiries with ZESA and ZINWA simply stated that ‘an environmental flow’ must be allowed. A review of best practices on environmental flows has revealed a range of methods which are based on hydrological indices (Kumar, Chaube and Mishra, 2007). France: residue flows in bypassed sections of rivers must be a minimum of

1/10 of annual mean flow. UK: Q95 (= flow that is equalled or exceeded 95% of the time) should

be maintained. However, depending on ecological sensitivity, from 0.5 – 30% of Q95 can be removed.

USA: Percentages of mean flow are specified that provide different

quality habitat for fish e.g.: 10% flow for poor quality (survival), 30% for moderate habitat and 60% for excellent habitat.

South Africa: a hydrological index CV/BFI (=the co-efficient of variation of flows

divided by the proportion of total flow that is base flow) is compared with mean annual runoff. This method relies on detailed environmental flow studies.

Zimbabwe: The minimum environmental flow for the Mutare pipeline is 0.5m³/s

and an evaluation of the flow data shows that in some years this is not sufficient in the dry seasons (see Fig. 20). Based on this, we recommend the minimum release for the environment be 0.5m³/s. The impact of this on the operations of the proposed project is shown below. This shows there will be sufficient average monthly flow after allowing for the environmental flow. Refer to graph below



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Figure 18 Available Flow for power generation after releasing minimum environmental flow (MEF)

of 0.5m3/s

Mitigation:

It is probably necessary to incorporate some means of silt extraction from water entering the feeder canal. If water accompanying this extraction process were to be re-introduced to the river upstream of the Chikanda Falls this flow would supplement the minimum environmental flow. 7.2.2.3 Siltation of River: Impact to the Project

Long-term, Reversible, Localised, Cumulative, Significant

Currently cultivation is taking place on both sides of the river from the National Park Boundary southwards. Much of this follows poor agricultural practice with no contours and cultivation of, in some instances, extremely steep slopes. This practice will lead to soil erosion and siltation of the river, It is unlikely that significant siltation of the weir will take place due to the short section of river, less than 1km, being outside the National Park. Risk of siltation of the 3km downstream of the weir is more significant. Such siltation will negatively impact on the habitat of the aquatic flora by altering the micro environment in the river bed. Mitigating influences are that most erosion is likely to occur during the rainy season when the river can be expected to flood and flush the system.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16F

low

ra

te m

3/s

mean river flow

MEF 0.5m3/s

available flow



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Mitigation:

The project proponents are encouraged to facilitate the education of the local farmers on good agricultural practice, and to support the establishment of contours planted with bananas and vetiver grass to limit erosion. 7.2.3 Soils

Not significant

Once the construction phase is complete there will be very little impact on the soils, presuming the roads are maintained. 7.2.4 Vegetation

Long-term, Reversible, Localised, Cumulative, Not significant

Loss of natural vegetation species due to invasive species. Mitigation:

Removal of any exotic or weedy plants from the power station environs. 7.2.5 Increase in Deforestation and land clearing

Following the construction of new roads and improved accessibility by agricultural traders, the potential for enhanced earnings by residents has lead to large areas of existing bush being cleared for agricultural purposes. 7.2.6 Wild Life

Not Significant

7.2.7 Changes in Water Quality


The abstraction of water and actual generation of electricity is unlikely to have any significant impact on water quality.

Mitigation:

In order to confirm this, it is recommended that water quality is monitored annually.



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7.2.8 Contamination of Water by employees


In terms of the Water Act as amended, the proponent must ensure that the waters are not polluted or contaminated in any way by persons resident upon, using or visiting the leased premises. All chemicals, fuel (generator and vehicles) and oils etc to be stored in secure, locked, bunded areas. Emergency procedures and systems to be put in place for spillages. Any contaminated soil to be removed and taken off the site. 7.2.9 Solid Waste Generation

Long-term, Reversible, Localised, Cumulative, Not Significant

The facility will generate very little solid waste. Mitigation:

All solid waste generated by the facility is to be removed off site and disposed of at Hauna or Mutasa. Keep use of packaging and plastics to a minimum. Recycle packaging when possible. 7.2.10 Power (electric) supply

Long-term, Reversible, Localised, Cumulative, Very Significant

The generation of clean electrical power will have a long lasting positive impact as it will reduce load shedding and encourage development within the Honde Valley. This is the most significant positive impact of the project.

7.2.11 Noise Levels

Long-term, Irreversible, Localised, Cumulative, Not Significant

There will be an increase in ambient noise once the turbines and generators commence operating. The typical noise level of the Pelton turbine is approximately 90dBA, measured 1m away from the machine. When the powerhouse doors are closed the



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noise outside the building is greatly reduced. The expected noise levels will probably be on a par with what we might expect from a medium-size diesel generator inside a building such as the powerhouse. In order to put the noise levels generated by the turbine, into perspective, table number below provides reference examples of noise generated from other machines and activities: Figure 19 Examples of activity and sound levels

Example of activity Approximately sound level in decibels

(dB)7

Refrigerator humming 40 Normal conversation 60 City traffic 80 Motor cycles/lawnmowers 90† Rock concerts 110 -120†

Source: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/noise.aspx

Noise which will be generated from the power house are stated as potentially harmful under extended exposure. However, the noise will be reduced when the doors are shut. In addition, the noise level reduces with distance. The nearest household is approximately 1 km away from the power house, which means the noise levels are reduced and the household will not be subject to prolonged noise levels which are harmful to health. Mitigation:

Employees working within close proximity to the powerhouse will be provided with ear protection. 7.2.12 Road Use and Traffic Increased

Long-term, Irreversible, Relatively localised, Cumulative, Significant

The upgrading of the access road from Hauna to the project area has already led to increased communication and enabled the local farmers to transport their produce to markets. This is a significant positive impact of both the Pungwe A and Pungwe B projects.

7 dB unit of relative measurement of the strength of sound wave † These sound levels are considered harmful under extended exposure



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7.2.13 Tourism and Conservation Awareness

Long-term, Reversible, Localised, Cumulative, Potentially Significant

The access road to the weir site provides a potential for attracting tourists to visit this previously inaccessible part of the Pungwe Gorge in the Nyanga National Park. Enhancement:

The Parks and Wildlife Management Authority could use this opportunity to develop hiking trails and campsites in this area. The presence of the Authority nearby would help with controlling illegal tree cutting and poaching of wildlife in the confines of the National Park. There is also a potential for a joint venture with the local people (guides, traditional villages etc) for enhancing tourism. This is a potentially significant positive impact.

7.2.14 Movement of People and Livestock and Wildlife

Long-term, Reversible, Localised, Cumulative, Significant

a) The conveyance canal will run parallel to the Pungwe River and will obstruct the movement of people, livestock and wildlife. Mitigation: Incorporate set crossing points across the canal to reduce the impact b) Accidental drowning of people and animals in the canal may occur. Mitigation: The water flowing in the canal will be fairly slow and the walls are not high. At periodic intervals along the canal walls there should be sloping escape routes that can allow animals to gain purchase and climb out. Screens at the head and tail ends of the canal will trap debris in the water. 7.2.15 Employment and skills transfer

Long-term, Irreversible, Widespread, Cumulative, Very Significant

NRE agreed with the District Administrator, Mr Dhliwayo, Mutasa Rural District Council Chief Executive Officer, Mr Bandure and the traditional leadership that construction of



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the hydroelectric power projects (Pungwe A and B and Duru hydroelectric power project) would be constructed using local labour exclusively wherever possible. Total of approximately 112 staff will be employed. Impact enhancement:

Source labour from families around the project area. This is a significant positive impact of the project.

7.2.16 Income Generation for Buwu, Hauna and Honde Valley Area


The provision of electricity in the Honde Valley area and improved road access to Buwu will enable businesses to develop and generate income for a range of people in the area. This is a significant positive impact of both Pungwe A and Pungwe B projects.

7.2.17 Health and diseases

The site is a potential source of water borne diseases such as malaria area and

diarrhoea. Mitigation:

Power station staff to be provided with mosquito nets and anti-malarial treatments during the wet season. To prevent diarrhoea NRE to educate and inform its employees on hygiene and causes of diarrhoea which should be avoided such as drinking contaminated water and washing of hands after use of toilet facilities. 7.2.18 Access to electricity


The establishment of a hydroelectric power scheme in the Honde valley area will give the local people better and improved access to electricity, upon application directly to ZEDTC. This is a very significant positive impact of the project.



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7.2.19 Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Aspects

Not Significant 7.2.20 Changes to Surrounding Land Use and Land Value

Long-term, Irreversible, Localised, potentially Significant

The impact of the project will have a long-term, irreversible impact as it may encourage the influx of more people into the area. Mitigation:

This may be important for future agricultural and development planning. There may be conflicts over access to land, while increased pressure on the natural resources which will lead to land degradation. There will also be an increased need to maintain the integrity of the adjacent National Park through the permanent presence of Parks Rangers. 7.2.21 Loss of scenic value of landscape / aesthetics

Long-term, Irreversible, Localised, potentially significant

The power house will cause a visual intrusion in the environment. Mitigation:

Careful selection of the siting of scheme components to reduce the visual impact



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Table 10: Summary of potential impacts and their significance Construction Phase Operational Phase

Short-term

Long-te

rm

Reversible

Irreversible

Localised

widespread

Cum

ulative

Short-term

Long-te

rm

Reversible

Irreversible

Localised

widespread

Cum

ulative

Environmental Factors Drainage & Hydrology x x x x x x x Aquatic Ecology x x x x x x x Soil Erosion x x x NS Vegetation x x x x x x x Wildlife x x x NS Contamination soils & water x x x x x x x Solid waste x x x NS Roads and Traffic x x x x √ √ √ √ Socio-economic Factors Power / Energy supply NS √ √ Employment and skills transfer

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Income Generation √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Tourism NS √ √ √ √ Communicable diseases x x x x x x Disturbance of fields x x x NS Standard of living √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Archaeology & artefacts NS NS Land Use, Land Value NS x/√ x/√ x/√ x/√

X denotes that the impact is slightly negative X denotes impact is more negative than above X denotes that the impact is strongly negative √ denotes the impact is positive x/√ denotes the impact is both positive and negative NS not significant



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7.3 PROJECT DECOMMISSIONING / CLOSURE PHASE

The project is designed to be permanent and has an anticipated life of at least 25 years. It is unlikely that the project will be de-commissioned, but there will need to be at some point a replacement or an upgrading of power generating equipment. If however decommissioning is undertaken it will entail the removal of generation equipment, uplifting of pipelines and removal of the power lines. The weirs may be broken down to allow the free movement of the river water.



