RECOVERY AND USE OF

NUTRIENTS, ENERGY AND

ORGANIC MATTER FROM

ANIMAL WASTE – Rethinking Manure Recycling

Marie Curie Initial Training Network 2012-2016

FP7 PEOPLE PROGRAMME

Jensen L.S.1, Bekiaris G.1, Popovic O.2, Regueiro Carrera I.3; Camilleri-Rumbau M.S.4, Santos A.5, Vu P.T.6, Taupe N.7, Owusu-Twum M.8, Subedi R.2, Pantelopoulos A.1, Hou Y6, Oenema O. 6 & Oelofse M1

www.reusewaste.eu

• Manures are valuable, but bulky and variable, resources • Livestock production and manure systems are rapidly changing

(> intensification, profit maximisation & cost minimisation) • Environmental impacts of current manure systems are very large • Uneven soil fertility -

depletion vs. enrichment/overloading • Finite resources of nutrient elements

and opportunities for fossil energy substitution are wasted

• No common exploiter / processing entity, stakeholders are diffuse

• “End-of-waste” principle – regulatory challenges

Why do we need to rethink?

EU background (1)

(a) Livestock intensification kg N/ha

(b) Soil fertility gradients

Soil fertility gradient

%C

Location of project partners Source: JRC: EUR-22334, 2006 and Soil Atlas of Europe 2008

Manure N input density

Topsoil carbon

(c) Manure mangement differences

EU background (2)

0% 5% 10% 15%

Romania

France

Slovakia

Bulgaria

Poland

Lithuania

Hungary

Greece

Spain

Estonia

Belgium

Finland

Austria

Netherlands

Latvia

Luxembourg

Slovenia

Denmark

Czech Republic

Italy

Germany

Anaerobic digestion % of total excretion

(after Foged, et al., 2011)

EU background (3)

(d) Manure treatment differences

• Insight, data and information about: – Composition and possible health risks of manures;

– Losses of nutrients in each step of manure chain

– Cheap techniques to reduce these losses

– Total amounts of nutrients in the manure

– The availability of these nutrients over time

• Needs – General information about manures

– Nutrient book keeping tools (simple, accurate models)

– Sensors for manure analyses, for verification purposes

What do farms without manure

surplus need?

• Cheap ways of manure disposal. • What options do they have?

– Buy more land; if available at reasonable price – Transport manure to other farms, without treatment – Transport manure to other farms, after treatment

• Manure separation (+evt. anaerobic dig.) – only common option yet

• Needs – Rapid & cheap pasteurization and dewatering methods – Extraction/recovery of N, P, micro nutrients from slurries

• Ultra filtration + reverse osmosis, • Drying + pelleting solids • Composting solids • Incineration or pyrolysis of solids • Extraction & purification

– Identification of niche markets for (new) manure products

What do farms with manure

surplus need?

Feeding

Treatment

Housing

Storage

Application

Crop

production

We need to consider

the entire manure management chain

We should consider

all flows and losses in the chain

Animal Feed Storage

Cropland/

grassland

Treatment

Industry/

exports

Housing

Animal

Product

Atmosphere

waters

(NH3, N2O,

NOx,N2,CH4, CO2)

(NH4+ , NO3

-,

PO43-

, DON/P)

Crop

Product

& soil

fertility

Discover unaccounted for losses!

We must diversify the treatment options

Slurry/digestate

Liquid fraction

Separation

Solid fraction

Organic fertiliser

Drying

Pelleting Pyrolysis Gasification Combustion

Biochar fertiliser

Ash

Red. P2O5 to P Chemical extraction

Elemen- tal P

Composting

Compost soil amendments

Salts

Precipitation Concentration

Mineral concentrates

Ash based fertiliser

Mineral fertilisers

Solid manure

NH3 stripping

How to increase resource use efficiency?

Increasing resource use efficiency – the 5R-strategy : • Reducing inputs of ‘new’ resources • Reducing losses, from the whole chain • Recycling elements, including organic C • Recovery elements from wastes, where possible • Redefining systems, where needed

But efficient ≠ sustainable

We need to decouple productivity and ressource use!

But we should move manure into a

cradle-to-cradle context….

12

Towards a

&

for

resto-

rative

designs

Another term for industrial ecology…

How do we rethink manure

management in this context?

