2011 Patterns and Trends of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and … · 2011-11-29 · 1. ATS rank in...
Transcript of 2011 Patterns and Trends of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and … · 2011-11-29 · 1. ATS rank in...
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2011 Patterns and Trends of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and
Other Drugs
Asia and the Pacific
Mr. Gary Lewis
Regional Representative
UNODC Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific
29 November 2011
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1. Background
2. Key trends – E/SE Asia
3. Effective responses
Presentation Structure
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“Containment” has worked during past decade
• Number of users level at 4.5% adult population
• Opiate cultivation declines globally
• Coca/cocaine declines globally
• Cultivation is limited to a few countries
• ATS use stabilizes across globe
WARNING SIGNS
• SE Asia: resurgence of opium cultivation
• SE Asia: soaring production, trafficking, use of ATS
The Big Picture
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• Amphetamine
• Methamphetamine
• Methcathinone
• Ecstasy-group substances (MDMA and
its analogues)
What are Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS)?
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DEMAND: ATS attraction
• Affordable
• Perceived to enhance performance and communication
• Perceived as not being very harmful
• Associated with a modern and dynamic lifestyle – occupational use
• No stigma from “injecting” or “smoking”
• Affordable
• Perceived to enhance performance and communication
• Perceived as not being very harmful
• Associated with a modern and dynamic lifestyle – occupational use
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• Unlike plant-based drugs, can be manufactured anywhere
• Variety of precursor chemicals
• Labs close to markets
• No longer a “cottage” industry – links to TOC groups
SUPPLY dynamics
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GLOBAL TRENDS
• After cannabis – ATS #2 most widely used illicit drug globally
• 14-57 million people aged 15-64 used ATS in 2009-2010
• 0.3% - 1.3% world adult population
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S – synthetics
M – monitoring:
A – analyses,
R – reporting and
T – trends
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• Myanmar
• New Zealand
• Philippines
• Rep. of Korea
• Singapore
• Thailand
• Viet Nam
Country Level – 15 reports
• Australia
• Brunei
• Cambodia
• China
• Indonesia
• Japan
• Lao PDR
• Malaysia
A. Detailed assessment:
• Regional Level• East and Southeast Asia
B. Overviews:• South Asia• Pacific Island States/territories
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Funding support for SMART
• Australia
• Canada
• Japan
• Republic of Korea
• New Zealand
• Thailand
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1. Background
2. Key trends – E/SE Asia
3. Effective responses
Presentation Structure
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• ATS: main illicit drugs threat in East and South-East Asia
• E / SE Asia = ½ world’s meth seizures
• E / SE Asia = ½ world’s ATS users
ATS threat in SE Asia
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• Indonesian Government ranks crystal meth (shabu)
as primary drug of concern in 2010 for the first time
• ATS users account for 44% of all persons in
treatment in 2010 (up from 12% in 2009)
• ATS use expanding among women
• Continuing high levels of ATS manufacture
• TOC groups led by Chinese, Iranians and Africans
continue to traffic ATS and other drugs into
Indonesia
• Half of all IDUs infected with HIV
ATS threat in Indonesia
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Methamphetamine pillsBrunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam●●●● 1 2 ●●●● 1 9 3 ●●●● ●●●● 1 2
EcstasyBrunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam●●●● ●●●● 3 5 ●●●● 5 ●●●● ●●●● 8 9 2
Crystalline methamphetamineBrunei Cambodia China Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
1 2 2 1 ●●●● 3* ●●●● 1 3 7 2
1. ATS rank in top 3 drugs in the region
Source: DAINAP
…for the second consecutive year
Note: Numbers denote drugs of concern in ranking order. “1” refers to the top drug of concern as perceived by experts in respective countries. “����” indicates no ranking reported.
