2008 Annual Report Power Systems Laboratory and High Voltage Laboratory

8/14/2019 2008 Annual Report Power Systems Laboratory and High Voltage Laboratory

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Power Systems and

High Voltage Laboratories

Annual Report2008

eeh elektrische energiebertragungund hochspannungstechnik


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Annual Report 2008

Issued by

Power Systems Laboratory and High Voltage Laboratory(Institut fr Elektrische Energiebertragung und Hochspannungstechnologie)

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) ZurichETH Zentrum, Physikstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich

Power Systems Laboratory

Phone: +41 44 632 41 86Fax: +41 44 632 12 52Email: [email protected]

High Voltage Laboratory

Phone: +41 44 632 27 77Fax: +41 44 632 12 02Email: [email protected]

Front cover: Measurement setup for a particle image velocimetryof the convective gas flow in a horizontal GIS bus-bar

Back side: High Voltage Laboratory at ETH Zurich


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Preface

Dear friends of the Laboratory

The year 2008 has been marked by a number of events which contribute signifi-cantly to the positive development of Electric Energy Sciences at the ETH Zurich.In context with the overall energy strategy of the ETHZ it was decided to expandthe activities by providing one additional chair for High Power Electronics. In viewof the upcoming retirement of Prof. Frhlich in May 2010 it was also decided bythe department to initiate the search for a successor. Electrosuisse, industry andutilities were supporting this concept and substantial funds have been generatedfor financial support of the department. In this way the future of Electric EnergySciences at the ETHZ was put on a solid base. The increase in the number of un-

dergraduate students who show an interest in the subject of Electric Power Sys-tems and High Voltage Technology is very encouraging. While the total numberof students within the department for Information Technology and ElectricalEngineering is decreasing, the number in the energy related courses is still in-creasing. This is a clear indicator that young people recognize the importance ofpower engineering as a sustainable future topic.The number of PhD students remained nearly constant. Due to the retirement ofProf. Frhlich, the current number of 10 in the High Voltage Laboratory will natu-rally be decreasing, as they will conclude their work. According to the rules of theETHZ, they will not be replaced by candidates to work on new PhD projects. In thepower systems laboratory a number of new projects (with the offer for new PhDwork) were started with Prof. Anderssons group thus keeping the total numberfor both groups on a high level of 19. In order to keep the High Voltage group on asubstantial level it has been reinforced in 2008 by three postdocs and an aca-demic guest from China. In the power systems group there are also three post-docs and an academic guest from Mexico actively engaged.The quality of our work was also confirmed as one of the PhD students of Prof.Andersson was awarded the ABB Forschungspreis 2008. Proudly we also reportthat an application for an EU Project within the FP7 was successful. The applica-tion document was mainly created under the responsibility of researchers in ourgroups. Participants from industry, several European universities and institutions

will contribute to the project.Last but not least we want to express our deepest appreciation for the excellentand hard work of all our colleagues in the research area as well as in tasks of ad-ministration and infrastructure. It has to be emphasized that most of our teach-ing and research activities are marked by true teamwork between both groups.Such a team spirit and the motivation to aim for excellent results are certainly abasis for the success of the Laboratory. More than ever we look with confidencetowards the future of the Laboratory for the coming years.

G.Andersson K. Frhlich


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Contents

PREFACE IIICONTENTS IVACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY 1

1. Organisation ...................................................................................................... 12. Teaching ............................................................................................................. 32.1 Lectures 32.2 Seminars 52.3 Student Projects 52.4 Master Projects 62.5 Student Excursions 63. Research Activities ........................................................................................... 73.1 Completed PhD Theses 73.2 Current Projects 104. Publications and Presentations................................................................... 284.1 Journal Papers 284.2 Monographs 284.3 Conference Papers 284.4 Conference, Seminar and Workshop Presentations 315. Conferences, Visits and Workshops ........................................................... 345.1 Conference and Workshop Participations 345.2 Visits 366. Events and Awards ........................................................................................ 386.1 Events 386.2 Awards 39


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ACTIVITIES OF THE HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY 411. Organisation .................................................................................................... 412. Teaching .......................................................................................................... 432.1 Lectures 432.2 Student Projects 452.3 Diploma Projects 462.4 Internships 462.5 Excursions / Visits to industrial establishments 473. Research Activities ........................................................................................ 483.1 Completed PhD Thesis 483.2 Current Projects 554. Services offered .............................................................................................. 845. Publications and Presentations................................................................... 855.1 Reviewed Publications 855.2 Conference Presentations and Publications 855.3 Journal Publications and Varia 875.4 Conferences and Workshop Participation 886. Events .............................................................................................................. 906.1 Jointly organized Events 90

JOINT ACTIVITIES 917. Joint Projects ................................................................................................... 91


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Activities of the Power Systems Laboratory

1. OrganisationHead: Prof. Dr. Gran Andersson

Secretary: Rita Zerjeski

Scientific Staff: Michle Arnold, M.Sc. El.Eng.Marija Zima-Bockarjova, M.Sc. El.Eng.Dipl.-Ing. Spyros Chatzivasiliadis start September 2008Dr. sc. ETH Turhan Demiray

Dipl.-Ing., Dipl.-Wirt. Ing. Matthias D. GalusGabriela Hug-Glanzmann, M.Sc. El.Eng. leave May 2008Dipl.-Ing. Florian KienzleDipl.-Ing. Stephan KochDr. sc. techn. Thilo Krause start August 2008Dipl.-Ing. Martin KurzidemDipl.-Ing. Antonios PapaemmanouilDipl. El.-Ing. ETH Monika RuhDipl.-Ing. Andreas Ulbig start October 2008Dr. sc. ETH Marek Zima

Scientific Associates: Prof. em. Dr. Hans GlavitschExternal Lecturers: Dr. Rainer Bacher, Bacher Energie, Dttwil

Dr. Dieter Reichelt, NOK, BadenDr. Gaudenz Koeppel, Atel, OltenDr. Marek Zima, Atel, Olten

Academic Guests Zhiyong Li, M.Sc. El.EngCentral Science UniversityChangsha, China leave July 2008

Osvaldo Rodriguez-Villalon, M.Sc.University Michoacana de San Nicolas de HidalgoMorelia, Mexico start July 2008


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1.Organisation

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ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

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2.TeachingThe lectures and laboratory classes listed in the following section are part of the stan-dard curriculum of the Electrical Engineering Department and are conducted by thestaff of the Power Systems Laboratory. Details of the entire electrical engineering cur-riculum can be provided on application (list of lectures, option proposals).

2.1 Lectures5thsemester 6 CreditsElectric Power Systems Andersson, G.Elektrische Energiesysteme Frhlich, K.

Introduction to the theory and technologies of electric power systems. Overview of to-day's and future structures of electric power systems.Structure of electric power systems, Symmetrical three phase systems, Line, trans-former, and generator models, Analysis of simple systems, Analysis of unsymmetricalthree phase systems, Elements of current switching, Fundamental properties of impor-tant devices and subsystems in electric power systems, Elements of insulation coordi-nation.

6thsemester & 7thsemester 6 Credits

Power System Analysis Andersson, G.Modellierung und Analyse elektrischer Netze

The electrical power transmission system, the network control system, requirementsfor power transmission systems (supply, operation, economics), network planning andoperation management, models of N-port components (transmission line, cable, shunt,transformer), data specification per unit (p.u.), Linear Modelling of networks, Linear undnon-linear calculation (Newton-Raphson), non-linear load flow (specification and solu-tion methods), three-phase und generalized short-circuit current calculation, furtherapplications of load flow calculation. Introduction to dynamics and stability in powersystems. Rotor angle and voltage stability. Equal area criterion. Control of power sys-

tems.

6thSemester 4 CreditsEnergy System Analysis Andersson, G.

The aim of the course is to give an introduction to the methods and tools for analysingenergy consumption, energy conversion, and energy flows. Environmental aspects areincluded as well as economic considerations. Different sectors of society are treated,such as electric power, buildings, and transportation. Models for energy system plan-ning will also be introduced.


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7thsemester 6 CreditsOptimization of Liberalized Electric Power Systems Bacher, R.Optimierung liberalisierter elektrischer Energiesysteme

Understanding both: the legal and physical framework for the efficient regulation oftransmission systems. Understanding the theory of mathematical optimization modelsand algorithms for a secure and economic operation of power systems. Gaining experi-ence with the implementation and computation of non-linear constrained optimiza-tion problems in Matlab.

7thsemester 6 CreditsPower Market I - Portfolio and Risk Management Reichelt, D.Strommarkt 1 - Portfolio und Risk Management Koeppel, G.

Knowledge on the worldwide liberalisation of electricity markets, pan-European powertrading and the role of power exchanges. Understand financial products (derivatives)based on power. Management of a portfolio containing physical production, contractsand derivatives. Evaluate trading and hedging strategies. Apply methods and tools ofrisk management.