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8 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Since 2010, NRE has been involved with hydroelectric power schemes in the Holdenby and Manga communal areas. NRE, as the developer, is fully committed to implementing the project in a sustainably manner as well as fulfilling its social responsibility commitment to the community. To date NRE has undertaken the following community projects: 8.1 UPGRADING OF EXISTING AND CONSTRUCTION OF NEW GRAVEL

ROADS

For the Pungwe A scheme, approximately 8.5km of an existing DDF road was upgraded by means of re-grading, cleaning out of all existing drains and constructing additional drainage. Approximately 5km of new roads was also constructed between the existing DDF road and the various structures of the hydroelectric electric scheme. Previously no access by vehicle was possible and the local residents had to use footpaths to travel between their villages and Hauna (the closest business centre +/- 12km). Vehicles belonging to some of the local residents, mini buses, as well as agricultural produce traders now frequent these roads. On the Duru scheme, approximately 12km of existing DDF and council roads have been upgraded in a similar manner to the roadworks at the Pungwe scheme. An addition, almost 5km of new roads have also been constructed. Although the Duru area is not as remote as that of the Pungwe schemes, the construction of the road between the Gwiriri shopping centre and the Honde River (4km) has reduced trip distances for some stakeholders by as much as 20km. 8.1.1 Foot bridges and local community roads

At the Pungwe scheme NRE has constructed a permanent footbridge across the Nyamombe River, upstream of its diversion weir in order to allow residents to access the new roads during high rainfall periods. On the Duru scheme, NRE has committed to construct two footbridges across the Honde and Duru Rivers to allow people and school children to cross during high rainfall periods as well as a road bridge over the Duru River. In addition NRE has also committed to re-grade a number of existing, badly eroded community roads within the vicinity of the project which will allow for agricultural trade by vehicle to return.



2013


8.2 CONSTRUCTION OF EDUCATION FACILITIES

As part of NRE’s agreement to uplift the community at the Pungwe scheme, a two-classroom school has been constructed for preschool and grade one pupils in Kashiri Village, near the current NRE site offices. Similarly, at the Duru scheme, NRE has committed to repair a lightening and storm-damaged classroom block as well as help in constructing a small borehole water supply pipeline to the Manunure Primary School. It was also agreed that NRE would re-grade and make good the existing access road to the Manunure Secondary School.

8.3 EMPLOYMENT

For the Pungwe A scheme, a maximum of four managerial staff were employed from outside of the Valley, with an additional 112 residents being employed from the local community. On the Duru scheme five managerial staff were employed from outside of the Valley while a total of 188 local residents were employed. All local employees have been recruited through the area headmen, to ensure that there was an equal spread of employment through the various villages and not just from those villages adjacent to projects themselves. NRE’s commitment to recruit from the local community ensured that almost all the cash paid out as wages, was retained within the community rather than being returned to families residing in other cities away from the Honde Valley. 8.4 SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING

A number of employees from both the Pungwe and Duru project communities were trained to operate specific equipment; namely tractors, concrete mixing equipment, compaction equipment and small tools. Furthermore, specific training courses were conducted for laying and backfilling of large diameter fibreglass-type pipes. Other skills obtained were that of general construction – general building, concrete and pipe laying works – all of which will be retained within the community for future development work.



2013


On the Pungwe scheme 18 employees have been trained and offered permanent employment for the operation, maintenance and security work associated with the hydroelectric plant itself. The Duru scheme will result in a similar result, once complete. 8.5 LOCAL CONTRACTORS AND SUPPLIERS

A number of local sub contractors and suppliers were utilised for the construction of both hydroelectric schemes. Small tools, general hardware, groceries and fuel were all purchased locally in Hauna as were specialised trades and services such as fencing, plumbing, carpentry, window installation and catering works. On the construction material supply, all river and pit sand was supplied by local contractors, all bricks were purchased from local suppliers and rocks for all masonry work were purchased from the local community who gathered and piled them alongside roads for collection.

8.6 INDIRECT BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

As a result of the significant cash injection into the two scheme communities, a number of indirect businesses and programmes have also evolved. Small grinding mills have been purchased and installed by local people in the vicinity of the Pungwe scheme, reducing the general distance that people need to walk to grind their maize. General sales of various commodities also developed on both sites in the form of temporary markets on pay weekends. The agricultural impact has been significant, with large produce traders such as Favco accessing the site on a regular basis by tractor to purchase local produce, mostly bananas directly from the growers. On the side of individual upliftment, a number of new houses have been constructed in the various villages adjacent to the two hydroelectric schemes. In Kashiri village alone as a result of the Pungwe A scheme, over 35 new houses have been constructed with either asbestos or corrugated steel roofs. This is a direct reflection of increased wealth being retained within the area.



2013


9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

In this section each key environmental and socio-economic impacts are listed for each phase of the project and the proposed mitigation and enhancement measures given together with the designation of responsibility. If monitoring is applicable, the timing and responsibility is indicated. The aim of an EIA is to ensure good environmental management is undertaken during the lifetime of the project. The EIA identifies the potential negative impacts of the project on the environment and recommends mitigation measures to reduce the impacts. The framework for administering the implementation of mitigation guidelines in the EIA is presented in the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP). An EMP is principally an integrated effort of utilization, planning, maintenance, supervision and control. The success of the EMP depends on the method and techniques of management to be implemented. Corrective action will be undertaken where necessary. The EMP lists the potential impact, the mitigation measure, the authority/authorities responsible for undertaking the monitoring, what type of monitoring is required and how frequently the impact should be monitored. If the EMP is implemented correctly and fully: the impacts can be greatly reduced/ prevented. The EMP is an important document and copies should be kept on site by the relevant responsible persons to ensure compliance by the contractors during construction and compliance during operations. 9.1 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Recommendations for environmental management of contractors include the following: 9.1.1 Work Plans

Environmental mitigation measures should be highlighted in the work plan produced by the contractor on appointment so that it is clear what actions will be undertaken and when.



2013


9.1.2 Site Mobilization

It is recommended that the following take place before site mobilization:

• Training/inducting contractor employees on the contents of the Environmental Management and Monitoring report and

• Induct contractor employees on safety, health, environment and community liaison

• The contractors should be made aware of the monitoring and auditing of their environmental performance and issuing of instructions for corrective actions (within the bounds of the contract agreement)

• Make the contractors aware of completion of work requirements given in contract documentation

9.1.3 Contractors Hand Over

Issues that should be checked before signing off completion of a contractor’s works include:

• Has the contractor been diligent in applying the EIA management principles during construction?

• Have all safety procedures been adhered to? • Has the contractor been careful about minimizing discharges into nearby

watercourses? • Are the watercourses nearby of the same quality as before construction? • Has vegetation been cleared unnecessarily? If so, is there a good reason? • Has soil been stored appropriately and used for rehabilitation? • Have all access routes been rehabilitated satisfactorily? • Have all disturbed areas been stabilized and landscaped? • Have all structures been demolished and debris removed from site? • Has all compacted ground been ripped and re-vegetated? • Has all waste been removed and disposed of appropriately? • Have all temporary ablution facilities been back-filled and closed off?

9.1.4 Post Construction/ Rehabilitation Stage

The post construction phase includes the cleanup of the construction site and the reinstatement of the environment in all disturbed areas. During this phase, the contractor’s compliance to the environmental specifications and legislation should be inspected and audited through a monitoring programme in order to ensure that the site is left in a sustainable condition when the contractor moves off site.

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Pungwe B Hydroelectric Electric Power Scheme 2013


EMP: PLANNING STAGE

Environmental and social issues that should be considered in the planning stage include the following: ASPECT POTENTIAL IMPACT MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT

MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING AGENCY

Traditional aspects Local community involvement

Undertaking of traditional ceremonies.

NRE

Aesthetics Loss of scenic value of landscape

Careful selection of the siting of scheme components to reduce the visual impact.

NRE

Purchase of machinery

Noise from turbines This can be mitigated by the careful selection of appropriate turbines.

NRE

Engineering design Soil erosion from upgrading of access roads

Design and construction to comply with Mutasa Rural District Council regulations.

NRE Mutasa Road Engineer

Engineering design Soil erosion from penstock

Install gulley erosion prevention techniques.

NRE



CONSTRUCTION PHASE

EMP: Pre-Construction Phase – Site Mobilisation

ASPECT POTENTIAL IMPACT MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT

MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Site management procedures

Poor environmental management during construction

Recommendations for environmental management of contractors include the following pre site mobilisation: Training/inducting contractor employees on the contents of the Environmental Management and Monitoring report. Induct contractor employees on safety, health, environment and community liaison. The contractors should be made aware of the monitoring and auditing of their environmental performance and issuing of instructions for corrective actions (within the bounds of the contract agreement). Make the contractors aware of completion of work requirements given in contract documentation.

