20.109 last solar lecture 2014 - Amazon...

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Transcript of 20.109 last solar lecture 2014 - Amazon...

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INTRODUCTION  

TCO  

e-­‐  

e-­‐  I3-­‐   I-­‐  

e-­‐  

Dye+  

Dye  

Counter  Electrode  

Nanopar:cles  TiO2  Electrode  

q High  Surface  Area                                                    High  Dye  Loading  q Random  Electron  Pathway                      Low  Diffusion  Length  

Recombina:on  by    Electrolyte  Redox  Couple  

Recombina:on  by    Excited  Dye  

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INTRODUCTION  

Counter  Electrode  

TCO  

e-­‐   e-­‐  e-­‐  

Ver:cal  Nano-­‐tube/rod  TiO2  Electrode  

q Low  Surface  Area                                                    Low  Dye  Loading  q Direc=onal  Electron  Pathway                      High  Diffusion  Length  

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INTRODUCTION  

TCO  

Counter  Electrode  

How  Carbon  Nanotube  Helps  DSSCs  ?  

q High  Surface  Area                      High  Dye  Loading  q Direc=onal  Electron  Pathway                      High  Diffusion  Length  

e-­‐  

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Faster  Transport  and  Thinner  film  

Faster  transport    SWNT  as  electron  pathway  

Thinner  film    Less  Absorp=on??  Plasmonics  

Nature  Nanotechnology,  2011  

ACS  Nano,  2011  

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hKp://www.solaronix.com  

Iden=fying  the  conduc=ve  side  of  the  TCO  (transparent  conduc=ve  oxide)  

“Doctor-­‐blading”  the  =tania  (TiO2)  paste  

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hKp://www.solaronix.com  

Sintering  the  film  (hea=ng)  

Dyeing  the  film  

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hKp://www.solaronix.com  Assembling  the  device  with  another  electrode  

Filling  the  electrolyte  

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hKp://www.solaronix.com  

Tes=ng  the  device  

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Instruments  and  data  to  be  expected  

The  Air  Mass  is  the  path  length  which  light  takes  through  the  atmosphere  normalized  to  the  shortest  possible  path  length.  The  reduc=on  in  the  power  of  light  as  it  passes  through  the  atmosphere  and  is  absorbed  by  air  and  dust.  

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the  genera=on  of  light-­‐generated  carriers  the  collec=on  of  the  light-­‐generated  carries  to  generate  a  current;  the  genera=on  of  a  large  voltage  across  the  solar  cell;  and  the  dissipa=on  of  power  in  the  load  and  in  parasi=c  resistances.  

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A  voltage  results  from  the  electric  field  formed  at  the  junc=on  

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electrolyte  

TiO2    dye  

counter  electrode  

S/S+  

S+/S*  

Electrical  work  

mediator  

Energy  level  

-­‐0.9  

-­‐0.7  

0.2  

0.8  

ΔV  

Mechanism  Ac:va:on  (1)  S|SC  (Semiconductor)  +  hγ  →  S*|SC  

Electron  injec:on  (2)  S*|SC  →  S+|SC  +  e-­‐cb(SC)  Electron  collec:on  (3)  e-­‐cb(SC)  →  e-­‐(FTO)  

Electron  recep:on  (7)  I3-­‐  +  e-­‐(Pt)  →  I-­‐  Intercep:on  (8)  S+|SC  +  I-­‐  →  S|SC  +  I3-­‐  

V  vs.  SCE  

Black  Dye  (N749)  

TiO2  Working    Electrode  

Pt  Counter    Electrode  

Mask  

Electrolyte  

INTRODUCTION   Mechanism  of  Dye-­‐sensi:zed  Solar  Cell  

1  

2  

3  

0  5  

6   7  

8  

Red  Dye  (N719)  

4  

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PARAMETERS   I-­‐V  Curve  

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PARAMETERS   Short-­‐Circuit  Current  (ISC)  

The  short-­‐circuit  current  :  the  genera=on  and  collec=on  of  light-­‐generated  carriers  The  area  of  the  solar  cell.  To  remove  this  use  short-­‐circuit  current  density    (Jsc  in  mA/cm2)    The  number  of  photons.  (i.e.,  the  power  of  the  incident  light  source).  The  spectrum  of  the  incident  light.  For  most  solar  cell  measurement,  the  spectrum  is  the  AM1.5  spectrum;  The  op:cal  proper:es.  Absorp=on  and  reflec=on  of  the  solar  cell.  The  collec:on  probability  of  the  solar  cell,  which  depends  chiefly  on  the  surface  passiva=on  and  the  minority  carrier  life=me  in  the  base.  

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The  open-­‐circuit  voltage,  VOC,  is  the  maximum  voltage  available  from  a  solar  cell,    and  this  occurs  at  zero  current.  

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PARAMETERS   Open-­‐Circuit  Voltage  (VOC)  

Level    of  the  dye  molecule  

Energy  Level    of  the  redox  couple  in  electrolyte  

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PARAMETERS   Fill  Factor  (FF)  

Higher  FF  à  Higher  efficiency   Lower  FF  à  Lower  efficiency  

The  short-­‐circuit  current  and  the  open-­‐circuit  voltage  are  the  maximum  current  and  voltage  respec=vely  from  a  solar  cell.    However,  at  both  of  these  opera=ng  points,  the  power  from  the  solar  cell  is  zero.    The  "fill  factor",  more  commonly  known  by  its  abbrevia=on  "FF",  is  a  parameter  which,  in  conjunc=on  with  Voc  and  Isc,  determines  the  maximum  power  from  a  solar  cell  

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PV  cells  can  be  modeled  as  a  current  source  in  parallel  with  a  diode.    When  there  is  no  light  present  to  generate  any  current,  the  PV  cell  behaves  like  a  diode.    As  the  intensity  of  incident  light  increases,  current  is  generated  by  the  PV  cell  

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The  efficiency  of  a  solar  cell  is  determined  as  the  frac=on  of  incident  power  which  is  converted  to  electricity  and  is  defined  as      :where  Voc  is  the  open-­‐circuit  voltage;  where  Isc  is  the  short-­‐circuit  current;  and  where  FF  is  the  fill  factor  where  η  is  the  efficiency.In  a  10  x  10  cm2  cell  the  input  power  is  100  mW/cm2  x  100  cm2  

=  10  W.  

The  efficiency  is  the  most  commonly  used  parameter  to  compare    the  performance  of  one  solar  cell  to  another.      Efficiency  is  defined  as  the  ra=o  of  energy  output  from  the  solar  cell    to  input  energy  from  the  sun.  

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PARAMETERS   Quantum  Efficiency  

q The  ra:o  of  the  number  of  carriers  collected  by  the  solar  cell  to  the  number  of  photons  of  a  given  energy  incident  on  the  solar  cell.    

q While  the  QE  ideally  has  the  square  shap,  the  QE  for  most  solar  cells  is  reduced  due  to  recombina=on  effects.  The  same  mechanisms  which  affect  the  collec=on  probability  also  affect  the  QE.