8thsemester 3 CreditsPower Market II - Modelling and Strategic Positioning Reichelt, D.Strommarkt 2 - Modellierung und strategische Positionierung Koeppel, G.

Part 1: Modelling

Option pricing, Black-Scholes, sensitivity analysis (''greeks''), modelling of power marketprices, binominal trees, advanced modelling (mean reversion), derivatives on electricity mar-ket prices: swaps, caps and floors, swaptions, spread options, ''exotic'' options, hedging of anoption portfolio, financial modelling of power plants, evaluation of power plants, contractsand grids using future cash-flows an risk, discounted cash flow, real options.Part 2: Strategic PositioningInitial position of utilities in a dynamic environment, expected market development,SWOT analysis, strategic positioning, strategic options and examples of selected Euro-pean utilities, case studies.

8thsemester 6 CreditsPower System Dynamics and Control Andersson, G.Systemdynamik und Leittechnik in der el. Energieversorgung Zima, M.

Dynamic properties of electrical machines, networks, loads and interconnected sys-tems. Models of power stations and turbines, control of turbines, load- and frequencycontrol, power exchange between networks, model of the synchronous machine con-nected with the network, transient model, block diagram, behaviour of the machine incase of disturbances, transient stability, equal area criterion, model for small distur-bances, voltage control. Facts-Devices. SCADA/State Estimation. EMS-Implementations,Protection, Asset Management, Future Trends in IT for Power Systems.


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2.2 Seminars1st-4thsemester 4 PPS

PPS: Economical and technical aspects of a sustainable energy supply Galus M.Wirtsch. und techn. Aspekte einer nachhaltigen Energieversorgung Kienzle F.Koch K.

Papaemmanouil A.

In the past, electricity markets were characterized by vertically integrated utilities oper-ating as regulated monopolies. However, the ongoing liberalization process, the Kyoto-protocol as well as upcoming technologies are forcing a reorganization and redirectionof the electricity market.The offered seminar addresses several issues related to this reorganization process.Main topics are distributed generation, particularly aspects of renewable energy

sources (solar and wind power) as well as economical and ecological issues on liberal-ized markets. The students are writing and presenting a report covering single aspects,learning how to search for literature as well as how to write and present scientific re-ports.

2.3 Student ProjectsAs part of the Master program the students have to carry out two projects. The stu-

dents can freely choose subject area, but usually the two projects have to be in differ-ent areas. According to the curriculum, two days of the week during one semester areto be devoted to a project. In general, the subjects come from current research and de-velopment projects.

Niklas Rotering Long-term Multi-objective Optimization evaluating TransmissionInvestment Plans

Mevina Feuerstein Analysis of Electricity Spot Market Prices of the Year 2007

Tobias Keel Medium Time Scale Prediction of Power System State for Ancillary

Services PlanningMarkus Imhof Modellierung und Optimierung eines Strom- und GasnetzwerkesJean-Luc Roches ber mehrere Ebenen


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2.4 Master ProjectsAllocated time for the Master project is six months. The student has the option to carry

it out either before or after the formal diploma examination (dates in spring and au-tumn).

Milos Djordjevic Reduced European Transmission Network R.E.TRA.N

Daniel Meyer/Remo Mller Spot Price Modelling for Generator Self-Commitment

Kevin Dejakum Modellierung von finanziellen bertragungsrechten ineinem oligopolistischen Energiemarkt

Daniel Hhener Evaluation von Tarifmodellen fr die Netzentgelte eines

StadtwerksTobias Keel Position of Switzerland in Possible Market Coupling of

European Regions

Gino Agbomemewa Dynamic Calculation of Offshore High Voltage Grids

Beatrice Knzli Anwendung des Multi-Energie-Portfoliomodells auf dasErzeugungsportfolio der Stadt Zrich

Carles Cervilla Mateu Control of the Dynamic Response of a Gas Turbine

2.5 Student ExcursionsPower System Dynamics and ControlAtel Netz AGOlten, Switzerland13 May 2008

Power Market II Modelling and Strategic Positioning

EXAA (Energy Exchange Austria) Verbund Austrian Power Trade (APT)Vienna, Austria18-19 May 2008

Power Market I - Portfolio and Risk ManagementAtel Holding Netzleitstelle, Trading FloorOlten, Switzerland11 November 2008

Power System AnalysisNOKBaden, Switzerland17 December 2008


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3.Research Activities3.1 Completed PhD ThesesCOORDINATED POWER FLOW CONTROL TO ENHANCE STEADY-STATE SECURITY IN POWERSYSTEMS

Candidate Candidate: Dipl.-El. Ing./MSc. Gabriela Hug- GlanzmannThesis: Diss. ETH No. 17586Date of Oral Examination: 11 January 2008Examiner: Prof. Dr. Gran Andersson, ETH ZurichCo-Examiner: Prof. Dr. Antonio Conejo, University of Castilla-la Mancha,

Ciudad Real, Spain

Prof. Dr. Manfred Morari, ETH Zurich

Authors Summary

Due to the rapid technological progress, the consumption of electric energy increasescontinuously. But the transmission systems are not extended to the same extent be-cause building of new lines is difficult for environmental as well as political reasons.Hence, the systems are driven closer to their limits resulting in congestions and criticalsituations endangering the system security.

Power Flow Control devices such as Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) provide

the opportunity to influence power flows and voltages and therefore to enhance sys-tem security, e.g. by resolving congestions and improving the voltage profile. Eventhough the focus lies on Static Var Compensators (SVC), Thyristor-Controlled SeriesCompensators (TCSC) and Thyristor-Controlled Phase Shifting Transformers (TCPST),the developed methods can also be applied to any controllable device. In order to bene-fit from these devices, an appropriate control is necessary. In this thesis, an OptimalPower Flow problem is formulated and solved to find the optimal device settings.One of the objectives is to ensure N-1 security because if the stress on the power gridgrows, failures of system components become more probable. When the system is notin an N-1 secure state, an outage of a single component may trigger cascading failuresin the worst case resulting in a blackout. In order to take N-1 security into account in the

Optimal Power Flow problem in an efficient way, a new Current Injection Method isdeveloped which accurately determines the line currents in case of an outage withouthaving to carry out a full load flow calculation.

As Power Flow Control devices have only influence on a limited area in their vicinity, it isnot necessary to take the entire grid into account in the Optimal Power Flow calcula-tions. Sensitivity analysis is used to identify the area of influence of the considered de-vices and to set up the optimization problem for the limited area. Hence, the applicabil-ity of the developed control is independent of the size of the power system.


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If there are several devices placed in the same system, the areas assigned to these de-vices might overlap indicating mutual influences. Therefore, a coordination of the con-trol entities is needed in order to avoid conflicting behaviour of the devices raising theissue of Multi-Area Control. Here, the method based on Approximate Newton Direc-

tions is extended for the case of overlapping areas. In addition, it is taken into accountthat part of the grid might not be included in any of the areas.Finally, simulations for the UCTE system show the applicability of the developed controlto realistic power systems.


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SIMULATION OF POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS USING DYNAMIC PHASOR MODELS

Candidate: Dipl. Ing. (TU Wien) Turhan Hilmi Demiray

Thesis: Diss. ETH No. 17607Date of Oral Examination: 25 January 2008Examiner: Prof. Dr. Gran Andersson, ETH ZurichCo-Examiner: Prof. Dr. Aleksandar Stankovic, Northeastern University,

Boston

Authors Summary

Computer simulations of electric power systems are an essential part of planning, de-sign and operation in the power industry. Due to the increased loading of the powersystems, the stability has become a concern, so that programs for the analysis of thetransient behaviour of power systems have become an integral part of system design

and control, in order to maximize the ability of a system to withstand the impact ofsevere disturbances. Generally as large systems are under consideration, simplifyingassumptions are often made to facilitate an efficient simulation of such large powersystems with the so called Transient Stability Programs (TSP). In the TSP, the fast elec-tromagnetic transients are neglected and it is assumed that the power transfer takesplace at the system frequency. The focus in these programs is more on the slower elec-tromechanical transients, which have more a system wide effect. However, recentblackouts due to increasingly sensitive operating conditions, have created a need formore detailed and comprehensive studies. Such detailed studies including the fast elec-tromagnetic transients are done with so called Electromagnetic Transient Programs(EMTP). In contrast to the electromechanical transients, the electromagnetic transientshave more a local character so that only a small part of the complete power system isusually studied with the EMTP. The simulation of the complete power system with theEMTP is computationally inefficient, since too small simulation step sizes are employedfor the calculation of the fast electromagnetic transients. Hence, the combined simula-tion of the electromagnetic and electromechanical transients is a challenging task.

