201116 Interpretation Strategy Bowral Hospital - October 2020

Level19,100WilliamStreet,Sydney,NSW2011Phone:(02)80765317

BowralandDistrictHospitalNo.97–103BowralStreet,Bowral.November2020|J3867

InterpretationStrategy&Plan

WEIRPHILLIPSHERITAGE&PLANNING|BowralandDistrictHospital|November2020

CONTENTS PAGE1.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................11.1 Preamble...............................................................................................................................11.2 Authorship............................................................................................................................11.3 SiteLocation.........................................................................................................................11.3.1 SITEIDENTIFICATIONSUMMARY...........................................................................................................31.4 Methodology........................................................................................................................31.4.1 GUIDELINESANDREFERENCES..............................................................................................................31.4.2 GENERALREFERENCES............................................................................................................................31.4.3 HISTORICPLANSANDPHOTOGRAPHS..................................................................................................51.4.4 HERITAGELISTINGSHEETS.....................................................................................................................51.4.5 PLANNINGDOCUMENTS...........................................................................................................................51.5 ArchaeologicalInvestigation..........................................................................................51.6 StagesofInterpretation...................................................................................................61.6.1 INTHISREPORT........................................................................................................................................61.6.2 FUTUREACTIVITY.....................................................................................................................................72.0 UNDERSTANDINGINTERPRETATION..........................................................................72.1 InterpretationasaConservationProcess.................................................................72.2 PrinciplesofInterpretationfortheSite.....................................................................93.0 BRIEFOUTLINEOFTHEHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTOFTHESITE...............103.1 SummaryTimeline..........................................................................................................103.2 OriginalOccupation.........................................................................................................133.3 EarlyEuropeanSettlement...........................................................................................133.4 EarlyBowral.......................................................................................................................143.5 BerrimaDistrictCottageHospital(1889-1919)....................................................153.5.1 PlanningtheHospital......................................................................................................153.6 TheArchitect.....................................................................................................................173.6.1 THECONTRACTOR.................................................................................................................................183.6.2 BUILDINGANDCONSTRUCTION...........................................................................................................193.6.3 COMPLETION&OPENING.....................................................................................................................203.7 BerrimaDistrictHospital(1919-1968)....................................................................233.7.1 EXPANSION..............................................................................................................................................233.7.2 JANEHOLTMEMORIALOPERATINGTHEATRE................................................................................233.7.3 ISOLATIONBLOCKANDMORTUARY...................................................................................................233.7.4 THENEWHOSPITAL..............................................................................................................................243.7.5 TYLERHOUSE,NURSES’HOME(1954)............................................................................................273.7.6 MILTONPARKWING(1961)..............................................................................................................293.8 Bowral&District(1968-)..............................................................................................314.0 HERITAGEVALUES...........................................................................................................314.1 SummaryofExistingStatutoryHeritageListingsfortheSite...........................314.1.1 STATUTORYHERITAGELISTINGS........................................................................................................314.2 HeritageItemsintheVicinityoftheSite..................................................................314.2.1 NSWHERITAGEACT1977.................................................................................................................314.2.2 WINGECARRIBEELOCALENVIRONMENTALPLAN2010...............................................................324.2 AssessmentUnderNSWHeritageCriteria...............................................................334.2.1 CRITERION(A)........................................................................................................................................344.2.2 CRITERION(B)........................................................................................................................................344.2.3 CRITERION(C)........................................................................................................................................354.2.4 CRITERION(D)........................................................................................................................................364.2.5 CRITERION(E)........................................................................................................................................36


4.2.6 CRITERION(F)........................................................................................................................................364.2.7 CRITERION(G)........................................................................................................................................374.3 StatementofSignificance..............................................................................................374.4 NSWHeritageThemes....................................................................................................395.0 SITEINVENTORY,POTENTIALSTAKEHOLDERSANDAUDIENCES...................405.1 InterpretativeResources...............................................................................................405.1.1 THEBUILDINGS......................................................................................................................................405.1.2 DOCUMENTARYEVIDENCE...................................................................................................................405.1.3 ARCHAEOLOGICALMATERIAL.............................................................................................................405.1.4 MOVEABLEHERITAGE...........................................................................................................................415.2 AssociatedPeopleandPlaces......................................................................................415.3 PotentialAudiences.........................................................................................................416.0 IDENTIFYINGKEYTHEMES...........................................................................................416.1 Preamble.............................................................................................................................416.2 RelevantThemes..............................................................................................................426.2.1 TOWNS,SUBURBSANDVILLAGES........................................................................................................426.2.2 HEALTH....................................................................................................................................................426.2.3 CREATIVEENDEAVOUR.........................................................................................................................426.2.4 PERSONS..................................................................................................................................................427.0INTERPRETATIONRECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................427.1 PotentialLocations..........................................................................................................427.2 AudienceRequirements.................................................................................................437.3 TypesofInterpretation..................................................................................................447.4 InterpretationPanels.....................................................................................................447.5 Archaeology.......................................................................................................................447.6 MoveableHeritage...........................................................................................................447.7 PublicArt............................................................................................................................458.1 PlaqueNo.1........................................................................................................................458.2 PlaqueNo.2........................................................................................................................468.3 PotentialNamingPlaques.............................................................................................478.3.1 THENEWMARCHBENNETTWARD....................................................................................................478.3.2 THEKENTCRITICALWARD.................................................................................................................478.3.3 THEJ.J.CAMPBELLWARD....................................................................................................................488.3.4 THEMORGANWARD.............................................................................................................................488.3.5 THEREEDWARD...................................................................................................................................488.3.6 THEHORDERNGARDEN.......................................................................................................................498.4 InterpretationPanel-No.1..........................................................................................498.5 InterpretationPanel-No.2..........................................................................................54


1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preamble

ThiscombinedInterpretationStrategyandPlanfortheBowral&DistrictHospitalhasbeenpreparedtofulfiltherequirementsofConditionD11andD12oftheConsolidatedConsentrelatingtoApplicationNumberSSD8980andissuedbyNSWGovernmentDepartmentofPlanningandEnvironment.SSD-8980-Mod-2isdated28thAugust,2020.ConditionD11requiresthefollowing:

‘TheApplicantmustprepareaHeritageInterpretationPlantoacknowledgethehistoricheritageofthesite.Theplanmust:(a)bepreparedinconsultationwiththeOEHNSWHeritageDivisionandCouncil;

(b)besubmittedtotheCertifyingAuthority,PlanningSecretaryandCouncilpriortothecommencementofoperationoftheAcuteServicesBuilding;

(c)includeprovisionfornamingelementswithinthedevelopmentthatacknowledgesthesite’sheritage;and

(d)incorporatesinterpretiveinformationintothelandscapedesignforthesite.’

ConditionD12requiresthefollowing:

‘TheApplicantmust:(a)notcommenceoperationoftheBuildinguntiltheHeritageInterpretationPlanissubmittedtotheCertifyingAuthority;and

(b)implementthemostrecentversionoftheHeritageInterpretationPlansubmittedtotheCertifyingAuthority.’

1.2 Authorship

ThisdocumenthasbeenpreparedbyJamesPhillips,B.Sc.(Arch),B.Arch,M.Herit.Cons.(Hons),andSuzanneFuchs,B.Arts(Arch),B.Arch.,M.Cult.Heritage,ofWeirPhillipsHeritage.

1.3 SiteLocation

TheBowralandDistrictHospitalislocatedintheSouthernHighlandsofNewSouthWales,100kmsouthwestofSydney.ThesiteislocatedontheeasternsideofthetownofBowralandhasfrontagetoBowralStreet,MonaRoad,AscotRoadandSheffieldRoad.ThesiteisidentifiedasLot4D.P.858938.Figure1showsthelocationofBowralrelativetoSydney.Figure2showsthelocationofthesubjectsitewithinBowral.Figure1showsthelocationofBowralwithinNewSouthWales.Figure2illustratesthelocationofthesubjectsitewithinBowral.


Figure1:SiteLocation.ThebluedotmarksthelocationofBowralwithinNSW.Whereis.com,accessedSeptember2020.

Figure2:SiteLocation.ThebluedotmarksthelocationofthesubjectsitewithinBowral.Whereis.com,accessedSeptember2020.

Figure3identifiestheprincipalelementsonthesite.


Figure3:SitePlan(priortoworksbeingundertaken)McConnell,Smith&Johnson,MasterPlanFeasibilityStudy.

1.3.1 SiteIdentificationSummary

Address No.97-103BowralStreet,BowralLandTitle Lot4D.P.858938Owner NSWHealthLocalGovernmentArea WingecarribeeShirePrincipalPlanningControl

WingecarribeeLocalEnvironmentalPlan2010

LandUseZoning SP2-HealthFacilityHeritageStatus(statutory)

Nostatutorylistings

1.4 Methodology

1.4.1 GuidelinesandReferences

Thefollowingreportsandguidelineshaveinformedthepreparationofthisreport:

• Ambrose,T.andPaine,C.,MuseumBasics,London,ICOMinconjunctionwithRoutledge,1993.

• AustralianICOMOS,TheBurraCharter(TheAustralianICOMOScharterforplacesofculturalsignificance).

• NSWHeritageOffice,HeritageInformationSeries:HeritageInterpretationPolicy,August2005.

• NSWHeritageOffice,HeritageInformationSeries:InterpretingHeritagePlacesandItemsGuidelines,2005.

1.4.2 GeneralReferences

• ‘BerrimaDistrictCottageHospital:TheOpening,TheBowralFreePressandBerrimaDistrictIntelligencer,7September,1889.


• ‘BerrimaDistrictHospital,’BowralFreePressandBerrimaDistrictIntelligencer,24March,1888.

• ‘BerrimaDistrictHospital,’TheScrutineerandBerrimaDistrictPress,27February,1926.

• ‘BerrimaDistrictHospital:OpeningofNewIsolationBlock’,TheScrutineerandBerrimaDistrictPress,17October1928.

• ‘BuildingProgressatBowral’,TheSydneyMorningHerald,11February,1925.

• Chisholm,A.H.,'Wilson,John(?–1800)',AustralianDictionaryofBiography,NationalCentreofBiography,AustralianNationalUniversity,http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/wilson-john-2803/text4001,publishedfirstinhardcopy1967,accessedonline9August2016.

• ConybeareMorrison,Bowral+DistrictHospital+CommunityHealthService,Bowral:HeritageAssessment.UnpublishedreportpreparedforAtkinsonCapitalInsightonbehalfoftheSydneySouthWestAreaHealthService.Dated:April2007.

• ‘CountryNews-Berrima’,AustralianTownandCountryJournal,10August,1889.

• ‘DepartmentofPublicWorks-TendersforWorks,’NSWGovernmentGazette,No.37,18March,1927.

• ‘DreamBecomesaReality’,inTheSouthernMail,1May,1934.• Freeland,J.M.,ArchitectExtraordinary:TheLifeandWorkofJohn

HorburyHunt1838-1904,NSW/Melbourne,CassellAustralia,1970.• Herman,Morton,TheBlacketts:AnEraofAustralianArchitecture,NSW,

AngusandRobertson,1977.• LetterfromT.E.(Tom)O’MahonytoSisterCatherineO’Carrigan,Sisters

ofCharity,PottsPoint,1999,inRAIAArchives,HeritageFile.• ‘TheMayorofBowral’,TheAustralianTownandCountryJournal,26

October,1889.• ‘NewNursesHome’,Construction,1October,1952.• ‘NewNursesQuarters:OfficialOpeningatDistrictHospital’,The

SouthernMail,27August,1954.• ‘NursesHome,Bowral’,Truth,28September,1952.• ‘PlanofCottageHospital,’TheBowralFreePressandBerrimaDistrict

Intelligencer,8September,1888.• RecordDetails:E.H.(EdwardHerbert)Farmer-papers,1825-1996,

includingpapersoftheFarmerandThistlethwaitefamilies,togetherwithlettersofJohnLeGayBrereton,1901-1933.StateLibraryofNSW.

• Reynolds,Peter,'Parkes,Cobden(1892–1978)',AustralianDictionaryofBiography,NationalCentreofBiography,AustralianNationalUniversity,http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/parkes-cobden-11342/text20257,publishedfirstinhardcopy2000,accessedonline15August2016.

• Smith,Win,BlessedAreThey:TheStoreyofTheBowral&DistrictHospital,Bowral,NSW,1889-1989,NSW,WinSmith,1989.

• ThomasO’MahonyInterview,June1991,in,RAIA,ArchitectsoftheMiddleThirdReview.

• Wells,W.H.,AGeographicalDictionaryofGazetteeroftheAustralianColonies,1848.FacsimileeditionpublishedbyTheCounciloftheLibraryofNSW,Sydney,1970.


1.4.3 HistoricPlansandPhotographs

• ‘TheBerrimaDistrictCottageHospital,’TheAustralianTownandCountryJournal,31August,1889.

• BerrimaDistrictHospital,u.d.StateLibraryofVictoria.• BowralandDistrictHospital.PlansheldbythePublicWorks

Department,variousdates.DepartmentofCommerce.• IsolationBlock,BerrimaDistrictHospital,1940.BerrimaDistrict

HistoricalandFamilyHistorySociety.• Nichols,J.J.,BerrimaDistrictCottageHospital,c.1906.StateLibraryof

Victoria.• ViewfromtheBerrima&DistrictHospital,Bowral,c.1934.Berrima

DistrictHistorical&FamilyHistorySociety.

1.4.4 HeritageListingSheets

• BowralConservationArea,Bowral.WingecarribeeHeritageInventory,StudyNo.WI0089.

• BradmanMuseumandGrandstand,GlebePark,St.JudeStreet,Bowral.WingecarribeeHeritageInventorySheet,StudyNo.WI0469.

• BradmanOval,GlebePark,St.JudeStreet,Bowral.WingecarribeeHeritageInventory,StudyNo.WI051.

1.4.5 PlanningDocuments

• NSWHeritageOfficeandDUAP,‘AlteringHeritageAssets’,TheNSWHeritageManual,Sydney,NSWHeritageOfficeandDUAP,1996.

• NSWHeritageOfficeandDUAP,ConservationAreas:GuidelinesforManagingChangeinHeritageConservationAreas,NSW,NSWHeritageOfficeandDUAP.

• NSWOfficeofEnvironmentandHeritage,StatementsofHeritageImpact,NSW,2002update.

• WingecarribeeLocalEnvironmentalPlan2010.

1.5 ArchaeologicalInvestigation

Adetailedarchaeologicalassessmentofthesitehasnotbeencarriedout.Thefollowingprovidesgeneralremarksonly.TheresultsofasearchoftheAboriginalHeritageInformationManagementSystem(AHIMS)indicatethatthereareknownAboriginalsitesorplacesrecordedonorwithin1,000mofthesite.Theremainsofbuildingsandotherelements,suchaspathways,removedfromthesitemaysurvivebelowthesurface.TheevolutionofthesiteiswelldocumentedinplansheldbytheDepartmentofCommerceandinwrittensources.Thebriefassessmentabovesuggeststhatitisunlikelythatarchaeologicalremainswouldprovideinformationaboutthelayoutandbuildingsonthesitenotavailablefromothersources.Theremaybedepositsfromburiedrubbishonthesite.