Contractors/NRE Undertake prior to commencement of construction

Self-monitoring EMA



EMP: Pre-Construction Phase – Site Mobilisation – (continued)


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Site management procedures

Poor environmental management during construction

Environmental mitigation measures should be highlighted in the work plan produced by the contractor on appointment so that it is clear what actions will be undertaken and when.


Self-monitoring EMA

Vegetation Loss of trees, disturbance to the environment.

The planning and design for the construction camp must ensure that there is a minimal impact on the environment


Self-monitoring EMA



EMP: Pre-Construction Phase – Site Mobilisation – Socio-Economic


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Construction workers

Disputes over non-employment of locals

Employ as many local people as possible. There may be a limited transfer of skills and some level of training. Negotiation with contractor for employment of locals

NRE Pre-construction Self-monitoring

Land conflict Changes to Surrounding Land Use, Land Value and Aesthetics

Community engagement to keep the local community informed as this may be important for future agricultural and development planning. There may be conflicts over land.

NRE Pre-construction Self-monitoring



EMP: Establishment of Contractor Camp


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Contractor camp

Damage to environment No permanent structures will be permitted at the contractor’s camp.

Contractors/NRE On establishment of camp

Self-monitoring

Hazardous Substances

Pollution of natural resources

All bitumen, oils and fuels are stored in bunded facilities with bund wall capacity of at least 120% that of the contained or stored material. Contaminated waste to be stored separately and in a secure, adequately bunded area to prevent soil contamination and run-off.


Self-monitoring EMA

Water quality As there are several households that depend upon the river water for domestic use it is important that no waterborne diseases are introduced by the construction workers

Construction workers to be provided with adequate ablution facilities. These should be a minimum of 30m away from any rivers or streams.


Self-monitoring ZINWA



EMP: Establishment of Contractor Camp (continued)


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Construction Waste Management

Dumping of solid waste Designate areas for the storage of various wastes Ensure that all solid waste which cannot be recycled or reused is collected and taken off-site for disposal at Hauna refuse sites.

Contractors/NRE On establishment of camp Weekly

Self-monitoring RDC EMA



EMP: Construction Phase – General Construction


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Archaeological Heritage

Loss or damage to Archaeological, buried sites and cultural artefacts

If any evidence is located during construction then NMMZ are to be contacted so that the resources can be recovered and dealt with according to standard archaeological procedures as required by the NMMZ Act and Traditional leaders should be consulted.

Contractors/NRE Daily during earthworks

Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor NMMZ

Transport of materials

Road accidents and spillage incidents

Emergency response procedure for road accidents and spillages.

Contractors/NRE At time of incident Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor EMA

Scarring of landscape

Erosion All disturbed areas and cut faces should be stabilized.

Contractors/NRE Before the onset of the rains

Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor EMA

Borrow pits Loss of top soil Top soil in borrow areas to be stripped and stockpiled for use in reinstatement.

Contractors/NRE Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor RDC



EMP: General Construction (continued)


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Spillage and disposal of hazardous substances

Pollution of natural resources

During maintenance all vehicles to be provided with drip pans for catching waste oil. Oil collected from maintenance should be stored and taken offsite for reuse, sale to used oil collectors. All spillages to be cleaned up using an absorbent material and disposed of in a designated contaminated landfill site.

Contractors/NRE

Daily Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor EMA

Construction activities: safety to the public

Accidents to the public and domestic animals by unmarked construction excavations and trenches

The area under construction should be barricaded off and appropriate signage used to warn people around the site of any hazards.

Contractors/NRE

Daily Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor RDC

Road safety Accidents caused by road diversions without reflective directional and warning signs

Install safety measures such as reflective warning signs at reasonable distances, signals, temporary barriers, personnel stationed for traffic control and mobility.

Contractor/NRE

Daily Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor RDC



EMP: Soils


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Construction activities

Soil erosion resulting from soil removal from and construction activities i.e. siltation and pollution arising from drilling, sand-bagging, sanitation and concrete work

Ensure that all cut and fill slopes are safe and in line with slope specifications. Correct any causes of erosion as soon as erosion becomes evident. Keep the drainage ways of access routes open and functional. Ensure tracks to pumping sites from rivers are correctly aligned to minimise river bank erosion and pollution with oils and fuels.

Contractors/NRE Daily Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor RDC EMA

Pipelines Some of the pipelines will be buried so there will be localised disturbance of the soil along the routes

Replace topsoil carefully and minimise mixing of sub soil. And put in place barriers to reduce flow such as stone barriers and the planting of vertiver grass.

Contractors/NRE During earthworks

Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor RDC EMA

Construction of power station will result in some disturbance to the soil and

Ensure that any soil is heaped away from the Pungwe so that it does not silt up the river. Stabilise any sections of the hillside that are cut




possibly create conditions for soil slumping on the steep hillside immediately to the west of the site.

away.



EMP: Soils (continued)

ASPECT

POTENTIAL IMPACT MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT

MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Access roads Access roads will require grading so there will be some localised disturbance to the soil which may potentially cause erosion

Access roads to be aligned correctly and appropriate soil protection measures (correctly formed gravelled roads with drainage, culverts and gabions) to be implemented.

Contractors/NRE Upon construction

Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor RDC

Access roads Erosion due to uncontrolled driving off existing tracks and roads.

Avoid the creation of new tracks that increase erosion potential. All access roads should be rehabilitated after use.

Contractors/NRE Daily Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor RDC

Accidental spillages

Soil pollution Any contaminated soil to be removed and taken off the site.

Contractors/NRE At time of incident Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor EMA

Accidental spillages

Soil pollution Emergency procedures and systems to be put in place for spillages.

At time of incident Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor EMA



EMP: Soils (continued)

ASPECT


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY


Soil contamination Any use of diesel generators, fuels, lubricants etc. must be undertaken in a controlled bunded area. Any mixing of cement and other building materials should be carried out in a bunded facility to reduce contamination. Any waste should be removed off site. All chemicals, fuel and oils etc. to be stored in secure bunded areas.


Invasive by alien vegetation

Stockpiled soil Alien vegetation growing on topsoil stockpiles must be eradicated

Contractors/NRE Monthly Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor RDC EMA



EMP: Flora and Fauna

ASPECT


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

The construction of the weir, the power station and the roads may necessitate the felling of some trees and shrubs

Loss of vegetation The opening up of access roads to be kept to a minimum. Only drive on designated roads and tracks. Move obstacles out of the way rather than drive around them. Raise awareness to prevent unnecessary vegetation clearing. Ensure that trees, wherever possible, are retained ass much of the natural vegetation has already been disturbed and there has been extensive removal of forest to make way for small scale agriculture, the only important patches of forest are along the Pungwe River itself. These should be protected whenever possible.




EMP: Flora and Fauna (continued)

ASPECT


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Several tree ferns at the weir site will be drowned following the construction of the weir

Loss of protected tree species

Carefully remove the tree ferns and transplant them to suitable areas upstream of the weirs.

Contractors/NRE Before construction

Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor EMA National Parks


Disturbance to wildlife Code of conduct for contractors. Contractors/NRE Daily Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor EMA National Parks

Illegal hunting and fishing

Loss of fauna

Code of conduct for contractors. Provide the contractor and his workforce induction course on resource utilization. Construction workers to ensure that there is no hunting, destroying, trapping or snaring of animals or destruction of any beehives.

Contractors/NRE Daily Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor EMA National Parks



EMP: Flora and Fauna (continued)


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Vegetation Felling of large trees will cause a loss of their microhabitat of epiphytic ferns and orchids

Trans-locate any epiphytic ferns and orchids from felled trees to the branches of living trees that are likely to remain in place.

Contractors/NRE Daily Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor EMA

Excessive collection of firewood

Deforestation Contractors to provide adequate fuel and lighting supply for workers.


Illegal tree cutting

Deforestation Code of conduct for contractors. NRE Daily

Self-monitoring EMA

Safety Grass fires Code of conduct for contractors Ensure all contractors and employees do not leave any cooking fires unattended nor discard burning cigarettes or matches




EMP: Solid Waste Management


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Accumulation of litter and other solid waste

Solid waste pollution

Ensure that all solid waste collected which cannot be reused or recycled is collected and taken off-site for disposal at Hauna or Mutasa refuse sites. Recycle or re-use waste on and off site i.e. landscaping activities

Contractors/NRE Weekly On-going

Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor EMA

Dumping of waste on and around the site

Solid waste pollution

No illegal dumping, hiding or burning of any waste of any nature.


Health and safety

Disease transmission All food and rubbish to be disposed of in a designated area secure from scavengers i.e. birds, rats, monkeys etc.




EMP: Surface and Underground Water Quality


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Surface and underground water quality

Contamination/ siltation of surface and underground waters

All site workers should be aware of the potential impacts they could cause so as to minimise any accidental impacts. Any mixing of cement and other building materials should be carried out in a bunded facility away from the rivers to reduce contamination. Any containers of oils, fuels or chemicals should be securely stored in bunded areas and labelled for appropriate remediation action to be taken. Spoil and temporary stockpiles should be positioned well away from any drainage systems and the stream.

Tools and equipment should not be washed in any watercourse and any wash water should not be discharged into the stream or surface drains.




EMP: Surface and Underground Water Quality (continued)


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY


Contamination/ siltation of surface and underground waters

Drip pans should be on hand to capture any substance leaking from vehicles. Any oil or fuel spillages should be mopped up with sand or absorbent material (but not sawdust). Emergency procedures and systems to be put in place for spillages.



Contamination of surface and underground waters

Any contaminated water to be disposed off site at an appropriate site. No illegal/uncontrolled discharge of water. No construction water should be pumped into or allowed to flow into water bodies.

Contractors/NRE At time of incident Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor EMA ZINWA


Contamination of water resources

Track water quality changes due to construction works at both weir sites and at outlet into Pungwe River. Test for pH, turbidity, BOD, total dissolved and suspended solids etc. Checks to be made for sedimentation,

Contractors/NRE Weekly Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor EMA ZINWA



oil/fuel/grease and spills in the riverbank.

