2013 edition Wilfred E. Major [email protected]
description
Transcript of 2013 edition Wilfred E. Major [email protected]
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Ancient Greek for Everyone:A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek
Unit 2 part 1: Introduction to the Greek Verb
2013 editionWilfred E. [email protected]
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
This class AGE Unit 2: Introduction to the Greek Verb• You have learned the Greek alphabet and other
components of the Greek writing system.• Now you begin learning Greek words: what they
mean, how to form them, and how to understand them.
• We begin with the most powerful category of Greek words, the part of speech called the VERB.
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• A VERB describes an action. • An English verb by itself designates only the action
that is taking place: run, stop, be, … • A Greek verb, however, normally communicates
more information than just what the action is. • In fact, a Greek verb by itself usually communicates
FIVE pieces of information:
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates FIVE pieces of information: – Person– Number – Tense – Mood – Voice
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates FIVE pieces of information: – Person: The subject of the verb, that is, who is the
focus of the action – 1st person = the speaker (I, we) – 2nd person = person spoken to (you, y’all) – 3rd person = anyone/anything else (he/she/it, they, or
anyone/anything else you can name) – English uses separate words to indicate the person
(subject).
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates FIVE pieces of information: – Person– Number: whether the Person (subject)
is singular or plural– singular = I, you, he/she/it, or any single subject – plural = we, y’all, they, or any plural subject – Tense – Mood – Voice
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates FIVE pieces of information: – Person– Number: whether the person (subject)
is singular or plural– English uses separate words to indicate the number
of the person (subject) and marks a verb with a3rd person singular subject: runs, stops, is…
– Tense – Mood – Voice
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates FIVE pieces of information: – Person– Number – Tense: When the action happens
(past, present, future) – Mood – Voice
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• Tense: When the action happens (past, present, future) • English uses a combination of verb changes or additions
and additional words to indicate the tense: – run, ran, have run, will run, do run, is running…– stop, stopped, have stopped, will stop, do stop, is stopping… – is, was, have been, is being…
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates
FIVE pieces of information: – Person– Number – Tense – Mood: This refers to the “mode” of the verb (most
often indicating whether an action is real or hypothetical in some way).
– Voice
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• Mood: This refers to the “mode” of the verb (most
often indicating whether an action is real or hypothetical in some way).
• English uses additional words to indicate the mood: – to run, could run, might run, should run, would run… – to stop, could stop, might stop, should stop, would stop… – to be, could be, might be, should be, would be…
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates
FIVE pieces of information: – Person– Number – Tense – Mood: This refers to the “mode” of the verb (most
often indicating whether an action is real or hypothetical in some way).
– Indicative means the action is real. – Infinitive means the action without any time or subject. – Voice
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates FIVE
pieces of information: – Person– Number – Tense – Mood – Voice: This indicates the role the subject plays in the action.
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates FIVE
pieces of information: – Voice: This indicates the role the subject plays in the action. – Greek can distinguish three roles (voices): – Active: The subject causes the action • We run the program. • We stop the program. • I buy a drink.
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates FIVE
pieces of information: – Voice: This indicates the role the subject plays in the action. – Greek can distinguish three roles (voices): – Middle: The subject is part or all of the action • We run. • We stop. • I buy (myself) a drink.
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates FIVE
pieces of information: – Voice: This indicates the role the subject plays in the action. – Greek can distinguish three roles (voices): – Passive: The subject receives the consequence of the action • We are run by a computer. • We are stopped by a police officer. • The drinks are bought by me.
– Note: In Classical Greek, the passive voice is rare, but it becomes more common in Koine Greek.
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates
FIVE pieces of information: – Person– Number – Tense – Mood – Voice
PARSING: To “parse” a Greek verb means to identify the above five qualities about a specific verb form.
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
• PARSING: To “parse” a Greek verb means to identify the five qualities about a specific verb form.