1.6 StagesofInterpretation

Thefollowingstageswillbefollowedinpreparingandimplementinganinterpretationstrategyonthissite.

1.6.1 InThisReport

ThisInterpretationStrategysetsouthowthehistoryandsignificanceofthesitemightbeusefullyinterpretedaspartoftheproposeddevelopment.Thestructureisassetoutbelow.Stage1:InterpretationStrategySub-stage WheretoFindtheInformationIntroduction Section1.0ofthisreportContextofthisreport,sitelocation,projectbackground&methodology

Sections1.1-1.5ofthisreport

UnderstandingInterpretation-Whyinterpret?

Section2.0ofthisreport

Theroleofinterpretationinheritageconservation


Establishinginterpretationprinciplesforthesitebasedon‘bestpractice’


HistoricalOverview–Whatisthestory? Section3.0ofthisreportResearchingthehistorytheplacewithinitsCitycontext.

Section3.1-3.5ofthisreport

Sub-stage WheretoFindtheInformationIdentifyingSignificance-Whyisthestoryimportant?


CurrentHeritageListings Sections4.1and4.2ofthisreportPlacingthesitewithinthecontextofheritagethemes


Statementsofsignificance Sections4.3ofthisreportUnderstandingtheAvailableResources,StakeholdersandAudience-Whatdoweknowandwhoaretheaudience?


Resourcesavailableforinterpretation Section5.1ofthisreportAssociatedPeopleandPlaces Section5.2ofthisreportPotentialAudiences Section5.3ofthisreportManyStories-Whichstoriesdowetell? Section6.0ofthisreportThemesselected Section6.2ofthisreportInterpretationPolicyDevelopment-

Whereareweheaded?Section7.0ofthisreport

LocationsforInterpretation Section7.1ofthisreportAudiencerequirements Section7.2ofthisreportTypesofInterpretation Sections7.3-7.7ofthisreportStage2:InterpretationPlan-ContentDevelopmentSub-stage WheretoFindtheInformationIdentifyandthenconfirmlocationsforinterpretationwithinthesite


Reviewandincorporateanyinformationuncoveredasaresultofanyarchaeologicalinvestigation.



Furtherresearchintothemestoidentifyspecificimages,developappropriatetextetc.


Developmentofinterpretativemedia:detaileddesignforinterpretativedevicesinconjunctionwiththedevelopmentofdetailedplansforthesite.


1.6.2 FutureActivity

AfterthisInterpretationStrategyandPlanhasbeenapprovedthefollowingactivitieswilltakeplace.

Stage3:ImplementationCheckcopyrightofmediatobeused.Reviewandincorporateanyinformationuncoveredasaresultofanyarchaeologicalinvestigation.Productionofdisplaymedia.Installationofdisplaymedia.Preparationofmaintenanceplan.Recommendationsforfutureinterpretationstrategies/review.

2.0 UNDERSTANDINGINTERPRETATION

2.1 InterpretationasaConservationProcess

ProvidinganunderstandingofwhataHeritageSiteorHeritageItemisandwhyitisimportantisakeytenetoftheheritageconservationprocess.Tocommunicatethesevalues,someformofinterpretationisusuallyrequired.Interpretation,inaheritageormuseumcontext,involvesexplaininganitemanditssignificance.1Interpretationsupports,andcanenhance,recognitionandunderstandingoftheimportanceofheritageplacesamongsiteowners,usersandthebroadercommunity.Theroleofinterpretationwithintheconservationprocessishighlightedinanumberofimportantdocuments.Thesedocumentsprovideagoodunderstandingofwhatinterpretationshouldinvolve:

• TheBurraCharter:TheAustralianICOMOScharterforplacesofculturalsignificance.

InterpretationisimplicitinmanyarticlesoftheBurraCharter,butishighlightedinthefollowing:Article1.17oftheBurraCharterstates:‘Interpretationmeansallthewaysofpresentingtheculturalsignificanceoftheplace.’Interpretationmaybeacombinationofthetreatmentoffabric(forexample,restoration,reconstruction,maintenance),theuseofaplaceandtheintroductionofexplanatorymaterials.

1‘WhatisInterpretation?’inT.AmbroseandC.Paine,MuseumBasics,London,ICOMinconjunctionwithRoutledge,1993,p.67.


Article12oftheBurraCharterstates:‘Conservation,interpretationandmanagementofaplaceshouldprovidefortheparticipationofpeopleforwhomtheplacehasspecialassociationsandmeanings,orwhohavesocial,spiritualorotherculturalresponsibilitiesfortheplace.’Article15.4states:‘Thecontributionsofallaspectsofculturalsignificanceofaplaceshouldberespected.Ifaplaceincludesfabric,uses,associationsormeaningsofdifferentperiods,ordifferentaspectsofculturalsignificance,emphasisingorinterpretingoneperiodoraspectattheexpenseofanothercanonlybejustifiedwhenwhatisleftout,removedordiminishedisofslightculturalsignificanceandthatwhichisemphasisedorinterpretedisofmuchgreaterculturalsignificance.’Article24states:‘Significantassociationsbetweenpeopleandaplaceshouldberespected,retainedandnotobscured.Opportunitiesfortheinterpretation,commemorationandcelebrationoftheseassociationsshouldbeinvestigatedandimplemented(24.1).Significantmeanings,includingspiritualvalues,ofaplaceshouldberespected.Opportunitiesforthecontinuationorrevivalofthesemeaningsshouldbeinvestigatedandimplemented(24.2).Article25states:‘Theculturalsignificanceofmanyplacesisnotreadilyapparent,andshouldbeexplainedbyinterpretation.Interpretationshouldenhanceunderstandingandenjoyment,andbeculturallyappropriate.’

• NSWHeritageOffice(nowNSWHeritage)PublicationsTheguidelinesproducedbyNSWHeritage,listedunderSection1.3,furtherexplaintheinterpretativeprocessandencouragegoodinterpretativepracticesincluding:understandingthehistoryandsignificanceofthesite;identifyingopportunitiesforinterpretation;understandingthepotentialaudiences;andencouragingrelevant,respectfulandthought-provokinginterpretation.Theseguidelinesprovidepracticalmeasuresforinterpretation.Forexample,NSWHeritageguidelinesassistinmakingreasonedchoicesaboutwhattointerpretonasitewithmulti-facetedsignificance.SpecialguidelinesarebeingproducedtoassistintheinterpretationofAboriginalvaluesandculture,suchastheAustralianHeritageCommission’s2002publicationAskFirst:AGuideforRespectingIndigenousHeritagePlacesandValues.Interpretationcantakemanyforms.Themethodologyadoptedwillgreatlyeffectthequalityofthemessagethatisconveyed.Simplybybeingidentifiedwithintheheritagecontext,heritagesitesanditemsconveyamessage.DeterminingwhatthatmessageisandhowbesttoreinforceandconveyitisthepurposeofanInterpretationStrategy.Conservation,restorationandmaintenancearekeyheritageelementsandareoftenthebestwayofpreservingsignificantattributesandassociations.Inmanyinstances,however,retentionisnotalwayspossibleorpastbuildings/structuresknowntohavestoodonthesitehavebeenremoved,leavingonlypotentialarchaeologicaldeposits.TheformerbuildingsandthebuildingstoberemovedaspartoftheStage3worksprovideexamplesofsuchstructures.Otherwaysofinterpretingsignificance,suchasinterpretation


panels,publicart,ortracingarchaeologicalremainsindifferentfinishes,canbeused.Thissitecallsforinterpretationthatextendsbeyondthephysicalfabricortheinterpretationoflostphysicalfabric.ThesignificanceofthissitealsoliesstronglyinitsassociationwiththecommunityandthedevelopmentofhealthservicesintheRiverinaRegionofNewSouthWales.

2.2 PrinciplesofInterpretationfortheSite

UsingtheBurraCharterandtheNSWHeritageguidelines,thefollowingkeyinterpretationprinciplesforthesitehavebeenidentified:

• Focusonthehistoryandsignificanceofthesiteanditselementsandfromthesedevelopsite-specificthemesandstories.

• Involvepeoplewithskillsandexperienceinheritageinterpretation.• FollowtheguidelinesprovidedbytheBurraCharterandNSWHeritage

Officedocuments.• Identifypotentialaudiences.• Usefabricandlandscapeelements(conservedornewlycreated),

documentaryresearchandgraphicmaterialstoconveyandinterpretthesignificanceofthesite.

• Ensurethatanyinterpretationrecommendationsareintegratedwiththeplanningprocess,inparticularwiththearchitecturaldesignofthenewdevelopment.

• Ensureresearchisthoroughandthataccumulatedmaterialsarepubliclydepositeduponcompletionofthisproject.

• Ensurethattheinterpretationrecommendationsanddeviceshavethepotentialtobeengagingandstimulatingbyevaluatingthemduringandafterdevelopment.

• Ensurethatinterpretativedevicesareofahighquality.• Ensurethatinterpretativedevicesareaccessibleandreversiblewhere

required.• Planforcontinuingmaintenanceandregularreviewofinterpretative

media.


3.0 BRIEFOUTLINEOFTHEHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTOFTHESITEThepurposeofthissectionistooutlinethehistoryofthesitewithinthecontextofthedevelopmentofBowralandthedevelopmentofhealthservicesonalocalandstate-widescale.

3.1 SummaryTimeline

ThefollowingreproducesthetimelinefromtheHeritageAssessmentApril2007whichidentifiesthekeyeventsinthesite’sdevelopment.


3.2 OriginalOccupation

WhileanAboriginalhistorywasnotprovidedfor,itisacknowledgedthattheoriginaloccupantsoftheWingecarribeeShireCouncilareaaretheGundungurraandD’harawalpeople.2

3.3 EarlyEuropeanSettlement

TheColonyofNewSouthWaleswasofficiallyestablishedatSydneyCove,ontheforeshoresofSydneyHarbour,on26January,1788.ThefirstsettlementswerecentredonSydneyandRoseHill(laterParramatta)andlaterontheHawkesburyandNepeanRivers.ThefirstrecordedEuropeanstovisittheSouthernHighlandsofNewSouthWaleswasapartyleadbytheemancipist,‘wildwhiteman’andexplorer,JohnWilsonin1798.WilsonandhiscompanionsreachedtheWingecarribeeRiver,morethan161kmsouthwestofParramatta.Asecondexpedition,alsoleadbyWilson,reachedMountTowrang,nearpresent-dayGoulburn.ThetwoexpeditionsrevealedmuchoftherichtablelandsofNewSouthWales.3Europeansettlement,however,wasdelayedbytheauthoritiesreluctancetointerferewiththeCowpasturesarea(presentdayCampbelltownandCamden),wherethegovernmentcattlegrazed.JohnWarby,GeorgeCaley,CharlesThrosby,HamiltonHumeandothersfollowedinthefootstepsoftheearlyexplorersandcompletedmuchoftheexplorationoftheSouthernHighlands.In1820,GovernorMacquariechosethesiteforthevillageofBongBong,closetothefordontheWingecarribeeRiver;thevillagewaslaidoutthefollowingyearontheoriginalroadsouth.BongBong,however,wasfloodprone.Intheearly1840s,Berrimawassurveyedandlaidoutwiththeintentionthatitbedevelopedasthemainadministrativecentreforthearea.Thename‘Bowral’pre-datesthecreationofthetownthatnowbearsthename.Thenamewasderivedfrom‘Bowrel’,whichwastheAboriginalnamegiventothearea.Thewordisthoughttohavemeant‘high’or‘large’,inreferencetoMountGibraltar.4In1828MajorThomasMitchellnotedinhisFieldBook:

2WingecarribeeShireCouncilwebsite.3A.H.Chisholm,'Wilson,John(?–1800)',AustralianDictionaryofBiography,NationalCentreofBiography,AustralianNationalUniversity,http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/wilson-john-2803/text4001,publishedfirstinhardcopy1967,accessedonline9August2016.

4ConybeareMorrison,Bowral+DistrictHospital+CommunityHealthService,Bowral:HeritageAssessment,p.3.PreparedforAtkinsonCapitalInsightonbehalfoftheSydneySouthWestAreaHealthService.Dated:April2007.


‘…walkedtothetopofGibraltarthehilltothenorthofMr.Oxley’sStationatWingecarribee,calledbythenativesBowrel(sic).’5

Thesamemeaning,albeitwithasecondvariationofthespelling,‘Bowrell’,isrecordedbyW.H.Well’sAGeographicalDictionaryorGazetteeroftheAustralianColoniespublishedin1848.6ThepioneeringEuropeansettlerinpresent-dayBowralwasLieutenantJohnOxley,SurveyorGeneralofNSW,whooccupiedlandasagrazingrunatBargoin1815,beforerelocatingsouthtoWingecarribeein1816.On30June,1823,hereceivedagrantof2,400acres,registeredas‘Weston.'Oxleysoonconsolidatedaholdingencompassing5,000acres.7Oxleyneveroccupiedhisgrant,leavingitinthehandsofhissons.Thesubjectsitestandsonpartofthelandgrantre-issuedtoOxley’ssons,JohnNortonOxleyandHenryMolesworthOxley,on15August,1855.WingecarribeeHouse,whichstillstands,waserectedbytheOxleysin1857.EastandsoutheastoftheOxleygrantswerelargeportionstakenbyEdwardRiley,JamesComer,WilliamWalter,JohnGolledge,Rev.J.TherryandDr.W.Sherwin.TothesouthlaythesubstantialholdingsofWilliamHutchinson.Thelandwasmainlyusedforgrazing.

3.4 EarlyBowral

TheoriginsofthetownshipofBowrallieina200acresubdivisioncarriedoutbyJohnNortonOxleyin1862inanticipationofthecomingoftherailway.Atfirst,thetownwasreferredtoinlegaldocumentsasVillageofWingecarribee,thenastheVillageofBundarooandfinally,by1867,astheVillageofBowral.8Thetownshipinitiallydevelopedtoservicetheneedsofthemenemployedtoconstructtherailwaylinetothesouth.LargecampswereestablishedinMittagongandBowral;hotelswereamongthefirstbusinessesestablished.WhentherailwaylinewasopenedfromMittagongtoMossValeon2December,1867,astationwasbuiltatBowral.TherailwaystationhadtheeffectofdivertingsettlementfromaroundtheoldersettlementofBerrmiatoareasadjacenttotherailwaystations.TheVillageofBowraldevelopedslowlybutsteadily.In1861,thefirstschoolwasestablishedinabarkhut.Twoyearslater,BishopBarkervisitedthedistrictandlaidthefoundationstoneforabuildingtoserveasachurchandschoolonlandsetasidebyJ.N.Oxleyforthispurpose.Theschoolopenedin1863.Itwasalsointhisyearthatthefirst‘hospital’wasestablishedbyJacobWard,anon-licenced‘doctor’whoranasurgeryandhospitaloutofhistimberslabandbarkhome.In1864,apostofficeopened;itwouldnotbeuntil1897,however,thatapurpose-builtpostofficewouldbeconstructed.By1871,Bowralsupportedapopulationof133people;withintenyearsthishadincreasedto363people.Duringthe1880s,severalprominentSydney

5Citedinibid,p.3.6W.H.Wells,AGeographicalDictionaryofGazetteeroftheAustralianColonies,1848.FacsimileeditionpublishedbyTheCounciloftheLibraryofNSW,Sydney,1970.