EMP: Surface and Underground Water Resources ASPECT POTENTIAL IMPACT MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT

MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Water resources

Excessive abstraction of water resources

Use of water to be kept to a reasonable minimum wherever possible to conserve water.

Contractors/NRE Daily Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor EMA ZINWA



EMP: Air Quality


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Air quality Dust pollution emanating from the movement of construction vehicles

If the dust is excessive and affecting people and other road users, then the roads can be watered to minimise the dust. Alternatively plant vertiver grass along sides of the road as a barrier to animals and reduce dust and water flow. All vehicles to keep to the speed limit. Vehicle movements to be kept to a minimum.


Air quality Dust pollution from transporting gravel from borrow areas to the construction site

During tipping and heaping water sprinkling will be used to suppress dust. Heaped quarry and other materials will be periodically dowsed with water.




EMP: Noise


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY


Noise pollution from machinery

Noise levels shall be minimised by using machinery that is well serviced for noise reduction. Operation of machinery to be restricted to reasonable day hours. Workers exposed to high noise levels to wear ear protection


Transportation Noise pollution from construction vehicles

Haulage will be restricted to day time to prevent noise nuisance to the communities and the high risk of accidents in the night.




EMP: Socio-Economic ASPECT POTENTIAL IMPACT MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT

MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Public health and safety

Refer to section on noise and air quality

Community irrigation pipes

Damage to underground/overground pipes

Contractor to identify areas where community utilise (irrigation pipes) are located and to ensure they are protected during construction.

Contractors/NRE During earthworks

Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor RDC EMA

Construction Traffic

Congestion caused by construction vehicles

Road signs and traffic controls to be used to avoid any congestion.


Traffic speeds Accidents caused by construction vehicles

Erection of speed controls and road signs. Contractors/NRE Daily Self-monitoring Contractor supervisor RDC EMA



EMP: Post Construction: Closure of Construction site offices


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Contractor compliance

Contractor camp abandoned

The post construction phase includes the cleanup of the construction site and the reinstatement of the environment in all disturbed areas. During this phase, the contractor’s compliance to the environmental specifications and legislation should be inspected and audited in order to ensure that the site is left in a sustainable condition when the contractor moves off site.

NRE End of construction


Closing of construction activities/camp

Potential contamination of land and water resources from contractors facilities

All temporary ablution facilities should be back filled and closed off. Check to see if the watercourses nearby are of the same water quality as before construction.

Contractors/NRE End of construction

Self-monitoring RDC EMA ZINWA



EMP: Post Construction: Closure of Construction Facilities/camp (continued)


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Soil Soil condition Ensure that the soil been stored appropriately for rehabilitation. Ensure all compacted ground been ripped and re-vegetated.



Soil/Vegetation

Soil erosion Check that all disturbed areas have been stabilized and rehabilitated/landscaped.



Access Roads Access routes left and not rehabilitated

Check that all temporary access routes been rehabilitated satisfactorily.



Solid waste Solid waste left on site Ensure all construction, hazardous and domestic waste has been removed and disposed of appropriately.



Contractor buildings

Buildings left Check that all structures have been demolished and all debris removed from site.





EMP: Operational Phase: Hydrology and Aquatic Ecology


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING OF

IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Hydrology and Aquatic Ecology

There will be long-term irreversible changes to the hydrology of approximately 2 km of the Pungwe River through the diversion of water to the power station. The impact of the removal of water will be greatest during the late dry season. It will lead to a drying up of the riparian fringe and microclimates around the rapids and waterfalls along the rivers. The damming of the waters will reduce the impact of sudden ‘flash’ floods and reduce their scouring effect on the river beds.

A review of best practices on environmental flows has revealed a range of methods which are based on hydrological indices, in earlier sections.

NRE Refer to next table Self-monitoring RDC EMA ZINWA


Final Report Page

100

EMP: Operational Phase: Hydrology and Aquatic Ecology (continued)


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Hydrology and Aquatic Ecology

Zimbabwe’s Environmental Management Act, Water Act and Electricity Act do not specify how much water should be retained in the river following diversion to a hydroelectric electric scheme and enquiries simply stated that ‘an environmental flow’ must be allowed

It is recommended the minimum environmental flow that should always be released is at least 0.5m3/s NRE are required to install water flow measuring devices on both weirs and submit the data to ZINWA.

NRE Daily, with additional quarterly assessments of the downstream ecology, especially early and late dry season

Self-monitoring RDC EMA ZINWA


Final Report Page

101

EMP: Operational Phase: Water Quality


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Water quality Water pollution The abstraction of water and actual generation of electricity is unlikely to be any significant impact on water quality. However in order to confirm this, it is recommended that water quality is monitored at the weir site and at outlet into Pungwe River. Key parameters to be monitored are: temperature, pH, turbidity, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, EC etc. In terms of the Water Act as amended, the proponent must ensure that the waters are not polluted or contaminated in any way by person’s resident upon, using or visiting the leased premises. All chemicals, fuel (generator and vehicles) and oils etc. to be stored in secure, locked, bunded areas. Emergency procedures and systems to be put in place for spillages. .

NRE Annually Self-monitoring EMA ZINWA EMA


Final Report Page

102

EMP: Operational Phase: Biophysical


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Site maintenance

Drains blocked with silt, refuse and other materials carried in the run off

Regular maintenance of road verges and clearing of ditches and culverts etc.

NRE Quarterly Self-monitoring RDC EMA

Soild waste Dumping of waste on and around the site

No illegal dumping, hiding or burning of any waste of any nature. All solid waste generated by the facility is to be removed off site and disposed of at Hauna or Mutasa. Keep use of packaging and plastics to a minimum. Recycle packaging when possible.

NRE Weekly Self-monitoring RDC EMA

Vegetation Loss of natural vegetation species due to invasive species

Removal of any exotic or weedy plants from the power station environs.

NRE Quarterly Self-monitoring RDC EMA

Soil resources Soil erosion

Roads to be maintained in good working order

NRE/RDC Annual Maintenance Programme

Self-monitoring RDC


Final Report Page

103

EMP: Social


MEASURE

IMPLEMENTING

AGENCY

FREQUENCY OF

MONITORING

OF IMPACT

MONITORING

AGENCY

Local Community

Community expectations related to improvements in road access

Community engagement, clarity on company community engagement policy and corporate social responsibility

NRE Regular meetings Self-monitoring RDC

Road safety Traffic accidents Repairs to road signs and safety measures Erect speed controls

NRE Monthly Self-monitoring RDC

Road safety Livestock on road, hazard to traffic

Ensure livestock movements are kept to road verges

NRE Monthly Self-monitoring EMA



2013


10 POST EIA REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

10.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS

The EMA shall carry out bi-annual environmental audits to ensure that the project is being implemented in compliance with the EIA and appropriate legislation and regulations. 10.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORTS

The developer is legally required to submit a quarterly environmental monitoring report on any issues raised in the EIA. Factors to be monitored are: • River flow data with particular emphasis on the minimum environmental flows

released from the weir. Monitored daily. Records submitted to ZINWA.

• Downstream ecology below weir site. It is recommended that the aquatic and riparian ecology are assessed during the late dry season to check if the theoretical environmental minimum flows recommended are actually sustaining the river’s system.

• Water quality should be monitored both upstream of the offtake point and at the

water release site. This should be monitored annually. The project is, however, very unlikely to have a negative effect on water quality. Parameters to be measured are: water temperature, pH, turbidity, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, EC.

11 CONCLUSION

The generation of another ‘clean’ source of electric power in the Honde Valley will have positive benefits to both the national power supply and residents in the area in terms of an uplifting of livelihoods. As an ancillary effect, the project will improve the road system and thus the distribution and marketing of produce from the small-scale farmers. However, there should be close monitoring of the water flow levels in the Pungwe River so that the minimum environmental flow is truly sufficient to maintain downstream aquatic ecology. Although there is still a great deal of potential for the generation of hydroelectric electric power in the Honde Valley, future proposals need to taken into account the accumulative negative impacts of these developments on the aquatic ecology in what are generally pristine rivers.



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12 REFERENCES

Black Crystal Consulting (2011) Environmental Impact Assessment for a hydroelectric

electric power scheme in the Honde Valley, north eastern Zimbabwe (Pungwe A). Nyangani Renewable Energy (Pvt) Ltd., Harare.

Black Crystal (2012). Collection of Precipitation Data for the Nyangani Massif and

adjacent mountains in Nyanga, Eastern Highlands, Zimbabwe. Nyangani Renewable Energy (Pvt) Ltd., Harare.

Governments of Zimbabwe & Mozambique (2006) A monograph of the PUNGWE

RIVER BASIN. 27pp. Kumar, P., Chaube, U.C. & Mishra, S.K (2007). Environmental Flows for Hydroelectric

power Projects – A Case Study. International Conference on Small Hydroelectric power – Hydroelectric Sri Lanka, 22-24 October 2007.

Minshull, J.L. (1998). A report on the aquatic fauna of the Nyangombe river, Nyanga,

Zimbabwe. Unpublished report. Soper, R. (2003). Nyanga. Ancient fields, settlements and agricultural history in

Zimbabwe. London: British Institute in Eastern Africa. Stocklmayer, V.R. (1978). The geology of the country around Inyanga. Rhodesia Geol.

Surv. Bulletin No. 79. Govt. Printer, Salisbury. Summers, R.F.H. (1958). Inyanga: prehistoric settlements in Southern Rhodesia.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Temple, S.A. & Payne, A.I. (1993). Fish communities of Mount Inyangani in the Eastern

Highlands of Zimbabwe. Unpublished report. UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat and WIOMSA (2009). An assessment of

hydrological and land use characteristics affecting river-coast interactions in the

Western Indian Ocean region, UNEP, Nairobi Kenya,109p. Van der Zaag, P. 2000: The Pungwe River Basin‐ Webworld.unesco.org.



