2013-2014 Midterm Exam Review
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Transcript of 2013-2014 Midterm Exam Review
2013-2014 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW
1-5 BRANCHES OF EARTH SCIENCEOceanographyMeteorologyEcologyGeologyAstronomy
2-SAFETY IN THE SCIENCE LAB- COMMON SENSE
HYPOTHESIS- possibleexplanation for a problem
THEORY- an explanation that is based on experimentationand supported by a largequantity of evidence
LAW-widely accepted as a fact,based on repeated observations
3. HOW DID THE DINOSAURS BECOME EXTINCT?
3. EVIDENCE OF METEORITE IMPACT1- high concentration of IRIDIUM in rocks that are 65 million yrs old
2- no dinosaur fossils after 65mya
3- layer of soot from worldwide wildfires
4- shocked quartz at impact sites
4. CALCULATE HOURS OF DAYLIGHT SUNRISE 7:07 a.m. SUNSET 5:13 p.m.
_____________hours _______________ minutes
5. LABEL THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH
oceanOceanic crust
Continental crust
lithosphereMOHO
Upper mantle- rigid
Upper Mantle- fluid
Lower Mantle
STATISTICS OF THE EARTHCircumference= 40,000 km
25,000 miles
Diameter = 12,800 km 8,000 miles
LITHOSPHERE
ASTHENOSPHERE
MOHO
MAG
NETO
SPHERE
The source of theEarth’s magnetic field is the liquid IRON & NICKEL in the Outer Core
TEXT
Page 29
7. OBLATE SPHERO
ID
40 000 km
8. EARTH IS AN OPEN SYSTEM WITH REGARD TO ENERGY AND CLOSED WITH MASS
9 WHAT ARE THE 4 MAIN SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR THE EARTH SYSTEM?
9 WHAT ARE THE 4 MAIN SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR THE EARTH SYSTEM?
1- the SUN
2- mantle convection
3. Radioactive decay
4. Gravity
10. WHAT IS A RESERVOIR?
10. WHAT IS A RESERVOIR?A place where matter or energy is stored for a long period of time
CARBON- BiosphereNitrogen-AtmospherePhosphorus- GeosphereWater- Hydrosphere
12. FOOD CHAIN VS. FOOD WEB
12. FOOD CHAIN VS. FOOD WEBFood Chain- one possible path for
matter/energy
Food Web- shows every feeding relationship
ECOSYSTEMS CONSUMERS
PRODUCERS
HERBIVORES
CARNIVORES
How do ecosystems respond to change?
13- LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE Latitude= degrees N
or S of the Equator 69 miles (111 km)
between each degree
90⁰ degrees = Poles
Longitude = degrees E or W of Prime Meridian (Greenwich)
Lines meet at poles, get closer as move N or S
13. DIVISION OF A DEGREE There are ___________ minutes in a degree,
and ____________ degrees in a circle Latitude measures ____ and ____ of the
_______ Longitude measure ___ and ____ of the
______ ____________ which runs through ____________
Latitude measures up to ___________ which represents the _______
Longitude measures as high as __________ The coordinates of the North Pole are
_________ and the South Pole ______________
13. DIVISION OF A DEGREE There are ___60_____ minutes in a degree,
and _____360_____ degrees in a circle Latitude measures _N__ and __S_ of the
equator__ Longitude measure _E and _W_ of the
_Prime_ __Meridian__ which runs through _Greenwich, England___
Latitude measures up to ______90⁰___ which represents the Poles__
Longitude measures as high as ___180⁰___ The coordinates of the North Pole
are___90⁰N_ and the South Pole ______90⁰S____
INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE
If it is Monday here….What day is it here?
CONTOUR MAPS SHOW ELEVATION CONTOUR INTERVAL- distance between lines
INDEX CONTOUR- every 5th line, drawn in bold print, makes it easier to read the map
CARTOGRAPHY- map making
RELIEF- difference between highest and lowest elevation
GEOMAGNETIC NORTH- magnetic north pole, where a compass points
CONTOUR
MAP
MAP LEGEND
Explains symbols used on map and the Scale.