The aim of this dissertation is to fill the gap between the TSP and EMTP by developing anew simulation tool based on the dynamic phasor representation of the power system,which facilitates the combined simulation of the electromagnetic and electromechani-cal transients in an accurate, efficient and systematic way. For this purpose, a general

and systematic simulation framework was developed for the simulation of power sys-tem transients with the dynamic phasor models of major power system components.The accuracy and computational efficiency of the dynamic phasor model representa-tion were compared with other traditionally used power system representations. Fur-thermore, new numerical integration algorithms were developed for the accurate andefficient simulation of systems represented by dynamic phasors. The developed proto-type of the new simulation tool was implemented in the commercially used power sys-tem analysis program NEPLAN.


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3.2 Current ProjectsFORMULATION OF AN OLIGOPOLISTIC POWER MARKET AS A MIXED LINEAR

COMPLEMENTARITY PROBLEM (MLCP)Martin Kurzidem

Many oligopolistic price equilibrium models appeared in the literature with the pur-pose of studying strategic behaviour among competing generating companies. In gen-eral, these models differ in terms of market design, network representation, the type ofoligopoly game and the solution methodology. In order to understand the complexitiesof competition and to help analyze market designs and regulatory policies, computa-tionally tractable models of strategic behaviour are becoming increasingly important.As a first approach, an integrated market design has been implemented for electricitytrading in a transmission constrained network. Each of the strategic generators goals

is to choose a supply function bid in order to maximize its profit, which is a best re-sponse to the other generators bid. Thus, the generators are facing a two-level optimi-zation problem in which they try to maximize their profit under the constraint thattheir dispatch and spot price are determined by the system operator. From the mathe-matical point of view the generators optimization problem is of the MPEC type(Mathematical Programs with Equilibrium Constraints), which is an optimization prob-lem with a non-convex feasible region, and for that reason, such a model is generallydifficult to compute for large systems. The resulting equilibrium problem among thegenerators is an EPEC (Equilibrium Problem with Equilibrium Constraints).An alternative model to ease the problem is to include smooth functions for modellingthe manipulation of the transmission prices. This has been done by introducing theConjectured Transmission Price Response (CTPR) function which makes the problem tobe treated as being convex and modelled as a MLCP. Unlike the MPEC-based formula-tion of each strategic generators profit maximizing problem, which results in an en-dogenous and correct determination of the transmission price, the CTPR is an exoge-nous assumption and represents the modellers judgement about how each generatormight anticipate that the price will change.

Goal of the projectSince the liberalization of the electricity markets in several European countries, the de-mand for transmission capacity at some European transmission interconnections issometimes much higher than the available capacity. Particularly regarding the Swiss-

German cross border interconnections, the transmission capacity is often inadequate.The motivation of this work will be to study congestion management schemes withrespect to the Swiss electricity cross-borders interconnection since Switzerland takes amajor position in the UCTE-network as a result of its special geographical location.


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References

[1] C.J. Day, B.F. Hobbs, J.-S. Pang, Oligopolistic competition in power networks: aconjectured supply function approach, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2002

[2] B.F. Hobbs, F.A.M. Rijkers, Strategic generation with conjectured transmissionprice responses in a mixed transmission pricing system-Part I: Formulation, 2004[3] J. Barquin, M.G. Boots, A. Ehrenmann, B.F. Hobbs, K. Neuhoff, F. Rijkers, Network-

constrained models of liberalized electricity markets: the devil is in the detail,2004

Partnership: NOK, KTI


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TOWARDS FUTURE ELECTRICITY NETWORKS

Antonis Papaemmanouil

Abstract

The European electricity system is undergoing, and will also in the future undergo, sig-nificant changes due to new requirements concerning environment, economy, securityof supply, and technology. These new requirements will have implications both for thepower production, i.e. generators, and for the transmission and distribution networkscan be summarized in:

Security of supply Environmental compatibility Economic viability

Traditionally the long term planning and analysis of electric power systems has beenalmost solely based on the power production side of the electric power system and itscapability to satisfy the different load scenarios without considering any restrictions orlimitations imposed by the electric transmission network. The expansion plans havebeen identified according to the annual energy balance, which is still an important partof the power production planning, but not enough when market rules are applied onthe network and when environmental issues are taking into account. In that case onehas to include the transmission network in the investigations as well, in order to con-sider topological changes and power exchanges capability. This is the main objective ofthe Towards future electricity networks project, to include a detailed investigation onpossible pathways to future energy networks by also including the transmission net-

work in the analysis.Figure 1 depicts the basic idea of the project. It describes the transition to the futurestate through bridging innovative generation technologies, transmission capability,financial instruments and policies which are going to constitute the connector be-tween environment, society and market.

Fig. 1 Pathway to the future electricity networks state


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ObjectiveThe overall goal of this project is to develop an analysis and planning tool that takesinto account economic, environmental and social considerations. Furthermore, basedon studies and investigations using that tool, sustainable transmission investment

plans supporting the transition to future grids should be developed. More explicitly thetool should, in addition to standard power planning tools, embrace

Future power plants Power transmission system Indirect costs caused by the electric power system Environmental and societal standards

From a Swiss perspective this project is particularly of interest because of the often ex-hausted transmission capability at the borders, as well as the so called Stromlcke.Furthermore, pump storage hydro power plants will in the future play an importantrole as balancing and regulating power, and if this should be used to balance e.g. windgeneration in Germany, adequate transmission capacity should be available. With thetools and models to be developed all these issues can be further studied and analyzed.

Progress in 2008During 2008 the following work has been done:

The basic algorithm for the Sustainability based Optimal Power Flow (SOPF) hasbeen developed and implemented.

The method for social welfare analysis has been defined, as well as the optimizationand decision criteria. Analysis of external costs in power production, methods for internalization, uncer-tainties.

Some conceptional models have been developed to help our observations and also atransnational model has been used and modified in order to satisfy the analysis cri-teria.

First approach to the reduced European Transmission Network model which is go-ing to be developed.

An internal report, PanEuropean Network Participants Analysis has been delivered,as an inventory of the European power production and transmission assets andoverview of the power balances of European countries. The problems of the exist-

ing European interconnected system were also discussed. An overview of costs ofinvestments was given.

In our calculations the marginal production costs, the maximum generation capability,the transmission capacity and the transmission network connectivity together with thedemanded power are very important relative inputs. A step-wise supply cost functionhas been assumed while the demand function remains linear. The external costs havebeen selected according to the mean values of power plants efficiencies, based on pub-licly available data.


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References

[1] An Energy Policy for Europe, Commission of the European Communities, January2007

[2] Analysis of Coordinated Multilateral Trades, Pierre- Francois D. Quet et al, 2000[3] Understanding how market power can arise in network competition: a gametheoretic approach, C. A. Berry et al, 1999

[4] Comparative Perspective on Current and Future Energy Supply, Stefan Hirschberg,ETH Zurich-Seminar, May 2007

[5] Multiobjective Programming and Planning, Jared L. Cohon, Dover Publications, Inc.2003

[6] Multiobjective Optimization for Pricing System Security in Electricity Markets,Federico Milano, Claudio Canizares, Marco Invernizzi, May 2003

In Cooperation with: Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

Sponsoring: Bundesamt fr Energie (BfE), SwitzerlandVattenfal, Sweden


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DYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE SWISS POWER GRID DYNASIM III

Turhan Demiray

Introduction

Due to the increased loading of the power systems, the stability has become a big con-cern, so that dynamic simulations for the analysis of the transient behaviour of powersystems have become an integral part of system design and control, in order to maxi-mize the ability of a system to withstand the impact of severe disturbances. The aim ofthe previous projects DynaSim I and DynaSim II was the development of a detailed dy-namic model of the swiss power grid including 14 hydraulic power plants together withtheir controls.

But just the high level of detail brings also some disadvantages:

Complicated models with a large number of parameters, states and characteristiccurves

Computational burdenGoal of the projectWithin the third part of the project, these detailed dynamic models of the hydraulicpower plants will be reduced while retaining the basic dynamic characteristics. The re-duced models will later provide a basis for real-time simulations and will also be usedfor dispatcher training.

MethodologyThe reduced models will be derived using the trajectory sensitivities based on the de-

tailed dynamic models. The trajectory sensitivities method will also be used for pa-rameter estimation and parameter optimization of the reduced dynamic models.

References

[1] I. A. Hiskens, and M. A. Pai, "Trajectory Sensitivity Analysis of Hybrid Systems," IEEETrans. Circuits and Systems, vol. 47, pp. 204-220, Feb. 2000.

[2] I. A. Hiskens, Nonlinear Dynamic Model Evaluation From Disturbance Measure-ments, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 16, pp. 702-710, Nov. 2001.