7ConybeareMorrison,op.cit.,2007,p.3.8WinSmith,BlessedAreThey:TheStoreyofTheBowral&DistrictHospital,Bowral,NSW,1889-1989,NSW,WinSmith,1989,p.5.


familiesbuiltcountryretreatsinthearea,encouragingtheopeningofnewbusinesses.9IncludedamongthesecountryretreatswastheNSWGovernor’sownHillside,constructedin1884.Theyears1881-1900alsowitnessedtheconstructionofseveralnewchurches-Wesleyan,Methodist,Catholic,AnglicanandPresbyterian-aSchoolofArts,postoffice,policestationandcourthouse,numerousresidencesandnewindustries,suchassawmills.In1886,thepopulationofBowralhadreachedapproximately1,200people;on18February,1886,Bowralwasgazettedasamunicipality.ThenewCouncilsetaboutcarryingoutimprovementsincludingroadclearingandstreetlighting.

3.5 BerrimaDistrictCottageHospital(1889-1919)

3.5.1 PlanningtheHospital

ThegrowthofBowralinthe1880sandthepromiseoffuturegrowthinthenearfutureleadtocallsfortheprovisionofbetterhealthservices.On27July,1885,DrBernardJ.NewmarchofBowralandMr.CopelandBennett,stationmasterofBowral,calledthefirstpublicmeetingtodiscusstheestablishmentofahospitalinthedistrict.Twenty-twomenrepresentingBerrima,Bowral,MittagongandMossValeattendedthemeetingheldattheBowralSchoolofArts.ThemeetingwasinformedthattheGovernmentwouldgiveapoundforpoundraisedtowardsthesettingupofahospital.Themotiontoestablishacottagehospitalinthedistrictwascarriedunanimously.InMay1886thattheInspectorofPublicCharitiesvisitedthedistricttodeterminethebestlocationforahospital.Berrimawasdismissedasbeingtoofarfromtherailwayline;SuttonForrestwasnotcentralenough.Eventuallyherecommendedthatthesiteknownas‘Carter’sland’or‘Carter’sSubdivisionandadjoiningtheGlebelandclosetoSt.Jude’sChurchinBowral’beacquiredforthehospital.HeadvisedthathewouldonlyrecommendGovernmentaidbeprovidedifanareaofnotlessthaneightacresweresecured.TheareaoflandpurchasedbytheTrusteesoftheBerrimaDistrictCottageHospitalfromCarter’sSubdivisioninMarch1888wasonlyfiveandahalfacres.Thelandwaspurchasedfor£36210s,with£100paidimmediatelyandtheremainderdueinDecember1891.10Thissitewasconsideredsufficient,giventhatthescaleofthehospitalhadbeendownsizedfrominitialplans.Therewassomelocaloppositiontothehospitalarisingoutofconcernsthatitwouldtreatinfectiousdiseases.Asnotedabove,BowralbythistimehaddevelopedasatouristdestinationandretreatforSydney’selite.Itwasfearedthatahospitaltreatinginfectiousdiseasescoulddrivevisitorsaway.Toovercomethisopposition,anundertakingwasobtainedthatthehospitalwouldnottreatinfectiouscases.11InMarch1888,ArchitectHarryChambersKentwasappointedtodrawupplansforabuildingnottoexceed£800.12Assetoutbelow,KentmayhavebeenknowntotheTrusteesbecauseofhisworkontheFairfaxfamily’s

9ConybeareMorrison,op.cit.,2007,pp.4-5.10‘BerrimaDistrictHospital,BowralFreePressandBerrmiaDistrictIntelligencer,24March,1888.11WinSmith,op.cit.,1989,pp.6-7.12‘BerrimaDistrictHospital,BowralFreePressandBerrmiaDistrictIntelligencer,24March,1888.


SouthernHighlandretreatWoodside.Healsohadaninterestinhospitals,servingformanyyearsastheHonorarySecretaryfortheChildren’sHospital.ClearingoftheHospitalSitewasreportedasbeingwellunderwaybylateMay1888.AsketchplanwassubmittedandapprovedbytheGovernmentinSeptember1888.Figure4reproducesthedescriptionofKent’splanspublishedbyTheBowralFreePressandBerrimaDistrictIntelligenceron8September,1888.

Figure4:BerrimaDistrictCottageHospitalTheBowralFreePressandBerrimaDistrictIntelligencer,8September,1888.


TendersfortheconstructionoftheHospitalwerecalledforinlocalnewspaperson17October,1888.ThetenderoflocalbuilderJohnJosephCampbellfor£833wasaccepted.13

3.6 TheArchitect

HarryChambersKent(1852-1938)wasborninDevonshire,Englandin1852,thesecondsonofaministeroftheCongregationalChurch(Figure5).TheKentfamilymigratedtoSydneywhenHarrywastwoyearsold.

Figure5:HarryKentEmeryBalintetal,Warehouses&WoolstoresofVictorianSydney,1982.HarryKenthadearlyexperienceintheofficesofEdmundBlackettandJohnHorburyHunt.14Itisperhapsfromthelatterthat:

13WinSmith,op.cit.,1989,p.7.14ReferenceinMortonHerman,TheBlacketts:AnEraofAustralianArchitecture,NSW,AngusandRobertson,1977;J.M.Freeland,ArchitectExtraordinary:TheLifeandWorkofJohnHorburyHunt1838-1904,NSW/Melbourne,CassellAustralia,1970.


‘…heacquiredaloveofgoodbrickworkanddevelopedathoroughknowledgeofconstructionandasoundappreciationoftheimportanceofqualitiesandcostings...’15

Itisequallyaslikelytohavecomefromhisassociationwiththeentrepreneurialbuilder-turned-architectJohnYoung,whohadtrainedinEnglandandworkedwithSirJohnPaxtonassuperintendentanddraftsmanfortheCrystalPalace,London.SincehehadarrivedintheColonyin1866,Younghadwonanumberofprestigiouscommissions,includingSt.Mary’sCathedral.Hisbestknowbuilding,however,istheGothicRevivalresidence,TheAbbey,Annandale.In1883,Kentestablishedhisownarchitecturalpractice.Intheearly1880s,hesupervisedtheconstructionofWoodside,JohnReadingFairfax’sSouthernHighlandsCountryretreat.In1885,hewasawardedasignificantcommissionwhenJohnHinchcliff,aprosperousSydneywoolbrokerchoseKenttodesignhisnewresidence,MountRoyal,inAlbertStreet,Strathfield,nowpartoftheAustralianNationalUniversityCampus.Hewasalsoinvolvedintheconstructionofanothernotedresidence,Caerleron,inBellevueHill,forCharlesFairfax.FollowinghisworkfortheFairfaxfamily,Kent’sreputationasanarchitectcontinuedtogrow.In1899,hetookHenryE.Buddenintopartnership,whichlasteduntil1912whentheywerejoinedbyCarlyleGreenwell.In1919,aftertheerectionofover150buildings,thepartnershipdissolvedandKententeredintoanewpartnershipwithH.H.I.Massie,apartnershipthatlasteduntilhisretirementfromactiveinvolvementinthe1930s.KentandMassiewasahighlyregardedandactivepartnershipandwereresponsibleforaround180buildings,includingtheheadofficeoftheCommercialBankingCo.ofSydney.AnumberofnotablearchitectswerearticledtoKent,includinghisone-timepartners,BuddenandMadden,andW.HardyWilson.Duringhis48yearsofpractice,itissaidthatKentdesigned,orwasassociatedwiththedesignof,over670buildings;manyofthesehavenotbeenidentified.AsearchoftheArchitecturalIndexcompiledbyMelbourneUniversity,whichreferencestendernoticesinearlypublicationssuchasBuildingandEngineeringNewsandtheAustralasianBuilderandContractors’News,referstonumerouschurches,workforRandwickRaceCourse(gatesandgrandstands),warehouses,commercialpremisesandanumberofdwellingsacrossSydneysuburbs,inparticularlyaroundHomebush/Strathfield,whereheandhiswifelived.16KentbecamePresidentoftheInstituteofArchitects(1906-7).HediedinSydneyon9August,1938.17

3.6.1 TheContractor

Thecontractor,JohnJosephCampbell,wasalocalfigureofnote.Figure6providesaphotographandabriefbiography.

15J.M.Freeland,op.cit.,1970,p.141.16MicrofilmcopyofindexheldbyMitchellLibrary.17BuildingMagazine,24August,1938,p.56.InformationprovidedbytheRAIA.


Figure6:JosephCampbellTheAustralianTownandCountryJournal,26October,1889.

3.6.2 BuildingandConstruction

ThefoundationstonefortheHospitalwaslaidon9February,1889byLordCarrington,GovernoroftheColony,inthepresenceofaround600-700people


ina’holidayatmosphere.’HarryKent,thearchitect,attendedtheopening.Figure7reproduceshisaddresstothecrowd.

Figure7:BerrimaDistrictCottageHospital:LayingofFoundationStone.TheBowralFreePressandBerrimaDistrictIntelligencer,13February,1889.

3.6.3 Completion&Opening

TheBerrimaDistrictCottageHospitalwasopenedon4September,1889,onadaydeclaredapublicholidayforthedistrict.TheopeningceremonywasperformedbytheHon,JohnLackey,M.L.C.18Thefirstpatientwasadmittedtwodayslater.TheHospitalwasoneofseveralimprovementsbeingplannedorcompletedinBowralatthistime.TheAustralianTownandCountryJournalof10August,1889describedBowralaprogressive‘go-ahead’township:

18‘BerrimaDistrictCottageHospital:TheOpening,TheBowralFreePressandBerrimaDistrictIntelligencer,7September,1889.


‘Atpresenttimeweseemtobeinthepublicbuildingstage.Thenewpublicschoolisnearingcompletion.TheBerrimaDistrictCottageHospital…willbeopeninamonth.Thecontractorhasbeguntoputupthewallsofthecouncilchambers,closebytheSchoolofArts;andthetownisrejoicingthat,afteryearsofagitation,anewstationistoreplacethebuildingonwhoseplatformsomanyunhappypassengershaveshiveredoncoldwinternights.’19Figure8reproducestheearliestknownimageofBerrimaDistrictCottageHospital,dated1889.Figure9isanearlyphotographdatedc.1906.Assetoutintheabovenewspaperarticles,theHospitalwasdesignedinaccordancewiththeacceptedmedicalpracticesoftheday.Itwasorientatedtothenortheastandsetwithinlandscapegroundsthatwerenotonlyasymbolofcivicpridebutconsideredconducivetohealing.

Figure8:BerrimaDistrictCottageHospital.TheAustralianTownandCountryJournal,31August,1889.

Figure9:J.J.Nichols,BerrimaDistrictCottageHospital,c.1906.StateLibraryofVictoria.

19‘CountryNews-Berrima’,AustralianTownandCountryJournal,10August,1889.


Fromthefirst,thelayoutandbeautificationoftheHospitalgroundswascarefullyconsidered.FollowingtheopeningoftheHospitalonehundredandthirtytwotreesarrivedfromtheBotanicGardensinSydneyforplantingaroundtheCottageHospital.AsixstrandwirefencewaserectedaroundthegroundsandgatesplacedatthemainentryonBowralRoad.ThecarriagewaythatledfromthegatestotheCottageHospitalwasplantedoneithersidewithlinden(tilia)trees.Theyardswereasphaltedandashpathslaid.20Pinusinsignustreeswereplantedalongthesouthernboundaryandhedgesalongtheremainingboundaryfences.ArosebedwaslaterestablishedinfrontofthemainentrancetotheHospitalbuildingandatenniscourtconstructedwithinthegrounds.AlaterplanindicatesthatthetenniscourtwaslocatedinthecornerofSheffieldRoadandAscottStreet.21Asformanycottagehospitalofthisperiod,fundingwasasignificantconcern.Paymentsfromthegovernmentwereoftenslowincoming.Thepromisedgovernmentfundsfortheinitiallandpurchaseandbuilding,forexample,werenotreceiveduntilthreemonthsafterthebuildingwascompleted.Thesefundsamountedto£375towardsthecostofthelandand£500towardsthecostofthebuilding.22FundsfortheHospitalwereraisedbysubscriptionandfundraisingevents,includinganAnnualDemonstrationannuallyonthefirstweekendinOctoberandHospitalSundays,whenchurchcollectionswerecontributedtohospitalfunding.TheLadiesWorkingAssociation(latertheAuxiliariesLadiesCommitteesandmorerecentlytheFriendsoftheBowralandDistrictHospital)werepivotalinraisingfundsduringtheplanningoftheHospitalandremainedso.Fundscamefromothersources.Subscriptionfeesandpatientsfees,whentheycouldbecollectedatall,accountedforsmallamounts.Numeroussocialeventswereheldandreportedonbythelocalpress.Donationswerealsoreceivedinkind,suchasoldlinen,freshfruitandvegetablesandcream.Evenbeforethefirstbuildingwasopened,therewerediscussionsabouttheexpansionofthehospital.Themosturgentneedwasforamortuary.InSeptember1889thedecisionwastakentobuildamortuaryonthesoutheasterncornerofthegrounds.Anadditionalwardoffourbedswasaddedtothemainhospitalbuildingin1889-1890.BothprojectswerecompletedandcertifiedbyH.C.Kent.TheHospitalprogressivelyexpandedoverthefollowingtwentyyears.Variousalterationsandadditionswerecarriedouttothemainbuilding;afeverward(1896);firstoperatingtheatre(1898);andnewnursesbedroomsandboardroom(1902).KnownalterationsandadditionstotheoriginalbuildingsandtheconstructionofnewbuildingsaresetoutinthetableinSection2.7.1ofthisreport.TheabovechangeswerecarriedoutduringaperiodofchangeinhospitalsacrosstheColonyasthegovernmentbecameincreasinglyawarethattheyhadaroletoplayinpublichealthandhygieneandtheneedtosupplementtheeffortsofcharitiesandcommunitiesinfundinghospitalservices.In1881,thefirstBoardofPublicHealthcameintobeing.TheresponsibilitiesandpowersofthisBoardweregraduallyextendedandstrengthenedbythePublicHealth

20ConybeareMorrison,op.cit.,2007,p.6.21PlanassociatedwiththeNewIsolationBlock,BerrimaDistrictHospital.DepartmentofPublicWorks-GovernmentArchitectsBranch,1922/1926.DepartmentofCommerce,PlanServicesDrawing.No.PH18/1andothers.