SCALE – the relationship betweenDistance on a map and distance onEarth.
FRACTIONAL 1: 25 000
GRAPHIC- a bar
VERBAL - one inch equals one mileCOMPASS ROSE
Geographic North
Magnetic North Pole
16. WHY DO WE HAVE SEASONS? TILT 23.5 degrees
Revolution-3651/4 day
Leap Year
Parallelism
17. EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT PLATE TECTONICS
17. EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT PLATE TECTONICS1- matching shapes of continents2- fossil evidence3- similar rock type4- mountain ranges continue across oceans
5- climate change6- earthquake and volcanic activity7- sea floor spreading8- Paleomagnetism
17. EARTHQUAKES
SEA FLOOR SPREADING : See p 243
As magma rises through rifts in the ocean floor, it captures themagnetic orientation of the age.Rocks closer to the rift areyounger. Rocks further from the Rift are older.
Harry Hess
Confirmed Wegener’s hypothesis
17. PLATE TECTONICS Alfred Wegener
Similar fossils on widely separated continents
Similar rock types or mountain ranges
Shape of coastlines
Sea floor spreading
Paleo- magnetism
17. PLATE TECTONICS
PANGAEA
PANTHALASSA
19. THE SUPERCONTINENT CYCLEThe supercontinent cycle is a geologic cycle where the Earth's continents alternatively merge into a single supercontinent, split into numerous continents, then merge again. The cycle is estimated to be 300 - 500 million years long.
20. PLATE BOUNDARIESDIVERGENT BOUNDARY- magma rises through rift between platesEx: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY- platesCollide, form trenches, mtn rangesEx: Pacific Ring of Fire
TRANSFORM BOUNDARY- two plates Slide past each other laterallyEx: San Andreas Fault
20 HOT SPOT VOLCANISM
TRANSFORM FAULT-
Someday Los Angeles will
Be NORTH WEST of
San Francisco!
RIDGE PUSH
CONVECTION CURRENTS DRIVE PLATE MOVEMENT
21. EARTHWEEK
22. SEISMIC WAVES
22. HOW DO SEISMOLOGISTS PINPOINT THE EPICENTER OF AN EARTHQUAKE?
23, 24, 25,26. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
*Dinosaurs extinct- Meteoriteimpact
4600PRECAMBRIAN-88%
6%
4% * Pangea
formed
27, 28. FOSSILS FORM AND EXAMPLESMummificationFreezingPetrificationTar SeepsAmber
Cast/moldCoproliteGastrolithHard partPetrified remains
29 & 30MINERAL FAMILIES
SolidNaturally
occurringDefinite
chemical composition
InorganicCrystal system
SILICATE- 96% NON-SILICATE- 4%
WAYS TO
IDEN
TIFY AN U
NKN
OW
N
MIN
ERAL
COLOR is NOT a good way to identify a mineral.
1. Many minerals have the same color.
2. Some minerals come in a variety of colors.
3. Weathering can change color of a mineral
Tests or Properties that identify Minerals
LusterCleavage/FractureDensityHardness (Moh’s Scale p
111)Crystal SystemStreakFluorescenceRadioactivityDouble RefractionMagnetism
31. IGNEOUS ROCKS- “FROM FIRE”
From LAVA =EXTRUSIVEFine grained
From MAGMA =INTRUSIVECoarse grained
32. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
33. METAMORPHIC ROCKSCONTACT Metamorphism- when hot magma or fluids bake nearby rocks- small area
REGIONAL m.- when tectonic plates move, great heat & pressure, minerals line up in bands –widespread
34. ROCK CYCLE- ANY ROCK CAN TURN INTO ANY OTHER KIND OF ROCK
ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY
P 295
20 VOLCANOES
What is pyroclastic material?
20 ICELANDIC VOLCANOES-MID-OCEAN RIDGE