13

(P. G. Koerkamp, 2011)

Objectives • To educate young scientists • To rethink current manure

management systems • To provide new ideas and

technologies

ReUseWaste overall approach

Animal waste

Organic fertilizers Bioenergy Better environment

13 scientists trained to develop

sustainable manure solutions

13 young researchers

WP5 Energy recovery

WP3 OM & nutrients characterisation

WP7 Synthesis & assessment

WP6 Land recycling

WP4 Technology & management

UCPH

SDU

WU

ISA-UTL

UTAD CSIC/UMH

UTO ULIM

KOM*

GPG*

AL*

PTM*

ECN

VERA**

BHS*

PG*

TI*

Animal waste

RP-DA**

Innovative manure treatment solutions

New meas. & monitoring

products

Improved energy and nutrient

recovery systems Novel bio-fertilizer products

Joint, mutually recognised doctoral training-program

Public-private R&D and extension network for

manure recycling technology

RAMIRAN

Career oppor-tunities

SE Asia partners

Students other projects

Technology & Innovation

WP1 Scientific training

WP2 Generic training

Training + R&D networks

Environmental technology companies

Universities

Public and regulatory authorities

Dissemination networks

BSE*

Farmers org. & advisory

Lasting research collaboration

Research institutes

ReUseWaste research concept

Animal waste = Environmental

problems

Characterisation • Fractionation • Thermogravimetry • Spectroscopy • Pyrolysis-GC/MS • ICP/IRMS • NIR/MIR/FTIR • XANES

Treatment • Liquid-solids separation • Acidification/inhibitors • AD / Biogasification for energy • Incineration/Gasification/Pyrolysis • Composting • Waste upgrading/Nutrient recovery • Bio-fertilizer production

Function • Energy source • Crop fertiliser value • Soil quality amelioration • Carbon sequestration

Utilisation • Crop field application • Horticultural growth media • Landscaping • Soil remediation • Bioenergy

…but also valuable manure

resources: - Nutrients

- Organic Matter

Need for research training and competence building in all of these to be able to rethink manure management

Assessment • System analyses • Stakeholder analyses • Life cycle assessment • Integrated sustainability

WP5 Energy recovery

WP3 OM & nutrients characterisation

WP7 Synthesis & assessment

WP6 Land recycling

WP4 Technology & management

ReUseWaste research structure

3.1. New spectroscopic and thermogravimetric methods for determining manure composition and degradability George Bekiaris (UCPH)

4.1 Development of enhanced mechanical separation efficiency by combined separation techniques, pre- and post-treatment, Olga Popovic (UTO)

4.2 Dev elopment of combined acidification and separation: impact on manure and slurry fractions composition and gas emission, Iria Regueiro (ISA-UTL)

4.3 Development of membrane technology for production of concentrated fertiliser and clean water, Salud Camilleri Rumbau (SDU)

4.4 Development of composting technology for bio-fertiliser production, André Santos (CSIC)

5.1 Development of anaerobic digestion methods for optimal energy yield and P recovery from animal manure production, Phuong Vu (WU)

5.2 Development of thermal treatment technologies (pyrolysis & gasification) for low moisture and dehydrated manure feedstock, Natalie Taupe (ULIM)

5.3 Optimal combustion technology for on-farm conversion of animal manures to heat and ash, (NN) (ULIM)

6.1 Field application and gas emissions of slurry treated by additives and mechanical separation, Maxwell Owusu-Twum (UTAD)

6.2 Land utilisation, crop nutrient value and GHG emission of digestate and compost-based biofertilisers, Raghunath Subedi (UTO)

6.3 Assessment of soil quality effects and nutrient availability of manure ash and biochar based biofertilisers, Thanos Pantelopoulos (UCPH)

7.1 Integrated assessment of manure management chains, Yong Hou (WU)

7.2 Evaluation of market acceptability of manure derived biofertilizer products, Sean Case (UCPH)

ReUseWaste research projects WP3

WP4

WP5

WP6

WP7

ReUseWaste research fellows 13 Ph.D. students and postdocs started Sept 2013 or June 2013

10 nationalities - Lots of potential!

ReUseWaste training activities

WP7 Synthesis & integrat. assess. • 2 ESR/ER project

WP4 Technology & management • 4 ESR/ER projects

WP5 Energy and P recovery • 3 ESR/ER projects

WP6 Recycling of C & nutrients to land • 3 ESR projects

WP3 OM & nutrients characterisation • 1 ESR/ER projects

WP1 Scientific training

WP2 Generic and complementary training

WP0 Project management & dissemination

STR

UC

UR

ED T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

Network meetings

ESR recruitment

1.01 Gas emissions

process & meas.

1.02 Bioenergy from

animal manure

1.03 Appl. membrane

technology

1.04 Implementation

in govern. policies

1.05 Env. tech. for

manag. bio-waste

1.06 Plant nutrients

terr. ecosystems

1.07 Isotope methods

for nutrient dynam.

1.08 Adv. analytical

techniques.

ESR Intro worksh.

IPR plan

2.01 Intro-course for

ReUseWaste PhD

Man. & daily adm.

Dissemination pl.