22WinSmith,op.cit.,1989,p.11.


Actsof1897and1902.TheDepartmentofHealthwasestablishedtwoyearslater,in1906.

3.7 BerrimaDistrictHospital(1919-1968)

3.7.1 Expansion

TheHospital,nowknownastheBerrimaDistrictHospital,begantoexpandedinthe1920sasmorelandwaspurchased,existingbuildingswereaddedtoandnewbuildingserected.InOctober1920,additionallandwaspurchasedfromtheCarterfamily,increasingtheHospitalsitetotenacres.In1932,theHospitalalsopurchased22ftoflandalongthewesternsideofMonaRoad.TheHospitalexpandedalongsidethetownshipanddistrictitserved.1920swereyearsofgrowthinBowralandthesurroundingarea.TheSydneyMorningHerald,forexample,reported‘remarkablegrowth’withinthemunicipalityin1924,whennofewerthan60newbuildingswereerectedandahighvalueofworkstoexistingbuildingscarriedout.Thevalueofthecostofworkshadalmostdoubledfromtheprecedingyear.Theavailabilityofelectricitywasoneofthereasonsputforwardforgrowth.Thepaperpredictedthattheboomwaslikelytocontinue,with‘manycontractslet.’23Assetoutbelow,majordevelopmentsattheHospitalduringtheperiod1919to1968are:theconstructionandanewOperatingTheatre(JaneHoltMemorialOperatingTheatre,openedMarch1926);anewIsolationBlock(openedOctober1928)andMortuary(1930);theNewHospital(1935);TylerHouse,Nurses’Home(1954);andtheMiltonParkWing(1961).Equallyasimportantwastheconnectionofthetownwatersupplytothesitein1922andelectricitythreeyearslater.

3.7.2 JaneHoltMemorialOperatingTheatre

PlansforanewoperatingtheatreweresignedoffbythenGovernmentArchitect,G.M.Blair,in1924.24ThetheatrewasnamedinmemoryofthewifeofH.S.Holt,whodonated£1,000towardsitsconstruction.PriortoitsopeningbytheGovernorofNewSouthWalesinFebruary1926,itwasenthusiasticallydescribedbythelocalnewspapersasbeing‘oneofthemostuptodateinthestate.’25

3.7.3 IsolationBlockandMortuary

PlansforanewisolationblockwerepreparedbytheDepartmentofPublicWorks-GovernmentArchitectsBranchintheearlytomid1920s.TheinitialplansweredrawnupbyC.(?)Chapman.Theplans,however,donotappeartohavebeensignedoffbytheDesigningArchitectinChargeoftheOfficeuntil1926.TendersfortheconstructionofthebuildingwereadvertisedintheNSW

23‘BuildingProgressatBowral’,TheSydneyMorningHerald,11February,1925.24PlansrelatingtotheMemorialOperatingTheatre.DepartmentofCommerce,PlanServices,DrawingNo.PH18/5andothers.

25‘BerrimaDistrictHospital,’TheScrutineerandBerrimaDistrictPress,27February,1926.


GovernmentGazette,18March,1927.26TheIsolationBlockwasopenedinOctober1928.27Figure10providesaphotographoftheIsolationBlockin1940.Thisbuildingstillstands.Ithas,however,undergoneextensivealterationandadditionsincethistime.

Figure10:IsolationBlock,BerrimaDistrictHospital,1940.BerrimaDistrictHistoricalandFamilyHistorySociety.OtherminorworkstothehospitalbuildingaredocumentedbythePublicWorksarchives.In1930,plansforthedemolitionoftheexistingmortuaryandconstructionofanewmortuarywerepreparedbytheGovernmentArchitectsBranch.Provisionwasalsomadefortheremovalandre-erectionoftheMens’Quarterselsewhereuponthesite.28TherolethattheHospital’shonouryarchitect,Mr.Moorhouse,playedintheaboveprojectsisnotclear.

3.7.4 TheNewHospital

Bythemid1920s,theHospitalwasexperiencingchronicover-crowdingasthepopulationofthesurroundingareacontinuedtogrow.Considerableadvanceswerealsobeingmadeinmedicine,which,inturn,hadanimpactonhospitaldesigntheory.InMarch1927,ahospitalmeetingcarriedthemotionthatanewhospitalbeerectedontheBowralHospitalsite.ByAugust1927,itwasdecidedthatacompetitionfordesignsandplansbeheld,offeringaprizeof£100.ThewinnerwasMr.ByeraHadley.Nothingwas,however,doneuntiltheearly1930swhennewplanswerepreparedbytheGovernmentArchitectsBranch,

26‘DepartmentofPublicWorks-TendersforWorks,’NSWGovernmentGazette,No.37,18March,1927.27‘BerrimaDistrictHospital:OpeningofNewIsolationBlock’,TheScrutineerandBerrimaDistrictPress,17October1928.

28PlanoftheMens’QuartersandMortuary.GovernmentArchitect,dated22December,1930.DepartmentofCommerce,PlanServices,DrawingNo.PH18/14.


underGovernmentArchitect,Mr.EdwinSmith.29Theschemewaslaterreducedinsizeandcost.ThefoundationstonefortheNewHospitalwaseventuallylaidon24April,1934.30ThecontractorwasA.Stephens&Son.EdwinSmithwasGovernmentArchitectforarelativelyshortperiod,from1929to1935.BorninScotlandin1870,hearrivedinAustraliain1889.PriortohisappointmentasNewSouthWalesGovernmentArchitect,SmithworkedasadraughtsmanintheQueenslandDepartmentofPublicWorksandasChiefArchitectintheVictorianDepartmentofPublicWorks.SmithoversawthedepartmentduringthedifficultyearsoftheGreatDepressionWorksconstructedduringhistenureasGovernmentArchitectincludetheBlackburnBuildingattheUniversityofSydney,TeaGardensCourthouse,QuirindiCourthouse,LismoreDistrictWorksOfficeandLismorePoliceStation.Ofparticularinterest,withregardtotheuseofasimplifiedInter-warGeorgianRevivalStylefortheNewHospitalatBowral,arethebuildingsdesignedunderhissupervisionfortheBerryTrainingSchool(opened1935)andtheNursesHomeatWaggaWaggaHospital(opened1936).ThesebuildingshavestrongdesignsimilaritiestotheNewHospital.TheNewHospitalwasopenedin1935.Themainwardblockhadacentralsectionoftwostoreys,providingaccommodationforthirty-ninebeds-twentyninepublic,four4intermediate,eightprivateandthreechildren’sbeds.Thegroundfloorcomprisedthemainentranceporchandhall,office,smalloutpatientsdepartment,dispensary,x-raydepartment,roomsfordressing,anurses’diningroomandprovisionforalifttobeinstalledalaterdate.TheNewHospitalalsocomprisedkitchen,laundry,storeandboilerhouse.Thechildren’swardwasnamedtheSoldiers’MemorialWardandthewomen’sward,theYeoman’sMemorialWard.Figure11providesanundatedphotographoftheNewHospital.

Figure11:BerrimaDistrictHospital,before1941.Thebuildingisarestrainedexample

oftheInterwarGeorgianRevivalStyle.StateLibraryofVictoria.

29PlansassociatedwiththeNewHospitalDepartmentofCommerce,PlanServices,DrawingNo.PH18/18andPH18/20andothers.

30WinSmith,op.cit.,1989,p.46.Seereport:DreamBecomesaReality’,inTheSouthernMail,1May,1934.


Theabovephotographappearstodatefromafter1947,whentheverandahswereenclosed.Originally,thegroundfloorhadmetalbalustradesbetweenthebrickpiers;thefirstfloorbalustradeappearstohavebeenoftimber.Otheralterationshavebeencarriedouttothebuildingovertime,includingtheadditionofasemi-circularsolariumin1937.31OncetheNewHospitalwasoperational,theformerCottageHospitalwasadaptedtoprovideaccommodationforthenursinganddomesticstaff,comprisingeightbedrooms,laundryandbathrooms.DesignworkwascarriedoutbytheNSWGovernmentArchitectsBranch.32AplanforthelayoutofthegroundsaroundtheNewHospitalwaspreparedbyMr.KerroftheBotanicGardensinSydney.Theplanprovidedforornamentaltreesandshrubs,lawns,graveldrivesandnewfencesontheeasternsideoftheproperty.Muchofthislandscapingremainsinthenortheasterncornerofthesite.Figure12providesaphotographofthegroundsoftheHospitalc.1934.Figure13,anaerialphotographdated1950,providesalater,moreholisticview,ofthegroundspriortotheconstructionofnewbuildingsinthe1950s/1960s.Theaboveyearswereonceofchangeinhospitaladministration.ThePublicHospitalsActof1929establishedtheHospitalCommissionofNSW.PublichospitalsweretobeincorporatedundertheAct.Whileallhospitalsweretoretainaninternalboardofmanagement,theCommissionwastocontrolallpublichospitalsstatewide.Althoughhospitalswouldstillberequiredtoraisefundsthroughfees,donationsandsubscriptions,subsidiesweretobepaidtohospitalsbytheCommissionoutofConsolidatedRevenue.Subsidesweretobemoreequitableandonaneedsbasis.

Figure12:ViewfromtheHospital,Bowral,c.1934.BerrimaDistrictHistorical&FamilyHistorySociety.

31Plansrelatingtoverandahenclosureofthenewhospital.DepartmentofCommerce,PlanServices,DrawingNo.PH18/32.

32Plansassociatedwiththeconversionoftheexistingbuildingsintomatrons,nursesandmaidsquarters.DepartmentofCommence,PlanServices,DrawingNo.18/25.


Figure13:AerialphotographovertheHospital,1950.WinSmith,BlessedAreThey,1989.

3.7.5 TylerHouse,Nurses’Home(1954)

TheWorkingDrawingsforanewnurseshomeatBerrimaHospitalwerepreparedbyprivatearchitectT.E.MahonyfromsketchespreparedbytheGovernmentArchitectsBranch.TheplansweresignedoffbyGovernmentArchitectCobdenParksin1950.33O’Mahoneyhadexperienceinhospitaldesign,havingworkedforthefirmStephensonandTurnerduringthe1930sandearly1940s.StephensonandTurnerdesignedmanyhospitalsincludingKingGeorgeVMemorialHospitalatCamperdownandtheConcordRepatriationHospital.’34O’MahoneyleftStephensonandTurnerin1941tojointheWorksBranchoftheAirForceandthenworkedfortheWarHousingDivision.In1946hebeganhisownpractice.O’MahoneyworkedonseveralhospitalsforthePublicWorksDepartment,documentingdesignsgiventohim.HelaterwentontodesignAuburnHospital,intowhichhehadagreaterlevelofinput.35In1965O’MahoneyformedthefirmO’MahoneyNeville&Morgan,whoseworksincludedfurtherbuildingsattheAustralianNationalUniversity;newwingsatInternationalHouse,UniversityofSydney;andnewbuildingsattheRiverinaCollegeofT.A.F.E.,nowCharlesSturtUniversity,WaggaWagga.36

33PlansassociatedwiththenewNursesHome.DepartmentofCommerce,PlanServices,DrawingNo.PH18/35-38andothers.

34ThomasO’MahoneyInterview,June1991,in,RAIA,ArchitectsoftheMiddleThirdReview,p.111.35Ibid,p.111.ExtractobtainedfromRAIAArchives.36LetterfromT.E.(Tom)O’MahoneytoSisterCatherineO’Carrigan,SistersofCharity,PottsPoint,1999,inRAIAArchives,HeritageFile.


CobdenParkes,GovernmentArchitect,whosuppliedO’Mahoneywiththeinitialsketches,wasGovernmentArchitectfrom1935to1958.Hehadaninterestinhospitalarchitecture,havingaccompaniedtheMinisterforHealthonaninspectiontourofhospitalsinEnglandandAmericain1939.Whilecontinuingtheconservativearchitecturalstyleofhispredecessorsinsomeprojects,healsowelcomethemoderne,givingstaffarchitect,E.H.RembertcarteblanchetoproducebuildingsinspiredbytheDutchmodernistW.M.Dudok.37ThefoundationstoneforanewNurses’HomenearSheffieldRoadwaslaidon27September,1952.38Constructionplacedtheestimatedcostofconstructionat£95,000.39TheNursesHomeofficiallyopenedon20August,1954.TheHomeaccommodated78peopleandwasnamedTylerHouseinmemoryofoneoftheHospital’sgreatestbenefactors.40Figure14providesanundatedphotographofTylerHouse.

Figure14:TylerHouseWinSmith,BlessedAreThey,1989.TheformerCottageHospitalpreviouslyusedfornursingaccommodation,nowbecameageneralstorageareaandwaslaterconvertedintoeducationalfacilitiesforhospitalstaffaswellastwoself-containedunitsforresidentialmedicalofficers.41TylerHousehasbeendemolished.

37PeterReynolds,'Parkes,Cobden(1892–1978)',AustralianDictionaryofBiography,NationalCentreofBiography,AustralianNationalUniversity,http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/parkes-cobden-11342/text20257,publishedfirstinhardcopy2000,accessedonline15August2016.

38‘NursesHome,Bowral’,Truth,28September,1952.39‘NewNursesHome’,Construction,1October,1952.40‘NewNursesQuarters:OfficialOpeningatDistrictHospital’,TheSouthernMail,27August,1954.41ConybeareMorrison,op.cit.,2007,p.9.


3.7.6 MiltonParkWing(1961)

Theuseofprivate-publicpartnershipsbythePublicWorksDepartmentcontinued.WorkingdrawingsfortheMiltonParkWing,entitledNewMaternityBlock,werepreparedbySpencer,HansonandPartnersfromsketchespreparedbytheGovernmentArchitectsBranchunderEdwardFarmer.42ThefoundationstonefortheMiltonParkWingwaslaidin1959.ThecontractorwasMaxCooper&Sons.43LittleisknownaboutSpencer,HansonandPartners.EdwardFarmer:‘EdwardHerbert(Ted)Farmer(1909-2001),architect,wasborninPerth,W.A.,theonlychildofHerbertFarmer,publicservant,andAliceMay,neeThistlethwaite.Hisparentsseparatedbeforehisfirstbirthday,andheandhismotherwenttolive…inMelbourne.TedFarmerwaseducatedatMelbourneGrammarSchoolandgraduatedBachelorofArchitecturefromtheUniversityofMelbournein1936.Someofhisfellowalumnibecamelifelongfriends,includingarchitect,DenisDeMole;CharlesMoorhouse,ProfessorofElectricalEngineeringattheuniversityfrom1948-1976;andJohnMacDonaldAgarandWilfredTalbotAgar,sonsofthezoologistProfessorWilfredEadeAgar.FarmerhadjoinedtheMelbournearchitecturalfirmLeightonIrwinandCo,in1934.Twoyearslaterhesetupthefirm'sSydneyoffice…FarmerjoinedtheGovernmentArchitect'sBranchofthethenN.S.W.DepartmentofWorksandLocalGovernmentin1939andwasappointedN.S.W.GovernmentArchitectin1958.FollowingJornUtzon'sresignationasarchitectoftheSydneyOperaHousein1966,theMinisterforPublicWorks,theHon.DavisHughes,appointedFarmerseniorpartnerofapanelofarchitectscomprisingPeterHall,LionelToddandDavidLittlemoretocompletetheconstruction.UnderFarmer'schargetheBranchreceivedsixSulmanawardsandtwoBlacketawards.HewasawardedtheprestigiousRoyalAustralianInstituteofArchitectsGoldMedalfor1972.FarmerretiredinDecember1973,shortlyaftertheofficialopeningoftheSydneyOperaHouse.Duringhistermofoffice,FarmerhadbeentheRoyalAustralianInstituteofArchitects'representativeontheNationalTrustCouncilofAustralia,1965-1972.HewasamemberoftheHistoricalBuildingsSub-CommitteeoftheNationalTrustofAustralia(NewSouthWales)andwasHonoraryArchitectinitsrestorationofSt.Matthew'sAnglicanChurch,Windsor;St.Andrew'sCathedral,Sydney;andOldGovernmentHouse,Parramatta.In1976FarmerreceivedanhonoraryDoctorateofArchitecturefromtheUniversityofMelbourne.’44NotethereferenceabovetoFarmer’sassociationwithLeightonIrwinwho,togetherwithStephensonandTurner,wereleadinghospitalarchitects.