[3] I. A. Hiskens and M. A. Pai, "Power System Applications of Trajectory Sensitivities,"

in Proc. 2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting.[4] Sattinger, W.: PSEL-Projekt 236; Netzdynamikmodell des Schweizerischen Hoch-spannungsnetzes (DynaSim II). Endbericht, Version 3, 22.10.2005

[5] Dr. H. Weber, Dr. D. Zimmermann: Inselbetriebversuche im Kraftwerkbrenburgder Kraftwerke Hinterrein AG und Entwicklung eines zugehrigen dynamischenModells

Partnership: swisselectric research, swissgrid, ETH Zrich, Uni Rostock,Berner Fachhochschule fr Technik und Informatik


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LOCAL LOAD MANAGEMENT

Stephan Koch

The limited availability of fossil fuels and the necessity to mitigate climate change by

reducing greenhouse gas emissions pose great challenges for the transformation oftodays electrical energy systems. One of the key strategies for decarbonizing theelectricity production is a rapid increase in renewable energy generation, which hasbeen taking place in many countries over the recent years.Due to the decentralized nature of many renewable energy carriers and the intermit-tent characteristics of wind and photovoltaic power generation, significant adaptationsof power system operation and control have to be made when a high share of renew-ables shall be accommodated. Although the infeeds from intermittent sources can bepredicted quite well, additional control flexibility is needed on various time scales inorder to compensate for forecast errors and high infeed ramp rates. However, a flexiblemid-load operation of conventional power plants, as well as the usage of active powercontrol reserves, is usually quite costly.The outlined situation has triggered a rising interest in control methods that utilizeflexibility on the side of the load instead of the generation. Traditional Demand SideManagement (DSM) methods, which have been known in power systems research fordecades, are a good basis for these activities. They usually consist of user-incentive-based or automatic remote deactivation of certain appliances during peak hours. How-ever, the control strategies must be extended substantially when a tight control overthe temporal consumption characteristics of electrical appliances shall be achieved,and not only the shifting of a certain portion of load.

Outline of the project

The project Local Load Management (LLM) is aimed at developing novel methodolo-gies to exploit demand-side flexibility in power systems. It is being conducted by ateam from ETH Zurich, University of Applied Sciences North-Western Switzerland(FHNW), Atel Netz AG and Landis+Gyr since 2006. Financial support is provided byswisselectric research. The current project phase is called ''Electricity grid security andoperation taking into account distributed loads, in-feeds and storages'', which com-menced in 2007.

Figure 1: Household infrastructure for Local Load Management


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In this project phase, a suitable communication infrastructure for applying a sophisti-cated load management scheme in private households is developed. As depicted in Fig-ure 1, interface units in the individual appliances provide a link to a central control en-tity which can influence the appliance operation through external commands.

For cooling and heating household appliances such as freezers, refrigerators, waterboilers and heat pumps, a coordination strategy is developed. It allows a controlled re-duction or increase of the aggregated active power consumption of a large set of suchappliances by transmitting switching impulses (ON OFF or OFF ON) to selectedappliances, allowing the group to act like a virtual distributed energy storage. Thisapproach does not violate the usual temperature range of the appliances; only the dutycycle is shortened by the compulsory switching. Thus, the user comfort remains rela-tively unimpeded.The coordinated control is complemented by a device-dependent load shedding whichis activated in the case of a network disturbance. For that scheme, also non-thermalhousehold appliances may be considered, the deactivation of which causes comfort

losses for the user. This may be justified if the load shedding scheme appears to be aneffective measure to prevent the loss of load in entire regions.The possibilities of unifying the load management concepts with the control of stor-ages such as batteries and Distributed Generation units will be investigated as well.Furthermore, arising power system control issues in distribution grids will be ad-dressed. Apart from that, economical considerations and strategies for the regulatoryor market-based introduction of Local Load Management into today's electricity sys-tems are elaborated in the project.

References

[1] S. Koch, M. Zima, G. Andersson. Local Load Management: Coordination of a Di-verse Set of Thermostat-Controlled Household Appliances. Extended Abstract andPoster presented at Smart Energy Strategies 2008, Zurich/Switzerland, September2008.

[2] S. Koch, D. Meier, M. Zima, M. Wiederkehr, G. Andersson. An Active CoordinationApproach for Thermal Household Appliances Local Communication and Calcula-tion Tasks in the Household. Submitted to PowerTech 2009, Bukarest/Romania,June/July 2009.

[3] S. Koch, M. Zima, G. Andersson. Active Coordination of Thermal Household Appli-ances for Load Management Purposes. Submitted to IFAC Symposium on Power

Plants and Power Systems Control, Tampere/Finland, July 2009.[4] F. Kupzog, C. Rsener and P. Palensky. Konzepte zur koordinierten Nutzung verteil-ter Energiespeicher. Presented at 5. Internationale Energiewirtschafts-tagung ander TU Wien - (IEWT2007), 2007, pp. 219 230

[5] M. Stadler, W. Krause, M. Sonnenschein, U. Vogel. Modelling and evaluation ofcontrol schemes for enhancing load shift of electricity demand for cooling devices.Environmental Modelling & Software 24, 2009, pp 285 295 (available online).

Partnership: swisselectric research, ATEL Netz AGFachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Landis+Gyr


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IMPROVED STATE AND TOPOLOGY ESTIMATION

Marija Zima-Bockarjova

Introduction

State estimation is a widely used technique to provide a description of the power sys-tem state based on the available measurements. The state estimation result is a set ofcomplex voltage phasors at every system bus at a given point in time and thesephasors are referred to as the static state of the system [1]. It forms the basis for anumber of other applications, such as: system observation, security assessment, opti-mal power flow, transmission system usage billing, and transmission system modelverification.

Fig. 1. Role of state estimation in supervision and control of power systems

Many SE systems have now been in use for decades; however, there are still some con-cerns and practical problems presenting challenges for further research. One exampleis the convergence problem of SE that may occur after topology changes or during dis-turbances. Another area to consider is the network topology processing.Conventional power system SE algorithm uses switch-status inputs to construct thenetwork topology after which the main estimation process commences. One of theprimary sub-functions of the SE algorithm is to detect, identify and correct bad (meas-urement) data. The current bad data detection algorithms are designed to find analogmeasurement errors based on the assumption that the network topology is correct.When this assumption is false, these bad-data algorithms can produce an estimatedmodel with an incorrect and potentially dangerous topology, or the main estimation

procedure does not provide an answer.

Electrical System

Measurements

RTU

RTURTU

RTU

RTU

RTURTU

Control Center State

Estimation

SCADA

Applications

Communication System

most likelystate of

powersystem


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This project investigates ways to better and more systematically handle the interactionbetween switch-status errors and traditional bad measurement data. The current ac-tivities are investigation of the new algorithms for wrong topology identification.

ObjectivesThe research objectives are to achieve robust and fast state estimation under changingconditions in power system, such as topology changes, unknown load and generationvariations. The SE algorithm shall be based on the power system model and the redun-dant measurements provided by RTUs and a limited number of PMUs.

References

[1] A. Abur, A. G. Exposito, Power System State Estimation, M. Dekker Inc, 2004

Partnership: ABB Switzerland, Corporate Research


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DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ALGORITHMS,METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR FUTURE DISTRIBU-TION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Monika Ruh

IntroductionNowadays, the task of distribution grids consist not only of supplying medium-sized orsmall towns, industrial enterprises, urban or rural districts with electric energy bytransporting the latter from the feeding medium voltage substations towards the localdistribution substations. With the advent of distributed generation during the last

years, distribution grids are no longer purely passive load systems. Due to installedsmall hydro power plants, cogeneration plants, photovoltaic plants or wind powerplants, the operation of distribution grids has become more complex. Hence, for theircontrol and monitoring, modern integrated distribution management systems (DMSs)have become more important than ever.

To date, there exists no grid control system which could control the operation of anelectric power system completely automatically. The human operator decides on manyof the significant matters: Based on the received information from the control systemand with his technical knowledge and working experience, he determines what has tobe done or not. Thus, the operator closes the so called supervisory control loop, re-spectively he is very much in the loop. As a consequence, DMSs have to take the cog-nitive abilities in reception and processing of sensory stimuli of human beings into ac-count. For instance, visualization has to be done by ergonomic principles.Besides the human operator in the control center, the system engineer and his kind ofwork have to be also considered when developing a future DMS. The system engineer,who is responsible for both the implementation work of the DMS and its configuration

updates, needs a DMS architecture allowing to adapt to the specific customer installa-tion with minimal effort. Such a user-friendly DMS needs to have a fully transparentdata architecture.

Project ActivitiesThe in 2007 tested and slightly modified concept for a complete transparent distribu-tion management system (DMS) has been implemented in RITOP, the process controlsystem of Rittmeyer AG. This project phase proofed that the transparency conceptworks: An existing DMS can be made fully transparent by enhancing its present data-base with some additional attributes needed for guaranteeing transparency. In addi-tion, the condensing algorithm, which links data from the base system to application-

oriented calculation tools, has been implemented, slightly improved and tested. Finally,data preparation for power flow calculation for radially operated distribution grids hasbeen started.