International seminar / conference

2.02 Project

management

2.04 IPR and

patenting

2.05 Scientific writing

(fundamentals)

1.09 Soil-plant-

climate models

1.10 Agro-environ.

economics

1.11 Org. residues

management

1.12 Life Cycle Ass.

in Biol. Prod. Syst.

2.07 Res. communi-

cation & outreach

2.08 How to write

grant proposals

New PhD courses Existing PhD courses

2.03 Phil. science &

research ethics

2.06 Scientific writing

(English language)

2.09 Study tours &

secondments

Joint experiments

Study tours

Example of course: Gaseous emissions from

animal manure and

biowastes – processes

and measurement (June 28 - July 8, 2013)

Postponed to Nov, 2013 Organized by

with international guest teachers Location: Vila Real, Portugal

Participants will achieve competence in: • Processes and factors affecting trace

gases production from soil and animal manures and biowastes;

• Fundamentals of measuring techniques and instrumentation;

• Methods for measuring emissions from animal housing, manure stores, field and laboratory experiments;

• Emissions estimates, models and emission factors, mitigation strategies and options;

• Data analysis and interpretation

See www.reusewaste.eu for details and registration

• Effect of different slurry pre–treatments on mechanical separation methods efficiency: preliminary results – Poster S8.28 Popovic O., Gioelli F., Dinuccio E., Balsari P.

• Comparative techno-economical study between membrane technology systems for obtaining concentrated fertilizers from biogas plant effluents – Poster S8.19 Camilleri-Rumbau M. S.; Norddahl B.; Nielsen A.K.; Christensen K.V.; Søtoft L.F.

• Comparison of different approaches for ammonia emissions minimization by acidification of dairy and pig slurries. – Poster S8.29 Regueiro Carrera I., Coutinho J., Fangueiro D.

• Use of biochar and hydrochar to reduce ammonia emissions from soils fertilized with pig slurry – Poster S9.16 Subedi R., Kammann C., Pelissetti S., Sacco D., Grignani C., Monaco S.

ReUseWaste poster presentations

22

Poster S8.19: Comparative techno-economical study between

membrane technology systems for obtaining concentrated

fertilizers from biogas plant effluents (Camilleri-Rumbau M. S et al.)

Objective: To compare the economical potentials of 4 processes for obtaining fertilizer fractions from biogas plant digestates Treatments: • 2 pretreatments: decanter centrifuge or screw press • 2 posttreatments: membrane or membrane + NH3 stip + struvite technologies

Decanter centrifugeAnaerobic digester Buffer

tank

Polymer solution

Decanter tank

Basic solution

Precipitation and pH adjustment(basification)

Rotary MF

50% NaOH

sol.

Flash unit

Stripping

31,5% H2SO4

sol.

Absorption

AirAir

38% ammonium sulphate solution

(NH4)2SO4

38% ammonium sulphate solution

(NH4)2SO4

Reverse osmosis

PermeatePermeate

Feed

Compost MF concentrate Struvite

Water Polymer Water MgO Air

RO concentrate

Biogas

Ex: Postreatment of liquid fraction by Struvite precipitation and ammonia stripping

Treatment type Income (€/t)

Costs (€/t)

Profit (€/t)

Decanter centrifuge with membrane technologies 5.8 1.5 4.3

Screw press with membrane technologies 5.9 1.0 4.9

Decanter with membrane + NH3 strip + struvite precip. 6.2 2.5 3.7

Screw press with membrane + NH3 strip + struvite precip. 6.3 2.3 4.0

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Cu

mu

late

d N

H₃

emis

sio

ns

(mg

N-N

H₄

* L

slu

rry¯

¹)

Time (d)

Sulfuric acid

Lactic acid

Acetic acid

Citric acid

Aluminium sulfate

Control

Dairy slurry pH evolution and cumulated NH3 emissions, adjusted to initial pH=5.5 with different acids

5

6

7

8

9

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

pH

Time (d)

Poster S8.29: Comparison of different approaches for ammonia

emissions minimization by acidification of dairy and pig slurries.

Regueiro Carrera I. et al.

• Rapid increase in pH to initial level • NH3 volatilisation increase

concurrently • Sulfuric acid & Alun-sulfate best

Conclusions – starting to rethink… • Imminent need for rethink of manure management

• Re-design of existing systems is possible!

• Think big systems – but research on specific

• Innovation needs vary for different farms

• Solutions to be found in entire manure chain – Created added value > associated costs

– Maximise ressource efficiency

– Decouple productivity and ressource use

Priority areas:

• Cheap solutions for removing water;

• N, P, micronutrients and NH3 & GHG emissions

• Linking technology to markets & institutions

The ReUseWaste consortium is pleased to present the:

Best Student Poster Award

At the 15th RAMIRAN Conference

Versailles, France,

June 3-5, 2013

• Questions?

Thank you for your attention!!