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13 APPENDICES



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APPENDIX A - DETAILED TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONSULTANTS

Terms of Reference

Environmental Impact Assessment for a second hydroelectric electric power

scheme on the Pungwe River, Honde Valley, Mutasa District, Manicaland. (EMA

Project No. 6069)

Introduction

Black Crystal Consulting were invited by Nyangani Renewable Energy to undertake an Environmental Impact Assessment of a second hydroelectric electric power scheme on the Pungwe River (referred to as Pungwe B) in the Honde Valley, in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Policy Guidelines, 1997. Black Crystal Consulting submitted technical and cost proposals to the project proponent in November 2012. The proposals were accepted by the proponent and a Prospectus Report was submitted to EMA on 21 November 2012 (Project No. 6069). This document represents the detailed terms of reference for undertaking an EIA for the Nyangani Renewable Energy project. Project Description

The proposed hydroelectric electric power scheme involves the diversion of water from the Pungwe River by way of a weir into a conveyance canal that leads to a small capacity headpond, From the head pond the water will enter a steel penstock which channels water under pressure to a turbine which drives a generator to produce electric power. This electricity is then stepped up to 33kV which is the voltage of the national grid at the connection point. The return flow from the turbine feeds directly back into the Pungwe River some 2,5km downstream from where it was diverted. All the water that is extracted at the weir is put back into the river at the power house. Project Location

The proposed scheme will be sited in the Holdenby Communal Land, Mutasa District, Manicaland Province. It is approximately 3.5 km north of Buwu School, and about 0.5 km south of the southern boundary of the Nyanga National Park, just below the confluence of the Pungwe and Nyazengu rivers. Project Execution

The EIA will be undertaken through a combination of comprehensive field visit/s, stakeholder consultation and research work. The project leader of the Black Crystal consultant team will be the Ecologist, S.L. Childes, working in close collaboration with N. Mararike and S. Waterworth. They will be assisted by J. English and R. Burrett. All team members are Zimbabwean residents.



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The EIA Report

The EIA report will describe the following:

Objectives

This section will summarise: • The general scope of the environmental assessment • Discuss its timing in relation to the processes of project preparation, design and

execution. Description of the proposed project

The consultants working together with the client shall provide a brief description of the relevant parts of the project, using maps (at appropriate scale) where necessary, including the following information:

• Location • General layout • Size • Construction activities • Operation and maintenance activities • Project Life span.

Description of the Environment

The consultants are required to assemble, evaluate and present baseline data on the relevant environmental characteristics of the study area. Include information on any changes anticipated before the project commences.

• Physical environment: geology; topography; soils; climate and meteorology; surface and ground-water hydrology;

• Biological environment: flora; fauna; rare or endangered species; sensitive habitats; and species with potential to become nuisances, vectors or dangerous.

• Socio-cultural environment: population; employment; distribution of income, goods and services; public health; cultural properties; tribal peoples;

Legislative and Regulatory Considerations

Describe the pertinent regulations and standards governing environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, protection of endangered species, siting, land use control, etc, at international, national, regional and local levels. Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project

Wherever possible, describe impacts quantitatively, in terms of environmental costs and benefits. In this analysis, distinguish between:



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• Significant positive and negative impacts • Direct and indirect impacts • Immediate and long-term impacts • Impacts which are unavoidable or irreversible.

Assign economic values when feasible. Characterize the extent and quality of available data, explaining significant information deficiencies and any uncertainties associated with predictions of impacts. Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project

Describe alternatives that were examined in the course of developing the proposed project and identify other alternatives which would achieve the same objectives. The concept of alternatives may extend to:

• Siting • Design • Technology selection • Construction techniques and phasing • Operating and maintenance procedures.

Compare alternative in terms of:

• Potential environmental impacts • Capital and operating costs • Suitability under local conditions • Institutional, training, and monitoring requirements.

When describing the impacts, indicate which are irreversible or unavoidable and which can be mitigated. To the extent possible, quantify the costs and benefits of each alternative, incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigating measures. The alternative of not constructing the project, in order to demonstrate environmental conditions without it, must be included. Development of Management Plan to Mitigate Negative Impacts.

Recommend feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. Prepare a management plan including proposed work programs, schedules, responsibilities and other necessary support services to implement the mitigating measures. Identification of Institutional Needs to Implement Environmental Assessment

Recommendations

If applicable, review the authority and capability of institutions at local, provincial/regional, and national levels and recommend steps to strengthen or expand



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them so that the management and monitoring plans in the environmental assessment can be implemented. Development of a Monitoring Plan.

Prepare a detailed plan to monitor the implementation of mitigating measures and the impacts of the project during construction and operation. Public Consultation

Propose a thorough programme of consulting the public during the EIA study. The purpose of the programme will be to assist the proponent to both inform all interested parties about the project and solicit their views about it. Specifically, the consultant will propose an effective, comprehensive public consultation strategy which includes at least: ○ A list of stakeholders or audiences to be consulted ○ Methods for reaching these stakeholders ○ The scheduling of consultation activities, and ○ How the consultation efforts will be analyzed. Assist in co-ordinating the environmental assessments with other government agencies, in obtaining the views of local NGOs and affected groups, and in keeping records of meetings, communications and comments. Report

The environmental assessment report should be concise and limited to significant environmental issues. The main text should focus on findings, conclusions and recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. Schedule

In agreement with the project proponent may specify dates for: ○ Progress reports ○ Interim and final reports ○ Other significant events.

Other Information

Include here lists of: ○ Data sources ○ Project background reports and studies ○ Relevant publications



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APPENDIX B - GENERATION LICENCE



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APPENDIX C - BILL OF QUANTITIES



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BILL OF QUANTITIES FOR THE PUNGWE B HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER SCHEME.

Item Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount Access Roads

100.01 Construct road to Weir m 3000 $100.00 $300,000.00

100.02 Construct new road to PH m 1500 $100.00 $150,000.00

100.03 Bridge/river crossing over Nyamombe (upper) lump 1 $15,000.00 $15,000.00

100.03 Bridge/river crossing over Nyamombe (lower) lump 1 $15,000.00 $15,000.00 Access to penstock

100.07 Temporary road lump 1 $10,000.00 $10,000.00

Drainage

100.08 900mm dia culverts lump 1 $30,000.00 $30,000.00

Diversion Weir & Canal Weir River diversion lump 1 $20,000.00 $20,000.00

101.01 Cement bag 2500 $15.00 $37,500.00

101.02 Sand cu.m 200 $50.00 $10,000.00

101.03 Aggregate cu.m 250 $85.00 $21,250.00

101.04 Rebar ton 10 $3,000.00 $30,000.00

101.05 Blasting lump 1 $5,000.00 $5,000.00

101.06 Rock for masonry lump 500 $5.00 $2,500.00

101.07 Fence lump 1 $10,000.00 $10,000.00

101.08 Miscellaneous pipework/gates/handrails lump 1 $5,000.00 $5,000.00 Canal Cement bag 22500 $15.00 $337,500.00 Sand cu.m 3150 $50.00 $157,500.00 Aggregate cu.m 3150 $85.00 $267,750.00



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Rebar ton 100 $3,000.00 $300,000.00 Blasting lump 1 $100,000.00 $100,000.00 Fence lump 1 $80,000.00 $80,000.00 Bridges lump 1 $50,000.00 $50,000.00 Excavation cu.m 41250 $20.00 $825,000.00 Backfill & compaction cu.m 5000 $20.00 $100,000.00 Miscellaneous pipework/syphons lump 1 $200,000.00 $200,000.00

Pipework Plate

102.02 6mm thick t 360 $1,550.00 $558,000.00

102.03 8mm thick t 200 $1,550.00 $310,000.00

102.04 10mm thick t 970 $1,550.00 $1,503,500.00

Fabrication

102.05 6mm thick pipe, 700 dia t 360 $1,550.00 $558,000.00

102.06 8mm thick pipe, 700 dia t 200 $1,550.00 $310,000.00

102.07 10mm thick pipe, 700 dia t 970 $1,550.00 $1,503,500.00

Transport of pipe to site

102.08 1500 dia steel pipe lump 1 $300,000.00 $300,000.00 Paint

102.09 Paint - epoxy lump 1 $100,000.00 $100,000.00 On site installation

102.1 Butt welds (6, 8, 10 mm thick) ea 400 $1,550.00 $620,000.00

102.11 Rigging lump 1 $100,000.00 $100,000.00 Miscellaneous Valves (vents,air, scour) lump 1 $25,000.00 $25,000.00

102.12 VJ couplers 20 $1,000.00 $20,000.00



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Concrete thrust blocks cu.m 250 $400.00 $100,000.00

Power House 40 x 25m

103.01 Bush Clearing/Rock Exposure ha 1 $2,500.00 $2,500.00

103.04 Blasting/drilling lump 1 $20,000.00 $20,000.00

103.05 Concrete cu.m 500 $400.00 $200,000.00

103.06 Building sq.m 600 $350.00 $210,000.00 Structural steel lump 1 $200,000.00 $200,000.00 Installation of equipment lump 1 $100,000.00 $100,000.00 Miscellaneous building items lump 1 $50,000.00 $50,000.00

Preliminary & General Obligations Site Establishment

105.01 New site offices/containers lump 1 $30,000.00 $30,000.00

105.02 Set up existing workshops lump 1 $10,000.00 $10,000.00

105.03 Roof over workshops lump 1 $5,000.00 $5,000.00

105.04 Water supply and toilets lump 1 $5,000.00 $5,000.00

Labour

105.08 Labour - NEC rates. 250 men for 26 days per

month 18 $81,000.00 $1,458,000.00

Fuel (using $1.35/litre)