42Plansforthenewmaternityblock.DepartmentofCommerce,PlanServices,DrawingNo.PH18/50andothers.

43WinSmith,op.cit.,1989,p.52.44Recorddetails:E.H.(EdwardHerbert)Farmer-papers,1825-1996,includingpapersoftheFarmerandThistlethwaitefamilies,togetherwithlettersofJohnLeGayBrereton,1901-1933.StateLibraryofNSW.


ThenewbuildingwasnamedinhonourofMrs.andMrs.AnthonyHordern,whoopenedtheirgardenatMiltonParkeveryyearaspartoftheBowralTulipFestival;allproceedsweredonatedtotheBowralWomen’sHospitalAuxiliary.TheMiltonWingwasofficiallyopenedon12Marcy,1961,providing70newbeds,30maternitybeds,25infantcots,26surgicalbeds,14children’sbeds,twooperatingtheatres,asterilisingdepartment,labourwardsandsupportingservices.LocalartistNigelRossboroughdecoratedthewallsofthechildren’swardwithamuralofnurseryrhymes.Supportareasincludingthekitchen,laundry,boilerhouseandstaffdiningroomwereupgraded.45Figure15providesanundatedphotographoftheMiltonParkWing.

Figure15:MiltonParkWingWinSmith,BlessedAreThey,1989.TheconstructionoftheMiltonParkWingresultedintheremovalofpartoftheoriginalentrancecarriagewayandarowoflindentrees.Thelatterwerereplanted,butfewsurvived.Thetraditionalofcarryingoutnewlandscapingworksinconjunctionwithnewbuildingprojectscontinued.In1966,achildren’splaygroundwascreatedattheentrancetotheMiltonParkWingandarockerypoolcreatedinthegardenonthenortheasterncorneroftheMiltonParkWing.

From1961,theBowral&DistrictHospitalhasappointedanHonoraryLandscapeAdviser.From1961throughtothe1980stheappointmentwasheldbyClaudeCroweofBerrima.Thegroundswereattendedbyaprofessionalgardener.TheHospitalweresuccessfulinvariousgardendesigncompetitions,inparticularlytheBowralTulipFestival.Overtime,dedicatorytreeshavebeenplantedthroughoutthegroundsandbecomeamemorialfeature.

45ConybeareMorrison,op.cit.,2007,p.10.


3.8 Bowral&District(1968-)

In1968,thenameoftheHospitalchangedtoBowralandDistrictHospital.TheHospitalcontinuedtodeveloptoservetheneedsofthedistrict.In1970,theIsolationUnitwasconvertedintotheWatsonRehabilitationCentre(architects:Stranman,Fisher&Associates).Otherworkswerelatercarriedouttothisbuilding,includingtheadditionofacardiaccentre(LionelTodd&Associates;J.W.Thompson,GovernmentArchitect,1984).Numerouschangeshaveoccurredsincethistime,including:theconstructionofaSpecialNursingUnit,OperatingTheatreupgrades;theconstructionofnewAccidentandEmergencyFacilities(designanddocumentationPublicWorks,C.Johnson,ActingGovernmentArchitect,1994);MedicalImagingDepartment;StaffAmenitiesBlock;andTemporaryAccommodationUnits.In1996,aprivatehospitalwasconstructedinthenorthwesterncorneroftheoriginalHospitalgrounds.TheBowralandDistrictHospitalnowformspartoftheSouthWesternSydneyLocalHealthDistrict.

4.0 HERITAGEVALUES

4.1 SummaryofExistingStatutoryHeritageListingsfortheSite

4.1.1 StatutoryHeritageListings

Thesubjectsiteis:• NotlistedasaheritageitembytheStateHeritageRegisterunderthe

auspicesoftheNSWHeritageAct1977.• Notlistedasaheritageitembythes170RegisterofNSWHealth.• NotlistedasaheritageitembySchedule5Part1oftheWingecarribee

LocalEnvironmentalPlan2010(WLEP2010).• NotlocatedwithinaConservationAreaasdefinedbySchedule5Part2

oftheaboveplan.

Itisfurthernotedthat:• ThesiteisnotidentifiedasapotentialheritageiteminWingecarribee

Council’sHeritageItemsPlanningProposal2014.• Thesiteisnotidentifiedbyanynon-statutoryheritageregisters.

4.2 HeritageItemsintheVicinityoftheSite

Forthefollowing,‘inthevicinity’hasbeendeterminedwithreferencetophysicalproximity,existingandpotentialviewcorridorsandthenatureoftheapprovedworks.

4.2.1 NSWHeritageAct1977

ThereisoneheritageitemlistedontheStateHeritageRegister,undertheauspicesoftheNSWHeritageAct1977,inthevicinityofthesite.

• BradmanMuseumCollectionandGrandstand,GlebePark,StJudeStreet,Bowral(I469).SHRNo.01399.


4.2.2 WingecarribeeLocalEnvironmentalPlan2010

Figure16providesadetailfromtheWingecarribeeLocalEnvironmentalPlan2010.Inthisplan,heritageitemsarecolouredbrownorgreenandnumbered.ConservationAreasarehatchedinredandnumbered.TheBowralandDistrictHospitalisoutlinedinblue.TheStateHeritageItem,BradmanMuseumCollectionandGrandstand(SHRNo.01399)ismarkedbytheyellowcircle.

Figure16:DetailoftheWingecarribeeHeritagePlanHER_007CandHER_007D.The

subjectsiteisoutlinedinblue.WaggaWaggaLEP2010Schedule5Part1:HeritageItemsThefollowingheritageitems,listedbySchedule5Part1oftheWLEP2010arelocatedinthevicinityofthesite(itisalsonotedthattheseitemsarealsolistedontheNSWStateHeritageRegister):

• BradmanOval,GlebePark,St.JudeStreet,Bowral(I541inFigure16).Statesignificance

• BradmanMuseumCollectionandGrandstand,GlebePark,St.JudeStreet,Bowral(I469inFigure16).Statesignificance

TheBradmanOvalisacricketovalsurroundedbyalowwhitepicketfence.TheOvalissetbehindGlebePark;itsprincipalaccessisoffSt.JudeStreet.TheGrandstandliestotheimmediatesouthwestoftheoval.


TheMuseum,accessedofSt.JudeStreet,isamodernbuildinghousingasignificantcricketcollection.TheWingecarribeeHeritageInventorySheetprovidesthefollowingStatementofSignificancefortheBradmanOval:

‘AstheformerGlebePark,theBradmanOvalrepresentsthecountrytownparksoftheturnofthecenturywhichwerecharacterisedbyasimpleplantinglayoutoftreesandafewshrubsandreflectsaphaseinthedevelopmentofBowralwhenattentionwasturningtothegardenenvironment.ItisalsohistoricallysignificantthroughitsassociationwithSirDonaldBradman'scricketingactivities,anassociationwhichhasbeenreinforcedbytherecentconstructionoftheBradmanMuseumandthenamechangetoBradmanOvaltocommemoratenationalcricketinghistory.Aesthetically,thepark'ssimplelayoutisfurtherenhancedbythecombinationofmatureEucalyptusanddeciduoustreeswhichcompletethesurroundings.’

ThelistingsheetfortheMuseumandGrandstanddoesnotprovideaStatementofSignificance.TheHistoricalNotespartofthelistingsheetfortheOval,however,providesaninsightintowhytheyarelisted:

‘GlebeParkwasopenedin1909.OnOctober14,1989,theBradmanPavilionwasopenedinthepresenceofSirDonaldandLadyBradman.Sincethen,theMuseumhasbecomeoneofthemajorcentresfortheunderstandingofcricketinAustralia.ThemuseumcommemoratesSirDonaldBradman,thegreatestcricketertoeverplaythegame.BowralwasthetownwhereSirDonaldfirstplayedcricket.TheMuseumisoppositehisformerhomeandadjacenttotheBradmanoval.Itwasontheovalin1925thatBradmanscoredasparkling234forBowralagainsttheWingelloteamthatincludedBillO'Reilly.Themuseumscollectionrangesfromanoakbatofthe1750'sthroughtoAllanBorder'shelmetusedduringthe1989Ashesseries.ObjectsassociatedwithSirDon'scareerwhichareondisplayincludethebatheusedatHeadingleyin1934toscorehissecondhighestTestinningsof304.’46

TheprincipalviewcorridorstoandfromtheseitemsareobtainedfromSt.JudeStreet,GlebeStreet,BoowleyStreetandGlebePark.TheHospitalformspartofthewidersettingoftheseitems.ItisnotedthattheMuseumpresentsablindelevationtotheHospitalandthattheOvaliswellrecessedfromtheHospital.TheOvalliespartiallybehindtheMuseumandispartiallyscreenedbythetreesinGlebePark.TheGrandstandliesbehindtheMuseum;therearenodirectviewcorridorsbetweenitandthehospitalsite.TheprincipalviewcorridorsoutoftheGrandstandareovertheOvalandawayfromtheHospitalsite.

4.2 AssessmentUnderNSWHeritageCriteria

ThesiteisassessedforsignificanceunderthefollowingcriterionoftheNewSouthWalesHeritageOffice,nowBranch.TheGuidelinesforInclusion/ExclusionareasprovidedbyAssessingHeritageSignificance,NSWHeritageManualUpdate.

46‘BradmanOval’,GlebePark,St.JudeStreet,Bowral.WingecarribeeHeritageInventory,StudyNo.WI051.


4.2.1 Criterion(a)

Anitemisimportantinthecourse,orpattern,ofNewSouthWales’culturalornaturalhistory(ortheculturalofnaturalhistoryofthelocalarea)GuidelinesforInclusion GuidelinesforExclusion• showsevidenceofasignificanthumanactivity

• hasincidentalorunsubstantiatedconnectionswithhistoricallyimportantactivitiesorprocesses

• isassociatedwithasignificantactivityorhistoricalphase

• providesevidenceofactivitiesorprocessesthatareofdubioushistoricalimportance

• maintainsorshowscontinuityofahistoricalprocessoractivity

• hasbeenalteredsothatiscannolongerprovideevidenceofaparticularassociation

TheBowralandDistrictHospitalhaslocalhistoricsignificanceasaplacefromwheremedicalserviceshavebeencontinuouslyprovidedtothepeopleofBowralandthesurroundingdistrictsfrom1889tothecurrentday.Fromthistime,thesitehasbeenthefocalpointforthedeliveryofmedicalservicesinthearea.AsformanyhospitalsitesacrossNewSouthWales,thesitedemonstratesstate-widepatternsconcernedwithchangingmedicalpracticeandtechnologies.Thesitedemonstratesastrongcontinuityofuse,despitethelackofintegritydemonstratedbysomeindividualbuildings.TheBowralandDistrictHospitalhaslocalhistoricsignificanceforitsabilitytomirrordevelopmentsinthewidercommunity.TheHospitalhasclearlydevelopedinlinewiththecommunityovertime.

4.2.2 Criterion(b)

Anitemhasstrongorspecialassociationwiththelifeorworksofaperson,orgroupofpersons,ofimportanceinNewSouthWales’culturalornaturalhistory(ortheculturalornaturalhistoryofthelocalarea)GuidelinesforInclusion GuidelinesforExclusion• showsevidenceofasignificanthumanoccupation

• hasincidentalorunsubstantiatedconnectionswithhistoricallyimportantpeopleorevents

• isassociatedwithasignificantevent,person,orgroupofpersons

• providesevidenceofpeopleoreventsthatareofdubioushistoricalimportance

• maintainsorshowscontinuityofahistoricalprocessoractivity

• hasbeenalteredsothatiscannolongerprovideevidenceofaparticularassociation

BowralandDistrictHospitalhaslocalsignificanceasaplaceofsignificantandwidespreadcommunityinvolvement.Thesiteisdirectlyassociatedwithmanyindividuals-doctors,matrons,nursesandotherstaff-whohaveworkedintheHospitalsince1910,andwithpeoplewhohaveservedontheHospitalBoardoronvoluntarycommittees.Manyofthesepeoplehavehadstrongandsignificanttiestothelocalcommunity.Associationsareexpressedonsitein


fabric(forexample,memorialplaquesandhonourrolls)andinthenamesgiventobuildings(forexample,theMiltonParkWing).BowralandDistrictHospitalhassomesignificanceforitsassociationwitharchitectswhohavedesignedbuildingsonthesite.TheoriginalbuildingsareidentifiedashavingbeendesignedbyarchitectHarryC.Kent.ItisnotknownifKentdesignedanyotherhospitals.HisotheridentifiedworksinSydney,notablyMountRoyalinStrathfieldandCaerleoninBellevueHill,aremoresubstantialandbetterexamplesofhisabilitiesasanarchitect.TheNewHospitalisassociatedwiththeGovernmentArchitectsBranchunderEdwinSmith.ItisarepresentativeexampleofthesmallbodyofworksidentifiedasbeingcarriedoutbytheGovernmentArchitectsBranchunderhisguidance.TheMiltonParkWingisassociatedwiththeGovernmentArchitectsOfficeunderTedFarmerandlittleknownSpencer,HansonandPartners.TheMiltonParkWingistypicalofahospitalbuildingofthisperiod;itisnotanunderstandingexampleofthistype.Itspresentationtothenortheasthasbeenpartiallydisruptedbylaterbuildings.

