2011 Federal Tax Update
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Transcript of 2011 Federal Tax Update
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2011 Federal Tax Update
Real Estate & Investment
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New!
Real Estate Tax News
•Landlord’s 1099 reporting repealed▫Repeal retroactive to 1/1/11
•TIGTA tells IRS to audit more rentals▫53% of landlords misreport income▫$12b of unreported income▫IRS agrees to audit more rental activities
•Passive loss Form 8582 instructions to be revised
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First Time Homebuyer Credit Update
•2008 Credit payback began in 2010•IRS sending reminder letters•Reminder: Allowed for purchases
through April, 2011 for▫Extended duty military▫Foreign service▫Intelligence community workers
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The $250,000/$500,000 MFJ Exclusion Rule
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The Exclusion Rule!
•$250,000 (or $500,000 if married filing joint) of gain is excluded on sale (or exchange) of principal residence if:
1.Owned for two of last five years,2.Occupied for two of last five years, and3.No sale in last two years
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How to Exclude $500,000!
•Either spouse owns 2 out of 5 years•Both spouses use 2 out of 5 years•Neither spouse excluded gain in last 2 yrs•Must file “Married Filing Joint”
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Is this Jessie?
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Surviving Spouse May Qualify for $500,000 Exclusion•$500,000 exclusions applies if▫After 12/31/07▫Sale within 2 years of death of spouse▫Immediately prior to death
Either spouse owned 2 out of 5 years Both spouses used 2 out of 5 years Neither spouse excluded gain in last 2 yrs
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Is this Jessie?
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Recent Court Cases
•50% owner gets 100% of exclusion (Hsu)•Divided court says must live in house to
qualify for exclusion (Gates)
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Is this Jessie?
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No Exclusion for Prior Non-Qualified Use•Substantial limitation on vacation homes•Gain must be prorated, S/L for qualified
& non-qualified time•Non-qualified: time not principal
residence•Non-qualified time doesn’t include:▫After use as principal residence before sale ▫Temporary absence (up to two years)
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Example: Rent 2 yrs; Use 3 yrs
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Sales Price $700,000
Purchase Price 400,000
Accumulated Dep. -20,000 $380,000
Gain $320,000
Dep. Recapture $20,000
Non-Qualified Use; 2/5 $120,000
Qualified Use: 3/5 $180,000
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Example: Rent after Personal Use
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Sales Price $600,000
Purchase Price 400,000
Accumulated Dep. -20,000 $380,000
Gain $220,000
Dep. Recapture $20,000
Non-Qual. Use: 2/12 N/A
Qualified Use: 10/12 $200,000
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Example: Gain Before 2009
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Sales Price $300,000
Purchase Price (7/1/05) 100,000
Accumulated Dep. -20,000 $80,000
Gain $220,000
Dep. Recapture $20,000
Pre-2009 Alloc. 3.5/8.5 $82,353
Qualified Use; 3/8.5 $70,588
Non-Qual. Use: 2/8.5 $47,059
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Qualification for The “Reduced Exclusion” Rule•Homeowner Violates:▫2 Year Ownership Rule, or▫2 Year Use Rule, or▫Only Once in Last 2-year rule
•Because of:▫Change in Place of Employment▫Health, or▫IRS’s “Unforeseen Circumstances”
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Converting Residence to Rental
•Can you convert a personal residence to a rental property? Yes!•But watch out –•Basis is the lower of cost or FMV at date of
conversion•Losses resulting prior to rental are not
deductible
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Foreclosures on the Rise
•Nevada, Arizona, California &Florida still leading the way▫(RealtyTrac.com)
•More than 1,000,000 foreclosures in 2010
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COD Exceptions
1. Excluded by law, e.g., gifts & bequests2. Qualified student loan COD3. Cancelled debt would have been
deductible4. Qualified purchase price reduction
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COD Exclusions
1. Qualified principal residence debt2. Bankruptcy COD3. Insolvency COD4. Qualified Farm COD5. Qualified real property business COD
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Foreclosure Results in COD
•Reduction in debt taxable as ordinary income▫Form 1099-A (foreclosure sale), but not
needed if foreclosure and COD in same year▫Form 1099-C (loan reduced)
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Mortgage Modification
1. Foreclosures2. Deed in lieu3. Mortgage workout
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Foreclosure Results in COD
•Foreclosure▫Even a forced
sale is a taxable sale
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Nonrecourse vs. Recourse Debt
•Nonrecourse debt (not personally liable)•Recourse debt (personally liable)
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Foreclosure of Nonrecourse Debt
•Sales price = nonrecourse debt▫Result: No COD
•Home acquisition debt in 14 states often non-recourse (CA, MT)▫But, be careful! A refinance changes status
of debt
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Foreclosure of Nonrecourse Debt
$600,000Adjusted Basis
($50,000) LossForeclosure Gain (Loss)
$550,000Sales Proceeds (Debt)
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Foreclosure of Recourse Debt
• Recourse debt must be bifurcated1. Amount of cancellation of debt &2. Gain/loss on sale
• COD income results• Refi’s are often recourse debts
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Foreclosure of Recourse Debt
$600,000Adjusted Basis
($100,000) LossForeclosure Gain (Loss)
$500,000Sales Proceeds (FMV)
$50,000COD Income
$550,000Recourse Debt
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Worksheet
•Calculates COD income for▫Foreclosures▫Repossessions
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Property Type Matters
•Business, investment or personal▫Business = ordinary loss on sale▫Investment = capital loss on sale▫Personal = non deductible loss on sale▫What did you do with the money?