105.16 4 Tractors @ 3000l per month 18 $4,050.00 $72,900.00

105.17 TLB @ 750l per month 18 $1,100.00 $19,800.00

105.18 2 Excavators @ 10000l per month 18 $13,500.00 $243,000.00

105.18 Dozer @ 5000l per month 18 $6,750.00 $121,500.00



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105.19 4 site vehicles @ 2000l per month 18 $2,670.00 $48,060.00

105.2 Small equipment @ 2000l per month 18 $2,700.00 $48,600.00

Transmission Lines

104.01 33kV line to Grid - sub contract km 1 $50,000.00 $50,000.00



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APPENDIX D - FLOW CALCULATIONS Estimated Mean Monthly Flows for Pungwe B

Hydro Year OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP

1970 1971 1.587 9.548 12.289 15.175 13.435 7.971 5.022 3.787 2.586 1.802 1.324 1.744 1971 1972 2.225 5.114 8.708 14.436 8.773 12.113 10.589 4.198 2.806 2.005 1.417 0.962 1972 1973 1.419 1.620 2.153 5.124 8.342 7.302 5.321 2.850 2.626 1.834 2.297 1.278 1973 1974 2.019 6.119 6.491 15.480 25.600 17.730 16.977 6.749 3.469 2.673 2.842 2.370 1974 1975 1.619 1.694 11.283 8.991 12.901 11.764 7.069 3.784 3.185 2.218 1.843 1.158 1975 1976 1.604 1.025 3.771 11.700 18.329 89.023 12.907 5.039 3.496 2.448 1.733 2.234 1976 1977 2.198 5.877 4.254 4.420 18.409 13.763 7.993 3.403 2.424 1.944 2.968 2.058 1980 1981 1.943 2.177 14.662 15.189 32.809 13.576 7.649 6.546 3.560 2.467 2.045 1.536 1981 1982 2.277 2.749 6.011 11.154 20.651 6.658 6.479 3.273 2.502 2.327 1.490 1.371 1982 1983 4.028 3.108 3.973 2.561 7.234 7.580 2.707 2.613 1.418 4.014 1.800 1.243 1983 1984 1.293 1.089 3.570 4.021 9.060 13.108 9.687 3.846 2.559 2.428 2.252 1.677 1984 1985 1.338 3.613 9.123 18.791 17.626 10.864 6.805 3.719 2.488 1.936 1.424 1.053 1985 1986 1.396 2.057 8.317 15.863 14.726 11.172 6.763 3.881 2.707 1.990 1.562 1.027 1986 1987 1.441 1.232 11.391 6.581 4.329 2.438 1.811 1.231 1.185 0.768 0.766 0.458 1987 1988 1.937 3.036 9.800 12.956 15.571 16.248 11.113 6.903 3.985 2.753 1.839 1.462 1988 1989 3.658 4.164 5.715 8.349 12.556 9.837 6.473 4.157 2.549 1.767 1.329 0.990 1989 1990 1.694 5.061 3.112 10.179 10.752 6.016 4.351 3.670 2.614 1.703 1.613 1.087 1990 1991 0.674 1.012 3.223 6.421 6.256 8.166 4.398 2.528 1.385 1.145 0.730 1.260 1991 1992 0.692 0.834 0.859 0.900 0.417 0.707 0.486 0.318 0.500 0.285 0.438 0.031 1992 1993 0.001 0.880 2.241 8.863 10.813 10.998 3.948 2.228 1.624 2.492 1.446 1.255 1993 1994 0.744 1.226 5.428 14.652 10.009 4.599 2.459 1.572 1.385 1.018 0.592 0.781 1994 1995 0.888 0.706 1.957 5.236 3.586 2.923 2.520 1.417 0.955 0.944 1.319 0.591 1995 1996 2.525 3.863 11.925 9.092 23.168 13.681 6.707 4.282 3.787 3.081 2.051 1.436 1996 1997 1.177 3.432 5.964 24.111 27.419 11.568 9.985 4.197 2.457 2.411 1.392 1.727 1997 1998 2.898 2.427 4.878 19.190 9.572 8.191 7.838 7.484 7.129 0.530 6.415 3.748 1998 1999 1.938 2.252 7.061 18.999 13.731 22.103 10.933 5.484 2.717 0.232 2.067 1.301 1999 2000 1.502 2.666 6.691 8.335 14.737 22.018 11.901 4.865 4.063 0.231 1.404 0.769 2000 2001 1.001 1.702 6.334 4.471 25.531 23.546 10.601 4.060 3.383 0.235 3.498 1.194 2001 2002 1.225 0.678 10.948 6.260 3.296 4.298 2.968 1.108 1.521 0.372 1.115 0.078 2002 2003 0.366 2.094 1.983 8.426 8.934 13.910 6.443 4.720 2.533 0.184 0.580 0.871 2003 2004 0.331 2.066 3.561 9.201 12.775 18.005 8.846 3.241 2.319 1.280 0.556 0.274 2004 2005 0.531 2.123 5.580 12.605 6.882 6.946 4.828 1.671 1.177 0.752 0.192 0.013 2005 2006 0.000 0.738 10.146 27.235 15.503 16.907 7.820 3.469 1.682 0.900 0.303 0.082 2006 2007 0.050 1.901 2.992 7.880 10.207 6.217 4.312 1.409 0.952 0.292 0.285 0.556 2007 2008 1.774 3.357 9.851 12.870 20.404 13.704 3.481 1.694 0.772 0.000 0.000 0.000 2008 2009 0.017 0.000 7.299 9.117 15.300 8.157 4.451 2.303 2.305 1.448 1.097 2.690 2009 2010 1.225 4.311 3.196 3.420 32.285 18.852 10.151 3.359 1.939 2.023 1.257 0.537 Mean 1.439 2.636 6.398 10.764 14.106 13.315 6.886 3.542 2.453 1.539 1.548 1.159

Flow Records - Pungwe River - Based on Causeway Gauging Station - F14 and adjusted

River Pungwe Adjustment Factor for Area 1.561

Location VQ834649 on Map Inyangani 1832B4 & 1833A3 in the 1:50,000 Series

Adjustment Factor for aspect 0

Station Number F14 and adjustments Mutare Pipeline Offtake 0.75 m

3/s

Hydro Zone FP

Latitude 18 Degree and 24 minutes Pungwe Causeway aspect factor 1

Longitude 32 Degrees and 50 minutes Nyazengu aspect factor 1



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Causeway Catchment Area 85.5 km

2

Nyazengu + RB Area 48 km

2

Total 133.5 km2



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APPENDIX E - CHECKLIST OF PLANTS

The following plants were identified in and around the proposed project site. Invasive species are marked with an asterisk *. The checklist is not comprehensive. Woody Plants Grasses Forbs

Riparian Forest:

Aidea micrantha

Albizia adianthifolia

A. gummifera

Anthocleista grandiflora

Breonardia salicina

Bridelia micrantha

Erythroxylum emaginatum

Heteropyxis dehniae

Khaya anthotheca

Macaranga capensis

Mussaenda arcuata

Newtonia buchananii

Oxyanthus speciosus

Rauvolfia caffra

Rawsonia lucida

Syzigium guineense subsp.

afromontanum

Trema orientalis

Tricalysia capensis

Tree Fern:

Cyathea dregei

Epiphytic Ferns &

Orchids: Asplenium sp.

Elaphoglossum sp.

Pleopeltis sp.

Bulbophyllum sp.

Polystachya sp.

Degraded Forest & Scrub:

Annona senegalensis

Eucalyptus sp.*

Eragrostis acraea

Heteropogon contortus

Hyperthelia dissoluta

Hyparrhenia sp.

Loudetia simplex

Microchloa kunthi

Setaria incrassata

Sorghum sp.

Cyperus sp. (sedge)

Clematis brachiata

Commelina erecta

Craterostigma plantagineum

Crinum sp. (in wet areas)

Dissotis canescens

Eucomis autumnalis

Gloriosa superba

Helichrysum sp

Hemizygia bracteosa

Hibiscus rhodanthus

Ipomoea sp.

Mucuna coriacea irritans

Mucuna poggei

Nidorella resedifolia

Plectranthus sp.

Smilax anceps

Solanum incanum

Thunbergia sp

Vigna sp/.

Zornia milneana



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Lantana camara *

Leucosidea sericea

Oxytenanthera abyssinica

Parinari curatellifolia

Protea caffra

Psidium guajava *

Uapaca sansibarica



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APPENDIX F - CHECKLIST OF BIRDS

LOCALITY: Honde Valley SITE: Nyamombe - Pungwe Rivers, Red Dragon area GPS / GRID REF: QDS 1832 B4 DATE: 28-30 March 2011 & 22 Nov 2012 Species name Scientific name

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis

Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus

Augur Buzzard Buteo augur

Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis

Black breasted Snake Eagle Circaetus pectoralis

Wahlberg's Eagle Aquila wahlbergi

Speckled Pigeon (Rock) Columba guinea

Lemon Dove (Cinnamon) Aplopelia (Columba)

larvata

Laughing Dove

Streptopelia

(Stigmatopelia)

senegalensis

Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata

Blue-spotted Wood-dove Turtur afer

Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria

Livingstone's Turaco (Lourie) Tauraco livingstonii

Grey Go-away-bird (Lourie) Corythaixoides concolor

Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius

White-rumped Swift Apus caffer

Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus

Brown-hooded Kingfisher Halcyon albiventris

Silvery cheeked Hornbill Bycanistes brevis

Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus

Cape Batis Batis capensis

Olive Bush-shrike Telophorus (Malaconotus)

olivaceus

Pied Crow Corvus albus

White-necked Raven Corvus albicollis

Barn Swallow (European) Hirundo rustica

Rock Martin Hirundo (Ptyonoprogne)

fuligula

Eastern Saw-wing Psalidoprocne orientalis

Rattling Cisticola Cisticola chiniana

Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava



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Total:

62 species

Note that this list is not comprehensive.

