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NANYANG JUNIOR COLLEGEYEAR 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2009

HISTORY H2 9731/02

Paper 2 History o So!t"east Asia #$900%$99&

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Section A

Yo! )ust a(s+er 7!estio( $

ASEAN AND RE*IONA+ ,O+ITICA+ COO,ERATION FRO- 197.

1$ Rea' t"e so!r#es a(' t"e( a(s+er t"e 6!estio(1

Source A

After the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, the tension generatedby the divergent strategic perspectives within ASEAN wastempered by Indonesias willingness, effectively, to subordinate itsvision of an ideal regional order to hailands security interests soas to maintain the unity of ASEAN, which !a"arta sees aspotentially an e#tremely useful framewor" within which to e#ert

its regional $or at least sub%regional& leadership in the longer term'he perceived need to bolster hailand as a security buffer$especially against a possible Communist (arty of )alaya revival&overcame )alaysias doubts about ASEANs stance on the relatedissues of Cambodia and alignment with e#tra%regional powers,which sat uneasily with *uala +umpurs earlier leading role inespousing -(.AN'

Written by Tim Huxley in ASEAN into the 1990s, 1990.

Source B

ASEAN has outlived its usefulness' /opes that ASEAN can promoteharmony and stability in Asia are misplaced' he regional groupsmembership, history and principles are irreconcilable with themost important element in achieving them 0 democraticprinciples' )oreover, the outloo" for ASEAN and the A1. is notpromising' he A1. was founded to discuss security issues'/owever, it has too many partners with different interests2 A1.sprogress is bound to be limited' China has also cultivatedinfluence in ASEAN, especially among )yanmar, Cambodia and+aos' ASEAN is an anachronistic regional institution that hadfailed to guarantee the regions security and freedom'

Asia Wall Street Journal, Aug 2001.

Source C

)edia commentators often dismiss the A1. as a 3tal" shop'/owever, I see nothing wrong with 3tal" shops2 indeed they aree#tremely useful in dealing with sensitive regional%security issues'/ow else can one promote mutual understanding, create channels

of communication, build confidence and, as the Chinese say,4e#pand common ground5, unless governments, as well as people

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tal" 0 not only in pairs but also in a broader regional setting6 Infact, the very first of A1.s purposes is to build mutualunderstanding and mutual trust' he A1.s way of doing thisincludes several things' he forums centrepiece is the annualministerial meeting that ta"es place on the occasion of the ASEAN

)inisterial )eeting and (ost%)inisterial Conferences2 most A1.participants are either ASEAN members or 7ialogue (artners'

Written by o!ol"o #. Se$erino, in Southeast Asia% &n Sear'h o" anASEAN #ommunity. &nsights "rom the "ormer ASEAN Se'retary (eneral,

200).

Source D

ASEANs institutional development was enhanced by theorganisations e#perience with the invasion of Cambodia' Initially,

the individual interests of member states and the need to defendinstitutional principles forced ASEAN to articulate a coherentcorporate position' he need to coordinate policy greatlyimproved the mechanisms and habits of consultation andcooperation within ASEAN and it fostered the further evolution ofthe 4ASEAN way'5 )oreover, the organi8ations increasedinternational profile encouraged intra%ASEAN unity' he ASEANstates en9oyed the taste of real international influence that theirrole in the Cambodian conflict attracted' hey reali8ed that theycould only maintain this influence if they continued to act as a

unified whole'

Written by Shaun Narine in *Ex+laining ASEAN, 2002.

Source E

he second event which defined the organisational ethos was theCambodian issue which arose when Vietnam occupied Cambodiain response to a deteriorating relationship with China' ensionsdeveloped between two groups within ASEAN in relation to theappropriate strategy over the crisis' -ne group included the hard%

liners, hailand and Singapore, which wanted to see the completewithdrawal of Vietnamese forces from Cambodia and sought tomarshal ma#imum diplomatic pressure upon Vietnam for thispurpose' he second group included Indonesia and )alaysia whichwere more inclined to compromise with Vietnam over this issue toensure that China would not benefit from a Vietnamese defeat'hailand:s position over this issue was particularly irritating toIndonesia as it was perceived to ma"e little allowance forVietnamese security concerns to which Indonesia wasconsiderably more sensitive'

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he 7evelopment of ASEAN by +es8e" ;usyns"i, 7irector of I>?

Now answer the following @uestion'

How far do Sources A-E support the view that ASEANsefforts at regional political cooperation were unsuccessfulin the period after 1975?

Section

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