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Foreclosure of Business Property
1. Calculate COD▫ Loan less COD
2. Calculate gain or loss on “sale”▫ FMV at foreclosure is sales price
3. Character of gain or loss same as if property sold
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Sharon Loses Las Vegas RentalPurchase Price $450,000
Acc. Dep. ($20,000)
1st recourse mtg $400,000
FMV $250,000
COD Income $150,000
Sales Price $250,000
Adjusted Basis $430,000
Loss: Form 4797 $180,00032
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Bill Loses Phoenix RentalPurchase Apartment Bldg $1,300,000
Down payment $250,000
Mortgage $1,050,000
Deferred gain $200,000
Depreciation taken $125,000
FMV at Foreclosure $1,000,000
COD at Foreclosure $50,000
Gain at “sale” $25,00033
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Short Sale
•House sold, not enough to pay off bank•If “short pay” forgiven
by bank, COD results (Stevens)•Bank files Form
1099C
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§108 Exceptions to COD Income
•Bankruptcy•Insolvency•Farm debt for solvent farmer•Seller financing•If payment of liability creates a deduction•Discharge of real property business debt•Bona fide dispute•Qualified home acquisition debt
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Bankruptcy
•Exclusion does not apply to a debtor in a bankruptcy case▫The bankruptcy exclusion rules apply ▫Taxpayer may choose insolvency exclusion
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Insolvency
•Taxpayer insolvent to extent liabilities exceed assets▫Includes house, pension, IRA, autos,
furniture, tools, etc.•How to calculate insolvency worksheet
•Pub. 4681
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Reduction of Tax Attributes
When COD non-taxable, reduce tax attributes in the following order1. NOLs2. General business credits3. AMT Credits4. Capital losses5. Basis reduction6. Passive activity losses7. Foreign tax credits
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Qualified Residence Debt Exception Under §108•Must meet two requirements
1. Qualified principal residence2. Qualified home acquisition debt
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Principal Residence
Requirement #1: Qualified Principal Residence ▫Same definition as §121 ▫Not available for vacation homes, rentals or
investment properties
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Qualified Acquisition Debt
Requirement#2: Original or refinanced debt used for
1. Acquisition, construction or improvement of principal residence
2. Secured by the principal residence3. Limited to recourse debt under $2 million4. Mortgage workout debt relief qualifies
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Only Portion is Acquisition Debt
•Ordering rules are required if acquisition debt less than total debt relief•Any forgiven home equity debt not used
for improvements cannot be excluded
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Mortgage Debt Forgiveness Facts/Checklist•Must be principal residence•Must be acquisition indebtedness•Homeowner not bankrupt•Homeowner not insolvent•Cancellation is not for personal services•See Interactive COD calculator on IRS
website
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Reduce Basis of Residence
•Basis of home is reduced by the amount of excluded income▫Turns ordinary income back into capital
gains
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§469 Passive Loss Overview
• Passive losses only deductible to the extent of passive income
• Excess losses carried forward• Current year passive income may be
offset by prior year passive losses• Losses are allowed if ▫ Complete disposition▫ To unrelated party▫ In taxable transaction
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What Activities Are Passive?
•Rentals, regardless of level of participation•Trade or business, if
no material participation
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IRS Issues 7 Rental Activity Tips
1. Income reported when received2. Advance rent reported when received3. Security deposits not taxable unless kept4. Property or services in lieu of rent
taxable5. Expenses paid by tenants are income6. Expenses pertaining to rental deductible7. All personal use must be pro rated
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Rental Activities That Aren’t!
1. Avg. stay < 7 days2. Avg. stay < 30 and significant services3. Extraordinary personal services provided4. Rental is incidental to non-rental activity▫ Rent to employee at employer convenience▫ Rents < 2% of lesser of basis or FMV
5. Non exclusive use by customers6. Rental to entity owned by landlord
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Why Identify Activities?