Bar-throated Apalis Apalis thoracica

Grey-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brevicaudata

Common Bulbul (Black eyed) Pycnonotus barbatus

Yellow-bellied Greenbul Chlorocichla flaviventris

Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus

Arrow-marked Babbler Turdoides jardineii

Kurrichane Thrush Turdus libonyanus

White-browed Robin-chat (Heuglin's) Cossypha heuglini

Scarlet-chested Sunbird Chalcomitra (Nectarinia)

senegalensis

Variable Sunbird (Yellow bellied) Cinnyris (Nectarinia)

venustus

Village Weaver (Spotted backed) Ploceus cucullatus

Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea

Yellow-crowned Bishop (Golden) Euplectes afer

Red Bishop Euplectes orix

White-winged Widowbird Euplectes albonotatus

Red-collared Widowbird Euplectes ardens

Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild

Common Grenadier (Violet eared Waxbill)

Granatina (Uraeginthus)

granatina

Blue-breasted Cordonbleu (Waxbill) Uraeginthus angolensis

Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala

African Firefinch (Blue billed) Lagonosticta rubricata

Jameson's Firefinch Lagonosticta rhodopareia

Bronze Munia (Mannikin) Spermestes (Lonchura)

cucullatus

Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura

Mountain Wagtail (Long tailed) Motacilla clara

Yellow-fronted Canary (Yellow eyed)

Crithagra (Serinus)

mozambicus



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APPENDIX G - SIGNED STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION LETTERS

The following is an example of letters sent to the following Government Department who acknowledged receipt by stamping and/or signing the letter.8

i. District Administrator, Ministry of Local Government Rural and Urban Development, 05 December 2012

ii. District Health Services Administrator, Hauna Hospital, 11 December 2012

iii. Provincial Planning Officer, Department of Physical Planning, 10 December 2012

iv. Chief Executive Officer, Mutasa Rural District Council, 05 December 2012

v. The Executive Director, National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe, 17 December 2012

vi. Provincial Administrator, Ministry of Local Government and National Housing

vii. Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company Mutare, 10 December 2012

viii. Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, 08 December 2012

ix. Engineer, Mutasa Rural District Council, 05 December 2012 x. Agricultural Extension Officer (Agritex) Mutasa, 10 December 2012 xi. District Coordinator, District Development Fund, 10 December 2012 xii. Forestry Commission, 10 December 2012 xiii. Governor, Mutare, 10 December 2012 xiv. ZINWA Save Hydrologist, Mutare, 10 December 2012 xv. Agricultural Extention Officer (Agritex) Hauna, 11 December 2012 xvi. Pungwe Sub Catchment, 11 December 2012 xvii. Zimbabwe Republic Police, Hauna, 11 December 2012 xviii. Mutasa Lands Officer, 12 December 2012

8 Soft and hard copies of the letters are available on request.



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Date:………………………………. Ref: SC/Pungwe B Project /2012 ……………………………………….. ……………………………………….. ………………………………………. ………………………………………. Dear Sir/ Madam

RE: Proposed Pungwe B Hydro Electric Power Project on the Pungwe River,

Honde Valley.

We wish to advise you that Black Crystal Consulting, EMA Registration Certificate No. 00071/2012 has been contracted by Mr. R. Goddard and Mr I McKersie of Nyangani Renewable Energy to undertake an Environmental Impact Assessment of a proposed second hydro electric power generation scheme that is to be established on the Pungwe River, Honde Valley. The proponents have been issued a generation licence by ZETDC. In line with the Environmental Management Act, Chapter 20:27 and accompanying regulations, Environmental Impact Assessment & Ecosystems Protection Regulations, SI 7 of 2007, it is mandatory for the developer to carry out widespread consultations with stakeholders. Your department is one of these stakeholders. This letter therefore serves to (a) inform you of the proposed project and (b) solicit any issues and concerns that you may have in respect to the proposed project. The following are the particulars relating to the proposed project:

Black Crystal Consulting Private Limited HARARE OFFICE 1 Fairbairn Drive Mount Pleasant, Harare Office: +263 (04) 334361 BULAWAYO OFFICE 1 Cowden Road Steeldale, Bulawayo Office +263 (09) 881201

Box 9111 Harare E-mail: [email protected] Box FM 493 Famona, Bulawayo



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Developer’s Details

Names and Addresses of

Proponents Nyangani Renewable Energy (Pvt.) Ltd

21 Mould Crescent Avondale HARARE Company Registration No. 5141/2007

Location of proposed

development

Pungwe river, downstream of the confluence of the Pungwe and Nyazengu rivers, Holdenby Communal Land, Honde Valley, north east Zimbabwe

Environmental Prospectus

and Impact Assessment

Dates

December 2012 – January 2013

Project Description

Located north of Buwu School and approximately 3km from the existing Pungwe A project (refer to map attached), this Pungwe B (phase 2) Hydroelectric Power project will divert water from the Pungwe River, via a diversion weir, into a conveyance canal and from there into a small capacity head pond. From the head pond the water will enter a steel penstock which channels water under pressure to a turbine which drives a generator to produce electric power. This electricity is then stepped up to 33kV which is the voltage of the national grid at the connection point. The return flow from the turbine feeds directly back into the Pungwe River some 2km downstream from where it was diverted. All the water that is extracted at the weir is put back into the river at the power house. The proponents intend to use local labour and materials where possible - in a similar manner to that of the construction of their Pungwe A (phase 1) scheme. The access road will follow the existing road to the Pungwe A scheme with the addition of a low level drift crossing over the Nyamombe river and an approximately 2.5km long 4m wide gravel track to the diversion weir on the Pungwe river. The transmission line from this new power station will feed into the existing line. As this lies within your area of jurisdiction, we would appreciate your comments and concerns on the proposed development, through a written submission to the undersigned on the above address or email: [email protected] or [email protected] before or on the 19th of December 2012.


Final Report

Please may you acknowledge receipt of this letter by stamping and returning the enclosed copy. Yours faithfully

S. Childes Pungwe B EIA Project Manag



Please may you acknowledge receipt of this letter by stamping and returning the

Pungwe B EIA Project Manager, Black Crystal Consulting



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Please may you acknowledge receipt of this letter by stamping and returning the



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APPENDIX H - RESPONSE LETTERS FROM STAKEHOLDERS

1. Written Response from District Administrator, Ministry of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development, Mutasa dated 6 December 2012

2. Written Response from Executive Director of National Museums and

Monuments of Zimbabwe dated 17 December 2012

3. Written Response from Chief Executive Officer of Mutasa Rural District Council dated 19 December 2012



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APPENDIX I - COMMUNITY ATTENDANCE REGISTER

Environmental Impact Study Community Consultation Register Pungwe B Hydroelectric Electric Power Scheme.

Date of Meeting 15 January 2013.

Name

Village

Occupation

Organisation

Reginald Chigonde Kashiri Storesman NRE Luckmore Nyamangodo

Zvarevamambo Timekeeper NRE

Thomas Chigonde Kashiri Builder NRE Francis Kashiri Kashiri Headman/Foreman NRE Kenneth Mukotsanjera

Kashiri Builder NRE

Taurai Chuma Buwu Casual Worker NRE Revai Buwu Buwu Casual Worker NRE Joe Ushamba Kashiri Casual Worker NRE Moses Guta Kashiri Assistant Driver NRE Witness Sithole Kashiri Casual Worker NRE Crispen Namangodo

Zvarevamambo Casual Worker NRE

Tonderai Ushamba Kashiri Casual Worker NRE Tonderai Mwarazi Kashiri Casual Worker NRE Viola Chigonde Kashiri Cook NRE Kudzai Karombe Kashiri Farmer Shadreck Samanyanga

Kashiri Security Guard NRE

Paul Chowa Nyandoro Hydroelectric Operator

NRE

Joseph Togara Kashiri Farmer Samuel Togara Kashiri Casual Worker NRE Pilani Hove Kashiri Vendor Kingston Mawadzi Kashiri Vendor Tariro Chigonde Kashiri Diversion Weir

Operator NRE

Luckmore Nhungumira

Kashiri Diversion Weir Operator

NRE

Irene Mwarazi Kashiri Farmer



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Rushmore Chidawanyika

Kashiri Farmer

Tawanda Ndaona Zvarevamambo Farmer Cephas Marangwanda

Zvarevamambo Farmer

Moses Mapungwana

Zvarevamambo Builder

Francis Kashiri Kashiri Builder Samuel Chimuka Kashiri Farmer Cerina Nyamunokora

Kashiri Farmer

Alice Tambare Kashiri Farmer Jennifer Mukotsanjera

Kashiri Farmer

Nabboth Mawadzi Kashiri Farmer Simbarashe Nyamunokora

Kashiri Casual Worker NRE

Sten Hamudikuwanda

Kashiri Farmer

Elijah Mamombe Kashiri Farmer Zebediah Bondo Buwu Farmer Tracy Ndikiuyana Buwu Farmer Tendai Chimuka Kashiri Farmer Josiah Mwarazi Kashiri Farmer Noah Sorogodo Zvarevamambo Carpenter Maudzi Chigonde Kashiri Farmer Christopher Nyamangodo

Zvarevamambo Farmer

Gibson Nyamangodo

Zvarevamambo Farmer

Siyakonza Never Kashiri Farmer Nico Makoni Kashiri Farmer Levias Chigonde Kashiri Farmer Shadreck Mawakise

Kashiri Casual Worker NRE

Wilson Agusto Kashiri Builder Elisha Bukuta Buwu Builder Taurai Nyamhake Kashiri Builder Francis Nyamangodo