• For example, a specific verb form could be – Third person – Singular – Present – Indicative – Active
• Once you know these five items and the verb’s meaning, you have identified the verb completely and understand what it means.
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
AGE Unit 2: Introduction to the Greek Verb• Now you have learned the what information a Greek
verb conveys about an action. • Next we learn how a Greek verb conveys this
information. • You have seen how English verbs change, make
additions or use additional words to convey information.
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• I am running. • You are running. • She is running.
• We are running. • Y’all are running. • They are running.
Building a Greek VerbConsider the verbs in the above sentences
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• runningi • runningyou • runningshe
• runningwe • runningy’all • runningthey
Building a Greek VerbNow IMAGINE verbs like this!
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• I do stop. • You do stop.• He does stop.
• We do stop. • Y’all do stop. • They do stop.
Building a Greek VerbConsider the verbs in the above sentences
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• stopdoi • stopdoyou• stopdohe
• stopdowe • stopdoy’all • stopdothey
Building a Greek VerbNow IMAGINE verbs like this!
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
Building a Greek verb• Those imaginary verbs work basically the way verbs work in
Greek. • Greek verbs for the most part communicate person, number,
tense, mood and voice by adding parts to the verb, rather than by using additional words.
• Building verbs this way can seem strange at first, but to a Greek, piling on words they way English does seems strange. Neither is better or more difficult, but they are different.
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
Building a Greek verb• To begin building a Greek verb, start with the “stem.” • The stem tells you what action the verb describes:
δεικ = “show”
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
Building a Greek verb• All the verbs in this unit are in the present tense. • So the stem needs a marker that says the verb is in the
present tense. • Adding a -ν- to the stem typically marks a verb as in the
present tense. It will be easier to pronounce this verb by adding –νυ–.
• So now the stem looks (and sounds) like this: – δεικνυ = “show” (in the present)
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
Building a Greek verb• So now the verb is in the present tense. • The most common mood of Greek verbs is the
indicative (which means the action is real). This is also effectively the default mood for verbs.
• All the verbs in this unit are in the active voice, so the following verb forms are – Present tense – Indicative mood– Active voice
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
Building a Greek verb• To indicate person and number, the verb needs distinct
endings, which are as follows:
• -μι = I (1st person singular) -μεν = we (1st person plural) • -ς = you (2nd person singular) -τε = y’all (2nd person plural) • -σι = (s)he, it (3rd person sing) -ασι = they (3rd person plural)
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• δείκνυμι – I show, am showing, do
show. • δείκνυς – You show, are showing,
do show. • δείκνυσι – (S)he/it shows, is
showing, does show.
• δείκνυμεν – We show, are showing,
do show. • δείκνυτε – Y’all show, are showing,
do show. • δεικνύασι – They show, are showing,
do show.
Building a Greek VerbThe Present Indicative Active of δείκνυμι
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• From Unit 1: Placing the accent:– On most Greek words, the “recessive” rule determines the
placement of the accent. This means:– If the last syllable of the word contains a single short
vowel, the accent “recedes” two syllables: – δίδοτε – It can recede only to the last short vowel sound of this
syllable (never to the first part), so the accent appears as an acute (“/”):
– ἄνθρωπος, δώσετε (= δοόσετε)
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• From Unit 1: Placing the accent:– On most Greek words, the “recessive” rule determines the
placement of the accent. This means:– If the word has only two syllables and the last syllable of
the word contains a single short vowel, the accent “recedes” to the first syllable:
– δότε– or the first part of a long vowel sound: – δῶρον (= δόορον)
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• From Unit 1: Placing the accent:– On most Greek words, the “recessive” rule determines the
placement of the accent. This means:– If the last syllable of the word contains a long vowel sound,
the accent “recedes” only one syllable: – διδότω. – It can recede only to the second part of this syllable, so the
accent always appears as an acute (“/”): – παραδώσω (= παραδοόσω = παραδοόσοο)
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
Spell it Like It Sounds!• Remember: A word ending in -σι can add a final -ν
(“nu-movable”) to make pronunciation easier: – For example, εἴκοσι εἶσι εἴκοσιν εἶσιν. – This added -ν has no meaning; it simply helps
pronunciation. – For the verb δείκνυμι, this means δείκνυσι and
δεικνύασι can appear as δείκνυσιν and δεικνύασιν. It does not affect their parsing, meaning or translation.