ObjectiveThe aim of this project is the development of new algorithms, methods and procedures,which should provide operators and system engineers with a better support. Hence, thedevelopment of this future distribution management system (DMS) does not only fo-cus on aspects concerning power systems but also on software architecture and ergo-nomic design questions.


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References

[1] E.-G. Tietze: Netzleittechnik Teil 1: Grundlagen, 2. Auflage, VDE-Verlag GmbH, Ber-lin, 2006.

[2] J. Northcote-Green, R. Wilson: Control and Automation of Electrical Power Distri-bution Systems, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, 2007.[3] D. Rumpel, J. R. Sun: Netzleittechnik, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1989.[4] M. Pedro Silva, J. T. Saraiva, A. V. Sousa: A Web Browser Based DMS - Distribution

Management System, IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Volume4, Seattle, 2000.

[5] William H. Kersting: Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC Press, BocaRaton, 2002.

Partnership: Rittmeyer AG, Switzerland


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IRENE-40-INFRASTRUCTURE ROADMAP FOR ENERGY NETWORKS IN EUROPE

Spyros Chatzivasiliadis, Andreas Ulbig, Thilo Krause

Project Abstract

IRENE-40 is a FP7 sponsored collaborative project that will identify strategies for a moresecure, ecologically sustainable and competitive European electricity grid. Partners ofIRENE-40 are AREVA, TU Delft; Energy Centre of Netherlands, ETHZ, Imperial College;NTU Athens; RWTH Aachen, ABB and Siemens.Several important trends on the technological level (increasing distributed generation,renewables integration), the economical and regulatory level (market liberalisation,increased cross-border electricity flows), as well as the political level (expansion ofUCTE network east and south, promotion of renewables) are already changing the tra-ditional usage patterns of Europes transmission grid.Higher demand on the grid itself and, an increasingly complex but necessary cross-

border coordination by the Transmission System Operators (TSOs) are sometimes morethan the historically inflexible grid design and grid code can deliver. This conflictpushes the European power grid increasingly closer to its design limits, inducing largeblack-outs more frequently nowadays than in the past [1.a-b].The IRENE project will identify which consequences the above mentioned trends willhave on the transmission grid. In the process of the project, grid hardware technolo-gies, such as FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) and HVDC (High-voltage DirectCurrent) transmission, and grid management knowledge, such as improved state esti-mation and wide-area monitoring, that may act as enablers for a more flexible and ro-bust grid will be identified. These so-called enabling technologies and enabling knowl-edge are essential for an optimal evolution of the European electricity grid over the ho-

rizon of 40 years.

Fig.1: Cumulative investment in energy-supply infrastructure in the World Energy Outlook 2008

Reference Scenario, 2007-2030 [2]


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The key findings of the IRENE project will be condensed in the form of a roadmap in-cluding policy recommendations on how to promote a more flexible and competitive

yet more secure European transmission grid. The investment stakes are high as morethan half of the global investments in the energy infrastructure until 2030 are expected

to be in the power sector, of which again half will be in the distribution and transmis-sion grids as seen in Figure 1. In OECD Europe, the upcoming total investments in theelectricity grid till 2030 will be around $754 billion (in year-2007 dollars), of whicharound $187 billion will go directly into transmission grids [2].

References

[1.a] Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), Final Reporton the Disturbances of 4 November 2006, 2007.http://www.ucte.org/_library/otherreports/Final-Report-20070130.pdf

[1.b] Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), Final Report

of the Investigation Committee on the 28 Sept-ember 2003 Blackout in Italy,2004.http://www.ucte.org/_library/otherreports/20040427_UCTE_IC_Final_report.pdf

[2] International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook (WEO) 2008, p.89 andp.152, Paris, 2008.

Partnership: AREVA, TU Delft; Energy Centre of Netherlands, ETHZ, Imperial College; NTUAthens; RWTH Aachen, ABB, Siemens


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WORK PACKAGE NETWORKED CONTROL AND BLACK-OUT PREVENTION

Andreas Ulbig

Research ObjectivesThe research within the framework of the IRENE project will focus on the above men-tioned enabling knowledge, in particular of new modelling, control and managementschemes for the transmission grid. These will allow the system operators to better ex-ploit the capabilities of the existing and yet-to-be-built infrastructure with a maximumof flexibility, efficacy and security [1].On the one hand, the idea is to facilitate the power industrys shift away from local con-trol schemes on the level of individual sub-stations and power plants, towards globalcontrol schemes on a grid-wide level.Local control schemes may not necessarily perform in optimal or stable ways as soon asthe system drifts away from pre-defined steady-state operating points towards critical

points that may induce cascading failures [2]. Global control schemes on a regional orgrid-wide level should allow for a higher degree of flexibility and robustness as well asbetter performance.

Fig.2: Probability of large black-outs with respect to a TSOs grid operation strategy [4]

Novel control frameworks such as networked control and multi-agent control, used sofar mainly for the coordination of robot groups that achieve a common goal collectively[3], may as well be applicable for groups of power plants and substations within thesame grid area with the common goal of maintaining optimal grid performance andstability. These control frameworks, in a beneficial combination with adaptive, robustor model predictive control theory, could have a considerable potential in the field ofpower grid control.


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On the other hand, creating an increasingly complex power grid in order to minimisethe risk of large failures, i.e. wide-area black-outs, may actually turn out to be counter-productive. Simulations show, that a highly risk-averse operation of the power grid by aTSO counter-intuitively increases the probability of large failures in the long run [4], see

Figure 2. Parallels to this paradox can be found in nature: Fighting every small and lo-cally-confined forest fire actually increases the risk of a huge fire, big enough to destroythe whole forest, since dry brushwood that normally would have been burned in sev-eral smaller fires over the years, has actually piled-up to a critical amount [5].

Preliminary Project ActivitiesAs first preliminary steps of the IRENE-40 project, reasonable scenarios need to be de-signed that characterise several possible paths for the evolution of the economic andregulatory framework in Europe as well as likely technological developments and con-sumption trends.In particular, the specific demands and constraints on the power grid in each of the

scenario cases need to be identified. Furthermore, a clear understanding is needed ofhow changes in the energy economic and political environment, for example volatilecrude oil prices and initiatives towards more renewable and decentralised electricitygeneration, impact the usage and future evolution of Europes transmission grid.Another topic of interest is the continued efforts for extending the continental UCTEgrid on the southern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the ultimate closure of theMEDRING via Turkey and how these developments will affect dynamics and power flowpatterns in the existing European grid [6], [7].

References

[1] Marija D. Ilic, From Hierarchical to Open Access Electric Power Systems, Proceed-ings of the IEEE, Vol. 95, No. 5, May 2007.

[2] I. Dobson, B.A. Carreras, V.E. Lynch, D.E. Newman, Complex systems analysis ofseries of blackouts: cascading failure, critical points, and self-organization, Chaos,vol. 17, June 2007.http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2737822

[3] R. Olfati-Saber, J. Fax, Richard M. Murray, Consensus and Cooperation in Net-worked Multi-Agent Systems, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 95, No. 1, January2007.

[4] B.A. Carreras, D.E. Newman, I. Dobson, M. Zeidenberg, A simple model for the re-liability of an infrastructure system controlled by agents, 42nd Hawaii Interna-

tional Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, January 2009.http://eceserv0.ece.wisc.edu/%7Edobson/PAPERS/carrerasHICSS09.pdf

[5] IEEE Spectrum, The Unruly Power Grid, p. 22- 27, August 2004.[6] IEEE Spectrum, Closing the Circuit, p. 46-52, November 2008.[7] Deutsches Zentrum fr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Trans-Mediterranean Inter-

connection for Concentrating Solar Power, Stuttgart/Kln, 2006.www.dlr.de/tt/trans-csp


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WORK PACKAGE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES FOR PREVENTIVE ANDCORRECTIVE CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS

Spyros Chatzivasiliadis

Initial ConsiderationsA fundamental change in terms of operation and planning took place over the last oneor two decades in the European interconnected power system. The transmission gridno longer serves only as a tool for mutual assistance in case of emergencies but hasbecome a complex platform for shifting growing power volumes all across the conti-nent. Market considerations result in higher cross-border and long-distance energy ex-changes. Other cross-continental power flows result from the fast and successful de-velopment of intermittent energy generation with limited predictability (e.g. windpower). These developments were not taken into account in the original system design.In addition, due to environmental and legislative reasons, the development of the

transmission system is increasingly affected by stricter constraints and limitations interms of licensing and construction procedures.Having, on the one hand, long authorization procedures, and, on the other hand, mar-ket developments and great amount of renewable energy sources, which lead the sys-tem to be operated closer to its limits, the question of reliability and security of supplyreceives growing attention.New methods should be developed that would not only restore the network in a fastand automated way after a failure or an outage, but would also be able to predict andprevent events of this type. Congestion management, as a way to handle possible out-ages before they appear, should also be dealt with.