4.2.3 Criterion(c)

Anitemisimportantindemonstratingaestheticcharacteristicsand/orahighdegreeoftechnicalachievementinNewSouthWales(orthelocalarea)GuidelinesforInclusion GuidelinesforExclusion• showsorisassociatedwith,creativeortechnicalinnovationorachievement

• isnotamajorworkbyanimportantdesignerorartist

• istheinspirationforcreativeortechnicalinnovationorachievement

• haslostitsdesignortechnicalintegrity

• isaestheticallydistinctiveorhaslandmarkqualities

• itspositivevisualorsensoryappealorlandmarkandscenicqualitieshavebeenmorethantemporarilydegraded

• exemplifiesaparticulartaste,styleortechnology

• hasonlyalooseassociationwithacreativeortechnicalachievement

TheBowralandDistrictHospitalcontainsbuildingsthatarerepresentativeofruralhospitalbuildingsoftheLateVictorian,InterwarandPostWorldWarIIperiod.Manyofthesebuildings,particularlytheoriginalLateVictorianperiodbuildings,haveundergonealterationandadditionovertime.Thebuildingsarerepresentative,andnotoutstanding,examplesoftheirrespectivearchitecturalperiodsandstyles.Thereappearstobealongtraditionofcareinlandscapingthesite,includingtheprovisionoftreesandadvicefromtheRoyalBotanicGardens,Sydney,andtheappointmentofhonorarylandscapearchitects.Therearespecimentreesthroughoutthegrounds,mostnotablyclosebytheoriginalhospitalbuildingsandinthenortheasterncornerofthesite.


4.2.4 Criterion(d)

AnitemhasstrongorspecialassociationwithaparticularcommunityorculturalgroupinNewSouthWales(orthelocalarea)forsocial,culturalorspiritualreasonsGuidelinesforInclusion GuidelinesforExclusion• isimportantforitsassociationwithanidentifiablegroup

• isonlyimportanttothecommunityforamenityreasons

• isimportanttoacommunity’ssenseofplace

• isretainedonlyinpreferencetoaproposedalternative

AnitemhasstrongorspecialassociationwithaparticularcommunityorculturalgroupinNewSouthWales(orthelocalarea)forsocial,culturalorspiritualreasonsTheBowralandDistrictHospitalislikelytohavelocalsignificanceunderthiscriterionbecauseofitslongstandingandongoingassociationwithhealthcare.ThecommunityhasbeencloselyinvolvedintheHospitalsince1889throughraisingfundsandprovidingvoluntaryservices.Hospitalsareplacesofmajoreventsinthelivesofindividualsinthecommunityincludingbirths,seriousillnesses,accidentsanddeaths.Individualsandfamiliesoftenhavestrongfeelingsandassociationswiththesesites.Thesignificanceofthesitetothelocalcommunitygoesbeyondthehealthservicesitprovides.

4.2.5 Criterion(e)

AnitemhaspotentialtoyieldinformationthatwillcontributetoanunderstandingofNewSouthWales’culturalornaturalhistory(ortheculturalornaturalhistoryofthelocalarea)GuidelinesforInclusion GuidelinesforExclusion• hasthepotentialtoyieldneworfurthersubstantialscientificand/orarchaeologicalinformation

• haslittlearchaeologicalorresearchpotential

• isanimportantbenchmarkorreferencesiteortype

• onlycontainsinformationthatisreadilyavailablefromotherresourcesofarchaeologicalsites

• providesevidenceofpasthumanculturesthatisunavailableelsewhere

• theknowledgegainedwouldbeirrelevanttoresearchonscience,humanhistoryofculture

Beyondanabilitytodemonstratetheexpansionofhealthservicestotheareaovertime,theBowralandDistrictHospitaldoesnothavethepotentialtoyieldinformationnotreadilyprovidedbyotherruralhospitalsites.

4.2.6 Criterion(f)

Anitempossessesuncommon,rareorendangeredaspectsofNewSouthWales’culturalornaturalhistory(oftheculturalornaturalhistoryofthelocalarea)GuidelinesforInclusion GuidelinesforExclusion


GuidelinesforInclusion GuidelinesforExclusion• providesevidenceofadefunctcustom,wayoflifeorprocess

• isnotrare

• demonstrateaprocess,customorotherhumanactivitythatisindangerofbeinglost

• isnumerousbutunderthreat

• shownunusuallyaccurateevidenceofasignificanthumanactivity

• istheonlyexampleofitstype • demonstratedesignsortechniquesofexceptionalinterest

• shownrareevidenceofasignificanthumanactivityimportanttoacommunity

TheBowralandDistrictHospitalisnotrare.

4.2.7 Criterion(g)

AnitemisimportantindemonstratingtheprincipalcharacteristicsofaclassofNewSouthWales(oraclassofthelocalareas):

• Culturalornaturalplaces;or• Culturalornaturalenvironments

GuidelinesforInclusion GuidelinesforExclusion• isafineexampleofitstype • isapoorexampleofitstype• hasthepotentialcharacteristicsofanimportantclassorgroupofitems

• doesnotincludeorhaslosttherangeofcharacteristicsofatype

• hasattributestypicalofaparticularwayoflife,philosophy,custom,significantprocess,design,techniqueofactivity

• doesnotrepresentwellthecharacteristicsthatmakeupasignificantvariationoftype

• isasignificantvariationtoaclassofitems

• ispartofagroupwhichcollectivelyillustratesarepresentativetype

• isoutstandingbecauseofitssetting,conditionorsize

• isoutstandingbecauseofitsintegrityortheesteeminwhichitisheld

TheBowralandDistrictHospitalsiteistypicalofaruralhospitalthathasexpandedtomeetthechangingneedsofthesurroundingareaoveralongperiodoftime.TheoriginalhospitalbuildingsaretypicaloftheLateVictorianperiod(albeitwithlateralteration);theNewHospitalisrepresentativeoftheInterwarperiod;andtheMiltonParkWingisrepresentativeofimmediatepreandpostWorldWarIIbuildings.

4.3 StatementofSignificance

TheHeritageAssessmentApril2007providesthefollowingStatementofSignificanceforthesite.


‘TheBowral&DistrictHospital,atBowralRoad,Bowral,hashistoric,aestheticandsocialheritagesignificanceatthelocallevel.KnownasBerrimaDistrictCottageHospital,BerrimaDistrictHospitalandTheBowralandDistrictHospital,thehospitalhashighhistoricsignificanceassociatedwiththecontinuousprovisionofhealthservicestotheBowraldistrictfrom1889tothepresent.Thehospitaldevelopmentreflectsthechangesinmedicalcareduringthatperiod.Bowral&DistrictHospitalhashighhistoricsignificanceassociatedwithprominentpersonsincludingmedicalpractitioners,healthprofessionalsandcommunityleadersfromthelocalareawhohavecontributedtotheworkingsandmanagementofthehospital.Thisisreflectedinthenumerousmedicaldepartmentsandunitsthathavebeendedicatedtoprominentpersonsandbenefactors,includingtheHordernfamily,DrFrancisHWatsonandMissTyler.Bowral&DistrictHospitalhashighaestheticsignificanceatlocallevelforitsrepresentativecollectionofhospitalbuildingtypes,whichdatefromthelate19thtolate20thcentury,setwithinanaward-winninglandscapedparklandofspecimenplantings.ThisbuiltgroupincludestheVictorianstyleCottageHospitalgroup(1889-1910)designedbyArchitectHarryCKent,ofKentBuddenArchitects,Sydney;TheNewHospital,designedintheInter-WarGeorgianRevivalstyle;andtheMiltonParkWing,designedinthePost-WarFunctionaliststylebytheGovernmentArchitect’sofficeofEdwardHerbertFarmer.RemnantsoftheoriginallandscapearestillevidentwithintheEarlyHospitalPrecinct.Bowral&DistrictHospitalhasexceptionalsocialsignificanceassociatedwiththeBowral/BerrimadistrictcommunitywhohaveprovidedvoluntaryserviceandfundingtotheHospitalforoveronehundredyears.Thecommunity’sinvolvementisevidentthroughauxiliaries,serviceclubsandlocalbenefactorswhohavepurchasedequipmentandcontributedtothefundingofbuildingprojects.Medicalprofessionalsandstaffatthehospitalhavestrongassociationswiththeplaceandholdthehospitalinhighregard.Individualsandfamilieshavestrongfeelingsandassociationswiththeplaceasthesiteofthesemajoreventsintheirlives.Bowral&DistrictHospitalisrepresentativeofanintactgroupofhospitalsinNSW,foundedattheendofthenineteenthcenturyascottagehospitalswhichhavedevelopedinthetwentiethcenturytobecomemajordistricthospitalsprovidingawiderangeofhealthservices.’47

DiscussionTheBowralandDistrictHospitalsiteisnotsubjecttoanystatutoryornon-statutoryheritagelistings.Nevertheless,thesitedoeshavesomesignificance,particularlysocialsignificance,arisingoutofstrong,sustained,communitytiesandassociations.Thefollowingisnoted:

• TheBowralandDistrictHospitalhaslocalsignificanceasaplacefromwheremedicalserviceshavebeencontinuouslyprovidedtothe

47ConybeareMorrison,op.cit.,2007,p.40.


peopleofBowralandthesurroundingdistrictsfrom1889tothepresentday.Fromthattime,thesitehasbeenthefocalpointformedicalservicesintheareaandhasevolvedinlinewiththecommunityitserves.Thesitedemonstratesastrongcontinuityofuse.

• TheBowralandDistrictHospitalhaslocalsignificanceasaplaceofsignificantandwidespreadcommunityinvolvement.Thesiteisdirectlyassociatedwithmanyindividuals,mostnotablythedoctors,matrons,nurses,studentnursesandotherstaff,whohaveworkedintheHospitalsince1889,andwithpeoplewhohaveservedontheHospitalBoard.Manyofthesepeoplehavehadstrongandsignificanttiestothelocalcommunity.Communitygroups,suchasthehospitalauxiliarieshavecloseandsustainedtiestotheHospital.Associationsareexpressedonsiteinfabric(suchasplaquesandmemorialboards)andinthenamingofbuildings,suchastheWatsonBuildingandMiltonParkWing.

• TheBowralandDistrictHospitalhasminorsignificanceasoneofmanyhospitalsitesacrossthestatecapableofdemonstratingtheevolutionofhospitaldesignandarchitectureoveraprolongedperiod.Thesiteretainsgood,butnotoutstanding,examplesofLateVictorianperiodhospitalbuildings,anInterwarGeorgianRevivalStylebuildingandaPostWorldWarIIFunctionalistStylebuilding.Allthebuildingsonthesitehaveundergonesomealterationandadditionovertime.TheInterwarperiod‘NewHospital’lieswithinalandscapedsettingoriginatingfromitsperiodofconstruction.ThereisremnantplantingassociatedwiththeoriginalHospital.

4.4 NSWHeritageThemes

NSWHeritagehasdevelopedaseriesofthemestoaidintheassessmentofthesignificanceofasite.Ininterpretingthesite,thesethemeshavethegreatestpotentialtoinformusersandvisitorsofthesiteanditshistory:Towns,suburbsandvillages:Activitiesassociatedwithcreating,planningandmanagingurbanfunctions,landscapesandlifestylesintowns,suburbsandvillages.BowralandDistrictHospitalhaslocalhistoricsignificanceforitsabilitytomirrordevelopmentsinthewidercommunity;theHospitaldevelopedinlinewiththecommunityovertime.Health:Activitiesassociatedwithpreparingandprovidingmedicalassistanceand/orpromotingormaintainingthewell-beingofhumans.BowralandDistrictHospitalhashighlocalhistoricandsocialsignificanceasaplacefromwheremedicalserviceshavebeencontinuouslyprovidedtothepeopleofWaggaWaggaandthesurroundingdistrictsfrom1910tothepresentday.BirthandDeath:Activitiesassociatedwiththeinitialstagesofhumanlifeandthebearingofchildren,andwiththefinalstagesofhumanlifeanddisposalofthedead.Hospitalsiteshaveaninherentassociationwiththistheme.


Creative endeavour: Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.

BowralandDistrictHospitalisoneofmanyhospitalsitesacrossthestatecapableofdemonstratingtheevolutionofhospitaldesignandarchitectureoveraprolongedperiod.ThisthemeinparticularrelatestotheOldHospitalBuildingthatistobedemolished.WhenitwasfirstconstructeditwasagoodexampleoftheFederationQueenAnnestyleofarchitecture.Persons:Activitiesof,andassociationswith,identifiableindividuals,familiesandcommunalgroups.Thesiteisdirectlyassociatedwithmanyindividuals,mostnotablythedoctors,matrons,nurses,studentnursesandotherstaff,whohaveworkedintheHospitalsince1910,andwithpeoplewhohaveservedontheHospitalBoard.Communitygroups,suchastheHospitalAuxiliaryandtheCountryWoman’sAssociationhavecloseandsustainedtiestotheHospital.WaggaWaggaBaseHospitalhassomesignificanceforitsassociationwiththeGovernmentArchitect’sOffice.

5.0 SITEINVENTORY,POTENTIALSTAKEHOLDERSANDAUDIENCES

5.1 InterpretativeResources

Thefollowingelementsshouldbeconsideredand/orareavailabletoaidintheinterpretationofthesite.

5.1.1 TheBuildings

Theexistingbuildingsonthesitearetoberetained.Whilstviewcorridorstowardsthesebuildingwillbealtered,therearenumeroushistoricphotographsthatshouldbeutilisedintheinterpretationoftheseearlierbuildingsandthesite.Thenewbuildingbringsnewelementstothesite.Itprovidesanewlocationforinterpretationofthesiteandbringsnewcontenttothethemesoutlinedabove,inparticulartheworkofHealthInfrastructure.ThiscanbeinterpretedunderthethemesofHealth.

5.1.2 DocumentaryEvidence

Arangeofhistoricmaps,plans,photographsandnewspaperarticlesthattellthestoryoftheevolutionofthesiteareavailable.

5.1.3 ArchaeologicalMaterial

Theremaybeisolatedarchaeologicalfindsmadeduringtheexcavationofthesitethatcouldbeusedforinterpretation.


5.1.4 MoveableHeritage

Anyplaquesassociatedwithmemorialplantingsshouldbesalvagedforreinstatementelsewhereonthesite.

5.2 AssociatedPeopleandPlaces

Thefollowinggroupsofpeoplepotentiallyhaveaninterestinthesiteandmaybeabletofurtherknowledgeaboutitandunderstandingofit.Itmaybeappropriatetoinvitetheirinputandparticipationintheplanningprocess:

• HealthInfrastructure• CommunitygroupssuchastheCountryWomen'sAssociationofNSW

BowralBranchandtheBowralHospitalAuxiliary.• Paststaffmembersand/orHospitalBoardmembers• WingecarribeeShireCouncil• BerimaDistrictHistorical&FamilyHistorySociety

5.3 PotentialAudiences

Identifyingwhotheaudienceis,assistsinmakinginterpretationaccessible.Interpretationismostsuccessfulwhenitrespondstoknownaudienceneedsandbehaviours.Understandingtheaudienceaffectsallaspectsofinterpretationandwillinformthelocationofinterpretation,thechoiceofmediaforinterpretation,aswellasthecontentofinterpretation.Potentialaudiencegroupsinclude:

• Patientsandpeoplevisitingpatientsonthesite.Thesepeoplewillhaveaccesstothelandscapedareasonthepropertyandthepublicfoyerandwaitingareas.