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• The second most common mood of Greek verbs is the
infinitive (which refers to the action without person, number or tense, so it needs only a single ending).
• The ending –ναι signals the verb is in the infinitive.
• δεικνύναι – “show” in the infinitive mood (mode)
• This form is the present, infinitive, active. • Note the placement of the accent. • We will learn the meanings and translations of the infinitive
mood while reading passages.
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates
FIVE pieces of information: – Person– Number – Tense – Mood – Voice
PARSING: To “parse” a Greek verb means to identify the above five qualities about a specific verb form.
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• PARSING: To “parse” a Greek verb means to identify the
above five qualities about a specific verb form. • For example, δείκνυμι is– First person – Singular – Present – Indicative – Active
• All of the above information, plus its stem meaning, tells you that this form means “I show,” or “I am showing” or “I do show.”
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• When translating a Greek verb into English, – Do not worry about using two, three or more words in
English to translate just one in Greek. The two languages build their words differently.
– Try to see the action that the Greek verb describes. Then use the English that describes that same action.
– Sometimes you have multiple ways to translate a verb. Choose the way that works best in English.
– For example, δείκνυμι (first person, singular, present, indicative, active) legitimately translates as “I show,” or “I am showing” or “I do show.” Choose the one that works best in English.
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• VOCABULARY: Although a Greek verb can morph into
many different forms, it is listed in a dictionary (Greek “lexicon”) under just one form: – First person – Singular – Present – Indicative – Active
• For example: δείκνυμι show
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
Examples of Vocabulary entries • ἀπόλλυμι kill, destroy • δείκνυμι show• μίγνυμι mix
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• μίγνυμι – I mix, am mixing, do
mix. • μίγνυς – You mix, are mixing, do
mix. • μίγνυσι – (S)he/it mixes, is mixing,
does mix.
• μίγνυμεν – We mix, are mixing, do
mix. • μίγνυτε – Y’all mix, are mixing, do
mix. • μιγνύασι – They mix, are mixing, do
mix.
Building a Greek VerbThe Present Infinitive Active is μιγνύναι
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
Building a Greek verb• The stem of ἀπόλλυμι is:– ολ = “kill, destroy” – ολνυ ολλυ = “kill, die” (in the present)
• The combination –λν– always changes to –λλ– in Greek. • In practice, Greek always adds a prefix to this word, ἀπ(ό),
meaning “away,” similar to the way English can say “kill off.” Thus the stem actually looks (and sounds) like this:
– ἀπολλυ = “kill, destroy” (in the present) – This verb is rare except in this compounded form.
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Ancient Greek for Everyone• ἀπόλλυμι – I kill, am killing, do kill.
• ἀπόλλυς – You kill, are killing, do
kill. • ἀπόλλυσι – (S)he/it kills, is killing,
does kill.
• ἀπόλλυμεν – We kill, are killing, do
kill. • ἀπόλλυτε – Y’all kill, are killing, do
kill. • ἀπολλύασι – They kill, are killing, do
kill.
Building a Greek VerbThe Present Infinitive Active is ἀπολλύναι
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Ancient Greek for Everyone
• Next – practice with ἀπόλλυμι, δείκνυμι, μίγνυμι • The practice sheet provides all the forms of these three
verbs. We will draw forms at random from a hat, and you need to (1) say the word out loud (2) parse the form and (3) translate it into English.
– start AGE Unit 2 part 2: Six Common Greek verbs.