General ObjectivesThe motivation of this work is first to identify and possibly evaluate high-level preven-tive and corrective control methods, with an emphasis on a decentralized approach.The idea is to address options for the management of unplanned outages by relying onautomated network restoration. High penetration of distributed generation will begiven special attention. Possible network restoration, failure prevention and congestionmanagement strategies may be further developed to include the impact of renewablepower sources and demand side participation.Within the framework of this project, major disturbances that occurred in transmissiongrids worldwide will be studied. The causes of these events as well as methods result-

ing in relieving possible congestion, preventing failures and restoring the grid will beinvestigated with particular emphasis on developing a distributed intelligent controlsystem. One main objective is to develop a control system which will be able to antici-pate problems and be capable of adaptive reconfiguration and self-restoration of thegrid in response to changing conditions, in an automated and intelligent way.Necessary tools helping to accomplish the aforementioned goals are expected to bedistributed control approaches and multi-agent systems, artificial intelligence tech-niques, state estimation, phasor measurement units (PMUs), power electronics devices,and the use of a geographic information system (GIS).The above considerations represent the general framework for the research work. Aprecise course of action, as well as the specific objectives to be pursued, are yet to bedefined.


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References

[1] European Technology Platform Smartgrids, Strategic Research Agenda forEuropes Electricity Networks of the Future, European Commission, 2007.

[2] Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), Final Report onthe Disturbances of 4 November 2006, 2007.[3] M. Amin, Towards Self-Healing Energy Infrastructure Systems, IEEE Computer

Applications in Power, pp. 20-28, January 2001.


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4.Publications and Presentations

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4.Publications and Presentations4.1 Journal PapersG. Koeppel, G. AnderssonReliability Modelling of Multi-carrier Energy SystemsEnergy(2008), doi:10.1016/j. energy.2008.04.0128 July 2008

G. Koeppel, M. KorpasImproving the Network Infeed Accuracy of Non-Dispatchable Generators with Energy StorageDevicesElectric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 20242036, 2008

4.2 MonographsG. Andersson; C. Alvarez Bel, C. CanizaresFrequency and Voltage Control inElectric Energy Systems- Analysis and OperationCRC Press, 2008 ISBN 978-0-8493-7365-7

C. Canizares, L. Rouco, G. AnderssonAngle, Voltage and Frequency Stability inElectric Energy Systems- Analysis and OperationCRC Press, 2008 ISBN 978-0-8493-7365-7

4.3 Conference PapersF. Kienzle, G. AnderssonEfficient Multi-Energy Generation Portfolios for the Future4th Annual Carnegie Mellon Conference on the Electricity IndustryPittsburgh, PA, USA11 March 2008

M. Bockarjova, M. Zima, G. AnderssonOn Allocation of the Transmission Network Losses using Game Theory5th International Conference on the European Electricity MarketLisbon, Portugal28 30 May 2008.

M. Zima, M. Bockarjova, G. AnderssonLiberalization of the Electricity Sector in Switzerland8th International Conference on Control of Power Systems,Strbsk Pleso High Tatras, Slovakia,11 June 2008.


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M. Arnold, G. AnderssonDecomposed Electricity and Natural Gas Optimal Power Flow16th PSCCGlasgow, Scotland14 July 2008

M. Kurzidem, G. AnderssonAn Application of the Energy and Transmission Price Conjecture in an Oligopolistic Power Mar-ket16th PSCCGlasgow, Scotland14 July 2008

T. Demiray, G. AnderssonUsing Frequency-Matched Numerical Integration Methods for the Simulation of DynamicPhasor Models in Power Systems

16th PSCCGlasgow, Scotland14 July 2008

G. Hug-Glanzmann, G. AnderssonAn Accurate and Efficient Current Injection Method for the Determination of the System Stateduring Line Outages16th PSCCGlasgow, Scotland14 July 2008

Ch. Duthaler, M. Emery, M. Kurzidem, G. Andersson

Analysis of the Use of PTD in the UCTE Transmission Grid16th PSCCGlasgow, Scotland14 July 2008

M. Ruh, G. Andersson, A. BorerPower System Modelling for a Fully Transparent Distribution Management System16th PSCCGlasgow, Scotland14 July 2008

T. Demiray, G. Andersson

Evaluation Study for the Simulation of Power System Transients using Dynamic Phasor Mod-elsIEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and ExpositionBogota, Colombia,12 - 15 August 2008

T. Demiray, G. AnderssonSimulation of Power System Dynamics using Dynamic Phasor Models3rd Conference for Power Engineering Leaders of TomorrowArizona, USA5 7 September 2008.


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S. Koch, M. Zima, G. AnderssonLocal Load Management: Coordination of a Diverse Set of Thermostat-Controlled HouseholdAppliances (Extended Abstract + Poster)Smart Energy StrategiesETH Zurich8 September 2008

M. D. Galus, G. AnderssonAn approach for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) Integration into Power Systems (Ex-tended Abstract + Poster)Smart Energy StrategiesETH Zurich8 September 2008

G. Butti, A. Papaemmanouil, G. AnderssonExternal Costs of Power Production in South Eastern Europe

EPESE 08Corfu, Greece27 October 2008

F. Kienzle, P. Favre-Perrod, M. Arnold, G. AnderssonMulti-energy Delivery Infrastructures for the FutureInternational Conference on Infrastructure SystemsRotterdam, The Netherlands12 November 2008

M. Arnold, R.R. Negenborn, G. Andersson, B. De SchutterDistributed Control Applied to Combined Electricity and Natural Gas Infrastructures

International Conference on Infrastructure SystemsRotterdam, The Netherlands12 November 2008

M. D. Galus, G. AnderssonDemand Management of Grid Connected Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)IEEE Energy 2030Atlanta, GA, USA17 November 2008

A. Papaemmanouil, G. AnderssonOptimal Electric Power Transmission Planning Taking Environmental Constraints into Ac-

count28th USAEE North American ConferenceNew Orleans, LA, USA5 December 2008


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4.4 Conference, Seminar and Workshop PresentationsG. AnderssonThe Energy Hub - A Powerful Concept for Future Energy SystemsSeminarHong Kong University5 February 2008

F. KienzleEfficient Multi-Energy Generation Portfolios for the FuturePaper presentationCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, USA11 March 2008

S. KochLokales LastmanagementProject overviewLandis+GyrZug, Switzerland6 May 2008

M. BockarjovaOn Allocation of the Transmission Network Losses using Game TheoryPaper presentation5th International Conference on the European Electricity MarketLisbon, Portugal

29 May 2008.M. ZimaLiberalization of the Electricity Sector in SwitzerlandPaper presentation8th International Conference on Control of Power Systems,Strbsk Pleso High Tatras, Slovakia,11 June 2008.

G. AnderssonAutomation of Transmission System OperationTutorial at 16th PSCC

Glasgow, Scotland14 July 2008

T. DemirayUsing Frequency-Matched Numerical Integration Methods for the Simulation of DynamicPhasor Models in Power SystemsPaper presentation16th PSCCGlasgow, Scotland14 July 2008


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M. KurzidemAn Application of the Energy and Transmission Price Conjecture in an Oligopolistic Power Mar-ketPaper presentation16th PSCCGlasgow, Scotland15 July 2008

G. AnderssonAn Accurate and Efficient Current Injection Method for the Determination of the System Stateduring Line OutagesPaper presentation16th PSCCGlasgow, Scotland16 July 2008

M. ArnoldDecomposed Electricity and Natural Gas Optimal Power FlowPaper presentation16th PSCCGlasgow, Scotland16 July 2008

M. RuhPower System Modelling for a Fully Transparent Distribution Management SystemPaper presentation16th PSCCGlasgow, Scotland

16 July 2008T. DemirayEvaluation Study for the Simulation of Power System Transients using Dynamic Phasor Mod-elsPaper presentationIEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and ExpositionBogota, Colombia,13 August 2008

T. DemiraySimulation of Power System Dynamics using Dynamic Phasor Models

Paper presentation3rd Conference for Power Engineering Leaders of TomorrowArizona, USA6 September 2008

A. PapaemmanouilExternal Costs of Power Production in South Eastern EuropePaper presentationEPESE 08Corfu, Greece27 October 2008


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F. KienzleMulti-energy Delivery Infrastructures for the FuturePaper presentationInternational Conference on Infrastructure SystemsRotterdam, The Netherlands12 November 2008

M. D. GalusDemand Management of Grid Connected Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)Paper presentationIEEE Energy 2030Atlanta, GA, USA17 November 2008

M. ArnoldDistributed Control Applied to Combined Electricity and Natural Gas Infrastructures

Paper presentationInternational Conference on Infrastructure SystemsRotterdam, The Netherlands12 November 2008

A. PapaemmanouilOptimal Electric Power Transmission Planning Taking Environmental Constraints into Ac-countPaper presentation28th USAEE North American ConferenceNew Orleans, USA5 December 2008


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5.Conferences, Visits and Workshops