Zvarevamambo Farmer

Sekai Sithole Kashiri Vendor



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Eliam Kwandala Zvarevamambo Guard NRE Hamu Nhungumira Kashiri Farmer Rufu Nyamangodo Zvarevamamba Farmer Joseph Manáira Kashiri Farmer Annanious Moposa Kashiri q Farmer Mary Nyamangodo Zvarevamambo Farmer Marjury Nevengo Kashiri Farmer Anna Mareya Kashiri Farmer Constance Chigonde

Kashiri Farmer

Tinashe Sambiti Kashiri Farmer Willard Ushamba Kashiri Farmer Gladys Chigonde Kashiri Vendor Aaron Mwarazi Kashiri Farmer Kamia Keturo Zvarevamambo Farmer Jenniffer Nyamangodo

Zvarevamambo Farmer

Bright Kapesa Kashiri Carpenter Lloyd Chigonde Kashiri Farmer Solomon Mugurei Kashiri Casual Worker NRE Solomon Manhenga

Buwu Farmer

Caleb Makori Kashiri Builder NRE Tatenda Kashiri Karishi Builder NRE George Ushamba Kashiri Farmer Peter Tagara Kashiri Farmer Origin Nyabereka Kashiri Farmer Jairos Nyangani Kashiri Farmer Zebediah Nyamangodo

Zvarevamambo Farmer

Isaac Kupangwa Kashiri Casual Worker NRE Edmore Mwarazi Kashiri Farmer Zvenyika Chigondo Kashiri Farmer Denford Ushamba Kashiri Farmer Elias Jumburu Kashiri Chainsaw Operator NRE Nhamo Nyamangodo

Zvarevamambo Farmer

Richard Ferenga Kashiri Casual Worker NRE Moses Tabeti Zvarevamambo Builder NRE Taurai Chuma Buwu Farmer Vincent Zvarevamambo Student UZ



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Nyamangodo Jane Guta Kashiri Farmer Grace Chigonde Kashiri Farmer Knowledge Guta Kashiri Farmer Lameck Nyamunokora

Kashiri Builder NRE

Ngonidzashe Karombe

Kashiri Farmer

K Ushamba Kashiri Farmer Susan Mutsingo Kashiri Farmer Elizabeth Musimo Buwu Farmer Junior Mwandura Kashiri Farmer Edna Matare Kashiri Farmer Kashiri Josephine Kashiri Farmer Serina Feremba Kashiri Farmer Angela Kashiri Kashiri Farmer Vilet Mutanga Kashiri Farmer Florence Mukwasi Kashiri Farmer Elizabeth Mushunje Kashiri Farmer Fiona Siyakonza Zvarevamambo Farmer Zvikomborero Panana

Kashiri Farmer

Tsitsi Chimwaza Kashiri Farmer Nyasha Ushamba Buwu Farmer Lucia Gwiso Kashiri Farmer James Museve Zvarevamambo Farmer S Moyo Kashiri Farmer Diana Muriro Kashiri Farmer Noah Gorogodo Zvarevamambo Farmer Aurthur Nyangani Kashiri Farmer David Nyamunokora

Kashiri Farmer

Renious Matambura

Kashiri Farmer

Michael Mudowaya Kashiri Farmer Gibson Ushamba Kashiri Farmer Kadez Chibvuma Kashiri Farmer Rona Muzerengwa Kashiri Farmer James Jumburu Kashiri Farmer Tendai Munhungumira

Kashiri Farmer



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Sherperd Makwara Kashiri Farmer Chistopher Moboreka

Kashiri Farmer

Evans Korovera Zvarevamambo Farmer Innocent Mupamambo

Kashiri Farmer

Daniel Chigonde Kashiri Farmer Zvikomborero Magurei

Kashiri Farmer

Kelvin Masiyandima Kashiri Farmer Brighton Chauma Kashiri Farmer Peter Sabondo Buwu Farmer Jairos Makaya Kashiri Farmer


Final Report

APPENDIX J - LETTER OF COMMITMENT

Friday, 01 February 2013 Dear Sir, Re: Environmental Impact Assessment for Pungwe B hydroelectric power scheme

on the Pungwe River in the Honde Valley

Black Crystal Environmental Consulting is currently undertaking on our behalf, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the above project. In undertaking the EIA, Black Crystal Consulting have identified that Violet Mutambu, Moses Guta, Kenneth Mukosanjera, Kenneth Mare, Webster Nyakurimwa, Joseph Tagara, Pachawo Muteti, Anywhere Chigonde, Jiros Smart Maisyandima, Tonderai Mwarazi, Edmore Mwarazi, Tafadzwa Chigonde, Mutikwa, Ms Mafunga, Thomas Mudzi, Hamunyari Magureyi, Taurai Nyamutsanga, Patrick Chapungu, Lloyd Chigonde, Grace Chigonde, Evlyn Siyakonza, Thomas Chigonde, David Mwandura, Lameck Nyamunokora, Kenneth Chitsinde, Willard Ushamba, Richard Ferembu, KeMawe, Kingston Mawadze and Paul Tombo)construction of the conveyance canal and access road that runs alongside itsurvey for the conveyance canal is complethe fields will be confirmed This means that during the construction phase, individuals will not be able to cultivate their fields (assuming that the construction is during the cropping season). In light of this, Nyangani Renewable Energy (NRE) is committed to fully compensate the affected families for crop loss. Compensation for crop loss will be paid by Nyangani Renewable Energy according to the scale laid down by Agritex



LETTER OF COMMITMENT FROM NRE (COMPENSATION LETTER)

Friday, 01 February 2013

Re: Environmental Impact Assessment for Pungwe B hydroelectric power scheme

on the Pungwe River in the Honde Valley

Black Crystal Environmental Consulting is currently undertaking on our behalf, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the above project. In undertaking the EIA, Black Crystal Consulting have identified that there will be individuals (Headman Kashiri, Violet Mutambu, Moses Guta, Kenneth Mukosanjera, Kenneth Mare, Webster Nyakurimwa, Joseph Tagara, Pachawo Muteti, Anywhere Chigonde, Jiros Smart Maisyandima, Tonderai Mwarazi, Edmore Mwarazi, Tafadzwa Chigonde, Mutikwa, Ms Mafunga, Thomas Mudzi, Hamunyari Magureyi, Taurai Nyamutsanga, Patrick Chapungu, Lloyd Chigonde, Grace Chigonde, Evlyn Siyakonza, Thomas Chigonde, David Mwandura, Lameck Nyamunokora, Kenneth Chitsinde, Willard Ushamba, Richard Ferembu, Kenneth Ziyani, Anna Mareya, Maria Chisepo, Nobeth Mawe, Kingston Mawadze and Paul Tombo) whose fields will be affected during theconstruction of the conveyance canal and access road that runs alongside itsurvey for the conveyance canal is complete and the exact route known, the impacts on the fields will be confirmed

This means that during the construction phase, individuals will not be able to cultivate their fields (assuming that the construction is during the cropping season). In light of this, Nyangani Renewable Energy (NRE) is committed to fully compensate the affected

Compensation for crop loss will be paid by Nyangani Renewable Energy according to the scale laid down by Agritex (2012) which is shown below:

Nyangani Renewable Energy (Pvt) Ltd Nyangani Renewable Energy (Pvt) Ltd Nyangani Renewable Energy (Pvt) Ltd Nyangani Renewable Energy (Pvt) Ltd

21 Mold Crescent Avondale, Harare,

Zimbabwe

Tel: +263 772434876, +263 773179495

Email: [email protected]



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ON LETTER)

Re: Environmental Impact Assessment for Pungwe B hydroelectric power scheme

Black Crystal Environmental Consulting is currently undertaking on our behalf, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the above project. In undertaking the EIA,

Headman Kashiri, Violet Mutambu, Moses Guta, Kenneth Mukosanjera, Kenneth Mare, Webster Nyakurimwa, Joseph Tagara, Pachawo Muteti, Anywhere Chigonde, Jiros Smart Maisyandima, Tonderai Mwarazi, Edmore Mwarazi, Tafadzwa Chigonde, Nhamo Mutikwa, Ms Mafunga, Thomas Mudzi, Hamunyari Magureyi, Taurai Nyamutsanga, Patrick Chapungu, Lloyd Chigonde, Grace Chigonde, Evlyn Siyakonza, Thomas Chigonde, David Mwandura, Lameck Nyamunokora, Kenneth Chitsinde, Willard

nneth Ziyani, Anna Mareya, Maria Chisepo, Nobeth whose fields will be affected during the

construction of the conveyance canal and access road that runs alongside it. Once the te and the exact route known, the impacts on

This means that during the construction phase, individuals will not be able to cultivate their fields (assuming that the construction is during the cropping season). In light of this, Nyangani Renewable Energy (NRE) is committed to fully compensate the affected

Compensation for crop loss will be paid by Nyangani Renewable Energy according to

Nyangani Renewable Energy (Pvt) Ltd Nyangani Renewable Energy (Pvt) Ltd Nyangani Renewable Energy (Pvt) Ltd Nyangani Renewable Energy (Pvt) Ltd

21 Mold Crescent Avondale, Harare,

772434876, +263 773179495

[email protected] / [email protected]



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Type of Crop Compensation price in USD

Maize 855/ha Tomatoes 5 000/ha Potatoes 8 000/ha Bananas 5 250/ha Beans 1 500/ha Yams (madhumbe/magogoya) 2 500/ha Sugar cane 3 125/ha Avocado 2 500/ha

Nyangani Renewable Energy will work closely with Agritex, and Headman Kashiri to ensure that compensation is paid out promptly and aptly following EIA document approval by the Environmental Management Agency and confirmation of construction dates which may or may not affect cropping activities. Yours Faithfully,

I A P McKersie (Managing Director)

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