• Managers,doctors,nursesandsupportstaff.Thesepeoplewillhaveaccesstothelandscapedareasonthepropertyandthepublicfoyerandwaitingareas,andthebackofhouseareas.

• Passers-by,includingmembersofthepublicwaitingforbusesetc.,adjacenttothesite.

• Stakeholders(seeunderAssociatedPeopleandPlacesabove).• HeritageenthusiastswithaninterestinthehistoryofBowralorthe

historyofhospitalsetc.Thesevisitorsarelikelytobefewerinnumberthanpeoplevisitingthehospitalfortreatment.

6.0 IDENTIFYINGKEYTHEMES

6.1 Preamble

Inpreparingtointerpretaplace,itisimportanttopresentitshistoryandsignificanceinaninformative,interestingandeasilyaccessibleway.Thisisachievedthroughidentifyingandtheninterpretingkeythemesandstoriesassociatedwithasite.Itmaynotbepossible,orevendesirable,totelleverystoryassociatedwithasite.TheHeritageInterpretationPolicypublishedbytheNSWHeritageOffice(nowBranch)stateswithregardtoidentifyingwhattointerpret:

‘Thesignificanceofmanyplacesismulti-faceted,anditisoftenimpracticaltocommunicateeveryfacet…Notallthemesandstoriesarenecessarilyappropriateorrelevanttotheidentifiedaudience,and


reasonedchoicesneedtobemadeexplicitfollowinginvestigationandconsultation.Storytellingisanimportantdimensionofinterpretation.Conveyingalotofinformationandfactsaboutaplaceisnotthepurposeofinterpretation.’48

Whileanoveralltimeline,settingoutthehistoryofthesite,willbeprovidedaspartoftheonsiteinterpretation,therearefourpotentialthemesforinterpretation.Thesethemesaresuggestednotonlybytheavailabledocumentaryandphysicalevidence,butalsowithreferencetothepotentialaudiencegroupsidentifiedabove.

6.2 RelevantThemes

6.2.1 Towns,suburbsandvillages

InterpretationofthepeopleandeventswhichhaveshapedthedevelopmentoftheBowral

6.2.2 Health

InterpretationofthedevelopmentandavailabilityofmedicalservicesinruralandremotepartsoftheSouthernHighlandsofNewSouthWales.

6.2.3 Creativeendeavour

InterpretationofthephasesofdevelopmentofBowralandDistrictHospital.ThiswouldincludeinterpretationofthePre-WorldWarIIbuildingsonthesiteandthelandscaping.

6.2.4 Persons

Interpretationoftheactivitiesandcontributionsmadebynotablestaffmembers,HospitalBoardmembersandcommunitygroups.

7.0INTERPRETATIONRECOMMENDATIONS7.1 PotentialLocations

IthasbeenestablishedthatthenortheasterncorneroftheBowralandDistrictHospitalsiteprovidesthebestandmostappropriatelocationforinterpretivematerial.Withinthisarea,interpretivematerialscanbeinstalledinthelandscapeareas,andpossibly,inapubliclyaccessiblefoyerorwaitingareaofthenewbuilding.Additionalinterpretationcouldpotentiallybeincludedinotherbuildingsonthesite.Thepossiblelocationsforinterpretationofthesiteandthethemesthatcouldbeinterpretedwithintheseareasareasfollows.

48NSWHeritageOffice,HeritageInformationSeries:InterpretingHeritagePlacesandItemsGuidelines,2005,pp.7-8.


Area ThemetobeInterpretedMainpublicentranceintothenewbuilding–NorthernexternalelevationEasternexternalelevation

Creativeendeavour-InterpretationofthephasesofdevelopmentofBowralandDistrictHospital.

GroundFloorentrancefoyer/waitingarea.

Towns–developmentofBowral.Health–developmentofmedicalservicesinruralandremoteareas.Creativeendeavour–InterpretationofthephasesofdevelopmentofBowralandDistrictHospital.

LandscapedareaattheintersectionofBowralStreetandMonaRoad.

Towns–developmentofBowralHealth–developmentofmedicalservicesinruralandremoteareas.Creativeendevour-InterpretationofthephasesofdevelopmentofBowralandDistrictHospital.Persons–contributionstotheHospitalbyindividualsandgroups.

LandscapedareaadjacenttoBowralStreet.

Persons–contributionstotheHospitalbyindividualsandgroups.

LandscapedareaattheintersectionofBowralStreetandMonaRoad.

Towns–developmentofBowral.Health–developmentofmedicalservicesinruralandremoteareas.Creativeendevour–InterpretationofthephasesofdevelopmentofBowralandDistrictHospital.Persons–contributionstotheHospitalbyindividualsandgroups.

Variouswards Persons–contributionstotheHospitalbyindividualsandgroups.

7.2 AudienceRequirements

Theprincipalaudiences(seeSection5.3above)includepeoplewhomayhavetimeforintensiveinterpretationmaterial(i.e.peoplewaitingforothersorwaitingtobeattendedto)andpeoplewhodonothavelargeamountsoftimetobecomeengagedwithinterpretation.TherewillbepeoplewhocanaccesstothefoyersandwaitingareasinthenewbuildingandthosewhoonlyhaveaccesslandscapedareasadjacenttoBowralStreetandMonaRoad.Thereisthusaneedforinterpretationthataddressesbothgroups.


Thereisaneedformediathatcanbequicklyabsorbedorpassivelyengagedwithandformoreintensiveinterpretativemediaor,attheveryleast,directionsonwheretofindadditionalinformation.

7.3 TypesofInterpretation

Therearemanywaysinwhichthehistoryandsignificanceofasitecanbeinterpreted.Theinterpretationdevicesdiscussedbelowaimtoconveyinformationabouttheheritagevaluesofthesitebycreatingdirectandtangiblelinkstothehistoryandstoriesofthesite.Theuseofaconsistentformofcommunicatione.g.typeface,colourandgraphiclayoutareimportantelementsinthepresentationofinterpretivematerials.

7.4 InterpretationPanels

Interpretationpanelswillformthebackboneofinterpretationonthissite.ThehistoryprovidedinSection3.0abovecanbedrawnuponfortextandimages.Furtherresearchmayuncoveradditionalinformation.Interpretationpanelswillbecarefullydesignedandlocatedtonotonlyarticulatethesignificanceoftheplace,butalsotobeengagingandenhancethevisitorexperience.Inurbanenvironments,andinsituationswheretheaudienceispartiallytransitory,imagerichinterpretationpanelsareoftenthemosteffective.Thelocationofinterpretationpanelsandtheirsizewillbecarefullyconsidered.Toomanypanels,forexample,canclutteraspace,creatingconfusionanddetractingfromtheexperienceoftheplace.Theinterpretationpanelswillbeahighqualityandconsistentfinish.Theywillbedurableandlocatedwherethereareappropriatesecuritymeasurestopreventvandalism.Finishessuchasacidetchingintosteelorglassaretwofinishescommonlyusedforinterpretativepanels.Interpretationpanelsshouldbeplacedinthepubliclyaccessiblefoyersandwaitingareaswithinthegroundfloorofthenewbuilding.Interpretationpanelscouldalsobeplacedinthelandscapedareastothenorthandeastofthenewbuilding.

7.5 Archaeology

Itisnotknownifarchaeologicaldepositswillbefoundonthesite.Anyarchaeologicalmaterialusedforinterpretationneedstobesecurelydisplayed,clearlylabelledandrelatedtointerpretativethemes.Displaycabinetscouldbeconstructedinthenewbuildingforanysignificantarcheologicalfindsandinterpretivematerials.

7.6 MoveableHeritageAnyplaquesassociatedwithmemorialplantingsshouldbesalvagedforreinstatementelsewhereonthesite.


7.7 PublicArtThereisanopportunitytocommissionapiece(s)ofpublicartinspiredbythehistoryandsignificanceofthesite.Theworkshouldbeofhighqualityandvisuallyarresting.Publicartcansometimesstimulateemotionalresponsethatotherinterpretationtechniquescannot.Itcanbeusedtorevealintangibleaspectsofasite’shistoryandprovokeasensoryresponse.ThebestlocationforpublicartisthelandscapedareaadjacenttotheintersectionofBowralStreetandMonaRoadandthepubliclyaccessiblefoyersandwaitingareaswithinthegroundfloorofthenewbuilding.

8.0INTERPRETATIONIMAGESANDTEXTBasedonthethemesidentifiedaboveandanexaminationofthesubjectsite,itisbelievedthatthemostappropriateformofinterpretationistheinstallationoftwoplaqueandtwopanels.Namingplaquescouldpotentiallybeinstalled.

ThetextandimagesprovidedisSection8.1toSection8.5(below)shouldbeartfullyarrangedbyasuitablyqualifiedgraphicdesignerandshouldbecompatiblewiththegeneralwayfindingsignagethatisinstalledaroundtheHospitalsite.Theuseofaconsistentformofcommunicatione.g.typeface,colourandgraphiclayoutareimportantelementsinthepresentationofinterpretivematerials.

Pleasenotethefollowingwhenusingtheimagesandtextbelow:

• Theimagesincludedinthisdocumentarelowresolution.Highresolutionimagesmustbeobtainedforinclusioninthefinalinterpretationplaquesandpanels.

• WrittenpermissiontousetheimagesmayberequiredassomearestillinCopyright.

8.1 PlaqueNo.1

ThisA3sizeplaquecouldbeattachedtotheeasternelevationofthenewbuilding,totherightofthefrontentrance.Theplaqueshouldbeinstalledateyelevel.Theplaqueshouldbemanufacturedfromhighgrademetalthatcanwithstandexternalconditionsandcanbeeasilycleanedintheeventthatitisvandalised.PlaqueNo.1couldincludethefollowingtext:BOWRAL&DISTRICTHOSPITAL

ThefirsthospitalbuildingonthissitewasopenedinSeptember1889.

TheBerrimaDistrictCottageHospital,asitwasknown,wassetwithinlandscapedgardensthatwerenotonlyasymbolofcivicpride,butwerealsoconsideredtobeconducivetohealing.Onehundredandthirtytwotrees,fromtheBotanicGardensinSydney,wereplantedaroundtheCottageHospital.

In1968,tobetterreflectitsgeographicallocation,thishospitalbecameknownastheBowral&DistrictHospital.


EchoingthegrowthofBowralandtheSouthernHighlands,thissitehaschangedovertimeasbuildingshavebeendemolished,erectedandaltered.

In2021,thispurpose-builtbuildingwasconstructedbyNSWHealth.

PlaqueNo.1shouldincludethefollowingimage:

Figure17:c.1890viewoftheBerrimaDistrictCottageHospital,Bowral.Theoriginal

hospitalbuildingstillstands. BerrimaDistrictHistorical&FamilyHistorySociety,ImageNumberoai:berrima.imagegallery.me:101404

8.2 PlaqueNo.2

ThisA3sizeplaquecouldbeattachedtothenorthernelevationofthenewbuilding,totherightoftheentrance.Theplaqueshouldbeinstalledateyelevel.Theplaqueshouldbemanufacturedfromhighgrademetalthatcanwithstandexternalconditionsandcanbeeasilycleanedintheeventthatitisvandalised.PlaqueNo.2shouldincludethefollowingtext:BOWRAL&DISTRICTHOSPITAL

TheBerrimaDistrictCottageHospitalwasthefirsthospitalbuildingonthissite.ItwasdesignedbyarchitectHarryChambersKentandopenedinSeptember1889.

Thesix-bedhospitalwassetwithinfiveandahalfacresoflandscapedgardens.EvenbeforetheCottageHospitalwasopened,therewerediscussionsabouttheexpansionoftheHospitalwhichultimatelygrewalongsidethetownshipanddistrictitserves.

In1935,theNewHospitalbuildingwasopened,providingaccommodationforanadditionalthirty-ninebeds.In1961,thehospitalagainincreaseditscapacitywiththeopeningoftheMiltonParkWing.


Fromitsinception,thehospitalhasbeentirelesslysupportedbythelocalcommunity.TheHospitalAuxiliary(formerlytheLadiesWorkingAssociation)helpraisefundsforthepurchaseofHospitalequipment.

In2021,thispurpose-builtbuildingwasconstructedbyNSWHealth.

PlaqueNo.2couldincludethefollowingimage:

Figure18:ViewoftheformerNewHospitalbuilding(1935)designedbytheGovernment

Architect,EdwinSmith.BerrimaDistrictHistorical&FamilyHistorySociety. Image Number oai:berrima.imagegallery.me:101379

8.3 PotentialNamingPlaques

Thefollowingprovidesalistofnamesthatcouldpotentiallybeusedinthenewbuildingandadjacentgardensthatacknowledgethesite’sheritage.AnA5sizeplaquecouldbeinstalledineachareaofthehospitalthatisnamedsothatitsoriginisvisibletousersoftheplace.

8.3.1 TheNewmarchBennettWard

ThiswardisnamedinrecognitionofDrBernardJNewmarchandMrCopelandBennett.NewmarchandBennettinitiatedthefirstpublicmeetingtodiscusstheneedforahospitalintheSouthernHighlands.PriortotheconstructionofBerrimaDistrictCottageHospital,theclosesthospitalwasinGoulburn;78kilometresaway.*ThisplaqueshouldbeinstalledinthepublicwaitingareaoftheEmergencyDepartment.

8.3.2 TheKentCriticalWard

ThiswardisnamedinrecognitionofHarryChambersKent[1852-1938].Kentdesignedthefirstbuildingonthissitein1888.


KentwasanotableSydneybasedarchitectwhodesignedover670buildingsduringhisfortyeightyearsofpractice.KentbecamePresidentoftheInstituteofArchitects(1906-7).HediedinSydneyon9August,1938.*ThisplaqueshouldbeinstallednearthepublicentrancetotheCriticalCareUnit.

8.3.3 TheJ.J.CampbellWard

ThiswardisnamedinrecognitionofMr.JohnJosephCampbell.CampbellwasthefourthMayorofBowralandthebuilderoftheBerrimaDistrictCottageHospital,thefirstbuildingonthissite(1889).*ThisplaqueshouldbeinstalledattheentrancetotheelevatedwalkwaythatconnectsthenewbuildingtotheexistingED.

8.3.4 TheMorganWard

ThiswardisnamedinrecognitionofMrsAnnieDyneMorgan(1863–1965),thefirstMatronofthisHospital,knownin1889astheBerrimaDistrictCottageHospital. AnnieMorgantrainedatthePrinceAlfredHospitalinSydneyandwasafirstcousinof“Banjo”Patterson,thelegendaryAustralianbushpoet.InherroleasMatron,Morganearned£52peryearandwasresponsibleforpatientcare24hoursaday,sevendaysaweek.Otherdutiesincludedcooking,washing,cleaningandmaintainingthestoresandequipment.In1889,nursesandmatronsworeanankle-lengthdress,coveredbyaheavilystarchedapron,collar,cuffs,andbelt.Blackstockings,laced-upbootsandacapwithflowingtailswerealsoworn.MatronMorganretiredin1890whenshemarriedalocalaccountant.*ThisplaqueshouldbeinstalledneartheentrancetotheBirthingSuite.