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5.Conferences, Visits and Workshops5.1 Conference and Workshop ParticipationsF. Kienzle, G. Andersson4th Annual Carnegie Mellon Conference on the Electricity IndustryPittsburgh, USAMarch 2008

G. AnderssonPSCC Executive BoardAthens, GreeceApril 2008

S. Koch

EES-UETP Course on Microgrids and MicrogenerationPorto, PortugalMay 2008

M. Bockarjova5th International Conference on the European Electricity MarketLisbon, PortugalMay 2008

F. KienzleWorkshop of the Student Chapter of the GEEMunich, GermanyMay 2008

G. AnderssonIEEE PES Swiss Chapter Workshop on Hydro PowerOberhasli, SwitzerlandJune 2008

M. Bockarjova, M. Zima8th International Conference on Control of Power Systems,Strbsk Pleso High Tatras, Slovakia,June 2008

G. Andersson, M. Arnold, T. Demiray, M. Kurzidem, M. Ruh16th PSCCGlasgow, ScotlandJuly 2008

G. AnderssonPSCC Executive Committee MeetingParis, FranceJuly 2008


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G. AnderssonIEEE PES General MeetingPittsburgh, PA, USAJuly 2008

T. DemirayIEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and ExpositionBogota, Colombia,August 2008

M. Arnold, F. Kienzle, S. KochCRIS Workshop on Distributed and Renewable Power GenerationMagdeburg; GermanySeptember 2008

F. Kienzle, A. Papaemmanouil

Final Conference of the CASES ProjectMilan ItalySeptember 2008

T. Demiray3rd Conference for Power Engineering Leaders of TomorrowArizona, USASeptember 2008

G. Andersson, M. D. Galus, S. Koch, A. Papaemmanouil, M. Zima, M. D. Galus, Th. Krause,F. KienzleSmart Energy Strategies

ETH ZurichSeptember 2008

S. KochDoctoral Seminar: Electrical Load Management, Forecasting and ControlTurin, ItalyOctober 2008

A. PapaemmanouilEPESE 08Corfu, GreeceOctober 2008

M. KurzidemEURELECTRIC Conference on Market IntegrationBrussels, BelgiumOctober 2008

A. PapaemmanouilSAEE Jahrestagung Technologische und konomische Herausforderungen der 1 t CO2 Gesell-schaftSwiss Association for Energy EconomicsETH ZurichNovember 2008


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M. D. GalusIEEE Energy 2030Atlanta, GA, USANovember 2008

M. Arnold, F. KienzleInternational Conference on Infrastructure SystemsRotterdam, The NetherlandsNovember 2008

A. Papaemmanouil28th USAEE North American ConferenceNew Orleans, USADecember 2008

S. Chatzivasiliadis

EES-UETP Course on Power Systems Security Assessment and Control in the new Context ofLiberalized Electricity MarketGenova, ItalyDecember 2008

5.2 Visits5.2.1 Visits to PSLProf. A. J. ConejoUniversidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Spain10-11 January 2008

Prof. A. M. StankovicNortheastern University, Boston, MA, USA25. January 2008

Prof. M. IlicCarnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

11 September 2008

Prof. L. van de SluisTU Delft, The Netherlands25 November 2009


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5.2.2 Visits by PSL-membersG. Andersson

Hong Kong UniversityHong Kong3 13 February 2008

G. AnderssonNational Technical University of AthensAthens, Greece11 14 April 2008

G. AnderssonEvaluation Committee of Elektra Research ProgramStockholm, Sweden

26 30 May 2008

G. AnderssonPHD examUniversity of TrondheimTrondheim, Norway13 June 2008

Th. KrauseCESI RicercaMilano, ItalySeptember 2008

M. ArnoldTU DelftDelft, The Netherlands6 15 October 2008

G. AnderssonPHD examTU DelftDelt, The Netherlands13 October 2008


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6.Events and Awards

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6.Events and Awards6.1 EventsProf. A. J. ConejoUniversidad de Castilla - La Mancha, SpainElectricity Trading for RetailersETH Zurich1 January 2008,

Prof. A. M. StankovicNortheastern University, Boston, MA, USAEnergy Processing and Control Systems - Joint Past, Common FutureETH Zurich25. January 2008

Dr. M. ZimaAtel, Olten, SwitzerlandLiberalization of the Electricity Sector in SwitzerlandETH Zurich1 July 2009

Prof. M. IlicCarnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USANew Systems Control Problem Formulations for the Changing Electric Energy Industry"ETH Zurich11 September 2008

Prof. L. van de SluisTU Delft, The NetherlandsReal-time Monitoring and the Indication of Angle Stability Margin in Future Electric PowerSystemsETH Zurich25 November 2009


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6.2 AwardsM. BockarjovaBest PhD Student Paper AwardOn Allocation of the Transmission Network Losses using Game Theory5th International Conference on the European Electricity MarketLisbon, Portugal

G. Hug-GlanzmannABB Research AwardCoordinated Power Flow Control to Enhance Steady-State Security in Power SystemsBaden, Switzerland

T. DemirayBest Paper Presentation AwardSimulation of Power System Dynamics using Dynamic Phasor Models3rd Conference for Power Engineering Leaders of TomorrowArizona, USA

G. KoeppelPreis fr Dissertation 2007Reliability Considerations of Future Energy Systems: Multi-Carrier Systems and the Effect ofEnergy StorageIngenieurkammer der Provinz BozenBozen, Italy


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Activities of the High Voltage Laboratory

1. OrganisationHead: Prof. Dr.-techn. Klaus Frhlich

Secretary: Karin Sonderegger Zaky

Scientific Staff: Dipl. Ing. Franziska Adamek from 1 June 2008Dipl. Ing. Peter Ahcin from 1 February 2008Dipl. Ing. Josep Aniceto CaleroDipl.-Ing. Andreas Bitschi

Dipl. El.-Ing. ETH Thomas Brgger from 1 March 2008Dipl. El.-Ing. ETH Andreas EbnerDipl. El.-Ing. ETH Patrick Favre-Perrod until 31 March 2008Dipl. El.-Ing. ETH Lukas GraberDipl.-Ing. Martin Hinow until 30 June 2008Dipl. El.-Ing. Evgeny MurtolaDipl. El.-Ing. ETH Philipp SimkaDipl.-Ing. Matthias Schulze

Scientific Assistants: Dr. sc.. Ulrich StraumannPhD Atle P. Pedersen

Dr. Ing. Luca DalessandroDr. Ing. Nicolas Karrer

Candidates to complete their PHD: M.Sc.El.Eng. Mike ChapmanDipl.-Ing. Manfred GraderDipl. Ing. Stefan Berger

Technical Staff: El. Ing. FH Hans-Jrg Weber High Voltage LaboratoryCharles Sigrist Electronics GroupGregor Balsiger from July 2008 /Electronics GroupHeiko Vgeli until 28 February 2008 / Electronics GroupClaudia Stucki from 1 July 2008 / InformaticsHenry Kienast Workshop

External Lecturer: Dr. Werner Hofbauer, ABB High Voltage Technology Ltd.

Academic Guest: Dr. Jianbin Fan from 13 October 2008Deputy Director of the High Voltage Dept.CEPRI, Peoples Republic China

Cooperating guests : Tit.-Prof. em. Dr. sc. techn. Habibo BrechnaDr. rer. nat. Timm H. TeichProf. em. Dr. Ing. Walter Zaengl


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2.TeachingThe lectures and laboratory classes listed in the following section are part of the stan-dard curriculum of the Electrical Engineering Department and are conducted by thestaff of the High Voltage Laboratory. Details of the entire electrical engineering curricu-lum can be provided on application (list of lectures, option proposals).

2.1 Lectures5thSemester 4GElectric Power Systems Andersson, G. / Frhlich, K.Elektrische Energiesysteme Adamek, F. / Kienzle, F.

Introduction to the theory and technologies of electric power systems. Overview of to-day's and future structures of electrical power systems.Structure of electric power systems; Symmetrical three phase systems; line, trans-former and generator models; analysis of simple systems; analysis of unsymmetricalthree phase systems; elements of current switching; fundamental properties of impor-tant devices and subsystems in electric power systems; elements of insulation coordi-nation.

6thor 8thSemester 4GHigh Voltage Technology Frhlich, K.Hochspannungstechnik Simka, P. / Straumann, U.

Physical fundamentals over a wide range of electric field strengths and the mecha-nisms leading to the failure of gaseous, fluid and solid dielectrics; dimensioning ofhigh voltage components by employment of theoretical considerations and computermodelling tools; measuring and generation of high direct, alternating and impulsevoltages; electrical stresses (overvoltage) in the electric power supply; insulation co-ordination; two excursions to manufacturers of Surge Arresters and Gas InsulatedSwitchgear respectively, to provide practical illustration.

7thSemester 4GTechnology of Electrical Power Systems Frhlich, K.

Technologie elektrischer Energiesysteme Schulze, M.