1. Determine if a rental activity2. Determine if taxpayer materially
participates (Sidney Shaw)3. Determine whether or not complete
disposition has occurred 4. Apply pre enactment transitional rules
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Considerations When Grouping Activities1. Similarities & differences of businesses2. Common control of businesses3. Common ownership between businesses4. Geographical locations of each business5. Interdependencies between businesses6. Also, any other “reasonable method” to
determine “appropriate economic unit”▫ Consistency from year to year is required
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Statement Required to Group
• Grouping election must be annually attached 1. Original grouping rule: 1st year 2nd
activity purchased2. Existing grouping rule: Each year another
activity added to or deleted from group3. Regrouping rules: Original grouping was
inappropriate or material change in facts and circumstances
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Other Provisions of New Grouping Rules• Activities treated as separate if no
grouping election• Late election may be available if▫ Timely disclosure made by taxpayer▫ All relevant tax returns filed consistent with
desired activity groupings▫ Disclosure is made on tax return in year
omission is discoveredReasonable cause required if IRS discovers
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Passive Loss Cases
•Limited partner may MP▫500 hour or ▫5-of-the-last-10-years or any 3 year personal
service activity•LLC members not LPs per se (Newell,
Garnett, Gregg, Thompson,)▫IRS says “we quit” - AOD issued
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Real Estate Professional
1. Rental real estate is owned2. The 50% test3. The 750 hour test• The real estate businesses▫Development, redevelopment , conversion,
construction , reconstruction, acquisition▫Rental & leasing▫Operation & Management▫Brokerage
• Materially participate
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Time Test is Different
•50%/750 hour test▫Either spouse may be RE professional▫But spouses time may not be combined
(Goolsby)▫Must be >5% owner to count time (Bahas)▫On-call time doesn’t count (Moss)
•Material participation test
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Material Participation for RE Pro
1. Managing rentals >500 hours2. Substantially all the work (70%?)3. Managing 100 hours and no one does
more (including property manager)• Spouse’s time “tacks”• Time that doesn’t count▫ Work not customarily done by owner▫ Counting only the money
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What is Brokerage?
•IRS argues only brokers can do brokerage, not agents•Tax Court disagrees (Agarwal )▫Brokerage is bringing buyer/seller together▫Brokerage is not a licensed qualification
•RE agents/salespersons can qualify for real estate professional relief provision
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Aggregation of Business and Rental by R.E. Professional•Each rental a separate activity •Unless election made to combine rentals▫(§469(c)(7)(A))
•File election in year rental purchased•Can be done late, with IRS permission
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Real Estate Professional Cases
•Bed and Breakfast not a real estate activity (Todd and Pamela Bailey)•Vacation rental not a real estate activity
(Bruce and Judy Bailey)•Real estate professional Donald Trask
forgot to make §469(c)(7)(A) election•Full time engineer misunderstands, and
then fails 50% test (Yusufu Anyika)•Denelda Goolsby made §469(c)(7)(A)
election but time records not credible
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Recharacterization Required•Certain property developed by TP and sold for a gain •Renting property to own business ▫Unless written binding contract before 2/19/88 (Farris)
•Significant participation passive activity net income•Qualified working interest in gas and oil•Rental from “raw land” (less than 30% depreciable)•Passive equity-financed lending activity• Intangible property leased by pass-through entity •Sale within 12 months of conversion to passive•Sale of “substantially appreciated” property • Income from a “dealers” investment property
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No Recharacterization Active Passive
Passive Income $160,000
Less: Passive Deductions
-$200,000
Net Passive LOSS -$40,000
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No Recharacterization Active Passive
Passive Income $200,000
Less: Passive Deductions
-$160,000
Net Passive LOSS +$40,000
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No Recharacterization Active Passive
Passive Income $40,000 $160,000
Less: Passive Deductions
-$160,000
Net Passive LOSS -0-
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Recharacterization Required
•Renting property to taxpayer’s own business ▫Dental office rented to S Corp. Michael
Willock v. Comm.▫C Corporations - see Gary Beecher v.
Comm.▫S Corporations - see Tony R. Carlos v.
Comm.
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Passive Loss Trigger Requirements
1. Dispose of entire interest2. Fully taxable transaction3. To unrelated party
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Weird Passive Loss Dispositions
• Death: basis increase eliminates losses▫ Only basis decrease triggers loss
• Installment sale: PAL as gain reported• Gift/divorce: Add loss to basis• Bankruptcy: COD relief reduces PAL• Single activity election: last one sold
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§1031 Overview
•Productive use in trade or business or investment•Gain recognized to extent boot received•Net mortgage relief is boot•Boot is decreased by exchange expenses•No actual or constructive receipt
(Crandall and Dulin)
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Qualified Use Requirements
•Productive use in trade or business or investment•Problem: Personal residence•Problem: Vacation homes •Problem: Property acquired for exchange
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Delayed Exchange Overview
•45 days to identify •180 days to complete exchange•Filing on time may reduce the 45/180
time limits
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Problems with Delayed Exchange•Miss 45/180 deadline? Gain recognized▫Even if cash already spent on new property
•Risks include▫Death of any party to exchange▫Divorce of buyer or seller ▫EPA or financing problems▫Qualified Intermediary steals money (It’s an
installment sale! Rev. Proc. 2010-14)
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Related Party Exchanges
•Original exchange not qualified for §1031 if either property disposed of within 2 years▫Using accommodator didn’t help (Ocmulgee)
•Exceptions▫Death, involuntary conversion or other non-
tax-avoidance purpose▫Diminish risk of loss
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Related Party Exchange Case
•OFI transfers shopping center (w/$6 million gain) to accommodator•OFI indentifies commercial property
owned by Treaty Fields (a related party)•Accommodator sells shopping center•Court says OFI-Treaty exchange occurs
first followed by Treaty selling w/2 years•Treaty’s sale triggers OFI’s $6M gain!
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Thank you!
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