= increasing trend = decreasing trend= stable trend = no trend reported
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ATS labs busted in E/SE Asia 83 442
2006 2010
Meth pill press seized
outside of Bangkok –Sep 2011
Source: The Nation
(Thailand)
2. High levels of ATS manufacture
FIVE-F
OLD INCREASE
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Source: DAINAP
Methamphetamine pill seizures (2006-2010)
2. High levels of ATS manufacture
FOUR-F
OLD
INCREA
SE
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Source: DAINAP
22.1
1.1
1.2
6.3
2008Country 2009 2010
China 40.5 58.4
Lao PDR 2.3 24.5
Myanmar 23.9 2.2
Thailand 26.6 50.4
Methamphetamine pill seizures (2006-2010)
In millions
2. High levels of ATS manufacture
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* Or latest available data
Methamphetamine pill use trend (2010*)
Source: DAINAP
3. Methamphetamines: a growing threat
Increasing use = 7Cambodia
ChinaLao PDRMalaysiaMyanmarThailandViet Nam
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3. Methamphetamines: Lao PDR at risk
• Increasing quantities
trafficked through the country
• Surrounded by large
manufacturers
• Surrounded by large meth
markets
• Expanding domestic market
• Remote borderlands, limited
law enforcement
• Drug trafficking groups
already established in Lao PDR
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Increasing use in EIGHT countries:
• Brunei Darussalam• Cambodia• China• Indonesia• Malaysia• Singapore• Thailand • Viet Nam
Source: DAINAP*Or latest available data
Crystalline methamphetamine use trend (2010*)
4. Crystal meth: a growing threat
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• 2010: 6.9 metric tons• 2009: 4.8 metric tons
Source: DAINAP
Seizures (2006-2010)
4. Crystal meth: a growing threat
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• Precursors in new physical
forms
• Use of non-controlled licit
chemicals
• Diversion of pharmaceutical
preparations
Sources: ONCB, IDEC 2011
5. Shift in precursor sourcing
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ThailandMyanmarCambodia
33.04.419.320101.99.4020090.79.802008
Sources: DAINAP; ONCB
Pharmaceutical seizures(millions of pills containing pseudoephedrine)
5. Shift in precursor sourcing
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• Seizures started in mid-2009 and continued in
2010 and 2011
• Trafficked directly from Iran or via Europe and/or
Middle East to SE Asian countries
• Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand are major
destinations
• Traffic high purity (99%) and lower cost meth
• Attempted ATS manufacture in Japan, Malaysia
and Thailand
6. Transnational Organized Crime groups
Syndicates from Iran
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• Operate in several countries
• Traffic primarily cocaine and heroin previously
• Emerging crystalline meth trafficking
• Sophisticated and constantly evolving
methods
• Recruit women on the Internet and public
places
• More trafficking by air/sea cargo
Syndicates from Africa
6. Transnational Organized Crime groups
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Methamphetamine-related arrests
ASEAN + China (2006-2010)*
Source: DAINAP
*For countries which provided disaggregated arrest data by drug type.
7. ATS arrests and treatment demand rising
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7. ATS arrests and treatment demand rising
3
9
13
19
24
27
50
62
85
90
95
98
99
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Myanmar
Hong Kong, China
Malaysia
China
Indonesia
Singapore
Japan
Philippines
Thailand
Cambodia
Lao PDR
Republic of Korea
Brunei Darussalam
Primary drug of use among those treated (%)
Source: DAINAP; 2011 World Drug Report, UNODC
Methamphetamine treatment demand in E/SE Asia
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• ATS treatment under-
resourced
• Most treatment for heroin, opium and cannabis –
NOT ATS
• Compulsory treatment marked by high relapse
ratesSources: DAINAP; WHO, 2009; Thanyarak Institute, 2010
Lack of ATS treatment services
7. ATS arrests and treatment demand rising
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RECAP
• ATS rank in top 3 drugs in the region• High levels of ATS manufacture• Methamphetamines: a growing threat• Crystal meth: a growing threat• Shift in precursor sourcing• TOC groups• ATS arrests and treatment demand rising
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1. Background
2. Key trends – E/SE Asia
3. Effective responses
Presentation Structure
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EFFECTIVE STRATEGIC RESPONSES
1. Continue to collect data/knowledge
2. Evidence-based prevention and treatment
3. Harm reduction for people who inject drugs
4. Law enforcement
5. Regional LE/prosecutorial cooperation
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THANK YOU
www.apaic.org
www.unodc.org/eastasiaandpacific