Emerging technology in distribution and transmission systems (super-conductivity,fault current limitation, energy storage, HVDC); electromagnetic compatibility for sys-tem and personnel; intelligence of power system equipment (control, model-based di-agnosis); decentralised, renewable energy sources; project work; excursion to a utilityand to a manufacturer; innovation management.


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7thSemester 2VEngineers Work Technique and Economics Hofbauer, W.Ingenieurarbeit - Technik und Wirtschaft Brgger, T.

After a short introduction to the purpose of an enterprise, its control and the role of theengineer will be explained by the example of surge arresters. By means of examples theaccounting principles will be presented focusing on the meaning and goal of the finan-cial statement, the income statement and the balance sheet. The importance of thecapital expenditure accounting is explained which considers besides product relatedcost factors like functionality, design and variety of variants, also process related costfactors like personnel, infrastructure and make or buy decisions. By specific considera-tion of the engineers work the importance of the Research and Development processand its impact on the success of an enterprise will be explained.

5th- 8thSemester 4GComputer Science Oriented Project Work Frhlich, K.EDV-orientierte Projektarbeit and assistants

Using information technology tools, the students, operating in teams and with onlylimited supervision, have to find solutions to topical problems chosen from the re-search or teaching activities of the high voltage group.Depending on the tasks, existing programme packages may be applied or, if necessary,new programmes or programme subsections have to be compiled.


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2.2 Student ProjectsTo be admitted to the diploma examinations of the 7th and 8th semesters, students of

the electrical engineering department have to carry out two projects. Each student canfreely choose his subject area, but usually the two projects have to originate from dif-ferent subject areas. According to the curriculum, two days of the week during the se-mester period are to be devoted to this work. In general, the subjects are derived fromtopical research and development tasks.

Y. Lobsiger Bestimmung des Einflusses verschiedener Unterwerkskonfigura-tionen auf die Ein- und Ausschalttransienten eines Giessharz-transformators

M. Kropf / Experimentelle Verifikation des elektrischen Modells eines Hoch-A. Lchinger spannungsschalters

S. Schneider Untersuchung der Potentialentwicklung beim Durchschlag

M. Scherer Netzcharakteristik eines Haushalts

M. Kukulski Erfassung der konvektiven Gasstrmung in SF6 -isoliertenSammelschienen

H. Abgottspon Netzcharakteristik eines Haushalts

M. Djordjevic Energieszenarien Region Baden

L. Friedrich Simulation & Validation eines Energy Hubs in Matlab

M. Gautschi Simulation eines urbanen Raumes als Energy Hub

S. Pfister Elektronische Schnellabschaltung mittels Mikroprozessor-system, Teil B

N. Hensgens Weltraummission: Strommessung in Satelliten

M. Kammer / Experimentelle berprfung eines Modelles zur UntersuchungA. Murbach der schnellen Kommutierung von Kurzschlussstrmen auf

parallele strombegrenzende Elemente

U. Steiger Entladungsaktivitt von Wassertropfen auf Hochspannungs-

freileitungsseilen


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2.3 Diploma ProjectsAllocated time is six months. The majority of students devote their time to this work in

the winter semester. The student has the option to carry it out either before or after theformal diploma examination (dates in spring and autumn).

F. Thibaud / Untersuchung des Durchschlagverhaltens bei Leistungs-M. Reis kontakten (Co-Betreuung einer Diplomarbeit der FH Fribourg)

J. de Capitani Attenuation of Voltage Variations Due to Photovoltaic PowerInfeed into the Low Voltage Grid

2.4 InternshipsOur laboratory has continued its tradition of participating in the program of the Inter-national Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience (IAESTE) inthe summer of 2008. The following two students took advantage of internships at theHigh Voltage Laboratory:

Hakon Moerk Student of the University of Oslo/NorwayInternship from: 30th June 31 August 2008Tutor: Dipl. Ing. Matthias Schulze

Pedro Crespo del Granado Student of The George Washington University/USAInternship from: 1st June 31 August 2008Tutor: Dipl. Ing. Matthias Schulze


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2.5 Excursions / Visits to industrial establishments

ABB, Zurich-Oerlikon, 28 April 2008Exkursion zur GIS & Generatorschalter-Abteilung der ABB

ABB, Wettingen, 5 Mai 2008Exkursion zur Ueberspannungsableiter-Abteilung der ABB

ABB, Baden, 5 November 2008Besichtigung eines Hochleistungslabors

NOK, Thalwil, 12 December 2008Besichtigung einer Schaltanlage


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3.Research Activities3.1

Completed PhD Thesis

OPTIMIERUNG DER LEBENSZYKLUSKOSTEN VON UMSPANNWERKEN MITTELS GENETISCHERALGORITHMEN(OPTIMISATION OF LIFE CYCLE COST OF SUBSTATIONS BY MEANS OF GENETIC ALGORITHMS)

Candidate: Dipl. Ing. M. HinowThesis: ETH No. 17928ISBN: 978-3-8325-2092-2Date of oral examination: 22 July 2008Examiner: Prof. Dr. K. Frhlich, ETH ZurichCo-examiner: Prof. Dr. A. Stephan, TU Dresden

Authors SummaryThe calculation and assessment of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of power equipment has be-come a fixed topic of power utility management. On the basis of LCC assessment engi-neers and managers make long-term decision about investments, maintenance strate-gies and other factors.The present thesis deals with the calculation and optimization of power substationLCC. Based on the general definition of LCC calculation, cost influencing parameterswill be analyzed. A fundamental parameter is the substation system reliability. Differ-ent reliability calculation methods for complex technical systems are analyzed andcompared. The well-known method Markov processes, works only in the case of timeconstant failure rates. The method of reliability block diagram (RBD) fulfills all criteriaand is integrated into our LCC-calculation model. The model itself is component spe-cific and works with time-dependent cost functions. One interesting detail of the de-veloped method is the application of time-dependent component-specific hazard func-tions which allow the consideration of component stress, component aging, differentmaintenance strategies, component quality and many other component and servicespecific and cost-influencing parameters. The system reliability is determined by thecomponent-specific hazard function and by using the reliability block diagram. Thus,the substation with its parameters and redundancy information is translated into asubstation-system-matrix S.

The comparison of applicable technologies, installable redundancies and realizablemaintenance strategies results in a multidimensional discrete optimization problem.An overview of the most important optimization algorithms shows that genetic algo-rithms (GA) are applicable to the present optimization problem. Thus the main part ofthe present thesis focuses on the application of a genetic algorithm to the optimizationof life cycle costs of a substation. The coding of all substation cost parameters into aGA-compatible form is solved using the mentioned system-matrix S. All changes, varia-tions or improvements in the substation cost structure will be realized in the system-matrix. The applied GA-pseudo-code uses the Operators Selection, Mutation and Cross-

over.


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Different selection algorithms such as the elite selection, the Boltzmann-selection andWheel-selection have been implemented. The correct convergence of the GA with thedeveloped approach is proved by comparison with a deterministic (brute force) algo-rithm. Basic GA-parameters as the substation population or iteration steps are adjusted

during the different simulation examples. The suitability of the genetic algorithm forsubstation life cycle cost sensitivity is demonstrated in several case studies.

The main results of the present thesis can be summarized as follows:

The component-specific approach for a genetic algorithm is easily applicable tothe problem of substation life cycle cost optimization.

The complexity of the numerous parameters can be handled with the devel-oped optimization algorithm.

An advantage of the present method consists in strongly reduced calculationtimes.

The method can be used as a tool during the substation engineering process. Parameter analysis is also possible with the developed genetic algorithm. The value of the current research lies in the application of an existing academic

method to a new technical problem with an enhancement in different aspects.


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HYBRID ENERGY TRANSMISSION FOR MULTI-ENERGY NETWORKS

Candidate: Dipl. El-Ing. ETH Patrick Favre-PerrodThesis: ETH No. 17905

Date of oral examination: 8 August 2008Examiner: Prof. Dr. K. Frhlich, ETH ZurichCo-examiner: Prof. Dr. G. Strbac, Imperial College London

Authors SummaryThe extensive development of renewable, stochastic and distributed energy sourceswill lead to major changes in the electricity grid. Possible long term trends include ahigher level of interaction between different energy carrier systems (electrical, chemi-cal and thermal). This would facilitate storage solutions as well as the inclusion of newparticipants into public energy networks, e.g. new transportation technologies like hy-brid or plug-in cars.

A framework for the description of these upcoming multi-energy networks has beendeveloped in the Vision of Future Energy Networks project. Figure 1 shows an illustra-tion of this framework: it consists of Energy Hubs, interfaces for network participantsand Energy Interconnectors, which transmit several forms of energy. Combined infra-structures for multiple energy carriers are an innovative response to future challengesincluding the integration of renewable sources and novel storage principles. This

2008 Annual Report Power Systems Laboratory and High Voltage Laboratory

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