8.3.5 TheReedWard

ThiswardisnamedinrecognitionofthecharityworkcarriedoutbySarahReed(1837-1911)andtheLadiesWorkingcommittee.In1886,Reedhelpedestablishacommitteethatraisedfundsforthehospital.Thegroupmeteachweektoworkonprojectsthatincludedmakingblankets,bedlinenandgarmentsforpatients.Theycollecteddonationsfromlocalschools. TheLadiesWorkingcommitteewastheforerunnertotheBowralHospitalAuxiliary.Forherservices,SarahReedwasmadeanhonorarylifememberoftheHospital.*ThisplaqueshouldbeinstalledneartheentrancetotheMaternityWard.


8.3.6 TheHordernGarden

ThisgardenbedisdedicatedtoAnthonyandMaryHorderninrecognitionoftheircontributiontotheBowralandDistrictHospital. Startingin1949,everyspringtheHordern’sopenedtheirprivategardenatMiltonParktothepublic,withallproceedsgoingtotheBowralHospitalAuxiliary.FundsraisedbytheAuxiliaryareusedtopurchaseequipmentfortheHospital.Successiveownershavecontinuedthistradition.*ThisplaqueshouldbeinstalledinthegardenadjacenttoBowralStreet.

8.4 InterpretationPanel-No.1

ThepanelcouldbemountedonafreestandingmetalframeandcouldbeinstalledinthelandscapedareabetweenthenewbuildingandMonaRoad.Thepanelshouldbemanufacturedfromhighgrademetalthatcanwithstandexternalconditionsandcanbeeasilycleanedintheeventthatitisvandalised.Thepanelshouldbeapproximately1.2mby0.6m.

Image19illustratesthestyleofpaneltobemanufactured.

Figure19:Exampleofthepanelandmethodofinstallationproposed.MetalplaquePtyLtdPanelNo.1shouldincludethefollowingtext:


CLAUDECROWE

ClaudeCroweAM(1914-1999)wastheBowral&DistrictHospitalHonoraryLandscapeAdviserfrom1961throughtothe1980s.

Crowe,andhiswifeIsobel(1913-2009),wererespectedhorticulturistswhowereknownforgrowingandretailingcoldclimatetreesandshrubs.HewasalandscapeplannerwhodesignedschemesformanygardensintheSouthernHighlands,andacrossNSW.CrowewasafoundingmemberoftheAustralianNurseryAssociation(latertheNurseryIndustryAssociationofAustralia).

EarlyBowralTheGundungurraandTharawalpeopleareacknowledgedasthetraditionalcustodiansofBowral,andtheWingecarribeeShireCouncilarea. JohnOxleywasthefirstEuropeantooccupythelandonwhichBowralnowstands.Thetownshipgrewrapidlybetweenthe1860sandthe1890s,mainlyduetothebuildingoftheGreatSouthernRailwayfromSydney.In1863,thefirst‘hospital’wasestablishedbyJacobWard,anon-licensed‘doctor’whoranasurgeryandhospitaloutofhistimberslabandbarkhome.By1871,Bowralsupportedapopulationof133people;withintwentyyearsthishadincreasedto2258people.Onthe18thofFebruary,1886,Bowralwasgazettedasamunicipality.BerrimaDistrictCottageHospitalThegrowthofBowralinthe1880sandthepromiseoffurthergrowthinthenearfutureledtocallsfortheprovisionofbetterhealthservices.Onthe27thofJuly,1885,DrBernardJ.NewmarchofBowralandMr.CopelandBennett,stationmasterofBowral,calledthefirstpublicmeetingtodiscusstheestablishmentofahospitalinthedistrict.Twenty-twomenrepresentingBerrima,Bowral,MittagongandMossValeattendedthemeetingheldattheBowralSchoolofArts. InMarch1888,theTrusteesoftheBerrimaDistrictCottageHospitalpurchasedfiveandahalfacresoflandonwhichthefirsthospitalbuildingwastobeconstructed.HarryChambersKent[1852-1938]designedthesix-bedhospitalthatwasconstructedbyJohnJosephCampbell,thefourthMayorofBowral.TheBerrimaDistrictCottageopenedonthe4thofSeptember,1889;thedaywasdeclaredapublicholidayforthedistrict.In1968,tobetterreflectitsgeographicallocation,theBerrimaDistrictHospitalbecameknownastheBowral&DistrictHospital.AGardenSettingThefirsthospitalbuildingwassetwithinlandscapedgardensthatwerenotonlyasymbolofcivicpride,butwerealsoconsideredtobeconducivetohealing.OnehundredandthirtytwotreesfromtheBotanicGardensinSydneywereplantedaroundtheCottageHospital.


ThecarriagewaythatledfromthegatestotheCottageHospitalwasplantedoneithersidewithlinden(tilia)trees.Arosebedwaslaterestablishedinfrontofthemainentrancetothehospitalbuildingandatenniscourtwasconstructedwithinthegrounds.Earlyhospitalcommitteeswereconcernedabouttheappearanceoftheproperty.Additionaltreeswerefrequentlypurchasedtoenhancetheappearanceofthehospitalgrounds.In1894,anadditional750hedgeplantswereplantedalongthesiteboundary.Intheearlyyears,awardsmanwasresponsibleformilkingthehospitalcow,andfowlsprovidedthehospitalkitchenwithfresheggs.Alargevegetablegardenwasmaintained,andnumerousfruittreesprovidedseasonalfruit.EchoingthegrowthofBowralandtheSouthernHighlands,thishospitalsitehaschangedovertimeasbuildingshavebeendemolished,erected,andaltered.Witheachnewphase,landscapeworkshavebeencarriedout.From1961,theBowral&DistrictHospitalappointedanHonoraryLandscapeAdviser.TheHospitalhasbeensuccessfulinvariousgardendesigncompetitionsincludingtheBowralTulipFestival.InrecognitionofthosethathavecontributedtotheBowral&DistrictHospital,memorialtreescanbefoundthroughoutthegrounds. PanelNo.1shouldincludeFigure20toFigure24.

Figure20:J.J.Nichols,BerrimaDistrictCottageHospital,c.1906.StateLibraryofVictoria,LibrariesAustraliaID49407635


Figure21:ViewfromtheHospital,Bowral,c.1934.BerrimaDistrictHistorical&FamilyHistorySociety,mageNumberoai:berrima.imagegallery.me:102426

Figure22:1950aerialovertheBowral&DistrictHospitalsiteshowinghowmuchofthe

landwasunbuiltupon.BerrimaDistrictHistorical&FamilyHistorySociety,ImageNumberoai:berrima.imagegallery.me:101363


Figure23:ClaudeCrowein1998.HighlifeMagazine


Figure24:StaffmemberRubyKnight,housekeeper,inthehospitalgarden.BerrimaDistrictHistorical&FamilyHistorySociety,ImageNumberoai:berrima.imagegallery.me:101444

8.5 InterpretationPanel-No.2

Thepanelcouldbeprintedonhighqualitypaper,framedanddisplayedinapublicallyaccessiblearea.PanelNo.2shouldincludethefollowingtext:AHospitalforBowralBowralgrewrapidlybetweenthe1860sandthe1890s,mainlyduetothebuildingoftheGreatSouthernRailwayfromSydney.Asaresult,callsfortheprovisionofbetterhealthservicesgrewlouder.In1885,DrBernardJ.NewmarchofBowralandMr.CopelandBennett,stationmasterofBowral,initiatedthefirstpublicmeetingtodiscusstheestablishmentofahospitalinthedistrict. ByMarch1888,theTrusteesoftheBerrimaDistrictCottageHospitalhadpurchasedfiveandahalfacresoflandonwhichthefirsthospitalbuildingwastobeconstructed.HarryChambersKent[1852-1938]designedthesix-bed


hospitalthatwasconstructedbyJohnJosephCampbell,thefourthMayorofBowral.TheBerrimaDistrictCottageopenedonthe4thofSeptember,1889;thedaywasdeclaredapublicholidayforthedistrict.Whenthehospitalopenedtherewasnoelectricity,heatingwasfromawoodburningfireintheward,andwaterwasdrawnfromawellinthegroundsoranundergroundtanknearthebuilding.Therewasnosewerageand‘pans’werecollectedtwiceaweekbythenightcart.Therewasnoambulanceserviceuntilthe1920s,sopatientsweremovedaroundthedistrictbyhorse-drawndray.Patientsneedingmoreintensivecarethanwhatwasavailableatthehospital,weretransportedtoSydneybyrail.Until1896,surgicaloperationswereperformedonthewards,ofteninfullviewofotherpatients.

ExpansionEvenbeforethefirstbuildingwasopened,therewerediscussionsabouttheincreasingneedsofthecommunity.Themosturgentwasforamortuary,whichwasconstructedin1889.Anadditionalwardwithfourbedswasaddedtothemainhospitalbuildingin1889-1890.Afeverwardwasconstructedin1896andthefirstoperatingtheatrewasbuiltin1898. Thelate1800swasaperiodofchangeinhospitalsacrosstheColony.TheGovernmentbecameincreasinglyawarethattheyhadaroletoplayinpublichealthandhygiene,andtheyrecognisedtheneedtosupplementtheeffortsofcharitiesandcommunitiesinfundinghospitalservices.In1881,thefirstBoardofPublicHealthcameintobeing.TheresponsibilitiesandpowersofthisBoardweregraduallyextendedandstrengthenedbythePublicHealthActsof1897and1902.TheDepartmentofHealthwasestablishedtwoyearslater,in1906.Thehospital,nowknownastheBerrimaDistrictHospital,continueditsexpansioninthe1920sasmorelandwaspurchased,existingbuildingswereaddedto,andnewbuildingsconstructed.Thehospitalwasconnectedtothetownwatersupplyin1922,andtheelectricitysupplythreeyearslater.ANewHospitalBythemid1920s,thehospitalwasexperiencingchronicovercrowdingasthepopulationofthesurroundingareacontinuedtogrow.Significantmedicaladvancesalsohadanimpactonhospitaldesigntheory. TheNewHospital,designedbyGovernmentArchitectMr.EdwinSmith,wasconstructedbyA.Stephens&Son,andopenedin1935.In1961,theMiltonParkWingwasofficiallyopened,providinganadditional70beds,twooperatingtheatres,asterilisingdepartment,labourwardsandsupportservices.


Bowral&DistrictHospitalIn1968,tobetterreflectitsgeographicallocation,theBerrimaDistrictHospitalbecameknownastheBowral&DistrictHospital. Thehospitalcontinuedtodeveloptoservetheneedsofthedistrict.In1970,theIsolationUnitwasconvertedintotheWatsonRehabilitationCentre.Acardiaccentrewasadded,aSpecialNursingUnitwasconstructed,andoperatingtheatreupgradeswerecarriedout,justtonameafewofthelatetwenty-firstcenturyalterations.Aswithmanycountryhospitalsitesofasimilarage,theBowralandDistrictHospitalhascontinuouslyevolvedovertime.Theboundarieshavebeenalteredonatleastthreeoccasions,mostrecentlyinthe1990swhentheprivatehospitalwasconstructedonthenorthwesterncorneroftheoriginalsite.HospitalEmploymentPriorto1901,amatronwasnotlegallyrequiredtobeatrainednurse.From1889,however,thecommitteeoftheBerrimaDistrictCottageHospitalinsistedthatonlytrainedmatronsshouldbeemployedatthehospital. ThefirstmatronatthishospitalwasMrsAnnieDyneMorgan(1863–1965).Morganearned£52peryearandwasresponsibleforpatientcare24hoursaday,sevendaysaweek.Otherdutiesincludedcooking,washing,cleaningandmaintainingthestoresandequipment.In1889,nursesandmatronsworeanankle-lengthdress,coveredbyaheavilystarchedapron,collar,cuffs,andbelt.Blackstockings,laced-upbootsandacapwithflowingtailswerealsoworn.Whenthishospitalfirstopened,therewerenoresidentDoctors.Doctorswereoncall.Therewerenotelephones,sowhenadoctorwasneeded,amessagewassentbyhand.Asearlytravelwaseitheronhorsebackorinhorsedrawnvehicles,medicalofficerswererequiredtoresideinBowraltoensurethattheyarrivedatthehospitalinatimelymanner.PanelNo.2shouldincludeFigure25toFigure26.


Figure25:1911photographsofMatronSolling(seatedinthecentre)andNursingStaff

outsidetheCottageHospital.Staffnamesunknown.BerrimaDistrictHistorical&FamilyHistorySociety,ImageNumberoai:berrima.imagegallery.me:101396

Figure26:FirstoperatingtheatreatBerrimaDistrictCottageHospital.BerrimaDistrictHistorical&FamilyHistorySociety,ImageNumberoai:berrima.imagegallery.me:101372


Figure27:1910PhotographoftheBerrimaCottageHospital,builtin1889showingthe

verandahextension(right).BerrimaDistrictHistorical&FamilyHistorySociety,ImageNumberoai:berrima.imagegallery.me:101365

Figure28:PhotographoftheNewHospital,builtin1935,aftertheadditionofthe

solariums,viewedfromBowralStreet.BerrimaDistrictHistorical&FamilyHistorySociety,ImageNumberoai:berrima.imagegallery.me:101391

8.0SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS

ThisInterpretationStrategyfortheBowralandDistrictHospitalhasbrieflyoutlinedthefirststageinpreparinginterpretationforthesite.Interpretingthehistoryandsignificanceofthesitewillbeanintegralpartinthefurtherdevelopmentoftheapprovedplanforthesite.Interpretationisakeytenetoftheheritageconservationprocess.Ithelpssustainandcommunicateheritagevaluestothecommunityandvisitorsalike.


Bymakingconnectionswiththepast,visitorswillbetterunderstandthecontextoftheirsurroundingsandvaluethem.InterpretationwillfocusnotonlyonthebuiltheritageofthesitethroughCreativeEndeavour,butequallyitwillfocusonthethemeofHealth;specifically,thesocialsignificanceoftheplaceastheproviderofmedicalservicestothepeopleofBowralandthesurroundingdistrictsfrom1889tothepresentday.Highqualityinterpretationpanelsand,potentially,publicart,willplayanimportantroleininterpretation.Thelandscapedareastothenorthandeastofthenewbuildingandthepubliclyaccessiblefoyersandwaitingareasprovidetheoptimumlocationforinterpretationmaterialsthataddresstheneedsofvariousaudiences.Interpretationwillbefurtherdevelopedinconsultationwiththearchitects,projectmanagersandHealthInfrastructure.

201116 Interpretation Strategy Bowral Hospital - October 2020

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